Relevant bibliographies by topics / Proportionality principal

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Proportionality principal'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Proportionality principal"

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Baker, Dennis J. "Complicity, Proportionality, and the Serious Crime Act." New Criminal Law Review 14, no. 3 (2011): 403–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2011.14.3.403.

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This paper evaluates proportionate punishment and fair labelling in the context of complicity liability. It is argued that only full intentional and extreme (subjective) reckless assistance or encouragement is sufficient for holding a secondary party equally responsible for the principal's primary wrongdoing. It is also submitted that lesser mens rea states such as mere knowledge or belief provide a justification for grading certain forms of complicity as independent and less serious forms of criminality. More specifically, I examine the new provisions found in the United Kingdom's Serious Crime Act 2007 and argue that those provisions could be used in place of the older provisions dealing with accessorial liability to ensure that those who are only subjectively reckless in contributing to the criminality of others are punished less than the principal. If a person is going to be sent to prison for life for merely supplying a gun to a principal, then justice and fair punishment require that the assistance be intentional or at least extremely reckless
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Al-Hakim, Mohamad, and Susan Dimock. "Hate as an Aggravating Factor in Sentencing." New Criminal Law Review 15, no. 4 (2012): 572–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2012.15.4.572.

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Our principal concern in this paper is with the accusation that hate crime legislation violates the principle of proportionality and related principles of just sentencing, such as parity, fair notice, and representative labelling. We argue that most attempts to reconcile enhanced punishment for hate crimes with the principle of proportionality fail. More specifically, it seems that any argument that tries to justify hate crime legislation on the grounds that such crimes are more serious because their consequential harms are worse or their perpetrators are more culpable than their nonhateful counterparts will fail, and thus enhanced punishment will violate the principle of proportionality. Given the seeming irreconcilable tension between proportionality and hate crime legislation, we turn to consideration of hybrid theories of punishment that permit deviations from strict proportionality when needed to serve other important and legitimate purposes of sentencing. We argue that even if such hybrid theories can justify the enhanced punishments for hate crimes, existing theories cannot provide any principled limit on the extent from which proportionality can be deviated. We suggest such a limit and provide a principled justification for it.
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Ding, Libo, Bangyi Li, and Suling Feng. "Research on Multiprincipals Selecting Effective Agency Mode in the Student Loan System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/835254.

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An effective agency mode is the key to solve incentive problems in Chinese student loan system. Principal-agent frameworks are considered in which two principals share one common agent that is performing one single task but each prefers the different aspect of the task. Three models are built and decision mechanisms are given. The studies show that the three modes have different effects. Exclusive dealing mode is not good for long-term effect because sometimes it guides agent ignoring repayment. If effort proportionality coefficient and observability are both unchanged, principals all prefer common agency, but independent contracting mode may be more efficient in reality because not only the total outputs under that mode are larger than those under cooperation one, but also preferring independent contracting mode can stimulate the bank participating in the game.
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Lima, MSCS, and J. Pederassi. "Morphometrics and ratio of body proportionality of tadpoles of Rhinella icterica (Anura, Bufonidae) at different developmental stages." Brazilian Journal of Biology 72, no. 3 (August 2012): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842012000300028.

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The plasticity of the anurans' development is probably related to their great ecological and geographic diversity. Therefore, the understanding of environmental occupation by tadpoles is related to their morphological peculiarities. We evaluated the morphologic development of the larval phases 23, 25, 30, 37, 39 and 42 of Rhinella icterica with the aim of establishing the ratio of growth, the increase in corporal mass in relation to growth and the isometry of the corporal variables for each evaluated stage. We submitted the corporal variables to the Multivariate Allometry and the relation between these variables was evaluated using the Principal Components Analysis. We verified the isometric growth and correlation between the different variables, evaluated the growth according to the body mass and established the proportionality ratio between the corporal regions. Each corporal region evaluated presented a fixed proportionality ratio, regardless of the stage, and the size of this portion was found when its proportionality index was multiplied by the tadpole's total length. This study demonstrates that the larval phase of R. icterica presents an isometric growth with proportional development of the corporal parts regardless of the evaluated stage.
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Liu, Shu Li, Takamoto Itoh, and Noriyuki Fujii. "Visualization of Multiaxial Stress/Strain State and Evaluation of Failure Life by Developed Analyzing Program under Non-Proportional Loading." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 1391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.1391.

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This study presents definitions of principal stress/strain range and mean stress/strain introduced by utilizing Itoh-Sakane criterion for multiaxial loading including non-proportional loading, and shows the method of calculating the non-proportional factor which expresses the severity of non-proportional loading under the multiaxial 3D loading. This paper also shows a method of visually presenting the stress/strain, the non-proportionality of loading and the damage evaluation.
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Moon, Richard. "Limits on Constitutional Rights: The Marginal Role of Proportionality Analysis." Israel Law Review 50, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223716000327.

