Journal articles: 'Proposition 37'

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Golka, Friedemann W. "Genesis 37-50: Joseph Story or Israel-Joseph Story?" Currents in Biblical Research 2, no. 2 (April 2004): 153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476993x0300200202.

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This article will survey the history of research on Genesis 37-50 during the last generation. Its main proposition is that we are not dealing with a Joseph, but with an Israel-Joseph story. The arguments, therefore, no longer focus on source criticism, but on the question of tradition history, viz. whether chs. 38 and 49 have to be included. If this is accepted, a date in the Persian period for the entire pre-Priestly text suggests itself.

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Hamami, M. "Proposition d'une loi << hybride >> modélisant l'écrouissage du sel gemme." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 4 (2000): 898–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-37-4-898.

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Yonglin, Yang. "How to talk to the supernatural in Shakespeare." Language in Society 20, no. 2 (June 1991): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500016298.

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ABSTRACTThe present study concerns itself mainly with Shakespeare's use of thou forms to individual ghosts, witches, and spirits. All of Shakespeare's 37 plays were examined; 10 were systematically searched for stretches of discourse that occur between human beings and supernatural beings. The proposition is advanced that there is a role-governed rule in the use of this pronoun to individual supernatural beings. The illustrations, statistical results, discussion, and citations from other sources support the proposition forcefully; unique exceptions are taken into consideration. Instances that indicate the possibility of a reciprocal use from and between such beings are given as well, together with possible reasons for the usage. (Pronouns of address, Shakespearean studies, supernatural beings)

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Guichard, Jean. "37/3 - Proposition d’un schéma d’entretien constructiviste de conseil en orientation (life designing counseling) pour des adolescents ou de jeunes adultes." L’Orientation scolaire et professionnelle, no. 47/4 (December 1, 2018): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/osp.9715.

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Ilott, Irene. "The Lost-Ness of Loss: A Reappraisal of Loss." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 59, no. 6 (June 1996): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269605900606.

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The article explores the proposition that loss is a central, but neglected and taken-for-granted, concept within occupational therapy. A reappraisal of loss was stimulated by a module entitled ‘Loss and life-threatening conditions’ in the South Trent In-Service Diploma Course In Occupational Therapy. The student-negotiated curriculum is described. The evaluations highlighted the personal value and professional relevance of the concept of loss. These were confirmed during a staff development workshop for 37 experienced and expert therapists at Nottingham City Hospital. A framework that combines toss, mastery, mystery and occupation is offered as a professional model with practical implications. Encouragement is provided to re-evaluate and perhaps rediscover the pivotal place of loss within occupational therapy.

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Pollard, Karen R., C. Alcock, R. A. Allsman, D. Alves, T. S. Axelrod, A. C. Becker, D. P. Bennett, et al. "RV Tauri Stars and Type II Cepheids in the Magellanic Clouds - Results from the MACHO Database." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 176 (2000): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100057225.

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AbstractA review of the properties of Type II Cepheids and RV Tauri stars in the Magellanic Clouds is presented. In the behaviour of their light and colour curves, the RV Tauri stars appear to be a direct extension of the Type II Cepheids to longer periods. A single P – L – C relationship describes both the Type II Cepheids and RV Tauri stars in the LMC. The derived high intrinsic magnitudes for the RV Tauri variables supports the proposition that these objects are luminous stars evolving off the AGB. Preliminary analysis of the long time-series MACHO photometry indicates one star (MACHO*05:37:45.0–69:54:16) has an obvious ‘period-quadrupled’ periodicity, which is supporting evidence for a period-doubling bifurcation transition to chaotic pulsations.

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Teng Phuah, Kit, Kelly Kai Seng Wong, and Jenn Ling TingJL. "Propensity to Undergo Cosmetic Surgery and Services in Seoul." International Journal of Community Development and Management Studies 3 (2019): 001–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31355/37.

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NOTE: THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED WITH THE INFORMING SCIENCE INSTITUTE. Aim/Purpose................................................................................................................................................................................................. The focus of this study is to find the relationship between the components in Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) such as attitude, subjective norms (Media), subjective norm (celebrity), psychological attribute (self-esteem) and psychological attributes (social status) which influence Seoul Korea female intention to undergo cosmetic surgery in Seoul, Korea. Background................................................................................................................................................................................................... South Korea was ranked third in the world of cosmetic surgery in 2015. The Korean cosmetic surgery market is a promising market with 24% market share of the total world market. The market data about female willingness to undergo cosmetic surgery strongly suggests that marketers who work in the beauty and health industries associated with cosmetic surgery should pay attention to Seoul Korean women who are in the age group under 40 years old as the potential target market. In Korea, cosmetic surgery is frequently mentioned in normal conversation as a general topic and it is naturally settled as a culture. Methodology................................................................................................................................................................................................... The Seoul Korean female behavior with respect to use of cosmetic surgery is approximately determined by factors underlying the consumer’s behavioral intent. Thus, the theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) is used in this study because it attempts to explain consumer intentions and has a strong power of prediction of utility for a wide range of human behavioral attributes such as attitude, subjective norms (Media), subjective norm (celebrity), psychological attribute (self-esteem) and psychological attributes. A survey was conducted in Seoul, Korea where 400 female were interviewed by self-administrated questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, exploratory factor analysis and multiple regressions were used to examine the factors that influence Seoul Korean female intention to engage in cosmetic surgery. Contribution................................................................................................................................................................................................... This research provides an insight to the health and beauty industry, marketers, decision makers and academics on the factors that influence Seoul Korea female intention to engage with cosmetic surgery. Findings According to the research findings, Seoul Korean female attitude towards cosmetic surgery are generally positive, or favorable intention. That is to say, they usually think that the most effective way to improve their appearance and social status is to undergo cosmetic surgery. The study results (both qualitative and quantitative) support the proposition that the variables such as the media and the celebrities play important role in influencing females to do surgery. The results also provide important information to formulate and design strategies for the development and effective conduct of advertisements and promotions of cosmetic surgery. Lastly, other potential influencing factors were psychological attributes which are self-esteem and social status. Recommendations for Practitioners............................................................................................................................................................. It is suggested that psychologists can try to find the clinical roles in helping the cosmetic surgery patients by identifying patients who may not adjust well psychologically or psycho-socially after surgery. Psychologists can examine the issues related to cosmetic surgery due to the increasing popularity and the link between appearance, body image, eating disorders, sexual functioning and social phobia. Recommendations for Researchers............................................................................................................................................................... To help to fill in the research gaps, it is recommended to examine on how cosmetic surgery makes patients feel, how cosmetic surgery affects those around the recipients and what the effect of cosmetic surgery would be on children and teenagers. Impact on Society The increasing number of cosmetic surgery is having a dramatic impact on the Korean society. In Korea, the number of cosmetic procedures has nearly doubled in the past few years. Distorted perception of self-image, over dependence on the social media is enormous and cannot be overstated had also caused the dramatic rise of cosmetic surgery. The impact of social media has resulted in the rising demand for injectable facial fillers, liposuction, breast implants, buttock augmentation and Botox among younger generation. Future Research.............................................................................................................................................................................................. It is suggested to conduct further research involving Korean females who have undergone cosmetic surgery. The extended research should attempt to determine the level of satisfaction towards non-core and post cosmetic surgery services. That is, after sales services, the skills and knowledge of the doctor, the clinic environment and other attributes that further define the total or augmented product.

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Thomas, Hollie, Nikki Weaver, Joanne Patterson, Phil Jones, Truda Bell, Rebecca Playle, Frank Dunstan, Stephen Palmer, Glyn Lewis, and Ricardo Araya. "Mental health and quality of residential environment." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, no. 6 (December 2007): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039438.

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BackgroundThere is increasing interest in the proposition that residential environment can affect mental health.AimsTo study the degree to which common mental disorder clusters according to postcode units and households. To investigate whether contextual measures of residential environment quality and geographical accessibility are associated with symptoms of common mental disorder.MethodA total of 1058 individuals aged 16–75 years (response rate 66%) participated in a cross-sectional survey The 12-item General Health Questionnaire measured symptoms of common mental disorder.ResultsOnly 2% (95% CI 0–6) of the unexplained variation in symptoms existed at postcode unit level, whereas 37% (95% CI 27–49) existed at household-level, but the postcode unit variation was reduced to zero after adjustments. There was little evidence to suggest that residential quality or accessibility were associated with symptoms.ConclusionsThere was substantial unexplained variation at the household level but we could find no evidence of postcode unit variation and no association with residential environmental quality or geographical accessibility. It is likely that the psychosocial environment is more important than the physical environment in relation to common mental disorder.

