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1
Zafar, Raheel, Shah Zaib, and Muhammad Asif. "False Fire Alarm Detection Using Data Mining Techniques." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 12, no. 4 (October 2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.2020100102.
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In the era of smart home technology, early warning systems and emergency services are inevitable. To make smart homes safer, early fire alarm systems can play a significant role. Smart homes usually utilize communication, sensors, actuators, and other technologies to provide a safe and smart environment. This research work introduced a model for the fire alarm system and designed a fire alarm detection (FAD) simulator to produce a synthetic dataset. The designed simulator utilizes a variety of sensors (temperature, gas, and humidity) to simulate fire alarm scenarios based on real-world data. The produced data is investigated and analyzed to classify the possible fire behaviors based on key assumptions taken from real-world scenarios. Different classification models are used to determine an optimal classifier for fire detection. The proposed technique can identify the false alarms based on parameters like temperature, smoke, and gas values of different sensors embedded in a fire alarm detection simulator.
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Li, Quan Min, Chang Ying Xu, Hong Li Lv, and Jun He. "Fire Alarm Processing Control Systems Based-On Holographic Crystal Topology Structure." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 6917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.6917.
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According the radial flutter extension structure problems in commonly used fire alarm system, a novel topology structure of fire alarm systems based-on holographic crystal forms was proposed. It was composed of multiple devices, including intelligent fire detectors, which can communicate with each other, record fire information and judge, alarms, security, evacuation lights etc. Each device can record all of the information so as to form the hologram. These devices on each floor level in buildings and decorated with vertical layout in the staircase, so that fire alarm system topology based-on holographic crystal forms was set up. The systems can ensure the normal operation of other devices in case that central control equipment failed in extreme cases. And then the automatic fire safety equipment continued to automatically control fire rescue and guide the staff in the correct escape route. Moreover, when a device or a line goes wrong, only failure equipment or system was cut off line, and others were still able to keep communications. Compared with other methods, this new system does not affect the normal equipment of the work.
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Choi, Han-Bit, Euy-Hong Hwang, Sung-Eun Lee, and Don-Mook Choi. "A Comparison and Analysis of Domestic and Foreign Standards Related to Unwanted Fire Alarms." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.183ba66c.
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As unwanted fire alarms within the automatic fire detection system increase, fire-fighting power gets wasted. This is recognized as important because it causes a decrease in the evacuation reliability of the occupancy. Therefore, in order to develop measures to reduce unwanted fire alarms, foreign (United States and, United Kingdom) and domestic standards related to unwanted fire alarms were compared and analyzed in the present study. Through the analysis the problems with the standards were identified as uncertainty regarding the detecting space and radius of the smoke detector, the absence of a statistical database (DB) for unwanted fire alarms, the absence of a protocol for managing unwanted fire alarms, and the absence of testing standards for unwanted fire alarms based on scenarios. Consequently, it is proposed that to deal with the problems, it is necessary to ascertain the detecting space and radius of the smoke detector, to propose unwanted fire alarm protection codes for database (DB) system construction, to supplement the fire safety management log by developing related manuals, and to develop unwanted fire alarm testing standards of Korean type based on scenarios.
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Bosch, I., A. Serrano, and L. Vergara. "Multisensor Network System for Wildfire Detection Using Infrared Image Processing." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/402196.
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This paper presents the next step in the evolution of multi-sensor wireless network systems in the early automatic detection of forest fires. This network allows remote monitoring of each of the locations as well as communication between each of the sensors and with the control stations. The result is an increased coverage area, with quicker and safer responses. To determine the presence of a forest wildfire, the system employs decision fusion in thermal imaging, which can exploit various expected characteristics of a real fire, including short-term persistence and long-term increases over time. Results from testing in the laboratory and in a real environment are presented to authenticate and verify the accuracy of the operation of the proposed system. The system performance is gauged by the number of alarms and the time to the first alarm (corresponding to a real fire), for different probability of false alarm (PFA). The necessity of including decision fusion is thereby demonstrated.
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Wu, Qin, Jiashuo Cao, Chuang Zhou, Ji Huang, Zhuo Li, Shin-Ming Cheng, Jun Cheng, and Guanghui Pan. "Intelligent Smoke Alarm System with Wireless Sensor Network Using ZigBee." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8235127.
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The conflagration of fire is still a serious problem caused by humans, and houses are at a high risk of fire. Recently, people have used smoke alarms which only have one sensor to detect fire. Smoke is emitted in several forms in daily life. A single sensor is not a reliable way to detect fire. With the rapid advancement in Internet technology, people can monitor their houses remotely to determine the current condition of the house. This paper introduces an intelligent smoke alarm system that uses ZigBee transmission technology to build a wireless network, uses random forest to identify smoke, and uses E-charts for data visualization. By combining the real-time dynamic changes of various environmental factors, compared to the traditional smoke alarm, the accuracy and controllability of the fire warning are increased, and the visualization of the data enables users to monitor the room environment more intuitively. The proposed system consists of a smoke detection module, a wireless communication module, and intelligent identification and data visualization module. At present, the collected environmental data can be classified into four statuses, that is, normal air, water mist, kitchen cooking, and fire smoke. Reducing the frequency of miscalculations also means improving the safety of the person and property of the user.
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Sarwar, Bajwa, Jamil, Ramzan, and Sarwar. "An Intelligent Fire Warning Application Using IoT and an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 17, 2019): 3150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143150.
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In the recent past, a few fire warning and alarm systems have been presented based on a combination of a smoke sensor and an alarm device to design a life-safety system. However, such fire alarm systems are sometimes error-prone and can react to non-actual indicators of fire presence classified as false warnings. There is a need for high-quality and intelligent fire alarm systems that use multiple sensor values (such as a signal from a flame detector, humidity, heat, and smoke sensors, etc.) to detect true incidents of fire. An Adaptive neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is used in this paper to calculate the maximum likelihood of the true presence of fire and generate fire alert. The novel idea proposed in this paper is to use ANFIS for the identification of a true fire incident by using change rate of smoke, the change rate of temperature, and humidity in the presence of fire. The model consists of sensors to collect vital data from sensor nodes where Fuzzy logic converts the raw data in a linguistic variable which is trained in ANFIS to get the probability of fire occurrence. The proposed idea also generates alerts with a message sent directly to the user’s smartphone. Our system uses small size, cost-effective sensors and ensures that this solution is reproducible. MATLAB-based simulation is used for the experiments and the results show a satisfactory output.
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Zhou, Kun, and Xi Zhang. "Design of Outdoor Fire Intelligent Alarm System Based on Image Recognition." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 07 (November 18, 2019): 2050018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001420500184.
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Fire is one of the most common serious disasters in human society. It is a kind of burning phenomenon that is out of control in time and space. When a fire occurs, how to detect the fire quickly and remove it in the budding state has become the key content of fire control work. Outdoor fire is very common in our daily life, and once it occurs without effective and timely control, it will cause huge losses. Therefore, it is particularly important to study an intelligent alarm system for outdoor fire. Generally, fire detection technology can be divided into sensor fire detection technology and image fire detection technology. Sensor fire detection technology is low cost and easy to design, but its application field is limited. Under the interference of many factors outside, misjudgement and missed judgement will occur. Image fire detection technology can achieve certain detection function through manual design of features and classifiers, but there are still defects in the application in the actual diversified environment. With the development of neural network technology in recent years, it has made great breakthroughs in the field of image recognition. Its judgment type is obtained through a large number of data training algorithms. Because of its automatic feature extraction and classification characteristics, it can effectively adapt to the external environment. Therefore, this paper proposes an end-to-end two-stream neural network model to detect fires, uses fire video on the network to train the algorithm, and then uses the fire database to test. Compared with the existing fire detection algorithms, it is found that the proposed method has good practicability and versatility, and provides a good reference for the development of fire detection technology.