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Canada is often cited as one of the principal sources of proportionality analysis – an approach to the determination of limits on constitutional rights that has been adopted in many jurisdictions. The two-step structure of constitutional rights adjudication is built on the idea that these rights are the basic conditions of individual autonomy or liberty that must be protected from the demands of collective welfare. At the first stage of the adjudication the court determines whether the restricted activity falls within the scope of the right. At the second stage the court balances the right against the competing interest advanced by the restrictive law to determine whether the restriction is justified. Yet few of these rights fit this individual liberty model and are better understood as social or relational in character, protecting different aspects of the individual's interaction or connection with others in the community. If we recognise that most constitutional rights do not simply protect individual autonomy but instead protect different aspects of human flourishing or dignity within community then two conclusions may follow. First, there can be no single generic test for limits on rights. The form or character of ‘limitations’ on these rights may differ in significant ways. Second, the two steps of adjudication may often be difficult to separate, or the separation may seem quite artificial. Many of the issues addressed by the courts will not fit easily into the two-step structure of analysis because the ‘competing’ interests are really different dimensions of a social relationship.
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Stone Sweet, Alec. "Investor-State Arbitration: Proportionality's New Frontier." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2010): 48–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1938-2545.1044.

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The arbitral world is at a crucial point in its historical development, poised between two conflicting conceptions of its nature, purpose, and political legitimacy. Formally, the arbitrator is an agent of the contracting parties in dispute, a creature of a discrete contract gone wrong. Yet, increasingly, arbitrators are treated as agents of a larger global community, and arbitration houses concern themselves with the general and prospective impact of important awards. In this paper, I address these questions, first, from the standpoint of delegation theory. In Part I, I introduce the basic “Principal-Agent" framework [P-A] used by social scientists to explain why actors create new institutions, and then briefly discuss how P-A has been applied to the study of courts. Part II uses delegation theory to frame discussion of arbitration as a mode of governance for transnational business and investment. In Part III, I argue that the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is presently in the throes of judicialization, indicators of which include the enhanced use of precedent-based argumentation and justification, the acceptance of third-party briefs, and a flirtation with proportionality balancing. Part IV focuses on the first wave of awards rendered by ICSID tribunals pursuant to Argentina's response to the crushing economic crisis of 2000-02, wherein proportionality emerged, adapted from the jurisprudence of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization.
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Mosquera, Juan Carlos Velasquez, Juan David Corrales Álvarez, and Carolina Bespalhok Jacometo. "Morphofunctional characteristics of working mules in mountain areas of the Colombian Central Andes." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 42 (September 30, 2019): e46379. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.46379.

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The application of morphofunctional measurements allows the selection of suitable animals to perform working activities and ensure that animal maximum capacities are not exceeded. Mules are commonly used by small farmers for agricultural work in mountain areas where the access is extremely difficult. We aimed to estimate the functionality indexes of working mules in mountain areas of the Colombian Central Andes. A total of 94 adult mules were evaluated for withers height, thoracic perimeter, body length, neck length, and body weight, which were used to determine the body index (BI), proportionality index (PI), and load carriage index (LCI). Descriptive statistics, analysis of correlations, and principal component analysis were performed. Males presented higher morphometric measurements than females. There was a negative correlation between BI with PI and LCI. The principal component analysis was able to merge characteristics in two components explaining 81.78% of the variance in the indexes. These results demonstrated that working mules in the studied area have morphometric characteristics that define them as mesolinear animals with a low frame and broad chest, and these characteristics can function as a guide to identify desirable conformation indices for working mules, determining values of adequate load, respecting animal welfare.
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Kleffner, Jann K. "Section IX of the ICRC Interpretive Guidance on Direct Participation in Hostilities: The End of Jus in Bello Proportionality as We Know It?" Israel Law Review 45, no. 1 (March 2012): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223711000069.

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Section IX of the ICRC Interpretive Guidance on Direct Participation in Hostilities asserts: ‘In addition to the restraints imposed by international humanitarian law on specific means and methods of warfare, and without prejudice to further restrictions that may arise under other applicable branches of international law, the kind and degree of force which is permissible against persons not entitled to protection against direct attack must not exceed what is actually necessary to accomplish a legitimate military purpose in the prevailing circumstances’. The present article scrutinises arguments that have been, or can be, advanced in favour of and against a ‘least harmful means’ requirement for the use of force in situations of armed conflict as suggested in Section IX. The principal aim of the article is to examine the question whether such an additional proportionality requirement forms part of the applicable international lex lata.
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Kilcommins, Shane. "The victim in the Irish criminal process: a journey from dispossession towards partial repossession." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 68, no. 4 (December 21, 2017): 505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v68i4.61.

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This article has sought to examine the criminal justice system’s interactions with victims of crime. It is a relationship which has changed irrevocably over time. A significant discontinuity occurred in the nineteenth century when a new architecture of criminal and penal semiotics slowly emerged. An institutional way of knowing interpersonal conflict crystallised, one which reified system relations over personal experiences. It also emphasised new ideals and values such as proportionality, legalism, procedural rationality, equality and uniformity. New commitments, discourses and practices came to the fore in the criminal justice network. In modernity, the problem of criminal wrongdoing became a rationalised domain of action, a site which actively distrusted and excluded ‘non-objective’ truth claims. The state, the law, the accused and the public interest became the principal claims-makers within this institutional and normative arrangement, an arrangement which would dominate criminal and penal relations for the next 150 years. In the last 40 years, the victim has slowly re-emerged as a stakeholder in the criminal process.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Proportionality principal"

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Pino, Giorgio. "Fundamental rights and the proportionality principle." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118697.