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de França, José Antonio, and Wilfredo Sosa Sandoval. "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Liquidity Management." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 5 (April 15, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n5p85.

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Liquidity as a measure of payment capacity must incorporate the attributes of efficiency, sustainability and synergy. Traditionally, liquidity is measured by financial indicators, centered in the current ratio (CR) as an indicator of nominal payment capacity. However, this indicator generates a gap in the liquidity assessment because it does not measure financial efficiency nor liquidity sustainability. This research paper proposes an indicator that combines nominal capacity with effective payment capacity that indicates the liquidity sustainability and financial efficient status, addressing a gap in the literature concerning liquidity management, and revealing the existence of financial synergy. In order to test this proposition, data from financial statements of 37 manufacturing firms from 2000 to 2015 were used, via parametric and nonparametric methods. In the analysis showed here, financial efficiency ratio (FER) and the liquidity sustainability ratio (LSR) were used to assess financial efficiency and sustainable liquidity. Robust empirical evidence was found showing that the main status of the firms’ liquidity is weakly sustainable and therefore does not produce financial synergy. The results suggest that the combination of financial efficiency and nominal liquidity is a robust technique to indicate the firm’s liquidity status.

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Kumar, A., S. Dutta, R. Namdev, M. Jain, and M. Bodh. "Preterm Birth Complications On Oro-Dental Structures: An Updated Review." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 9, no. 2 (2015): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-9-2-85.

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ABSTRACT Preterm birth is the birth of a baby of less than 37 weeks gestational age. The cause of preterm birth is in many situations elusive and unknown. Premature infants have a short prenatal development period and are at greater risk for short and long term complications, including disabilities and impediments in growth and mental development. The prevalence of oral defects in the deciduous and permanent dentition has been reported to be higher in premature infants. Premature birth can cause enamel defects such as quantitative loss of enamel (hypoplasia), qualitative change in the translucence (opacity) of the enamel, or a combination of both. Other dental defects in preterm babies include notching of the alveolar ridge, palatal grooving, high arched palate, dental crossbite and palatal asymmetry. Moreover, delayed eruption/maturation and developmental defects of both the primary and permanent dentitions have also been reported. With the introduction of intensive medical care including the increased use of antenatal corticosteroids and the recent routine administration of surfactant replacement therapy, survival of prematurely born infants has improved markedly. However, the significant progress has been made in the care of premature infants but not in reducing the prevalence of preterm birth, making the reduction of preterm birth a challenging proposition.

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Johnston, Keira J. A., Joey Ward, Pradipta R. Ray, Mark J. Adams, Andrew M. McIntosh, Blair H. Smith, Rona J. Strawbridge, et al. "Sex-stratified genome-wide association study of multisite chronic pain in UK Biobank." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): e1009428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009428.

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Chronic pain is highly prevalent worldwide and imparts a significant socioeconomic and public health burden. Factors influencing susceptibility to, and mechanisms of, chronic pain development, are not fully understood, but sex is thought to play a significant role, and chronic pain is more prevalent in women than in men. To investigate sex differences in chronic pain, we carried out a sex-stratified genome-wide association study of Multisite Chronic Pain (MCP), a derived chronic pain phenotype, in UK Biobank on 178,556 men and 209,093 women, as well as investigating sex-specific genetic correlations with a range of psychiatric, autoimmune and anthropometric phenotypes and the relationship between sex-specific polygenic risk scores for MCP and chronic widespread pain. We also assessed whether MCP-associated genes showed expression pattern enrichment across tissues. A total of 123 SNPs at five independent loci were significantly associated with MCP in men. In women, a total of 286 genome-wide significant SNPs at ten independent loci were discovered. Meta-analysis of sex-stratified GWAS outputs revealed a further 87 independent associated SNPs. Gene-level analyses revealed sex-specific MCP associations, with 31 genes significantly associated in females, 37 genes associated in males, and a single gene, DCC, associated in both sexes. We found evidence for sex-specific pleiotropy and risk for MCP was found to be associated with chronic widespread pain in a sex-differential manner. Male and female MCP were highly genetically correlated, but at an rg of significantly less than 1 (0.92). All 37 male MCP-associated genes and all but one of 31 female MCP-associated genes were found to be expressed in the dorsal root ganglion, and there was a degree of enrichment for expression in sex-specific tissues. Overall, the findings indicate that sex differences in chronic pain exist at the SNP, gene and transcript abundance level, and highlight possible sex-specific pleiotropy for MCP. Results support the proposition of a strong central nervous-system component to chronic pain in both sexes, additionally highlighting a potential role for the DRG and nociception.

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Handayani, Dina Nur, Ratih Hasanah Sudrajat, and Ayub Ilfandy Imran. "ANALISIS ISI VISUAL IKLAN DAN STRATEGI KREATIF KATEGORI PRINT AD PEMENANG GOLD, SILVER, DAN BRONZE CITRA PARIWARA 2015." Jurnal Ilmiah Komunikasi Makna 6, no. 1 (May 4, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jikm.6.1.31-45.

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Persaingan dalam memasarkan produk saat ini tidak hanya dinilai dari diferensiasi produk ataupun strategi harga akan tetapi meliputi aspek untuk mempromosikan produknya. Salah satu sarana untuk mempromosikan suatu produk yaitu, iklan. Perkembangan dalam membuat iklan pun beragam terdiri dari organisasi, mahasiswa jurusan periklanan ataupun praktisi pemasaran. Hal ini membuat Persatuan Perusahaan Periklanan Indonesia (PPPI/P3I) mengadakan acara penghargaan dalam industri periklanan Indonesia yaitu Citra Pariwara. Citra Pariwara sendiri diadakan tiap tahun untuk mendapatkan penghargaan piala, gold, silver, dan bronze. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui isi pesan visual, teknik visual, dan strategi kreatif yang dibuat oleh pemenang kategori print ad gold, silver, dan bronze Citra Pariwara 2015. Metode yang digunakan yaitu kuantitatif deskriptif dengan teknik analisis isi. Objek yang dianalisis ada 19 karya iklan cetak. Dari hasil penelitian yang dibagi kedalam 6 unit analisis dari tiap kategori menunjukan bahwa isi pesan visual yang paling dominan adalah pesan tersampaikan dengan kias/ teknik metafora/ (lateral) dengan presentase sebesar 58%. Teknik visual yang dipakai berdasarkan headline adalah jenis headline yang menggunakan gambar dan keterangan dengan presentase sebesar 32%, dan tata letak/layout menggunakan frame layout dengan presentase sebesar 58%. Lalu, dari kategori penggunaan strategi kreatif dengan pendekatan strategi kreatif memakai USP (Unique Selling Proposition) dengan presentase sebesar 53%, pendekatan daya tarik pesan yang digunakan adalah daya tarik pesan kombinasi dengan presentase sebesar 37%, sedangkan penggunaan format dan gaya eksekusi pesan menggunakan dramatisasi dengan presentase sebesar 58%.Kata kunci: Analisis isi Kuantitatif deskriptif, Visual Iklan, Strategi Kreatif

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Naccarella, Lucio, Michelle Raggatt, and Bernice Redley. "The Influence of Spatial Design on Team Communication in Hospital Emergency Departments." HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 12, no. 2 (September 20, 2018): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1937586718800481.

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Objective: To identify spatial design factors that influence informal interprofessional team-based communication within hospital emergency departments (EDs). Background: Effective team communication in EDs is critical for interprofessional collaborative care and prevention of serious errors due to miscommunication. Limited evidence exists about how informal communication in EDs is shaped by the physical workspace and how workplace design principles can improve the quality of ED team communication. Method: Two health services with four hospital sites in Victoria, Australia, participated. A multistage mixed-methods approach used (1) an anonymous online communication network survey ( N = 103) to collect data on patterns and locations of informal interprofessional team communication among ED staff, (2) focus groups ( N = 37) and interviews ( N = 3) using photoelicitation to understand the perspectives of ED staff about how spatial design influences team communication, and (3) validity testing of preliminary findings with executives and ED managers at the participating sites. Results: Informal communication with peers and within discipline groups on nonspecific areas of the ED was most common. Three key factors influenced the extent to which ED workspaces facilitated informal communication: (1) staff perceptions of privacy, (2) staff perceptions of safety, and (3) staff perceptions of connectedness to ED activity. Conclusion: Our research supports the proposition that ED physical environments influence informal team communication patterns. To facilitate effective team communication, ED workspace spatial designs need to provide visibility and connectedness, support and capture “case talk,” enable privacy for “comfort talk,” and optimize proximity to patients without compromising safety.