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Jiang, Zhong, and Jin Jiang. "Design and Implementation of City Internet Fire Safety Digital Monitoring System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 2611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.2611.
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The automatic fire alarm systems currently in the market came from different manufacturers, but they were unable to share information each other, difficult to form the same network and exist independently, and unable to automatically communicate with city fire control command center in time. Therefore，it caused delay of the fire alarm report. As the result, we proposed the idea of combining the City Fire Safety Digital monitoring system with Internet, analyzed its composition principle. Appropriate hardware and software were designed, and successfully developed.
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Терлецький Т. В., Кайдик О. Л., Євсюк М. М., Ткачук А. А., and Сомов Д. О. "МЕТОДИКА ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ НОМІНАЛУ НАВІСНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ ШЛЕЙФІВ НЕАДРЕСНОЇ ПОЖЕЖНОЇ СИГНАЛІЗАЦІЇ." Science Review, no. 2(29) (February 28, 2020): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_sr/28022020/6953.
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The fire alarm system shall detect the initial signs of fire at an early stage of its occurrence and shall not give false positives. It also depends on balancing the fire alarm loop with the fire receiving control device. The use of devices from different manufacturers in the construction of a fire alarm may result in the malfunctioning of such a system and giving false signals.The article presents the results of the analysis of the state of non-address fire control receivers of different manufacturers, depending on the mode of the fire alarm loop, in which he may be. The received generalized nomogram of states of non-address control devices depending on the resistance of the fire plume is presented. A method for determining the resistance of loop elements against different fire detectors is proposed and an appropriate algorithm is developed.
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Zhang, Yan. "A Fire Disaster Intelligence Alarm System Applicable to Underground Space." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.1049.
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Like the building on the ground, there are also many factors causing fire disaster in the underground building. There the disaster often happened, e. g in 1972 and l980 in Japan and in 1969 and1988 in China, the fire disaster took place in the underground spate which brought about a large amount of loss of property and casualties. The paper proposed a fire disaster intelligence alarm system. It is composed of a main computer system and several branch computer unit and it is useful for preventing fire in the underground building.
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Park, Jung kyu. "Smart Fire Detector utilizing IoT-based Zigbee Sensor." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i2.pp1132-1139.
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<pre>There are several differences between the two types of alarm systems, conventional systems and addressable systems. It is important to carefully determine the introduction of a fire alarm system according to the installation environment. Talking about the main difference relates to how the connected device communicates with the main control panel by sending a signal. Cost is another factor that can be a determinant of your chosen fire alarm system. In this paper, we proposed smart addressable fire detection system. In the proposed system, <span>IoT</span> was used and the network was constructed using <span>ZigBee</span> module. In the configured network, it consists of a local server and a control server. The local server controls the addressing sensor and sends the information obtained from the sensor to the control server. The control server receives data transmitted from the local server and enables quick fire action. In the actual implementation, the local server used the Lycra controller and <span>ZigBee</span> module. In addition, the control server used the Raspberry Pi and <span>ZigBee</span> modules and connected to the Ethernet so that the administrator could monitor or control the local server.</pre>
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Jeong, Jeongho. "Audibility of emergency broadcasting sound in a mechanical room in an office building." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 3811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2531.
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Fire alarm and emergency broadcasting sound are important in fire and disaster situations. For the clear presentation of the fire alarm and emergency broadcasting sound to occupants of buildings, some guidelines and requirements were established. In NFPA 72 and BS standard, a specific alarm sound level for alarm sound of residential facilities was proposed and Speech Transmission Index(STI) was regulated for the emergency broadcasting system. In the fire and disaster situation, one of the important facility is a mechanical and electrical system to maintain water and electricity supply. To maintain this function in the buildings, clear presentation of emergency broadcasting sound to the workers in the mechanical and electrical room is crucial for the emergency operation of the system. In this study, the noise level in the mechanical rooms and electricity facilities of more than 40 years old office building were measured. Also, audibility and room acoustic properties such as reverberation time and STIwas simulated using Odeon 12. In order to deliver emergency broadcasting sound more clearly, sound absorption material and a soundproof chamber for noisy devices are needed. Also, the emergency broadcasting system in noisy facilities should be improved to produce the broadcasting sound louder and clearer.
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Ho, Chao Ching, and Dan Wen Kuo. "IEEE 1451-Based Sensor Interfacing and Data Fusion for Fire Smoke Detection." Key Engineering Materials 613 (May 2014): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.613.219.
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The performance of a fire sensor has a significant effect on fire detection. Today’s fire alarm systems, such as smoke and heat sensors, however are generally limited to a close proximity to the fire; and cannot provide additional information about fire circumstances. Thus, it is essential to design a suite of low-cost networked sensors that provide the capability of performing distributed measurement and control in real time. In this work, a wireless sensor system was developed for fire detection. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the integration of traditional fire sensors into intelligent fire management systems by using the smart transducer concept. An automated video processing sensor for fire smoke monitoring applications is integrated into an surveillance network as a case study and supported sensor fusion assessment to improve the resistance to nuisance alarms. The proposed sensor system for fire detection was developed to reconcile issues related to proliferation and interoperability, and the architecture can support a smart transducer interface (IEEE 1451). The proposed embedded system for STIM (smart transducer interface module) and NCAP (network capable application processor) will be implemented with DSP. To realize the self-identification of transducers and plug-and-play connections, a transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS) is also stored inside the DSP. The acquired sensor data are pre-processed and applied to discriminate nuisance sources. The IEEE 1451 standard has been integrated into an automatic video-based fire smoke detection system. The proposed architecture has been tested on an experimental setup with the purpose of monitoring fire incidents successfully.
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Jiang, Yan Lei. "Research of Multi-Sensor Information Fusion Fire Detection System." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 2745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.2745.