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The paper assesses the widespread use of the test of proportionality in fundamental rights adjudication. While constitutional and human rights courts all over the world appear to be consistently engaged in deploying the test of proportionality in order to assess the permissibility of a given rights limitation, this approach is under severe criticism insofar as it is considered an attack to the very idea of fundamental rights. The paper will discuss this criticism of the use of proportionality, and will provide a defense of its use by courts in light of some basic features of the contemporary discourse of fundamental rights.
El artículo evalúa el uso generalizado de la prueba de proporcionalidad en la adjudicación de derechos fundamentales. Mientras que los tribunales constitucionales y de derechos humanos de todo el mundo parecen estar constantemente involucrados en el despliegue de la prueba de proporcionalidad para evaluar la permisibilidad de una determinada limitación de derechos, este enfoque está sometido a severas críticas en tanto que se considera un ataque a la idea misma de Derechos fundamentales. El artículo discutirá esta crítica al uso del principio de proporcionalidad y ofrecerá una defensa de su uso por los tribunales a la luz de algunas características básicas del discurso contemporáneo de los derechos fundamentales.
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Emiliou, Nicholas. "The principle of proportionality in European law : a comparative study." The Hague : Kluwer law international, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37739803k.

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Acaralp, Linnéa. "U.S. Drone Attacks and the Proportionality Principle : Growing ignorance or Consciousness?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157224.

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This thesis focuses on the usage of military drones, a type of semi-autonomous weapon, which has shifted the premises of conventional warfare, particularly relating to the ethics and legality of warfare. This paper examines the conditions that affect the civilian casualties in United States (U.S.) drone attacks. Drawing on Graham Allison’s work on the factors that influence U.S. foreign policy decision making, I theorize that civilian collateral casualties are more likely under certain conditions. These conditions changes depending on the type of administration in office, level of organization pressure, and the value and level of risk a target directs towards the U.S. In light of the discussion and the effect of drones on civilian casualties a debate upon the proportionality principle will be assessed. In the assessment a cost and benefit analysis is made between the military goal and civilian casualties (Gardam,1993). The proportionality principle refers to the balancing act of the excessive use of force on civilians in relation to the military goal. This paper is using a quantitative method. This study investigate data on US drone attacks, sourced from Bureau of Investigative Journalism, covering 733 attacks in four countries (Afghanistan, Yemen, Somalia and Pakistan) during the time period from 2002 to 2016. Based on Allison’s model three hypotheses are formulated and evaluated against the data using descriptive statistic and t-tests. The empirical result suggests that there was a statistical significance in all three hypotheses, indicating that it was possible to detect that under certain circumstances drone attacks are more likely to lead to more civilian casualties. However, when one observed the total casualties in proportion to the civilian casualties the result was not as grand as anticipated. However, the findings of this paper illustrates a pattern that during certain premises and cost and benefit analyses, the usage of drones are causing a greater risk towards civilians. Thus, these discussions further develop an already existing debate on today’s focus on military autonomous weapons and the results of using such weapons. Hence, this type of study can be applied to other military autonomous weapons as well. In light of the discussion of the proportionality principle, this paper suggest that the development of autonomous military weapons should not be taken lightly and an improvement of international regulations should perhaps be made.
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Cooper, Margaret Alice. "The principle of proportionality and precision weapons in the law of armed conflict." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2018. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/848696/.

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Examines how the traditional values of proportionality are being eroded by the advent of modern precision high-speed weapons. Concludes that Proportionality is no longer a viable concept in battlefield situations of the new warfare.
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Aguilar, Valdez Oscar Rafael. "¿Regulation or competition? The case of the Argentine Law of Audiovisual Communications Services and the Proportionality Principle as a delimiting criterion." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115722.

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The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of the Proportionality Principle as a valid legal criterion to determine when a given industry must be ex ante regulated by the Government through a specific sectorial regulatory framework or whether the application of the general antitrust and competition laws to such industry must be considered as a valid alternative. To this ends, this article analyzes the case of the Argentinean Law of Audiovisual Communications Services as it was treated by the Supreme Court of Argentina in the Grupo Clarín case.
En este trabajo se pretende señalar la importancia del principio de proporcionalidad como un criterio jurídico válido para determinar cuándo una determinada industria debe ser regulada de modo sectorial y ex ante o cuando resulta preferible hacerlo mediante modalidades menos intrusivas como, por ejemplo, el régimen de defensa de la competencia. A estos efectos, se utilizará como ejemplo lo ocurrido en la República Argentina con la Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual y su tratamiento por la Corte Suprema de Justicia en el caso del Grupo Clarín.
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Leonaitė, Erika. "Principle of Proportionality in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130925_093005-25212.