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Warrington, Jill S., Kathleen Swanson, Monique Dodd, Sheng-Ying Lo, Aya Haghamad, Teofilo Borunda Duque, and Bernard Cook. "Measuring What Matters: How the Laboratory Contributes Value in the Opioid Crisis." Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 5, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 1378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfaa162.

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Abstract With over 20 years of the opioid crisis, our collective response has evolved to address the ongoing needs related to the management of opioid use and opioid use disorder. There has been an increasing recognition of the need for standardized metrics to evaluate organizational management and stewardship. The clinical laboratory, with a wealth of objective and quantitative health information, is uniquely poised to support opioid stewardship and drive valuable metrics for opioid prescribing practices and opioid use disorder (OUD) management. To identify laboratory-related insights that support these patient populations, a collection of 5 independent institutions, under the umbrella of the Clinical Laboratory 2.0 movement, developed and prioritized metrics. Using a structured expert panel review, laboratory experts from 5 institutions assessed possible metrics as to their relative importance, usability, feasibility, and scientific acceptability based on the National Quality Forum criteria. A total of 37 metrics spanning the topics of pain and substance use disorder (SUD) management were developed with consideration of how laboratory insights can impact clinical care. Monitoring these metrics, in the form of summative reports, dashboards, or embedded in laboratory reports themselves may support the clinical care teams and health systems in addressing the opioid crisis. The clinical insights and standardized metrics derived from the clinical laboratory during the opioid crisis exemplifies the value proposition of clinical laboratories shifting into a more active role in the healthcare system. This increased participation by the clinical laboratories may improve patient safety and reduce healthcare costs related to OUD and pain management.

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Bouvier, Jacques W., David M. Emms, Timothy Rhodes, Jai S. Bolton, Amelia Brasnett, Alice Eddershaw, Jochem R. Nielsen, Anastasia Unitt, Spencer M. Whitney, and Steven Kelly. "Rubisco Adaptation Is More Limited by Phylogenetic Constraint Than by Catalytic Trade-off." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 7 (March 19, 2021): 2880–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab079.

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Abstract Rubisco assimilates CO2 to form the sugars that fuel life on earth. Correlations between rubisco kinetic traits across species have led to the proposition that rubisco adaptation is highly constrained by catalytic trade-offs. However, these analyses did not consider the phylogenetic context of the enzymes that were analyzed. Thus, it is possible that the correlations observed were an artefact of the presence of phylogenetic signal in rubisco kinetics and the phylogenetic relationship between the species that were sampled. Here, we conducted a phylogenetically resolved analysis of rubisco kinetics and show that there is a significant phylogenetic signal in rubisco kinetic traits. We re-evaluated the extent of catalytic trade-offs accounting for this phylogenetic signal and found that all were attenuated. Following phylogenetic correction, the largest catalytic trade-offs were observed between the Michaelis constant for CO2 and carboxylase turnover (∼21–37%), and between the Michaelis constants for CO2 and O2 (∼9–19%), respectively. All other catalytic trade-offs were substantially attenuated such that they were marginal (<9%) or non-significant. This phylogenetically resolved analysis of rubisco kinetic evolution also identified kinetic changes that occur concomitant with the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Finally, we show that phylogenetic constraints have played a larger role than catalytic trade-offs in limiting the evolution of rubisco kinetics. Thus, although there is strong evidence for some catalytic trade-offs, rubisco adaptation has been more limited by phylogenetic constraint than by the combined action of all catalytic trade-offs.

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Shafi, Mohsin, Junrong Liu, Deng Jian, Imran Ur Rahman, and Xunwei Chen. "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural communities: a cross-sectional study in the Sichuan Province of China." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e046745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046745.

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ObjectiveRecently, China has experienced a considerable influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the local people’s health and economy. Hence, the current research aims to investigate the psychological and socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 on rural communities in the Sichuan Province of China.MethodsA total of 499 participants (village representatives of Sichuan Province) were approached to partake in a cross-sectional online survey and share their experience regarding the ongoing pandemic. The descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression were used to analyse the data.ResultsOur analysis revealed that the pandemic has significantly affected local people psychologically, leading to socioeconomic vulnerability. Notably, we find that local households are worried about their income losses regardless of their socioeconomic status (40%–43%), level of income (37%–43%) and industry involvement (38%–43%). However, as income increases, the level of stress decreases. The results further show that government transfer payment is a significant factor in reducing stress due to its reliable and uninterrupted income flow. Contrary to our proposition, the pandemic stress was less observed, which might be because of people’s trust in government and effective antiepidemic countermeasures to contain the disease.ConclusionThis study finds that COVID-19 has a significant impact on local people’s health, psychology and income. This study is one of the first to provide empirical evidence regarding the early health and socioeconomic effects of COVID-19 at the household level in rural communities, which are very important to devise policies to ease the outbreak and prevent further losses at the local community level.

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Arata, Luigi. "A proposito di Filone di Alessandria, Cher. 37." Augustinianum 55, no. 1 (2015): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/agstm20155517.

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Busch Moreno, Simón. "On the Ontological Status of Propositional Attitudes." Revista de Humanidades de Valparaíso, no. 6 (December 21, 2015): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22370/rhv/20156/37.

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Anjum, Ovamir. "Editorial 37 1-2." American Journal of Islam and Society 37, no. 1-2 (May 16, 2020): v—xviii. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v37i1-2.849.

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The four research articles in this issue address various traditions in Islamic inquiry. Andrew F. March’s “Islamic Constitutionalism Before Sovereignty” explores an important moment in Islamic modernity for the purposes of drawing a contrast with twentieth-century, post-caliphal Islamist thought. He argues that although the debates of the 1860s and Ottoman constitutionalism do not lead directly to a non-sovereigntist political vision, they are representative of a pre-colonial (and thus, to a certain extent, pre-apologetic) Islamic thought that centralizes the public interest, the varieties of political judgment, and the compatibility of distinct kinds of expertise with a desacralized centralized authority. Atif Suhail Siddiqui’s “Theological and Intellectual Roots in Deobandi Thought” focuses on Muḥammad Qāsim Nānawtawī and his Ḥujjat al-Islām. This text’s polemical methodology (critiquing and refuting Christian theological anthropology and Hindu mythology) presents a unique approach to philosophical dialectics, as based on propositional logic and pragmatic philosophy. Emad Hamdeh’s “Shaykh Google as Ḥāfiẓ al-ʿAṣr” argues that autodidactism in the traditional domains of hadith and fiqh, enabled by print media, is perceived by the ʿulamāʾ to be a threat to what they consider to be the “proper” understanding of religion, in that it constitutes a threat to traditional scholarly authority. He concludes: “This technological transformation creates competition over religious authority between ʿulamāʾ, who are trained in Islamic sciences, and religious activists, whose authority is based upon persuasion and the interpretation of texts they primarily access through print and the internet.” Finally, Akhmad Akbar Susamto’s “Toward a New Framework of Islamic Economic Analysis” proposes new conditions under which an economics can be considered “Islamic”, and then defines the scope of Islamic economics and its methods. He seeks to reinvigorate the field of Islamic economics and to build its body of knowledge.

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Barbuy, Beatriz, and Michael S. Bessell. "Joint Discussion 1: Abundance Ratios in the Oldest Stars." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 1 (1998): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600019948.

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Joint Discussion 1 was supported by Division IV (Stars) and Commission 29 (Stellar Spectra), and co-supported by Commissions 28 (Galaxies), 36 (Theory of Stellar Atmospheres) and 37 (Stellar Clusters and Associations). Members of the scientific organizing committee were: N. Arimoto (Japan), B. Barbuy (Brazil), T. Beers (USA), J. Bergeron (Germany), M. Bessell (Australia), R. Cayrel (France), G. Gilmore (UK), B. Gustafsson (Sweden), F. Matteucci (Italy), P. Nissen (Den-mark), and M. Rich (USA).The inspiration for this meeting was the growing overlap and connections between previously separate areas of astrophysical research, namely, studies of stellar abundances, the bulges of galaxies, the gaseous components of nearby galaxies and the clouds (some of which may be primordial) responsible for the narrow absorption lines in quasars.The signature of the early chemical evolution of our Galaxy is imprinted in the abundance ratios of the oldest stars. We recall that element ratios are determined by a mix of the relative rates of different types of supernovae, the stellar IMF, and the relative histories of star formation rates and gaseous flows, and thus encapsulate much of the history of star formation and ISM evolution in galaxies. Hence, abundance ratios in stars are a primary probe for testing theories of galaxy formation and evolution.We do not know how the Galaxy formed: both the Eggen, Lynden-Bell & Sandage (1962) and the Searle & Zinn (1978) scenarios may be accommodated in the recent proposal of van den Bergh (1993) where the inner Galaxy follows ELS, whereas the outer Galaxy formation conforms to the Searle-Zinn proposition. A combination of abundance ratios, ages derived from colour-magnitude diagrams, and kinematical properties, can give us the required information to trace the past history of our Galaxy. We note here, that although stellar evolution and model atmospheres are not discussed in the proceedings both topics are of fundamental underlying importance. Model atmospheres are used to derive temperatures, colors and bolometric corrections of stars that are used not only in abundance analyses but also in deriving the ages of stars by comparing CM diagrams with HR diagrams. This process is under close scrutiny because of the apparent difference between the ages of the oldest stars and the expansion age of the universe.