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To reduce false fire alarms, combining with the character of fire signal, a kind of intelligent fire detection system of multi-sensor information fusion based on fuzzy neural network is proposed in this paper . This fire detector fuses three sensor data including temperature, smoke and CO air which have obvious character in fire and fire probability can be obtained by intelligent arithmetic of fuzzy neural network. As a result, The accuracy of the fire detection is improved effectively and the feasibility and validity of the system are proved by the simulation effects. 0 Foreword The purpose of fire detection technology is to make accurate judgments of the fire and to predict the fire in the early time, so that people's lives and property can be protected. Based on the monitoring of physical phenomena such as light, smoke, heat, the traditional fire detection usually monitors one kind of physical quantity and establishes a certain threshold value as the criterion for the fire. In practice, it is discovered that fire monitoring, based on a certain physical quantity and threshold value, is often inevitably influenced by a certain similar environmental factors influence which causes false alarm. 1 Multi-sensor Data Fusion Fire Detection System For any kind of detective object, using only one kind of information to reflect its condition is not complete. Only through getting, integrating and using various multi-dimensional information of the same object, it can detect the fire accurately and early. In view of the fact that unit fire detection technology has been unable to meet the needs of real fire alarm, the system uses multiple information fusion fire detection, which is not the simple combination of the fire detectors original single parameter, but the implementation of multiple simultaneous detection, extraction of useful and accurate information. According to different types of fire parameters, it applies intelligent algorithms, fuses the fire parameters of multi-sensor fusion, and determines whether there is a fire hazard. It overcomes the limitations of a single sensor, and effectively improves the ability of identifying real or false fires. Under normal circumstances, CO is extremely low in the air. Only by burning massive CO can be produced, which causes the density of CO in the air to increase sharply. Thus the detection of CO gas will be in large part reflects whether the combustion phenomenon happens or not. The occurring of fire is often accompanied with the elevation of temperature and the enlargement of smoke density, so the system of fire detectors uses 3-layer structure of multi-sensor fusion, selects temperature sensors, smoke sensors, gas sensors, the temperature signal, smoke concentration and the CO concentration as the fire detection signal. 2 Fuzzy Neural Network Applying fuzzy neural network to fire detection information processing can greatly improve the timeliness and accuracy of fire detection, and reduce the rate of false alarm.This system uses fuzzy neural network as shown in Figure 1. Before and after the neural network in the system is in series with the fuzzy system, in order to facilitate the procession of neural network, the smog density signal from the environment examination, the temperature signal as well as the gas signal through the signal pretreatment should be normalized, and sends these three normalized values into the fuzzy system, uses trigonometric functions for transformation, and obtains three degree of membership and the feedback signal of neural network as the neural network input.
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Hsu, Ting Wei, Shreya Pare, Mahendra Singh Meena, Deepak Kumar Jain, Dong Lin Li, Amit Saxena, Mukesh Prasad, and Chin Teng Lin. "An Early Flame Detection System Based on Image Block Threshold Selection Using Knowledge of Local and Global Feature Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 8899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218899.
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Fire is one of the mutable hazards that damage properties and destroy forests. Many researchers are involved in early warning systems, which considerably minimize the consequences of fire damage. However, many existing image-based fire detection systems can perform well in a particular field. A general framework is proposed in this paper which works on realistic conditions. This approach filters out image blocks based on thresholds of different temporal and spatial features, starting with dividing the image into blocks and extraction of flames blocks from image foreground and background, and candidates blocks are analyzed to identify local features of color, source immobility, and flame flickering. Each local feature filter resolves different false-positive fire cases. Filtered blocks are further analyzed by global analysis to extract flame texture and flame reflection in surrounding blocks. Sequences of successful detections are buffered by a decision alarm system to reduce errors due to external camera influences. Research algorithms have low computation time. Through a sequence of experiments, the result is consistent with the empirical evidence and shows that the detection rate of the proposed system exceeds previous studies and reduces false alarm rates under various environments.
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Lin, Ming Xiu, Wen Lin Chen, Bao Song Liu, and Li Na Hao. "An Intelligent Fire-Detection Method Based on Image Processing." Advanced Engineering Forum 2-3 (December 2011): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.2-3.172.
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How to explore higher efficient and more credible fire-detection system by rapid development of computer and image processing techniques has aroused public’s extensive attention. To achieve fully automatic surveillance of fires, an intelligent fire detection method based on a multi-stage decision strategy of image processing is proposed. Both static and dynamic characteristics of the fire images sequence are considered. First of all time difference is used to process the gray-scale image to obtain the moving region in the scene, secondly apply color segmentation to get the ROI of fire region, thirdly shape features such as randomness of area size, edge likelihood are calculated to avoid some interference, at last the polygonal and irregular characters of flame like sharp corners and circularity are used to identified the fire. Experimental result shows the Fire-detection method presented in this paper could detect fire in the image sequence effectively, and it is capable of distinguishing Environmental light changes, background color interference and light false identification. Multi-stage decision strategy can improve the algorithm performance and reduce false-alarm rate. The proposed method has broad application prospects in the important military, social security, forest-fire alarm, commercial applications, and so on.
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Gagliardi, Alessio, and Sergio Saponara. "AdViSED: Advanced Video SmokE Detection for Real-Time Measurements in Antifire Indoor and Outdoor Systems." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082098.
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This paper proposes a video-based smoke detection technique for early warning in antifire surveillance systems. The algorithm is developed to detect the smoke behavior in a restricted video surveillance environment, both indoor (e.g., railway carriage, bus wagon, industrial plant, or home/office) or outdoor (e.g., storage area or parking area). The proposed technique exploits a Kalman estimator, color analysis, image segmentation, blob labeling, geometrical features analysis, and M of N decisor, in order to extract an alarm signal within a strict real-time deadline. This new technique requires just a few seconds to detect fire smoke, and it is 15 times faster compared to the requirements of fire-alarm standards for industrial or transport systems, e.g., the EN50155 standard for onboard train fire-alarm systems. Indeed, the EN50155 considers a response time of at least 60 s for onboard systems. The proposed technique has been tested and compared with state-of-art systems using the open access Firesense dataset developed as an output of a European FP7 project, including several fire/smoke indoor and outdoor scenes. There is an improvement of all the detection metrics (recall, accuracy, F1 score, precision, etc.) when comparing Advanced Video SmokE Detection (AdViSED) with other video-based antifire works recently proposed in literature. The proposed technique is flexible in terms of input camera type and frame size and rate and has been implemented on a low-cost embedded platform to develop a distributed antifire system accessible via web browser.
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Et. al., Makrand M. Jadhav ,. "Machine Learning based Autonomous Fire Combat Turret." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 2372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2025.
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The time lag between the identification and the initiation of the actuation protocol is more in conventional fire combat system. This in turn increases the response time resulting in financial loss as well as injuries to human beings. In this paper an efficient method of fire combat is proposed to eliminate resource loss. This system extinguishes fire before it reaches its destructive level. It eliminates all the flaws of the conventional fire extinguishers and improves the damage limitation by raising an alarm. Further by applying HAAR cascade classifier machine learning algorithm, accuracy of 70-75 % is achieved to detect fire. It also provides minimum latency and optimal response in detecting fires and differentiating them from false triggers. It is observed that the response time of proposed fire combat system is 2-4 seconds. The automatic mode is reliable in the presence of multiple units that are deployed in the same area of interest. The system is able to cover the entire hemispheric 3D volume of the room as per the industrial and domestic safety standards.
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Park, MinJi, Donghyun Son, and ByoungChul Ko. "Two-Step Cascading Algorithm for Camera-based Night Fire Detection." Electronic Imaging 2020, no. 10 (January 26, 2020): 94–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.10.ipas-094.
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In this paper, we propose a new fire monitoring system that automatically detect fire flames in night-time using a CCD camera. The proposed system consists of two cascading steps to reliably detect fire regions. First, ELASTIC-YOLOv3 is proposed to better detect a small fires. The main role of ELASTIC-YOLOv3 is to find fire candidate regions in images as the first step. The candidate fire regions are passed to the second verification step to detect more reliable fire region results. The second step takes into account the dynamic characteristic of the fire. To do this, we construct fire-tubes by connecting the fire candidate regions detected in several frames, and extract the histogram of optical flow (HOF) from the fire-tube. However, because the extracted HOF feature vector has a considerably large size, the feature vector is reduced by applying a predefined bag of feature (BOF) and then applied to the fast random forest classifier to verify the final fire regions instead of heavy recurrent neural network (RNN). The proposed method has been experimentally shown a faster processing time and higher fire detection accuracy with lower missing and false alarm.