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The dissertation explores the principle of proportionality as an instrument deriving from the notion of "democratic society" and applied by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in order to establish whether national institutions succeeded in striking a fair balance between the conflicting Convention rights or between competing individual and public interests. In the first chapter, after presenting the origins of the principle, the development of a three-tiered proportionality test and its dissemination, the main parameters relevant for the analysis of this principle are identified and the main issues of academic discussion concerning the application of proportionality by the ECtHR are revealed. The second chapter explores the evolution of the application of the proportionality principle in the case law of ECtHR and reveals the main features of proportionality test as applied in the early practice of Convention institutions. The third chapter deals with the interaction of the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity, in particular examining the impact of margin of appreciation doctrine upon the proportionality assessment conducted by the ECtHR and analysing the contents and interplay of the factors determining the width of the margin of appreciation. The forth chapter explores both commonalities and peculiarities of the application of proportionality principle in the context of different Convention rights and exposes the main criteria relevant to the balancing... [to full text]
Disertacijoje nagrinėjama proporcingumo principo, kaip iš demokratinės visuomenės idėjos kylančio instrumento, Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo (EŽTT) pasitelkiamo siekiant nustatyti, ar nacionalinės institucijos išlaikė teisingą pusiausvyrą tarp konkuruojančių Žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijos (Konvencijos) ginamų teisių ar tarp Konvencijos teisių ir viešų interesų, sampratos ir taikymo praktikos problematika. Pirmoje disertacijos dalyje, aptarus proporcingumo principo kilmę, trinario proporcingumo tyrimo modelio susiformavimą ir sklaidą, apsibrėžiami svarbiausi proporcingumo tyrimui reikšmingi parametrai ir atskleidžiama EŽTT taikomo proporcingumo principo sampratos problematika mokslinėje literatūroje. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjama proporcingumo principo taikymo EŽTT praktikoje raida ir plėtra, identifikuojami pagrindiniai ankstyvojoje Komisijos ir Teismo praktikoje taikyto proporcingumo testo bruožai. Trečioje dalyje tiriama proporcingumo principo sąveika su subsidiarumo principu, atskleidžiamas vertinimo laisvės doktrinos poveikis EŽTT atliekamam proporcingumo vertinimui, tiriami vertinimo laisvės apimtį lemiantys kriterijai ir jų sąveika. Ketvirtoje dalyje analizuojama proporcingumo principo taikymo praktika skirtingų Konvencijos ginamų teisių kontekste, atskleidžiant tiek bendruosius principo taikymo bruožus, tiek ir Teismo taikomos priežiūros intensyvumo nulemtus proporcingumo testo ypatumus. Paskutinėje dalyje EŽTT taikomas balansavimu grindžiamas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Ingelsson, Filip. "En arbetsmarknad för äldre arbetstagare? : -Om åldersdiskriminering riktad mot äldre i arbetslivet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-33436.

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The purpose of this essay is to examine for the age discrimination towards older people in the working life. The essay practice EU-law and national law to examine the age discrimination. It also looks for the limits towards age discrimination. A presentation of the rules will make it easier to see how employers are possible to get around the ban against age discrimination. This essay also illustrates how age discrimination emerges in recruitment processes and then how to discourage age discrimination. The essay is based on material in the legal source hierarchy and literature, internet based source and reports that have a connection with the subject choice. The legal dogmatic method has been applied with the legal sociology method to analyze the material.   The analyze shows that age discrimination is a fundamental right. The problem about age discrimination occurs according to the interpreting about opportunities against age discrimination. There is an opportunity for employer to get around the ban when the employee is 67 years old. Employers can also get around the ban when the costs are unacceptable in relation to hire an older person who coming up in the ages and can retrieve their pension. This hypothesis doesn’t agree with how todays working life and individual work career looks like. A recruitment process contributes to stereotypes for older persons. The reasons that contributes to stereotypes are how the pension and legal systems in the society are made and also because of peoples assessments and norms. The result of these stereotypes is involuntary retirement because older peoples get sort away in the recruitment process.   The labor law needs active provisions in the collaboration between employers and employees to countervail age discrimination in the recruitment process. In addition, the pension system and the law about employees whom is 67 years old needs to be regulated. The provisions are one way to frame same opportunities and equalities in the working life, especially for older people to get hired.
Uppsatsen har till syfte att redogöra för åldersdiskriminering riktad mot äldre personer iarbetslivet. Åldersdiskrimineringen redogörs genom att studera EU-rätt samt nationell rätt och se gränsen för åldersdiskriminering. En bild av bestämmelserna ska presenteras för att visa hur arbetsgivare har en möjlighet att kringgå förbudet mot åldersdiskriminering. Vad som även belyses är hur åldersdiskriminering kan komma att aktualiseras vid en rekryteringsprocess och vad som således kan motverka att åldersdiskriminering uppstår. Uppsatsen är baserad på material inom rättskällehierarkin samt litteratur, internet källor och rapporter som har en koppling till ämnesvalet. Materialet är sedan analyserat utifrån rättsdogmatisk metod samt rättssociologisk metod. Analysen resulterar i förbudet mot diskriminering p.g.a. ålder är en grundläggande rättighet. Problematiken kring åldersdiskriminering uppstår när undantagsmöjligheterna ska tolkas och tillämpas. Där finns ett utrymme för arbetsgivare att kringgå förbudet när arbetstagare är fyllda67 år. Dessutom går det att kringgå förbudet om det är oproportionerligt kostsamt för arbetsgivaren att anställa en äldre person som snart närmar sig pensionsåldern. Dock stämmer inte sistnämnda hypotes, sett till hur arbetsmarknaden och individens yrkeskarriär ser ut i dag. Åldersdiskriminering i en rekryteringsprocess består till stor del av omedvetna eller medvetna föreställningar om äldre personer. Orsakerna till föreställningarna är hur samhällets pensions- och rättssystem är uppbyggt samt människors värderingar och normer. Resultatet av dessa föreställningar blir ofrivillig pensionering av äldre personer i samhället för att de gallras bort i rekryteringsprocessen. För att motverka åldersdiskriminering i en rekryteringsprocess behöver lagstiftaren införa bestämmelser om ytterligare aktiva åtgärder i samverkan mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare. Dessutom borde pensionssystemet samt 67 årsregeln omarbetas då rådande bestämmelser inte överensstämmer  med  samhällets  funktionssätt.  Åtgärderna  är  ett  sätt  att  främja  likamöjligheter och rättigheter i arbetslivet och att öka chanserna till anställning för äldre.
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MARTINS, ALISSON SILVA. "THE PROHIBITION OF ILLEGAL EVIDENCES IN THE PROCESS AND THE INAPPLICABILITY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18695@1.