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Carmes, Maryse. "L'innovation organisationnelle sous les tensions performatives. Propositions pour l'analyse d´une co-construction conflictuelle des politiques et pratiques numériques." Les cahiers du numérique 6, no. 4 (December 30, 2010): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/lcn.6.4.15-37.

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Iasbik, Thaís Aldred, and Magno Federici Gomes. "A RESPONSABILIDADE DO PROFISSIONAL NA DEFESA DO MEIO AMBIENTE." Revista Direito em Debate 27, no. 50 (February 6, 2019): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21527/2176-6622.2018.50.27-37.

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A Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente (PNMA) estabelece, dentre outros instrumentos, a Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais (AIA) e o Cadastro Técnico Federal de Atividades e Instrumentos de Defesa Ambiental (CTF/AIDA) voltados para a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. A investigação pretendida neste artigo avalia os níveis da responsabilização administrativa dos profissionais envolvidos nessas atividades, questionando sua extensão, para apontar a incidência de penalidades administrativo-ambientais, além do regime ético disciplinar estabelecido pelos respectivos conselhos de classe. O método utilizado foi o jurídico propositivo além do hipotético dedutivo.

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Kyriazakis, I., and J. D. Oldham. "Diet selection in sheep: the ability of growing lambs to select a diet that meets their crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) requirements." British Journal of Nutrition 69, no. 3 (May 1993): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930064.

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To test the proposition that sheep are able to select a diet that meets their crude protein (N × 6.25; CP) requirements, feeds L, A, B, C and H with the same energy content (11 MJ metabolizable energy/kg feed) but different CP contents (78, 109, 141, 172 and 235 g CP/kg fresh feed respectively) were formulated. In addition, feed U, which was feed L plus 21.4 g urea/kg (CP content 132 g/kg), was also made. The feeds were offered ad lib. either singly (n 4 per treatment) or as a choice between feed H and another feed (pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH; n 9 per feed pair) to individually penned Suffolk × Scottish mule wether lambs, over the live-weight range 25–45 kg. On the single feeds the rates of live-weight gain were 273, 326, 412, 418, 396 and 407 g/day (SE of difference (SED) 34; P < 0.01) and protein (excluding wool) gain were 27, 32, 44, 45, 41 and 39 g/d (SED 4; P < 0.001) for feeds L, A, B, C, H and U respectively. When sheep were given a choice between a feed below (L or A) and a feed above their CP requirements (H; as judged by the single-feeding treatments) the CP concentration selected was not different between the two pairs: 131 (SE 4) v. 133 (SE 4) g CP/kg feed for pairs LH and AH respectively. On the choices BH and CH (a choice between two feeds above requirements) the feed lower in CP was constantly preferred (874 (SE 33) and 910 (SE 33) g feed B and C respectively per kg total feed intake; CP selected was 157 and 178 g CP/kg respectively). However, this was not the case with the UH choice on which sheep consumed only 599 (SE 61) g feed U/kg total feed intake, resulting in a selection of a higher CP in their diet (173 g CP/kg). The live-weight gains of the animals given a choice between two feeds were 416, 387, 415, 410 and 383 g/d (SED 37) and protein gains were 45, 40, 46, 50 and 43 (SE 7) for pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH respectively, which were comparable with the best performance achieved on a single feed. The results suggest that sheep were able to select a diet that meets their CP requirements and avoid, at least to a certain extent, excess of protein intake. It is also possible that sheep discriminate against a property of feed U, such as an excess of urea, when this feed is paired with a feed high in CP.

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Jayakrishnan, Thejus, Veli Bakalov, Rodney E. Wegner, and Santhosh Sadashiv. "Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Timeliness of First Line Chemotherapy and Survival in Patients with Active Multiple Myeloma." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 4729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-129147.

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Background Multiple myeloma is a common hematological malignancy. In 2016, there were an estimated 131,392 people living with myeloma in the United States and accounted for 2% of all cancer related deaths. Studies among cancer patients have repeatedly demonstrated that sociodemographic factors impact timeliness of treatment and in turn, survival (Kelly et al. Blood,2016). The treatment options in multiple myeloma are variable and may involve stem cell transplant , chemotherapies and biological therapies. We hypothesized that sociodemographic factors impact the time to initiation of first line chemotherapy in patients with multiple myeloma. We also explored if these factors influenced outcomes. Methods We queried the National Cancer Database for patients with multiple myeloma (ICD-0-3 code 9732) diagnosed from 2004-2016. We excluded patients who were considered for stem cell transplant or other modalites to include only those who received chemotherapy as first line treatment. Active myeloma patients were defined as those who were treated within 3 months (120 days) of diagnosis based on similar methodology in previous studies (Ravindran et al. Blood Cancer J,2016). Time to initiation (TTI) was defined as time in days (d) from diagnosis to initiation of systemic chemotherapy.Survival was measured in terms of months (m) from the day of diagnosis. Stepwise negative binomial regression and Cox proportional hazard models were used for analysis. Results Of 160,900 patients with multiple myeloma, we identified 71,523 patients meeting the eligibility criteria. Median age was 68 (range 21-90) years and 55% were males. Median TTI was 19d (range 0-120d) and median overall survival was 34 months. Even though the TTI increased from 24d (2004) to 27d (2016) this was not significant when other variables were adjusted. The overall median survival improved by 10 months between 2004 and 2012 (28 months to 37 months). Determinants of increased TTI in a multivariate model included African American race (p-value <0.005), not living in Urban area (p-value=0.02), having less comorbidities (p-value<0.0005), being treated at an academic or research program (p-value<0.0005) and are described in Table 1. Factors impacting survival in a multivariate model included year of diagnosis (p-value<0.0005) and age (p-value<0.0005) - positive relation, time to treatment (negative relation, p-value<0.0005-Figure 1), race (Caucasians-32m vs. African Americans-38m, p-value<0.0005), insurance status (Government-28m vs. Private-48m, p-value<0.0005), socioeconomic status (lowest-32m vs. highest-37m, p-value=0.003), comorbidities (lowest-38m vs. highest-15m, p-value<0.0005) , treatment facility (Comprehensive Community Cancer Center-31m vs. Academic Research Program-38m) and are described in Table 2. Conclusion The findings of the present study are twofold. First, while not as pronounced as in other cancer cohorts, disparities do exist in timeliness to chemotherapy initiation. The longer TTI in academic centers is interesting but may reflect a more complicated patient population. Second, shorter time to therapy does not necessarily lead to improved outcome, likely reflecting high risk features not captured by standard assessments. This is similar to other studies in hematological malignancies and supports the proposition that clinical trials should accommodate patients who need urgent therapy to detect treatment effects in high‐risk groups (Olszewski et al. Br J Hem,2018). Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Testa, D., V. Morisseau, L. Radoszycki, I. Anfray, and L. Chiche. "AB0367 USING UNSUPERVISED CLUSTERING ANALYSIS OF REAL LIFE DATA FROM AN ONLINE COMMUNITY TO IDENTIFY LUPUS PATIENTS’ PROFILES REGARDS TO THEIR TREATMENT PREFERENCES." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1484.1–1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1022.