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Здор, Владимир Леонидович, Матвей Андреевич Землемеров, and Наталья Викторовна Семененко. "If an analogue fire detector is analogue one." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 2(99) (June 18, 2020): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.2020.99.2.010.
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Предметом рассмотрения в статье являются термины, применяемые в системе пожарной сигнализации. Обращается внимание на несоответствие общепринятого определения термина «аналоговый пожарный извещатель» его смысловому содержанию. Это несоответствие нередко является причиной недопонимания потребителями пожарно-технической продукции особенностей аналоговых пожарных извещателей и их отличий от пороговых. Предлагается называть извещатели с функцией обработки сигнала интеллектуальными, не отказываясь в определенных случаях от использования термина «аналоговый пожарный извещатель». The simplest fire detectors contain a sensitive element that controls a certain physical parameter of the environment, which changes when a fire occurs. When this parameter reaches the set threshold value, the detectors generate an alarm signal perceived by the control equipment (control panel). When using this algorithm, the decision to detect a fire is made by the fire detector, which is called the threshold detector. One of the significant drawbacks of such an algorithm is the inability to track the dynamics of changes in the controlled environment parameter, which often causes the fire detector to form a false signal. In the 60s and 70s of the 20th century, when digital technology was widely developed, a different fire detection algorithm was proposed. Only an analog-to-digital converter was installed in the fire detector. The real-time digitized value of the monitored parameter was broadcast in serial code to the control panel. All elements of memory and mathematical processing were part of this panel. As a result, the fire detector became, in fact, a sensor that transmits the measured readings on the control equipment, and the decision to register a fire was made not in the detector, but in the control panel. This type of fire detector is called “analogue”. The main advantage of analogue detectors was the reduction in the likelihood of a false alarm being generated by the fire alarm system. On the current level of digital technology development, the concept of «analogue fire detector» for the most part loses its meaning. The development of digital technology has led to the global miniaturization of electronic components and reduced their energy consumption. Under these conditions, the need to transmit information about the controlled factor of fire to control panel without preliminary data processing in the detector itself disappeared. Currently, the concept of “analogue” fire alarm systems in the semantic meaning of the term “analogue”, which was used at the beginning of digital technology development, has changed the meaning. Almost all modern fire detectors can be considered as threshold because they take decision on the need to generate an alarm signal transmitted to the control panel.
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Pan, Jin, Xiaoming Ou, and Liang Xu. "A Collaborative Region Detection and Grading Framework for Forest Fire Smoke Using Weakly Supervised Fine Segmentation and Lightweight Faster-RCNN." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060768.
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Forest fires are serious disasters that affect countries all over the world. With the progress of image processing, numerous image-based surveillance systems for fires have been installed in forests. The rapid and accurate detection and grading of fire smoke can provide useful information, which helps humans to quickly control and reduce forest losses. Currently, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have yielded excellent performance in image recognition. Previous studies mostly paid attention to CNN-based image classification for fire detection. However, the research of CNN-based region detection and grading of fire is extremely scarce due to a challenging task which locates and segments fire regions using image-level annotations instead of inaccessible pixel-level labels. This paper presents a novel collaborative region detection and grading framework for fire smoke using a weakly supervised fine segmentation and a lightweight Faster R-CNN. The multi-task framework can simultaneously implement the early-stage alarm, region detection, classification, and grading of fire smoke. To provide an accurate segmentation on image-level, we propose the weakly supervised fine segmentation method, which consists of a segmentation network and a decision network. We aggregate image-level information, instead of expensive pixel-level labels, from all training images into the segmentation network, which simultaneously locates and segments fire smoke regions. To train the segmentation network using only image-level annotations, we propose a two-stage weakly supervised learning strategy, in which a novel weakly supervised loss is proposed to roughly detect the region of fire smoke, and a new region-refining segmentation algorithm is further used to accurately identify this region. The decision network incorporating a residual spatial attention module is utilized to predict the category of forest fire smoke. To reduce the complexity of the Faster R-CNN, we first introduced a knowledge distillation technique to compress the structure of this model. To grade forest fire smoke, we used a 3-input/1-output fuzzy system to evaluate the severity level. We evaluated the proposed approach using a developed fire smoke dataset, which included five different scenes varying by the fire smoke level. The proposed method exhibited competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art methods.
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Snityuk, Vitaliy, Marina Antonevich, and Anna Didyk. "OPTIMIZATION OF FIRE MONITORING SYSTEM USING THE DEFORMED STARS METHOD." Information systems and technologies security, no. 1 (2) (2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ists.2020.1.60-66.
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In this paper are being considered the aspects of two variables function optimization problem solving, which, in general, is poly-extremal and undifferentiated. The classic methods of continuous optimization are not applicable in this case. One of the most commonly used methods of solving this problem is evolutionary algorithms, which can be divided into two classes. The first class includes algorithms where a potential offspring-solution is generated by two parent-solutions solutions, in the second case, the offspring-solution is generated by one parent-solution. There is deformed star method proposed where the population of parental solutions is 3, 4, and 5 point groups. The application of proposed method is shown to solve the optimization problem of fire monitoring system for buildings, which minimizes the time of its operation. The buildings where fire load can be both permanent and variable are considered. Such buildings include concert halls, nightclubs, supermarkets, logistics facilities and more. Fires at such buildings result in human sacrifice and serious material loss. Timely activation of the fire alarm system have great importance. The objective function of the problem is determined by the distance from the horizontal projections of the detectors to the sources of fire and the probability of triggering the detectors. The solution is optimizing location of fire detectors, taking into account their number and the fire load of the room. The advantages of the developed method over genetic algorithms, evolutionary strategies and differential evolution as the most typical evolutionary algorithms are shown. Numerical experiments were carried out, which showed the increased accuracy of calculations and the increased speed of method convergence.
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Olivares-Mercado, Jesus, Karina Toscano-Medina, Gabriel Sánchez-Perez, Aldo Hernandez-Suarez, Hector Perez-Meana, Ana Lucila Sandoval Orozco, and Luis Javier García Villalba. "Early Fire Detection on Video Using LBP and Spread Ascending of Smoke." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 13, 2019): 3261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123261.
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This paper proposes a methodology for early fire detection based on visual smoke characteristics such as movement, color, gray tones and dynamic texture, i.e., diverse but representative and discriminant characteristics, as well as its ascending expansion, which is sequentially processed to find the candidate smoke regions. Thus, once a region with movement is detected, the pixels inside it that are smoke color are estimated to obtain a more detailed description of the smoke candidate region. Next, to increase the system efficiency and reduce false alarms, each region is characterized using the local binary pattern, which analyzes its texture and classifies it by means of a multi-layer perceptron. Finally, the ascending expansion of the candidate region is analyzed and those smoke regions that maintain or increase their ascending growth over a time span are considered as a smoke regions, and an alarm is triggered. Evaluations were performed using two different classifiers, namely multi-Layer perceptron and the support vector machine, with a standard database smoke video. Evaluation results show that the proposed system provides fire detection accuracy of between 97.85% and 99.83%.
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Shvetsova, V. I. "Optimization of “human-machine-environment” system: human operator reliability assessment." Monitoring systems of environment, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33075/2220-5861-2021-1-147-153.