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A Constituição da República de 1988 vedou expressamente a possibilidade de utilização de provas ilícitas no processo (art. 5º, LVI). Trata-se de direito fundamental positivado com estrutura de regra que não poderá ser flexibilizado pela incidência do princípio da proporcionalidade. O objetivo da dissertação é demonstrar que a aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade, em matéria de vedação de utilização de provas ilícitas, destrói a força normativa da Constituição, convertendo a garantia fundamental em promessa vazia e inoperante. O trabalho também tem como meta demonstrar que a realização da justiça penal depende da verificação da ocorrência dos fatos que servem de suporte fático do preceito penal incriminador, mas essa atividade de verificação é sempre limitada, com vista à preservação de outros valores constitucionalmente tutelados. Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica que indica as várias vertentes sobre o tema, que resulta na conclusão de que o princípio da proporcionalidade é inaplicável em matéria de provas ilícitas.
The Republic Constitution of 1988 expressly forbade the possible use of illegal evidences in all proceedings (art. 5, LVI). This is a fundamental right – which has been positivised through a rule of structure - which cannot be loosened by the impact of the principle of proportionality. The goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the principle of proportionality, on the fence of use of illegal evidences, overthrows the normative power of the Constitution, it converts the fundamental guarantee into an empty promise and unable to be fulfilled. The work also aims to demonstrate that the implementation of criminal justice depends on the inspection of the occurrence of facts which really support and make possible to apply the penal incriminating precept, but such verification activity is usually restricted in order to spare other values which are also protected by the constitution. This is a literature research which aims to show the main strands the above theme, which brings as a conclusion that the principle of proportionality is inapplicable when illegal evidences are found in any proceedings.
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Langfeldt, Lasse. "Proportionality in Investment Treaty Arbitration and the Necessity for Tribunals to Adopt a Clear Methodology." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384506.

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Whenever states’ rights to regulate and investor’s interests conflict with each other it is an unsolved question in investment treaty arbitration how one should balance those two positions. In particular, it is indefinite where to draw the line at what point states can actually exercise their rights without unlawfully violating the investor’s interests. A solution for this issue might be the proportionality test or analysis. Over the years, several tribunals approached proportionality, but took very different paths to understand and apply this legal concept. Especially, if one considers proportionality from its root in European and German law, some applications in investment treaty arbitration create confusion. Originating from a fixed methodological approach in the background of justifications of state measures, tribunals use proportionality in the process of defining and determining in contrast to the justification, as one would expect. Thus, it remains questionable which of those approaches is correct or if there is rather one correct application of proportionality in the context of investment treaty arbitration. This work argues in favour of proportionality being a legal concept which originates from German and European jurisprudence and migrated to international law. In international law it was established as a legal principle and subsequently adopted, inter alia, in investment treaty arbitration. Nevertheless, tribunals should be more careful when using proportionality. Especially, when naming and transferring a particular legal construct, it should not be used out of context. This endangers an award’s persuasiveness and furthers the fragmentation in international investment law. Tribunals should only refer to the ‘principle of proportionality’ or a ‘proportionality test/analysis’ when they actually apply it. And this application requires the concept to be used in the background of justification and not determination. Furthermore, the three/four significant steps must be followed in order to obtain the aimed proportional result.
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Linne, Andrea. "Le principe de proportionnalité dans les relations spécifiques d'autorité : une étude comparative des ordres juridiques allemand, français, européens (Convention européenne des droits de l'Homme et communautaire) et secondairement anglais." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010277.

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Certaines catégories de personnes (militaires, fonctionnaires, élèves d’écoles publiques …) se trouvent dans une relation spécifique d’autorité qui limite « par nature » l’exercice de certains droits fondamentaux. En cela, la restriction « naturelle » fondée sur la condition statutaire particulière de ces catégories entre en conflit avec les droits fondamentaux qui consacrent des libertés « par nature ». Le principe de proportionnalité propose au juge un outil correctif puissant pour résoudre ce conflit de normes. Or, le principe de proportionnalité pose un certain nombre de problèmes : de création prétorienne, ses conditions floues et indéterminées opèrent un transfert de compétence vers le juge. Élargissant sa propre compétence, le principe de proportionnalité permet au juge par le développement d’une vaste argumentation de solutionner ce conflit sans pour autant chercher une conciliation entre des positions antinomiques
Certain people categories (military, civil servants, students …) are in a special authority relationship which limits « naturally » the exercice of certain fundamental rights. This natural « limitation » is based on their special status condition and conflicts directly with the fundamental rights guaranteeing liberties « naturally ». The principle of proportionality offers the judge a powerful corrective tool to resolve this conflict. Yet the principle of proportionality itself raises un certain number of problems : created by the judge, its conditions are vague and undetermined shifting the competence to the judiciary. Extending his own competence, the principle of proporionality enables the judge to solve this conflict by developping a vast argumentation without necessarily searching a conciliation between antinomic positions
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Books on the topic "Proportionality principal"

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Steiner, Eva. Administrative Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790884.003.0011.