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Background:Lupus is a prototype of a chronic complex autoimmune disease. Non-adherence rate to treatment is surprisingly high and impairs its management. Adherence to drug treatment is a complicated and multifactorial phenomenon, including characteristics of treatment.Objectives:This study used unsupervised clustering analysis to identify profiles among lupus patients with regards to their treatment preferences (apart from efficiency).Methods:An online survey among adult lupus patients from Carenity was conducted between August 2018 and April 2019. Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) of a French lupus patient dataset was used with 3 unsupervised clustering methods (hierarchical, kmeans and partitioning around medoids).Results:The 268 participating lupus patients were mostly female (96%), with a mean age of 44.3 years, and 83% fulfilled the ACR SLE diagnostic criteria. Overall, the preferred galenic form was oral (62%), and the most important characteristic was fewer side effects (32%).A MCA was performed using 8 profile variables and the best unsupervised clustering method for this dataset (hierarchical clustering) identified 3 clusters (Table 1). Cluster 1, main one (59%), comprised patients with few comorbidities, less capacity to identify coming flares, and that wanted mostly (84%) oral treatments with limited side effects, most of them (83%) already on oral treatments. Cluster 2, the smallest one (13%), comprised younger patients, having already participated in clinical trials, favoring implants and the compatibility of treatments with pregnancy. Cluster 3 comprised patients (28%) that had longer lupus duration but less controlled disease with more comorbidities. A third had injectable treatments, wanting mainly implants and injections and with the main goal of reducing corticosteroids. The robustness of these results was confirmed by external validation and sensitivity analyses.Table 1.Overalln=268Cluster 1 n=158Cluster 2n=36Cluster 3n=74p-valueMost represented age group (%)41-50 (32%)41-50 (41%)31-40 (42%)51-60 (39%)< 0.001Comorbidities 0 / ≥ 420% / 37%30% / 4%14% / 8%3% / 36%< 0.001Ability to identify coming flare82%73%97%93%< 0.001Current lupus control (no or poor)26%20%25%38%< 0.05Current galenic (inj. / oral)12% / 76%2% / 83%8% / 78%35% / 61%< 0.001Trial participation7%0%50%1%< 0.001Ideal galenic oral62%84%50%20%< 0.001 implant19%9%33%32% home / auto-inj.14% / 9%6% / 2%11% / 11%32% / 22% hospital inj.6%1%5%15%Top ranked drug characteristics$(%)Side effects(32%)Side effects(41%)Pregnancy(55%)Cortisone sparing (24%)< 0.001$among the 10 following items: less side effects, compatibility with pregnancy, better long term tolerance, less costly for collectivity, more convenient place for administration, easier administration, less medical follow-up needed, less risk of infection, cortisone sparing effect, shorter time of administration. P-values obtained after χ2 tests. Inj.: injection.Conclusion:Most lupus patients preferred a drug galenic favoring the conservation of their autonomy. The identified clusters could help physicians to tailor their therapeutic proposition taking into account patients’ preferences and to maximize therapeutic adherence. Our study also highlights the potential of using unsupervised machine learning techniques in combination with direct-access patient community data to provide new a priori knowledge in the field of rare and complex chronic diseases.References:[1]Meunier B, et al., Lupus. 2016 Apr;25(4):370-5.[2]Qu H, et al., Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016 Dec;68(12):1787-1794.[3]Fraenkel L, et al., Med Care. 2001 Nov;39(11):1203-16.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Mechán Asalde, Selene Del Milagro. "PROPUESTA DE MODIFICATORIA DEL ART. 37° DEL T.U.O DE LA L.I.R PARA PROMOVER LA REINSERCIÓN LABORAL EN LAS MADRES CON ANTECEDENTES PENALES." SSIAS 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26495/rcs.v13i2.1448.

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La presente investigación planteó como objetivo general proponer la modificatoria del Art. 37° de la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta para promover la reinserción laboral en las madres con antecedentes penales. Para la cual se efectuó un estudio de tipo aplicada, diseño no experimental y propositivo; con una muestra de 148 especialistas en derecho laboral y tributario, determinado a través del método probabilístico; aplicándose como instrumento, la técnica de la encuesta, y el método dogmático, para la recolección de información doctrinaria. Respecto a los resultados, se evidencia que los niveles de reinserción laboral de las madres con antecedentes penales en nuestro país son mínimos y no existe política pública que la promueva; teniendo como factores influyentes primero a la estigmatización por parte de la sociedad y de los empresario al tener antecedentes penales, además en cuestión de género la desigualdad y discriminación hacia la mujer por presuntos sobrecostos laborales, estando en situación de desventaja al momento de buscar reinsertarse laboralmente; concluyendo que es factible la modificatoria del artículo 37° de la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta, como una forma de promoción de la reinserción laboral de esta población vulnerable, aporta en la reducción del desempleo, la informalidad laboral y la reincidencia; favoreciendo a la sociedad, al estado y a las empresas. Finalmente, se desarrolló una propuesta para modificar el artículo 37 de la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta, e incluir una nueva causal de deducción del impuesto para las empresas que contraten madres con antecedentes penales.

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Nygaard, Mathias. "Romans 8—Interchange Leading to Deification." Horizons In Biblical Theology 39, no. 2 (October 17, 2017): 156–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712207-12341352.

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Abstract In this article, I argue that the notion of “participation” often used to describe Paul’s soteriology in Romans entails a form of deification. In chapter 8 Paul develops this notion through the use of an interchange dynamic whereby believers are given a share in righteousness, sonship, glory, immortality, power over evil and love. Justification and participation both have their natural goal in being united with God in love (Rom 8:37-39). In a concluding hymn Paul uses a non-propositional description of a love which comes to humans from the outside of creation. This concluding metaphor ties together the other ones in a non-representational image of God as a person. God stretches into creation and makes humans capax dei, able to receive. This image of deification enables Paul to construct a story of interpersonal interactions of love, and results in an irreducible and apophatic anthropology.

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Chauffaille, Maria L., Rodrigo Proto Siqueira, Daniela Borri, Eloisa S. Moreira, and Fernando L. Alberto. "Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with T(15;17): Frequency of Additional Clonal Chromosome Abnormalities and FLT3." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4857.4857.

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Abstract Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by t(15;17)(q22;q21), a balanced reciprocal translocation involving PML and RARA genes. Studies conducted in animal models with PML/RARA suggest that this gene rearrangement is not sufficient for the development of APL, emphasizing the importance of additional mutations. Another gene that could be involved in APL leukemogenesis is FLT3, a Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor which mutations have been observed in different AML subtypes as the internal tandem duplications (ITD), in around 18–37% of APL cases or less frequently, the D835Y mutation. The association of FLT3/ITD in APL gave rise to the proposition that it could provide a common class of cooperative mutation in the development of the disease. Indeed, APL represents 21% of all cases of AML with karyotype confirmation in our institution, located in São Paulo, Southeast region of Brazil. Bone marrow samples from 92 consecutive APL patients at diagnosis were enrolled in the study. Mean age was 29.5 years old, varying from 4 months to 67 years old, with the following age distribution: 35.7% of the patients were younger than 20 years old; 55.2% were between 20 and 49 years old and only 17.2% were older than 50 years. There were 50 males and 42 females. The WBC count demonstrated a wide variation, from severe leukopenia (<500 leukocytes/μL) until marked leukocytosis (174.600/μL), most of them presenting circulating blasts. Hemoglobin level varied from 3.7g/dL to 14g/dL and platelets counts were frequently low. Cases included five (5.4%) microgranular variant patients. We observed that 23 (25%) out of 92 cases presented chromosomal abnormalities in addition to t(15;17), among which trisomy 8 was the most frequent (21.7%, 5/23). Other abnormalities included tetraploidy, trisomy 6, trisomy 21 (non constitutional), nulissomy Y, ider(17q), trisomy 11, del(9)(q22q32), add(3)(p26), del(6)(p21), abnormalities of chromosome 7 and 1, t(1;3)(q21;q29); t(7;9)(q36;q31); monosomy of chromosomes 6, 7, 8 and 9; dup(1)(q23q42), del(10)(q24); add(7)(q36) and marker chromosomes. Seventy nine cases had enough DNA for complimentary molecular studies; in the remaining 13 cases we could not retrieve any DNA amount from fixed cells. Among those, FLT3/ITD was detected in 29 (36.7%), 5 of them showing additional karyotype abnormalities and D835Y mutation was present in only 2 (2.8%) of the cases. None of the two patients with D835Y showed additional chromosomal abnormality, but one of them presented ITD and D835Y mutation simultaneously at diagnosis. No correlation was found between age, sex, WBC count, hemoglobin level, platelet count or clinical symptoms and the presence or absence of additional karyotype abnormalities, FLT3-ITD and D835Y. The frequencies of additional karyotype abnormalities as well as FLT3/ITD in Brazilian APL patients were similar to those reported in several worldwide published papers. On the other hand, the incidence of D835Y was lower than that described elsewhere (2.8% versus 7% in AML or 5.7% in APL). So although Latin American population has an increased incidence of APL, it seems not to bear a higher frequency of clonal additional chromosome abnormalities or mutations in FLT3 gene. Moreover, FLT3/ITD was not over-represented in cases with additional chromosomal abnormalities (17.2% versus 36.7%, p=0,2), thus suggesting an independent role for each FLT3/ITD and extra clonal chromosomal abnormalities in t(15;17) APL. In the present study, a significant proportion of APL patients (56%) showed additional karyotype alterations and/or FLT3/ITD or D835Y mutation. In fact, one fourth of APL cases presented additional chromosomal abnormalities at diagnosis while 1/3 of the cases showed the FLT3/ITD and only two patients presented D835Y mutation. So, roughly more than one half of the cases presented at least one of the alterations investigated, raising the possibility that these abnormalities may be complimentary events to PML/RARA in the process of leukemogenesis. The influence of additional chromosomal abnormalities predisposing to genomic instability and cooperating with genetic mutations in acute leukemia still deserves investigation, since about 45% of APL cases have not been shown to bear any detectable molecular abnormality to date.