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This article highlights the need to take into account the human component when solving optimization problems in the “man-machine-environment” system. However, currently there are no methods for quantifying the human operator reliability in such systems. An approach for assessing the human operator reliability is proposed. The mathematical apparatus for describing the human operator reliability in the ergatic system based on the Markov theory of random state transitions described by a polynomial system of differential equations for each human operation in the system in a theoretical form is presented. The implementation of this mathematical apparatus assumes the availability of statistical and experimental data on the failure rates and restoration of its productivity. The possibility of the designer to assess the final probability of the human operator of the ergatic environmental control system for one of the most critical operations (to achieve the final goal) in the absence of statistical (experimental) data by analogy with the “weak” link in the technical system is justified. The methodological solution for assessing the human operator reliability in an ergatic control system based on experimental data using the example of a manual trigger of a fire alarm system, based on the expression of a standard pointer in the form of a readiness factor of technical products is shown. The experiment was conducted on a stand assembled from commercially available products, simulating a fire alarm device. In the article the experimental research results by four age groups and their statistical processing are presented.
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Bin Suparman, Mohd Alif, and Siat Ling Jong. "Automatic smoke detection system with favoriot platform using internet of things (IoT)." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i2.pp1102-1108.
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<span>The available fire alarm system in the market unable to inform occupant that their house is on fire. The occupant remains unknown especially when they are away from their house. Most of the time, the house or building almost destroyed by fire when firefighter comes to the scene due to late inform to Fire and Rescue Department. To this aim, automatic smoke detection system</span><span lang="EN"> using Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed. The proposed system not only able to monitor the smoke condition of a room but also able to alert user and Fire and Rescue Department when certain level of smoke is detected by a gas sensor via Favoriot platform. Arduino Uno is used in this work to control all the devices and WiFi shield acts as a medium to interconnect devices with the network so that </span><span>the data from the smoke sensor can be read in the Favoriot platform. In this experiment, the condition of room is tested under several burning materials and the smoke levels are recorded. It is found that when the smoke level more than 100 ppm, it may cause to sore eyes, cough and hard breathing that can bring to death. Therefore, the best threshold level of the automatic smoke detection system is at 80 ppm. By using this system, the user able to take preliminary rescue action to save people and prevent fire breaks out</span><span>.</span>
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Gong, Yuan Peng, Xiang Qian Ding, Xiao Dong Wang, and Meng Yu. "The Design of Smart Home Security Alarm Monitoring Based on Jess." Applied Mechanics and Materials 135-136 (October 2011): 1044–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.135-136.1044.
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With the continuous progress and development of society , people's incomes increase greatly, and more attention is paid to improve the safety of their living conditions as well as the reliability of life quality. An expert system of Security Alarm Monitoring for Smart Home filed based on JESS is demonstrated in this paper, according to the tendency development of security market worldwide and the deep-level development of security technology. The security system proposed in the paper is based on the knowledge of Expert System, Embedded Technology and Wireless Sensor Technology.etc. It mainly includes Access Control Subsystem, Steal Precaution Subsystem, Fire alarm subsystem, Gas Leak Subsystem. etc. The expert system based on Jess rules engine is developed by Java. It is able to detect whether the family members and family situation in a safety state according to the various scenes within a family, then make timely reaction to non-security state and take appropriate measures to ensure security at home guided by a set of procedural rules .The effectiveness and feasibility of this system has be proved by the simulation results.
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Sung, Wen Tsai, and Jui Ho Chen. "Fast and Accurate Event Detection Based on Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fuzzy Logic Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.523.
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Wireless Sensor Networks have recently been used for environmental monitoring and real time event detection because of their low implementation costs and distributed sensing and processing capabilities. Event detection is a critical issue in wireless sensor networks. Fire detection is used as an example in our event detection system. Algorithms are required to detect fire sensors and measure the environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, light intensity, and Carbon Monoxide) to determine if a fire is present or not. It is urgent to research fire detection techniques that are efficient, convenient and practical. Although there are several works on fire detection using WSNs, sufficient attention has rarely been paid to using fuzzy logic methods. We present a novel approach based on fuzzy logic for multi-sensors data fusion in a wireless sensor network system with a node-sink mobile network structure to detect fire. Through simulation results, it is shown that the proposed innovative fuzzy logic algorithm can improve the reliability and accuracy of sensed information and reduce the rate of false alarm.
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Кирилов, А., A. Kirilov, К. Черный, and K. Chernyy. "New Approaches to Fire Safety Assessment of Personnel during Its Evacuation from Industrial Premises in Case of Fire." Safety in Technosphere 7, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c7e3612a5ff22.45536588.
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In this paper have been presented new approaches to fire safety assessment of personnel during its evacuation from industrial premises. A method for composition of scenarios for a fire break-out and development based on the Ishikawa Diagram, as well as a mathematical model characterizing the process of fire break-out and development have been implemented. A fire safety index for personnel escape routes has been introduced, and models for assessment the probability of personnel evacuation have been used. Have been concerned problematic issues related to humans’ behavioral feature during fire, their moving in case of evacuation inside enclosed and confined spaces, distance of workplaces from escape routes, reliability of emergency voice alarm communication system. An approach for safety assessment of automatic fire extinguishing units containing fire-extinguishing agents which are hazardous to human health has been proposed. Examples for approbation of developments in the process of fire safety assessment for escape routes, and composition of fire in a machinery room of gas transmission provider’s compressor section have been presented.
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Karim, Bakhtiar Ali, and Halgurd Nawzad Awl. "Smart Home System Based on GSM Network." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2018.1.4.
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Due to increasing robbery and intrusion, establishing home-security system has become a correlated part of the modern houses, buildings, and offices. As the family members are not at home all the time, the traditional home security system, which makes alarm sound only, may not be efficient enough. Alternatively, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) based security system can provide higher level of security and convenience compared to the traditionally used systems. The main objective of the current paper is to design and implement cost-efficient and reliable security, safety and home automation system for protection and occupants’ convenience. If any undesired events, such as intrusion, gas leakage and fire occurs in the house, our system warns the homeowner in real-time using Short Message Service (SMS). With the proposed system home appliances can also be controlled in three ways, namely sending SMS from the authorized numbers to the system through GSM network, smartphone app using Bluetooth module and infrared (IR) control using IR module
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Bouakkaz, Fatima, Wided Ali, and Makhlouf Derdour. "Forest Fire Detection Using Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks and Image Compression." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 20, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.200108.
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Recently, the issue of multimedia sensors received considerable critical attention, that led to the apparition of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) WMSN that different from wireless sensor networks (WSN) by using multimedia sensors that can process video, audio, image data besides scalar data and send it to station base (SB). Multimedia data have a big volume bigger than scalar data and need more resources and consumed more energy. The ideal solution to solve the problems of WMSN (big volume, energy consumption) is data compression. Forest plays a critical role in our daily life we can summarize the importance of forests in human life. Among the most dangerous events the forest fires that happen because of natural or Man-made. Many methods used to detect forest fires the newest are: wireless multimedia sensor networks. Our system of detecting forest fire has been developed using a wireless multimedia senor network with two types of sensors (scalar, images). In the first phase when the scalar sensors detected a high temperature its announced alarm to activate the image sensors. In the second phase for detecting fire the image sensors, we used image processing tools. When the zone of fire in the image captured was detected the phase of compression started using the down sampling method. the final phase is transmission data to the station base using the grid chain transmission protocol technique, which allows a critical optimization of energy consumption. So, maximizing network life. The competence of the proposed system is achieved by minimizing size of image transmitted with grid chain routing protocol.