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This chapter concerns French administrative law. It examines the characteristic features and principal rules, procedures, and remedies related to administrative activities. The chapter also considers administrative law in its historical perspective and how this has led to a major structural distinction which has been applied in France since the 1789 Revolution the distinction between public and private ‘functions’. It is important to note that in the last decades, there has been a significant impact of EU law on the development of administrative law in the legal system of EU Member States, including France and the United Kingdom. In this respect, the common adoption by European states of general principles such as the principle of legitimate expectation and the principle of proportionality have had the effect of bringing the public law body of these countries closer together.
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Cohen, Amichai, and David Zlotogorski. Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556726.001.0001.

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The principle of proportionality is one of the cornerstones of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Almost all states involved in armed conflicts recognize that it is prohibited to launch an attack that is expected to cause incidental harm to civilians that exceeds the direct military advantage anticipated from the attack. This prohibition is included in military manuals, taught in professional courses, and accepted as almost axiomatic. And yet, the exact meaning of this principle is vague. Almost every issue is in dispute—from the most elementary question of how to compare civilian harm and military advantage, to the possible obligation to employ accurate but expensive weapons. Controversy is especially rife regarding asymmetrical conflicts, in which many modern democracies are involved. How exactly should proportionality be implemented when the enemy is not an army, but a non-state actor embedded within a civilian population? What does it mean to use precautions in attack, when almost every attack is directed at objects that are used for both military and civilian purposes?
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Stone Sweet, Alec, and Jud Mathews. Proportionality Balancing and Constitutional Governance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841395.001.0001.

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This book focuses on the law and politics of rights protection in democracies, and in human rights regimes in Europe, the Americas, and Africa. After introducing the basic features of modern constitutions, with their emphasis on rights and judicial review, the authors present a theory of proportionality that explains why constitutional judges embraced it. Proportionality analysis is a highly intrusive mode of judicial supervision: it permits state officials to limit rights, but only when necessary to achieve a sufficiently important public interest. Since the 1950s, virtually every powerful domestic and international court has adopted proportionality as the central method for protecting rights. In doing so, judges positioned themselves to review all important legislative and administrative decisions, and to invalidate them as unconstitutional when they fail the proportionality test. The result has been a massive—and global—transformation of law and politics. The book explicates the concepts of “trusteeship,” the “system of constitutional justice,” the “effectiveness” of rights adjudication, and the “zone of proportionality.” A wide range of case studies analyze: how proportionality has spread, and variation in how it is deployed; the extent to which the U.S. Supreme Court has evolved and resisted similar doctrines; the role of proportionality in building ongoing “constitutional dialogues” with the other branches of government; and the importance of the principle to the courts of regional human rights regimes. While there is variance in the intensity of proportionality-based dialogues, such interactions are today at the heart of governance in the modern constitutional state and beyond.
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Kreß, Claus, and Robert Lawless, eds. Necessity and Proportionality in International Peace and Security Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197537374.001.0001.

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Necessity and proportionality hold a place in the international law governing the use of force by states and in the law of armed conflict (LOAC). However, the precise contours of these two requirements are uncertain and controversial. This book explores in 5 parts how necessity and proportionality manifest under the law governing the use of force and the LOAC. First, the book introduces the reader to how necessity and proportionality factor in the debate about the interaction between morality and law in the use of military force. Second, the book addresses the issue of how proportionality in the law governing the use of force relates to proportionality in the LOAC. Third, the book addresses a number of pressing legal issues including: how proportionality and necessity are linked under international law, the controversial “unwilling and unable” test, drones and targeted killing, their application during civil war, and the need for further transparency in states’ justification for the use of force in self-defense. Fourth, the book analyzes the role of military necessity within the LOAC on the battlefield. This includes discussions about the history and nature of the principle of military necessity, the proper application of the principle of proportionality, how commanders should account for mental harm in calculating proportionality, and the role artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons systems may play in a proportionality analysis. Finally, the book concludes with a discussion on the potential role of proportionality in the law governing post-conflict contexts.
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Craig, Paul. EU Administrative Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831655.001.0001.

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The third edition of EU Administrative Law provides comprehensive coverage of the administrative system in the EU and the principles of judicial review that apply in this area. This revised edition provides important updates on each area covered, including new case law; institutional developments; and EU legislation. These changes are located within the framework of broader developments in the EU. The chapters in the first half of the book deal with all the principal variants of the EU administrative regime. Thus there are chapters dealing with the history and taxonomy of the EU administrative regime; direct administration; shared administration; comitology; agencies; social partners; and the open method of coordination. The coverage throughout focuses on the legal regime that governs the particular form of administration and broader issues of accountability, drawing on literature from political science as well as law. The focus in the second part of the book shifts to judicial review. There are detailed chapters covering all principles of judicial review and the discussion of the law throughout is analytical and contextual. It begins with the principles that have informed the development of EU judicial review. This is followed by a chapter dealing with the judicial system and the way in which reform could impact on the subject matter of the book. There are then chapters dealing with competence; access; transparency; process; law, fact and discretion; rights; equality; legitimate expectations; two chapters on proportionality; the precautionary principle; two chapters on remedies; and the Ombudsman.
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Christodoulidou, Theodora, and Kalliopi Chainoglou. The Principle of Proportionality from a Jus Ad Bellum Perspective. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0056.