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Panov, V. G., I. A. Minigalieva, T. V. Bushueva, L. I. Privalova, S. V. Klinova, V. B. Gurviсh, M. P. Sutunkova, and B. A. Katsnelson. "ON THE MEANING OF THE TERM «HORMESIS» AND ITS PLACE IN THE GENERAL THEORY OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO POTENTIALLY HARMFUL EFFECTS ON ITS STRENGTH." Toxicological Review, no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2020-5-2-9.

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Spherical nanoparticles (NP) of cadmium and lead sulfides (dia.37 ± 5 nm and 24 ± 4 nm, respectively) turned to be cytotoxic for HL-1 cardiomyocytes as illustrated by ATP-dependent luminescence reduction. It was revealed, that CdS-NP affect in a greater degree than PbS-NP. In view of the same dose range, CdS-NP decreased the amount of calcium spikes. Small PbS-NP doses showed the same effect. Besides cell hypertrophy due to certain CdS-NP and PbS-NP impact, doses leading to cardiomyocyte decrease were revealed. In order to correspond with the following three results, both monotonic «dose-response» functions (properly approximated by the hyperbolic function) as well as different variants of non-monotonic ones were deduced by us, for which adequate mathematical expressions through modifying certain hormesis models are to be had in literature. Evidence-based analysis involving response surface linear model as well as a cross term, acknowledged a new support to the formerly inflexible rule stating that the diversity kinds of combined action, typical for the same damaging agents’ pair is of the fundamental propositions in the general theory of combined toxicity.

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Dhabangi, Aggrey, Ezra Musisi, and Dorothy Kyeyune. "Improving blood transfusion safety in resource-poor countries: a case study of using leucocyte reduced blood in Uganda." African Health Sciences 20, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.54.

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Background: The majority of blood transfusion safety strategies recommended by the WHO for resource-poor countries focus mainly on reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs). Other technologies such as leucocyte reduc- tion may represent complementary strategies for improving transfusion safety. Objective: To evaluate the role of using leucocyte reduced blood in a resource-poor country. Methods: Pre-storage leucocyte reduced (LR) red blood cells (RBCs) were specially prepared for the Tissue Oxygenation by Transfusion in severe Anaemia and Lactic acidosis (TOTAL) study, at the Uganda Blood Transfusion Services from Feb- ruary 2013 through May 2015. Quality control tests were performed to evaluate the procedure, and the incremental cost of an LR–RBC unit was estimated. Results: A total of 608 RBCs units were leucocyte reduced. Quality control tests were performed on 55 random RBCs units. The median (IQR) residual leucocyte count was 4 (0•5-10) WBC/uL, equivalent to 1•8x106 WBC per unit. The estimated incremental unit cost of leucocyte reduction was $37 USD per LR RBC unit. Conclusion: Leucocyte reduction of blood in a resource-poor country is doable although relatively costly. As such, its value in resource-poor countries should be weighed against other transfusion safety propositions. Keywords: Blood transfusion safety; leucocyte reduction; resource-poor countries.

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Nienaber, Ann-Marie, Philipp Daniel Romeike, Rosalind Searle, and Gerhard Schewe. "A qualitative meta-analysis of trust in supervisor-subordinate relationships." Journal of Managerial Psychology 30, no. 5 (July 6, 2015): 507–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-06-2013-0187.

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Purpose – Interpersonal trust is often considered as the “glue” that binds supervisors together with their subordinates, and creates a positive organisational climate. The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting subordinates’ trust to their supervisor, and the consequences of such a trusting relationship. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a qualitative meta-analysis of the trust literature between 1995 and 2011, to identify 73 articles and review 37 theoretical propositions, 139 significant model parameters and 58 further empirical findings. Findings – Four distinct clusters of trust antecedents are found: supervisor attributes; subordinate attributes; interpersonal processes and organisational characteristics. Similarly, the authors identify three categories of trust consequences: subordinates’ work behaviour; subordinates’ attitude towards the supervisor; and organisational level effects. Research limitations/implications – The authors find a bias towards studying supervisor attributes and interpersonal processes, yet a dearth of attention on subordinate attributes and organisational characteristics. Similarly, the conceptual attention on trust between supervisors and subordinates has been limited, with empirical work reporting predominantly significant findings. Social exchange has dominated as the theoretical perspective, and cross-section as the main research approach. In order to advance this important field more heterogeneity is needed, utilising a range of different theoretical schools and employing different methodologies. Originality/value – This seems to be the first qualitative meta-analysis explicitly directed to understanding trust between supervisors and subordinates. The authors contribute to the field of trust by revealing current gaps in the literature and highlighting potential areas of future research.

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Zasiekina, Larysa, Shelia Kennison, Serhii Zasiekin, and Khrystyna Khvorost. "Psycholinguistic Markers of Autobiographical and Traumatic Memory." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 6, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2019.6.2.zas.