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Chibinev, N., A. Seredina, and I. Pashkova. "Совершенствование систем внутреннего противопожарного водоснабжения в студенческих общежитиях." Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/mnp.2019.10.05.
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Обоснована необходимость проведения экспертной расчетной проверки систем внутреннего противопожарного водопровода в зданиях старой постройки студенческих общежитий в соответствии с требованиями пунктов 55 и 57 Правил противопожарного режима в Российской Федерации . Рассмотрены примеры неэффективного применения внутреннего водопровода в таких зданиях при возникновении пожара. На основании проведенного исследования системы внутреннего противопожарного водопровода здания общежития в целях усовершенствования аналогичных систем предлагается следующее: проводить проверочный расчет эксплуатируемых систем не реже срока службы, установленного в паспорте заводаизготовителя насоса повышения давления для оперативного тушения вероятного возгорания (до образования критических параметров опасных факторов пожара) включение насосовповысителей следует выполнять не от кнопок дистанционного пуска, а от системы автоматической пожарной сигнализации с дублированием его запуска от кнопки пуска на вахте охраны общежития для эффективного использования систем внутреннего противопожарного водопровода с одновременной эвакуацией студентов оснастить ящики пожарных кранов фильтрующими самоспасателями (не менее трех).The need of conducting an expertise of the internal fire water supply systems in old buildings of student dormitories in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs 55 and 57 of the Rules of the fire safety arrangements in the Russian Federation is substantiated. Cases of inefficient use of the internal water supply system in such buildings in the event of a fire are considered. Based on the study of the internal fire water supply system of a dormitory building in order to improve similar systems, the following is proposed: to carry out a test calculation of the operating systems no less than the service life specified in the passport of the manufacturer of the boosting pump for quick suppression of a possible fire (before the formation of critical parameters of fire hazards) the boosting pumps should be activated not by the remote start buttons but by the automatic fire alarm system with its start duplicating by the start button in the clock at the security desk of the dormitory for the effective use of internal fire water supply systems with the simultaneous evacuation of students the boxes of fire hydrants should be equipped with filter selfrescuers (at least three).
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Хасанов, Ирек Равильевич, Софья Федоровна Лобова, Наталья Вячеславовна Петрова, and Татьяна Дмитриевна Теплякова. "Modeling of fire dynamics when making judicial normative fire-technical expertise." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 2(99) (June 18, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.2020.99.2.005.
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Проанализирована нормативная база, регламентирующая проведение расчетов по оценке параметров срабатывания автоматической установки пожарной сигнализации (АУПС), а также компьютерных программ моделирования динамики пожара и математических моделей, описывающих срабатывание пожарных извещателей. Сформулированы и структурированы вопросы нормативного характера, для решения которых необходимо применение компьютерного моделирования динамики пожара с учетом работы АУПС. Предложен алгоритм компьютерного моделирования пожара в ходе проведения пожарно-технической экспертизы с учетом возможных расчетных ошибок и получения неоднозначных результатов. It is often necessary to assess the parameters of fire development taking into account the influence of fire protection systems by making the regulatory fire-technical expertise. It may also be necessary to carry out an expert examination of the technical solutions adopted at the site for their compliance with fire safety requirements. These practical studies, in particular, are necessary to analyse the consequences of fire safety violations and establish causal links between violations of requirements and the consequences of fire, both past and theoretically possible. A modern way to estimate fire parameters is by field modeling. Field modeling of fire dynamics can be used to answer questions in two expert situations: after fire and before fire (in particular, within the framework of supervisory measures). When making fire-technical expertise on the fire occurred, the expert needs to restore the pre-fire situation and model the real fire dynamics taking into account the established fire information contained in the case file. In a situation before a fire, the expert needs to model a potentially possible fire under the most unfavourable conditions. In accordance with fire safety requirements, each object of protection must have a fire safety system aimed at preventing fire, ensuring the safety of people and property in case of fire. Compliance of design values and characteristics of the building or structure with safety requirements shall be justified by calculations or tests performed according to certified technique. On the basis of the analysis of the regulatory framework and the formulated groups of regulatory questions there have been developed the procedure of the expert‘s actions and the algorithm for simulating fire dynamics when answering questions related to automatic fire alarm. The impact of input data on the possibility of forming categorical or probabilistic outputs was evaluated. The proposed detailed algorithm of field simulation of fire dynamics during the regulatory fire-technical examination is drawn up taking into account possible calculated errors and obtaining ambiguous results.
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Ivanovich, Vaulin Vladimir, and Singeev Sergey Aleksandrovich. "Improving the safety of hospital complexes in modern conditions." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 5, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v5i4.350.
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Background: The article presents the results of a study of ensuring fire safety in medical and preventive institutions (LPI) on the example of the central city hospital.Objectives: Research is aimed at improving the fire safety of hospital complexes and hospitals in modern conditions.Materials and Methods: The study used the methods of system analysis of scientific research and statistical data on ensuring fire safety, methods of structural analysis of the practice of ensuring fire safety of hospital complexes, mathematical methods for calculating the evacuation of people from a building and the spread of a fire in a building, methods for calculating the economic efficiency of means of support fire safety.Results and Discussion: Based on the analysis of fire statistics in healthcare facilities in Russia, it is concluded that it is advisable to improve the fire safety of hospitals and hospital complexes in modern conditions. The point of view is expressed that along with the fact that fire safety in hospitals is observed, the analysis indicates the existing problems in the practice of implementation.Conclusion: In order to increase the level of fire safety, it is possible to introduce: a modern fire alarm system; video of control systems and monitoring of safety of objects on the territory of the medical facility; installation of automatic fire extinguishing systems in fire-hazardous premises; installation of additional emergency lighting and reflectors indicating the direction of evacuation in case of fire and smoke; carrying out organizational and practical measures to ensure the safety of patients in a medical institution in an emergency situation (ES), namely, it is proposed to develop a memo of actions for patients in the hospital complex on inpatient treatment in case of an emergency with a list in the instruction log; provision of medical facilities with individual rescue equipment and provision of hospitals and hospital complexes with highrise buildings with modern evacuation means.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 04 October’21 Page: 412-417
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Shvetsova, V. I. "Assessment of human operator reliability in ergatic systems of monitoring and protection of environmental objects." Monitoring systems of environment, no. 4 (December 24, 2020): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33075/2220-5861-2020-4-127-132.
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In the article the need to take into account the ergonomic component (i.e. human operator) of the ergatic system is proved. Methodological approach for assessing the human operator reliability in an ergatic control system based on experimental data using the example of a manual trigger of a fire alarm system, based on the expression of a standard pointer in the form of a readiness factor of technical products is proposed. The experimental research results and their statistical processing: the approximation of empirical data by the method of correlation-regression analysis and an assessment of the adequacy of the approximation of the experimental results using the Fisher's goodness-of-fit test are presented.
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Ganin, Sergey, and Konstantin Usov. "ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF FALSE ALARMS OF AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS AND AUTOMATIC FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2020, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2020-1-234-235.
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Noureddine, Houache, and Kechar Bouabdellah. "Using Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks to Enhance Early Forest Fire Detection." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 11, no. 3 (July 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdst.2020070101.