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This chapter analyses the principle of proportionality from a jus ad bellum perspective and its application in the exercise of the right of self-defence, in the use of force to protect human rights, and against terrorism. It first gives an overview of the contemporary law of the use of force as codified in the UN Charter, followed by a discussion on proportionality in customary international law. It then considers the measures by which double proportionality is calculated and, in particular, how proportionality can be measured when it seeks to meet the general objective of the use of force. Finally, the chapter examines the concept of proportionality as reflected in the judicial decisions of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and in the legal opinions of the ICJ judges.
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N Jansen, Calamita. The Principle of Proportionality and the Problem of Indeterminacy in International Investment Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780190265779.016.0004.

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This chapter focuses on the principle of proportionality, examining its potential to act as a unifying guiding framework for the application and interpretation of investment treaties. It addresses threshold concerns about the legitimacy of introducing without state consent a concept that is not a general principle of law or customary norm, and then addresses whether proportionality can really be used to develop coherent treaty interpretations in the absence of fundamental agreement on questions regarding the relative strength of the rights and interests to be balanced in the analysis. It also considers the potential inutility of proportionality as a mode of analysis without agreement on the standard of review employed by tribunals in their application of a proportionality standard.
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Margaret M, deGuzman. Part V Fairness and Expeditiousness of ICC Proceedings, 37 Proportionate Sentencing at the ICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0037.

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In sentencing decisions, the concept of proportionality is often understood in purely retributive terms-punishment should accord with the desert of the perpetrator. This contribution argues that the ICC should use retributive proportionality at most as a limiting principle. It begins with a brief critique of ICC sentencing approaches, including the Lubanga sentencing judgment. Next, it provides an overview of the dominant theories of proportionality and some of their implications for sentencing. Third, the chapter examines the sources of law available to the ICC in relation to proportionality analysis, demonstrating that they support a focus on crime prevention. Fourth, the chapter explains why retributive proportionality would be both impracticable and dangerous. Finally, it proposes a preventive theory of proportionate punishment, arguing that the ICC should focus primarily on appropriate norm expression and other aspects of prevention, such as deterrence, incapacitation, and restorative justice.
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Hermansson, Jörgen. The Election System. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.6.

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The key word for understanding the essence of the election system in Sweden is proportionality. The proportional representation system was introduced in 1911 by a Conservative government before the introduction of universal and equal suffrage. The goal was to avoid a catastrophe for the political right as a consequence of a coming change to democracy. The party interests have continued to shape the politics in this area, and the principle of proportionality has increasingly become the norm for all political parties. They have been engaged in an ever-present and ongoing fine-tuning of the system with improved proportionality as the primary purpose.
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Ober, Josiah, and Barry R. Weingast. The Sparta Game. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190649890.003.0007.

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In this chapter, Ober and Weingast find the roots of some of the most unusual features of Archaic/Classical-era Sparta in the “proportionality principle.” That principle holds that the stability of a regime in which ruling elites extract revenues from nonelites through violence (or its threat) requires that each elite receive a share of rents proportionate to his potential to employ disruptive violence. When proportionality is respected, no one with the power to disrupt society has an incentive to do so. This equilibrium situation helps explain the high degree of stability in Sparta’s sociopolitical system, but it also held the seeds of Sparta’s demise. Proportionality meant that rents could not be redistributed in ways that would have been more economically productive, and the Spartans’ failure to redistribute rents led to the regular demotion of the least successful Spartiates from the ruling class and hence to demographic and military collapse.
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Book chapters on the topic "Proportionality principal"

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Sieckmann, Jan. "Proportionality as a Universal Human Rights Principle." In Proportionality in Law, 3–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89647-2_1.

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Weißschnur, Sebastian. "State Intervention and Principle of Proportionality." In The Proportionality of State Intervention, 41–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75676-5_3.

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Bäcker, Carsten. "Limited Balancing: The Principle of Human Dignity and Its Inviolability." In Proportionality, Balancing, and Rights, 85–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77321-2_4.

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Schweizer, Mark. "Nudging and the Principle of Proportionality." In Nudging - Possibilities, Limitations and Applications in European Law and Economics, 93–119. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29562-6_7.

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Engle, Eric. "The General Principle of Proportionality and Aristotle." In Aristotle and The Philosophy of Law: Theory, Practice and Justice, 265–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6031-8_15.

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Wallot, Max. "The Proportionality Principle in the TRIPS Agreement." In MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 213–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48107-3_7.

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Purnhagen, Kai, and Ellen van Kleef. "Commanding to “Nudge” via the Proportionality Principle?" In Regulating and Managing Food Safety in the EU, 151–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77045-1_8.

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Köhler, Kai. "A Hirzebruch Proportionality Principle in Arakelov Geometry." In Number Fields and Function Fields—Two Parallel Worlds, 237–68. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-8176-4447-4_11.

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Ostrowska, Marta. "Information Duties Stemming from the Insurance Distribution Directive as an Example of Faulty Application of the Principle of Proportionality." In AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation, 31–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52738-9_2.

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AbstractIDD directive constitutes a piece of EU primary legislation and therefore it is obliged to respect the legal principles ruling the way in which EU acts towards the Member States, among which proportionality principle is of special importance. A legal act complies with the principle of proportionality if the measures adopted by the EU do not exceed the limits of what is appropriate and necessary to attain the objectives legitimately pursued by the legislation in question. According to IDD’s recitals, the measures adopted therein are proportional to the aim pursued by the IDD, i.e. customer protection. However, a live discussion boosted over the focal point of the IDD, i.e. a wide range of information duties, may lead to different conclusions and thereby put proportionality of the IDD in doubts. To verify this thesis, the author attempts to carry out the ‘proportionality test’ of the discussed information duties.
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Baudenbacher, Carl, and Theresa Haas. "Proportionality as a Fundamental Principle of EEA Law." In The Fundamental Principles of EEA Law, 169–213. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45189-3_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Proportionality principal"

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Som, Abhijit. "Generalized Reynolds Analogy: An Engineering Prospective of Thermo-Fluid Physics for Heat Exchanger Design." In ASME 2021 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2021-65820.