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This study examines psycholinguistic structure of autobiographical and traumatic narratives representing positive emotional and stressful traumatic life events. The research applied the cross sectional, between subjects design utilizing the independent variables of external agent they, space and time and dependent variable of word number in traumatic narratives for multiple regression analysis. The approval letter to recruit the participants through SONA system in 2015–2016 academic year was obtained from Institutional Review Board of Oklahoma State University (USA). 64 undergraduates of nonclinical setting, females (n=37), males (n=27), mean age was 19.43 (SD=1.37) were recruited. PTSD-8: A Short PTSD Inventory assesses PTSD, the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) analyzes traumatic and autobiographical narratives in terms of linguistic units and psychological meaningful categories. The results indicate that there are significant differences between pronoun they as external agent of proposition and psychological categories of negative emotions and anxiety in traumatic and autobiographical narratives. The frequency of these categories is higher in traumatic narratives compared with autobiographical narratives. External agent they, category of time and space taken together significantly contribute to word number in traumatic narrative. There is a negative correlation between focus on the past and word count, and positive correlation between social category and word count in traumatic narrative in nonclinical sample. To sum up, propositional structure of traumatic memory of individuals without PTSD is represented by external agent and context (place and time) taken together. Considering time as a significant negative predictor of creating traumatic narrative, temporal processing without overestimation of time is an important factor of avoiding PTSD. The principal theoretical implication of this study is that traumatic memory might be examined through psycholinguistic markers represented by propositional structures and psychological meaningful categories of traumatic narratives in individuals from nonclinical and clinical settings. References Anderson, J., Bower, G. D. (1974). A propositional model of recognition memory. Memory and Cognition, 2(3), 406-412. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Journal of Psychiatry (p. 991). doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053 Bauer, P.J. (2015). A complementary process account of the development of childhood amnesia and a personal past complementary process. Psychological Review, 122(2), 204-231. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038939. Berntsen, D. (2009). Involuntary Autobiographical Memories: An Introduction to the Unbidden Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University press. Berntsen, D., Rubin, D.C. (2002). Cultural life scripts structure recall from autobiographical memory. Memory and Cognition, 32(3), 427-442. doi: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195836. Berntsen, D., Rubin, D.C., & Siegler, I.C. (2011). Two versions of life: emotionally negative and positive life events have different roles in the organization of life story and identity. Emotion, 11(15),1190-201. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024940. Bietti, L. (2014). Discursive Remembering (Media and Cultural Memory). Paris: Telecom Paris Tech. Brewin, C.R. (2007). Autobiographical memory for trauma: Update on four controversies. Memory, 15(3), 227-248. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701256423. Byrne, C. A., Hyman Jr, I. E., & Scott, K. L. (2001). Comparisons of memories for traumatic events and other experiences. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 15(7), S119-S133. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.837. Cohen, J. A., Mannarino A. P., Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating Trauma and Traumatic Grief in Children and Adolescents. N.Y.: Guilford Publication Inc. Fivush R., Habermas T., Waters T. E.A., Zaman W. (2011). The making of autobiographical memory: intersections of culture, narratives and identity. International Journal of Psychology, 46(5), 321-345. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2011.596541. Gunsch, M. A., Brownlow, S., Haynes, S. E., & Mabe, Z. (2000). Differential forms linguistic content of various of political advertising. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(1), 27-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4401_3. Hague, S. and Conway, M. A. (2001). Sampling the process of autobiographical memory construction. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 13, 529-547. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440125757. Hansen M, Andersen T., Armour C. Elklit A, Palic S., Mackrill T. (2010) PTSD-8: A Short PTSD Inventory. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 6, 101-108. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901006010101. Jensen, T. K., Holt, T., Ormhaug, S. M., Egeland, K., Granly, L., Hoaas, L. C., ... & Wentzel-Larsen, T. (2014). A randomized effectiveness study comparing trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy with therapy as usual for youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43(3), 356-369. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F15374416.2013.822307 Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., Haynes, S. N., Owens, J. A., & Burns, K. (2000). Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 12(2), 210. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210. Lorenzzoni, P.L., Silva G. L. T., Poletto M. P., Kristensen Ch.H. (2014) Autobiographical memory for stressful events, traumatic memory and posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Avances en Psihologia Lationoamericana, 32(3), 361-376. doi: https://doi.org/10.12804/apl32.03.2014.08 Matos, M., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2010). Shame as a traumatic memory. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17(4), 299-312. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.659. Meichenbaum, D. A. (1994). Clinical Handbook for Assessing and Treating Adults with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Waterloo: Institute Press. Miller, A. (1995). Novels Behind Glass. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Norman, D. A., & Bobrow, D. G. (1975). On data-limited and resource-limited processes. Cognitive Psychology, 7(1), 44–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(75)90004-3. Nourkova, V., Bernstein, D. M., Loftus, E. F. (2014). Biography becomes autobiography: Distorting the subjective past. The American Journal of Psychology, 117(1), 65-80. Pennebaker, J. W. (1993). Putting stress into words: Health, Linguistic and therapeutic implications. Behavioral Research Therapy, 31, 539-548. doi: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90105-4. Pennebaker, J. W., & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(10), 1243-1254. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199910)55:10<1243::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-N. Pennebaker, J. W., Boyd, R. L., Jordan, K., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2015. University of Texas at Austin. Rassmusen, A. S., Ramsgaard, S. B., Berntsen, D. (2015). Frequency and Functions of Involuntary and Voluntary Autobiographical Memories Across the Day. Psychology of Conciseness: Theory, Research and Practice, 2(2), 185–205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000042. Rubin, D. C., Dennis, M.F., Beckham, J. C. (2011). Autobiographical memory for stressful events: The role of autobiographical memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 840-856. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.03.015. Scherer, K.R., Wranik, T., Sangsue, J., Tran, V., & Scherer, U. (2004). Emotions in everyday life: Probability of occurrence, risk factors, appraisal and reaction patterns. Social Science Information, 43, 499-570. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018404047701. Silva da T. L. G., Donat J. C., Lorenzonni P.L., Souza de L. K., Gauer G., Kristensen Ch. H. (2016). Event centrality in trauma and PTSD: relations between event relevance and posttraumatic symptoms. Psicologia: Reflexão e Critica, 29-34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-016-0015-y. Sotgiu I., Rusconi M.L. (2014) Why autobiographical memories for traumatic and emotional events might differ: theoretical arguments and empirical evidence. The Journal of Psychology, 148(5), 523-547. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2013.814619. Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of language and social psychology, 29(1), 24-54. doi: 10.1177/0261927X09351676. Van der Kolk, B. A., & Fisler, R. (1995). Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(4), 505-525. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02102887. Vicario, C. M., & Felmingham, K. L. (2018). Slower Time estimation in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18907-5 Vicario, C. M., Gulisano, M., Martino, D., & Rizzo, R. (2016). Timing recalibration in childhood Tourette syndrome associated with persistent pimozide treatment. Journal of Neuropsychology, 10(2), 211-222. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12064. Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Zasiekina, L. (2014). Psycholinguistic representation of individual traumatic memory in the context of social and political ambiguity. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 1(2), 118-125. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.45899. Zasiekina, L., Khvorost, K., & Zasiekina, D. (2018). Traumatic Narrative in Psycholinguistic Study Dimension. Psycholinguistics, 23(1), 47-59. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1211097.

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Richmond, Therese S., Donald Kauder, Janice Hinkle, and Justine Shults. "Early Predictors of Long-Term Disability After Injury." American Journal of Critical Care 12, no. 3 (May 1, 2003): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2003.12.3.197.

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• Background Improving outcomes after serious injury is important to patients, patients’ families, and healthcare providers. Identifying early risk factors for long-term disability after injury will help critical care providers recognize patients at risk. • Objectives To identify early predictors of long-term disability after injury and to ascertain if age, level of disability before injury, posttraumatic psychological distress, and social network factors during hospitalization and recovery significantly contribute to long-term disability after injury. • Methods A prospective, correlational design was used. Injury-specific information on 63 patients with serious, non–central nervous system injury was obtained from medical records; all other data were obtained from interviews (3 per patient) during a 2½-year period. A model was developed to test the theoretical propositions of the disabling process. Predictors of long-term disability were evaluated using path analysis in the context of structural equation modeling. • Results Injuries were predominately due to motor vehicle crashes (37%) or violent assaults (21%). Mean Injury Severity Score was 13.46, and mean length of stay was 12 days. With structural equation modeling, 36% of the variance in long-term disability was explained by predictors present at the time of injury (age, disability before injury), during hospitalization (psychological distress), or soon after discharge (psychological distress, short-term disability after injury). • Conclusions Disability after injury is due partly to an interplay between physical and psychological factors that can be identified soon after injury. By identifying these early predictors, patients at risk for suboptimal outcomes can be detected.

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Koussou, Mian Oudanang, Guillaume Duteurtre, and Logténé Youssouf Mopaté. "Consommation de lait dans les bars laitiers de la ville de N’Djamena au Tchad." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 60, no. 1-4 (January 1, 2007): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9975.

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N’Djamena, la capitale du Tchad, connaît depuis dix ans un développement de la consommation hors domicile de lait au sein de petites boutiques appelées les bars laitiers. Pour appréhender les raisons de cet engouement nouveau, une enquête transversale a été réalisée en mars - avril 2007 auprès de 180 consommateurs dans 36 bars laitiers de la capitale. Les consommateurs enquêtés avaient un âge moyen de 31 ans, 54 p. 100 étaient des célibataires, 84 p. 100 étaient originaires de la zone saharo-sahélienne, et la moitié d’entre eux exerçaient dans le secteur informel. Plus d’un tiers des clients (37 p. 100) achetaient les produits pour les emporter, tandis que le reste les consommait sur place. La consommation hors domicile se faisait surtout le soir (79 p. 100). Les produits consommés étaient le lait frais sucré (halib) et le lait fermenté entier (rayeb), souvent accompagnés de pain. Les quantités moyennes consommées par client étaient de 11,5 L/mois pour le lait frais et de 19,5 L/mois pour le rayeb. Ces quantités variaient selon la saison et l’origine géographique des consommateurs. Le marché connaissait ainsi un pic de consommation en saison sèche chaude, lorsque la production était la plus basse. Cependant, en raison de l’existence de contrats d’approvisionnement des bars laitiers, le prix de ces deux produits était stable pendant toute l’année à 1 000 Fcfa/L. Le caractère fermier du lait frais et du lait fermenté entier était déterminant dans le choix de consommation. Des propositions sont formulées pour améliorer l’offre laitière durant la saison chaude afin de satisfaire une demande croissante.

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Saposnik, Béatrice, Sylvie Binard, Alan T. Nurden, Paquita Nurden, and Nicole Schlegel. "NEW FINDINGS From the FRENCH COHORT of MYH9-RELATED DISORDERS: PHENOTYPE PECULIARITIES and GENOTYPE NOVELTIES on Behalf of the National French Reference Center on Inherited Platelet Disorders (CRPP)." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.1155.1155.