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In the present paper, the authors present the design, the development and field experiment of a forest fire detection system based on Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) technology using a real test-bed. This system is an extension of their previous work presented in (Bouabdellah, Noureddine, & Larbi, 2013). The latter is based on mono modal approach (only scalar sensors were considered for data sensing), by adopting a new multimodal and cooperative approach in which it added the acquisition of much richer information using the image sensor in order to minimize false alarms that represents the main weakness for the old system. The validation of the proposal was performed by comparing two detection techniques (Canadian and Korean) in terms of time constraint and energy consumption. The results of the practical assessment confirmed the importance of the multimodal approach and also revealed the supremacy of the Canadian method and its compliance to the climate of Algeria's region.
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Rudyk, Yu, and V. Shunkin. "COMPLIANCE WITH LIGHTNING LOCATION SYSTEMS INDICATORS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT, LOSS PREVENTION, INVESTIGATION OF CAUSES." Fire Safety 35 (February 26, 2020): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.35.2019.09.
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Introduction. Thunderstorms in general is produced by atmospherically (climatic) processes, combined with additional hazardous effects. Thus, strong wind, flash flooding and hail causes a long time consequences including damages and injuries. Lightning protection systems are designed and projected in accordance with the requirements of the normative documents, which not always included measures of personal safety and guaranteed absences of injuries. Improving the state of life safety and loss prevention are based on standards and rules, which depend on the results of risk assessment, and investigation of cause’s events.
Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze this problem in several areas concerning the situation with a systematic approach to the technical regulation in Ukraine of such a sector of life safety as the lightning protection.
Methods. Methods of research: calculations using a mathematical model; comparison of the results of the calculation, forecasting of the boundary parameters of the technical condition and monitoring of the lightning location systems properties; examination, qualification, definition of indicators of lightning location system in the composition of the geographical informational system, taking into account laying conditions. Also comparison of different methods for calculating positioning coordinates is given.
Results. One of the components of the system lightning protection - the parameters of positioning coordinates of the lightning location system is investigated. The location of lightning strike points is not specified in the applicable fire safety regulations, although this criterion is often used precisely to set fire safety requirements: for buildings, utilities, fire alarm systems, and more.
Measures are proposed for implementing test methods and means and incorporating them into standardized technical solutions. In this respect, there can be no claim to the International Electrotechnical Commission and its publications. It is suggested to take into account a number of identified gaps in regulatory documents, relationships between regulators and supervisors, user requests. The analysis of the current normative and technical requirements for the accuracy of coordinates positioning in lightning location systems. On this basis, methods of investigating the causes of events are supplemented, which simplifies the application of impact analysis and the development of protective measures.
Conclusion. Determination of the positioning coordinates of lightning stroke is not regulated in the current normative documents on fire safety, although this criterion is often used precisely when establishing requirements for fire safety: to buildings, cable installations, to the installation of fire automatics systems and to others. It is proposed to take advantage of the accuracy in determining the location using mapping geoinformation systems and services in the analysis of indicators of the system of thrust. Conducted theoretical studies of indicators of the lightning location systems have established their relevance for risk assessment methods, measures to prevent losses and to investigate the causes of death, injury to living creatures and other property damage events.
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Samarin, I. V., A. V. Kryuchkov, and A. Yu Strogonov. "Thermochemical gas analyzer readiness assessment model." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 29, no. 6 (January 13, 2021): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/pvb.2020.29.06.61-74.
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Introduction. The importance of fire safety (FS) measures at fuel and energy industry facilities, in particular over the course of continuous technological processes of oil refineries (OR), is highlighted in the article. Decision makers are able to manage the process of planning and implementing these measures thanks to special software integrated into automated process control systems. The fire and explosion prevention subsystem designated for managing gas analyzing equipment and its control processes was chosen as the object of research. Theoretical framework. The fire safety of oil refineries, that entails the maintenance of gas analyzer sensors, is characterized by such random subprocesses as climate and weather changes at refineries. It is proposed to split this process into two opposite subprocesses, destructive and productive ones. Events related to calibration, verification or replacement of sensitive elements of thermochemical sensors are at the core of the recovery subprocess. Destructive subprocess events are associated with the appearance of deviations in thermochemical sensors from nominal values as registered by a shift on duty. It is proposed to describe the randomness of this subprocess as a Markov process. The sensor system behavior is simulated as the two streams. Thermochemical sensors have two modes: ready and not ready. Research results. The readiness model of gas analyzers is calculated as a ratio of the number of thermochemical sensors which are potentially ready for use in accordance with the regulatory and engineering documentation, to their total number, taking into account the randomness of events that make thermochemical sensors unready. A special case used to illustrate the Markov model building is studied. The possible number of modes for sets of thermochemical sensors is calculated for such a situation. The transition between modes of sets in a fire alarm subsystem is determined using the proposed system of differential Kolmogorov equations, which has five equations for a specific case. The calculation can be generalized for any number of remote sensors. Conclusions. The readiness assessment method applied to thermochemical sensors of gas analyzers in open areas of refineries is studied. The method can be applied in the process of automated fire and explosion prevention system operation.
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Litvinchuk, Iryna, Nataliia Korshun, and Maksym Vorokhob. "METHOD OF EVALUATION OF INTEGRATED SECURITY SYSTEMS AT THE OBJECT OF INFORMATION ACTIVITY." Cybersecurity: Education, Science, Technique 2, no. 10 (2020): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2663-4023.2020.10.135143.
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The article is devoted to the development of a method for evaluating the effectiveness of the level of protection at the object of information activities when using an integrated security system. Such systems provide for the sharing of resources of subsystems of fire and security alarm, video surveillance, access control systems and others. The application of integration provides a number of benefits, including: quick and accurate reaction to events, facilitating the work of the operator by automating management processes, control and decision-making on security, reducing the probability of erroneous actions of the operator, reducing equipment costs. Among the requirements for integrated security systems are reducing the role of man in the security process by increasing the systems intelligence, reducing the level of false positives due to closer use of subsystems and openness. Implementation of these requirements will increase the efficiency of security systems, reduce the human factor and will make the construction of integrated systems more transparent. The proposed method of assessing the integrated security system summarizes the state of security at the object of information activities, points to the weaknesses of the existing integrated security system, those that need of improvement. It can also be used when selecting the appropriate integrated security system. The assessment of the level of protection takes into account such criteria as complexity, functionality, size, speed, fault tolerance, scalability, interaction with external systems, the possibility of expansion.
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Hwang, Euy-Hong, Han-Bit Choi, and Doon-Mook Choi. "A Study on Effective Fire Countermeasures for Facilities for the Elderly and Children." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.0529cd5e.
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With the development of the national industry, the importance of the elderly and children such as the elderly, disabled, and children is recognized. Similarly, the number of facilities for the elderly and children is increasing. Fires at facilities for the elderly and children cause heavy casualties. In response to these events, it is essential to activate fire alarms promptly and accurately and to secure evacuation routes. In this study, the laws and statistics related to facilities for elderly and children were reviewed, and problems with legal terms-such as elderly, children, others, unwanted alarm of fire alarm systems, blind spots of fire compartment standards, securing evacuation routes, and absence of standards for life safety rescue organizations-were identified. As an improvement measure, the legal definitions of similar terms-such as elderly, children, unwanted alarm checklist, and establishment of standards for fire prevention compartment-and introduction of other terms-evacuation elevators, the establishment of standards for life-safety rescue organizations, and provision of flame retardation objects for evacuees-were proposed.
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Wu, Lesong, Lan Chen, and Xiaoran Hao. "Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Algorithm for Indoor Fire Early Warning Based on BP Neural Network." Information 12, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12020059.