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Abstract In practical interest of Reynolds analogy for power and process industries, in a unified system approach an engineering prospective of thermo-fluid physics has been proposed by developing a theory of basic heat exchanger design and analysis. Needless to mention of excellent books on heat exchangers, this paper focuses on the novelty of heat exchanger, which in author’s view depends upon the possibility of energy exchange between two fluid streams at different temperatures. Since operation cannot be random, the principal act of design is to engineer a product such that it operates in specified manner to perform its desired function of de-energizing one stream by virtue of energizing the other. With law of the integral as the guiding principle of physics, it shall be made clear that energy exchange in the form of heat must be accompanied by energy transfer such that heat exchanger must operate due to simultaneous process of cooling and heating of the fluid streams with an intervening medium. To unlock the secret of steady operation a fundamental postulate concerning thermodynamic behavior of the system has been made by invoking zeroth law of thermodynamics. Remarkably, it lends itself a necessary and sufficient condition concerning proportionality between heat-flux and required temperature difference to yield fluids unique thermal response in relation to the heat transfer surface temperature. Consequently, far-reaching physical implications of the constant of proportionality on system design can be clearly exposed of with due consideration to Eulerian descriptions of conservation principles according to Newton’s mechanical theory. Consistently enough, because of thermal non-equilibrium, effectiveness of system design and off design performance warrants a fundamental theorem like one suggested by Reynolds concerning augmentation of thermal diffusion due to fluid motion. Accordingly, flow rates become critical operating parameters for thermal performance and pressure drop requirements. Furthermore, and most importantly, in support of the theorem an order magnitude analysis appears to be in order, to show the dependence of flow resistance and hence, system thermal response on fluid flow behavior in terms of non-dimensional parameters. As a result, it is made clear that development of design correlations for friction factor and non-dimensional heat transfer coefficient in terms of both Reynolds number and Prandtl number is an integral part of heat exchanger design process by gathering experimental data. Finally, generalized mathematical statement of Reynolds analogy has been obtained relating Stanton number with friction factor, which reduces to our familiar expression for Prandtl number of unity.
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Mudrecki, Artur. "The Principle of Proportionality in Value Added Tax." In XVI International Scientific Conference "The Optimization of Organization and Legal Solutions concerning Public Revenues and Expenditures in Social Interest". Temida 2, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oolscprepi.2018.46.

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Aziz, Haris, Edith Elkind, Piotr Faliszewski, Martin Lackner, and Piotr Skowron. "The Condorcet Principle for Multiwinner Elections: From Shortlisting to Proportionality." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/13.

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We study two notions of stability in multiwinner elections that are based on the Condorcet criterion. The first notion was introduced by Gehrlein and is majoritarian in spirit. The second one, local stability, is introduced in this paper, and focuses on voter representation. The goal of this paper is to explore these two notions, their implications on restricted domains, and the computational complexity of rules that are consistent with them.
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Lin, Feifei. "A Study of the Application of Proportionality Principle in Civil Jurisdiction." In 2018 8th International Conference on Social science and Education Research (SSER 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sser-18.2018.109.

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Ostrowska, Marta. "PRAVNO REGULISANjE INSURTECH KOMPANIJA – DA LI JE PRINCIP SRAZMERNOSTI ODGOVOR?" In MODERNE TEHNOLOGIJE, NOVI I TRADICIONALNI RIZICI U OSIGURANjU. Association for Insurance Law of Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxsav21.049o.

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In the view of the current discussion on how to regulate the emerging InsurTech companies, if at all, the author attempts to demonstrate that rather than automatically introducing new regulation, the principle of proportionality can help to adapt application of the existing rules and policy approaches to the InsurTech business models without incurring major regulatory change. An example of peer-to-peer platforms is used to show how the specifi city of each InsurTech company can be grasp by the three key criteria of proportionality – nature, scale and complexity.
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Trykhlib, Kristina. "THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY IN THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS." In EU 2020 – lessons from the past and solutions for the future. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/11899.

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Abdullayev, Ya R., and O. O. Karimzada. "The method of determination sizes of electromagnetic devices windings by considering the principle of proportionality." In 2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/peoco.2013.6564508.

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Murtishcheva, A. O. "Coronavirus restrictions: necessary reaction to pandemic and the observance of proportionality principle (Ukrainian and other countries’ experience)." In EUROPEAN POTENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL SCIENCE, LEGISLATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE. Baltija Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-040-7-17.

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Polukhina, R. "Principle of proportionality as a fundamental principle of the international and european law in the activity of the court of arbitration for sport." In ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-31-05-2017-45.

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Tejomurti, Kukuh, Nurhidayatuloh, and Irawati Handayani. "Application of the Proportionality Principle in the Credit Restructuring Policy for the SMEs Financial Performance During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia." In The 2nd International Conference of Law, Government and Social Justice (ICOLGAS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201209.352.

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