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Fire early warning is an important way to deal with the faster burning rate of modern home fires and ensure the safety of the residents’ lives and property. To improve real-time fire alarm performance, this paper proposes an indoor fire early warning algorithm based on a back propagation neural network. The early warning algorithm fuses the data of temperature, smoke concentration and carbon monoxide, which are collected by sensors, and outputs the probability of fire occurrence. In this study, non-uniform sampling and trend extraction were used to enhance the ability to distinguish fire signals and environmental interference. Data from six sets of standard test fire scenarios and six sets of no-fire scenarios were used to test the algorithm proposed in this paper. The test results show that the proposed algorithm can correctly alarm six standard test fires from these 12 scenarios, and the fire detection time is shortened by 32%.
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Gong, Faming, Chuantao Li, Wenjuan Gong, Xin Li, Xiangbing Yuan, Yuhui Ma, and Tao Song. "A Real-Time Fire Detection Method from Video with Multifeature Fusion." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2019 (July 14, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1939171.
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The threat to people’s lives and property posed by fires has become increasingly serious. To address the problem of a high false alarm rate in traditional fire detection, an innovative detection method based on multifeature fusion of flame is proposed. First, we combined the motion detection and color detection of the flame as the fire preprocessing stage. This method saves a lot of computation time in screening the fire candidate pixels. Second, although the flame is irregular, it has a certain similarity in the sequence of the image. According to this feature, a novel algorithm of flame centroid stabilization based on spatiotemporal relation is proposed, and we calculated the centroid of the flame region of each frame of the image and added the temporal information to obtain the spatiotemporal information of the flame centroid. Then, we extracted features including spatial variability, shape variability, and area variability of the flame to improve the accuracy of recognition. Finally, we used support vector machine for training, completed the analysis of candidate fire images, and achieved automatic fire monitoring. Experimental results showed that the proposed method could improve the accuracy and reduce the false alarm rate compared with a state-of-the-art technique. The method can be applied to real-time camera monitoring systems, such as home security, forest fire alarms, and commercial monitoring.
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Thuillard, Marc. "Supervised fire alarm system." Environment International 20, no. 1 (January 1994): III. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(94)90088-4.
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Jee, Seung-Wook, Chun-Ha Lee, Si-Kuk Kim, Jae-Jin Lee, and Phil-Young Kim. "Development of a Traceable Fire Alarm System Based on the Conventional Fire Alarm System." Fire Technology 50, no. 3 (October 2, 2012): 805–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-012-0299-0.
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Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. "FIRE SENSING SYSTEM." Sutet 7, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/sutet.v7i2.78.
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The current fire hazard is increasingly common, not only from human error or also gas leakage and the use of electrical equipment that does not detect earlier the possibility of fire and this tool is a fire sensing system. The work system is meant by some of the same ways and the occurrence of fire that exist in a room, and provide it with a buzzer. The purpose of making this tool is for an alarm system that can share a fire and explain how the process works. The result of making this tool, the sensor managed to detect the heat caused by the fire and buzzer issued an alarm sound.
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A.T, Jeevanandham, and Sivamurgan P. "IoT Based Automatic Fire Alarm System." Bulletin of Scientific Research 2, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/bsr2015.
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In industry's mishap is a spontaneous and uncontrolled occasion wherein an activity or response of an item, a substance, an individual, or a radiation brings about close to home damage. There are a few mishaps occur because of fire. Fire identifiers are utilized to recognize the fire or smoke at a beginning time and can help in sparing lives. Right now, IOT based alarm has been planned utilizing temperature and smoke sensor. It would not just flag the nearness of fire in a specific reason yet will likewise send related data to portable through IOT. By utilizing the temperature sensor, smoke sensor and there is a simple to advanced convertor, which changes over the simple signs got at the sensor end to computerized and afterward transmits them to a smaller scale controller and to the Arduino. The small-scale controller is modified to turn on the ringer, when the temperature and the smoke arrive at an edge esteem. Simultaneously, Arduino sends the information to the Wi-Fi module ESP8266. ESP8266 will then the accompanying information to the IOT site, where, approved individuals can take fitting measure so as to check the fire. The gadget id is the one-of-a-kind id given to a gadget, which would enable the work force to get data identified with the area, where the fire is detected. This paper can urge numerous new specialists to do investigate in the forthcoming space of IOT.
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Cheng, Yuhui, and Tianyi Znang. "Design of a Fire alarm system." Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Life and Robotics 26 (January 21, 2021): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5954/icarob.2021.os12-6.
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Radzievskyi, Rostyslav, Valerii Plisko, and Valentyn Bondarenko. "PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF SECURITY GUARDS ON THE BASIS OF SYSTEM MODULAR PROJECT OF OBJECT PROTECTION." Science and Education 2020, no. 3 (March 2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2414-4665-2020-3-16.
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The article deals with the problematic issues of professional training of law enforcement officers who would be able to ensure reliable protection of objects and security of individuals. The analysis of security guards’ professional requirements and features of their official activity has been carried out. The method of training of security guards has been developed on the basis of systematization of knowledge, skills taking into account various modules, modular blocks in a single complex that gives the chance to the future security guard to master knowledge consistently and to provide the whole process algorithmization. On the basis of the created technique the model of security guards’ training is developed in general. The main training modules and their modular blocks are: acquisition of knowledge on the main areas of ensuring the overall organization of objects protection, which minimizes and eliminates the impact of other threats that may interfere with the normal functioning of the object; ability to provide a description of the object by external and internal characteristics; possession of a modern set of engineering and technical means of protection, including: fire-fighting modular unit, infrastructure unit, alarm system protection unit, access control and management systems, reliable modular unit, etc. The main stage of law enforcement personnel training is a formation of abilities to use protective modules in the conditions of external and internal interventions, threats etc. Actions of unauthorized entry on the object have been defined. A method of detecting factual intrusion (attempt) into the area of the protected object is provided. Examples of psychotic behavior of the offender are considered in the training process. The table shows the potential ability of the offender to act depending on the motivation level of emotional preparedness that correlates with his/her actions. The positive influence of the proposed innovations on the level of theoretical and practical training of future security guards has been revealed. The experiment confirmed the effectiveness of security guards training method based on the modular design system of object protection.
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Klimczak, Tomasz, and Jacek Paś. "Reliability and Operating Analysis of Transmission of Alarm Signals of Distributed Fire Signaling System." Journal of KONBiN 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2019-0009.
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Abstract The article presents basic issues regarding the operation process and analysis of the reliability of the fire alarm and transmission system in the distributed fire alarm system. Signals of fire and fault alarms generated from the fire alarm system (SSP) send fire monitoring. Fire monitoring consists of sending, with the confirmation, an automatic fire alarm and a fault signal to the appropriate alarm receiving centers (ACO). The reliability structure of the fire and fault alarm transmission system is presented. An analysis of reliability of independent SSP system information transmission paths was performed.
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Niu, Ling Hui, and Zhu Ge Hu. "Information Fusion Technology Based on Wireless Fire Detection and Alarm System." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.883.
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In order to solve the problem, which is "the traditional fire alarm system is only used to detect a particular physical or chemical signal of the fire, moreover, false alarm and failure alarm can occur easily. We apply multi-sensor composite detection technology and wireless communication technology in the fire detection and alarm system,and design an intelligence distributed wireless fire detection alarm system, which is mainly based on STM32 control chip.