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Abstract Abstract 1155 MYH9-Related Diseases (RD) are inherited platelet disorders combining thrombocytopenia and giant platelets with various associations of leukocyte inclusions, deafness, nephritis and cataracts. Mutations in the MYH9 gene, that encodes the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMMHC-IIA), are the hallmark of these disorders. Our cohort includes a total of 161 subjects (90 women, 71 men): 76 propositi (37 isolated, 39 family index cases) with MYH9 mutations and 85 family members (45 women, 40 men) belonging to the 39 unrelated families. The cases with an identified mutation were classified according to the location of the mutation either in the motor domain (MD patients (P): “MDP”) or in the tail domain (TD patients (P): “TDP”) of NMMHC-IIA. MYH9 mutations were found in a total of 109 subjects: the 76 propositi (45 women, 31 men) and 33/85 (38.8%) family members (19 women, 14 men, from 22 families). Among the 41 different mutations detected, the majority were missense mutations (33 = 80.5%) and new (25 = 61%). Two substitutions in intron 39 were discovered for the first time: 1 in the donor splice site (corresponding to a classical MYH9-RD phenotype) and the other in position minus 3 of the acceptor splice site (moderate thrombocytopenia only without giant platelets). A total of 15 different exons were identified as having mutations, 4 exons remained unaffected. Mutations were more frequently found in exons 1, 16, 26, 30, 38 and 40, as already published. The majority of patients (102 = 93.6%) were heterozygous for one mutation but 7 patients (6.4%) were compound heterozygous for 2 mutations. Significant differences between MDP and TDP were found for bleeding symptoms (65% of MDP, 33% of TDP, p=0.0037), nephropathy (31.5% of MDP, 11.6% of TDP, p=0.015), age (years, mean) at onset for nephropathy (21 for MDP, 48 for TDP, p=0.0003), deafness (54% of MDP, 23.7% of TDP, p=0.0025), and association bleeding/extra-hematological symptoms (68.2% of MDP, 27.7% of TDP, p=0.01). Patients with bleeding had a lower platelet count than non-bleeders (mean= 42G/L versus 62G/L, p=0.0024) but there were no significant differences in the percentage of giant platelets. ITP (splenectomy for 7) was the initial misdiagnosis for 29/69 (42%), (51.7% of MDP, 35% of TDP, p= 0.165). Cataracts occurred in 4 patients only. Altogether these results showed that the clinical phenotype of MYH9-RD was more severe for MDP than TDP. New mutations were discovered and were widespread along the exons and in some cases two mutations were identified in the same patient. The sequencing of the full gene and all exons-introns boundaries should be mandatory for each patient whatever the initial result. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Popovic, Dusan. "Paideia i nasledje helenske kulture u inauguracionoj besedi Dimitrija Halkondila." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 45 (2008): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0845301p.

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(italijanski) Nell'articolo l'autore cerca di identificare, tra gli elementi della tradizione retorica tardoantica greca, i principali argomenti con i quali Demetrio Calcondila, uno dei maggiori esponenti dell'umanesimo bizantino della seconda meta del Quattrocento nell'Occidente, si e servito nella sua elaborazione del significato della cultura greca (paideia) non solo per quanto riguarda la civilta europea occidentale, ma anche quella cristiana in generale. Ora, il suo discorso, pronunciato nell'anno 1463 in occasione dell'inaugurazione della cattedra di studi greci all'Universita di Padova rappresenta una testimonianza di primo grado sull'adozione della cultura greca nell'Occidente durante il periodo rinascimentale. Partendo dall'edizione di testo del discorso, pubblicato da Geanakoplos (cfr. n. 1 dell'articolo), e possibile individuare certe particolarita che distinguono il concepimento, da parte di Calcondila, dell'importanza di educazione greca per la formazione di future generazioni di intellettuali nell'ambiente culturale dell'Occidente latino. Demetrio sottolinea anche il vantaggio da ricavare dallo studio di poeti ellenici, soprattutto Esiodo, per le altre artes liberales nel curriculum scolastico, cosi come la disposizione delle discipline dentro il sistema scolastico tardobizantino (cfr. n. 9). L'argomento cruciale della parte esortativa del discorso e il tentativo che lo sforzo, necessario per impossessarsi di queste discipline, ci si giustifici con profitto da esse ottenuto. Questo viene realizzato facendo riferimento al famoso verso sull'acquisizione di virtu attraverso lavoro duro, che e un passo tratto dal poema didattico esiodeo di Opere e giorni, v. 289. La forma sotto la quale questo verso e riportato in greco e molto scorretta, pero Calcondila ne ha proposto, poco piu sotto, una traduzione esatta. Fenomeno, quest'ultimo, abbastanza raro nell'impiego retorico di detti formativi (gr. gnwmai, lat. sententiae). Tra i pochi autori classici, i quali hanno usato il procedimento del genere, si annovera il piu grande grammatico latino, Prisciano di Cesarea, nella sua versione degli eserzici preliminari di retorica ermogeniana, sotto il titolo di Praeexercitamina. Qui lo stesso verso egli ha tradotto dal greco senza molta destrezza, cosicche il verso in latino apparve molto male, trovatosi in contrasto con lo stile elegante del latino (la cosiddetta latinitas). E percio che Prisciano non puo essere considerato quale modello direttamente adoperato da parte di Calcondila. L'impiego del verso citato, nell'ambito della tradizione parenetico- -encomiastica, presso gli scrittori greci, sia quelli bizantini che quelli classici, e abbastanza frequente. Eccone qualche esempio eclatante. Alla meta del Quattrocento Giovanni Eugenico questo topos lo utilizza nella sua Descrizione di Trapezunto, riferendosi al verso esiodeo gia menzionato (cfr. n. 18). Nel secolo dodicesimo, Eustazio di Salonicco lo impiega, all'occasione, perche esalti le imprese dell'imperatore Manuele I. D'altra parte, l'autore anonimo degli scolii ad Aftonio cita questi versi in valore di argomenti, messi nel contesto di un'altro esercizio preliminare quello di dimostrazione (kataskeuh). Simile elaborazione di questo motivo viene intrapresa anche dal platonico Massimo di Tiro, nel quadro della proposizione (qesij), con la quale si cerca di corroborare l'affermazione sulla preminenza della vita attiva sopra quella contemplativa. Peraltro, gia Luciano di Samosata aveva notato che questi versi diventarono convenzionali nelle declamazioni retoriche, e tale sviluppo del loro significato possiamo rintracciare partendo dalla Repubblica e dai Leggi platonici, attraverso le Reminiscenze di Senofonte, fino al Corpus etico di Plutarco. Nel suo discorso inaugurale, in qualita di argomento a contrario, Calcondila riporta anche il verso 287 dello stesso poema esiodeo, e lo traduce in latino. Per il simile procedimento egli, molto probabilmente, si e ispirato al saggio Sull'ebbrezza di Filone di Alessandria, dentro il quale questi versi sono stati utilizzati nel contesto simile, cioe rilevando il contrasto tra virtu ed ignoranza (cfr. n. 37). L'altro modello per l'uso del tema presso Demetrio puo ritenersi il celebre scritto di Basilio di Cappadocia a proposito, visto che quest'ultimo ci sta elaborando il rilievo dell'educazione di gioventu cristiana, basata sulla letteratura pagana. Insomma, la conclusione principale, riguardo alla tecnica compositiva di Demetrio, deriverebbe dal fatto che il suddetto pensiero esiodeo appare anche quale testimonianza degli antichi (marturia palaiwn) dentro il manuale ermogeniano di Progumnasmata, dove si trova appunto per quanto riguarda il procedimento d'elaborazione di una chria, in questo caso quella espressa attraverso la sentenza pseudoisocratea che le radici dell'educazione sono amare, ma che i suoi frutti, invece, sono dolci. A parte i luoghi tratti da alcuni poeti appartenti alla cosiddetta Commedia attica nuova, la metafora di sapienza e di impegno emerge, tra i romani anche presso Catone il Vecchio e si riconferma con il lessico adoperato da Demetrio ai vari posti del suo discorso inaugurale scritto in latino. Infine vanno inoltre menzionate anche delle particolarita che segnalano la meticolosita che Calcondila dimostra nei confronti dello stile elevato (gr. semnothj). Termine, quest'ultimo, cui e stata prestata grande importanza da parte di Ermogene, nell'ambito della sua teoria sopra le Idee (varieta di stile), la quale, poi, avrebbe in gran parte influenzato diversi prodotti letterari rinascimentali, sia quelli scritti in latino che quelli in lingua volgare.

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Rothen, José Carlos. "O ensino superior e a Nova Gestão Pública: aproximações do caso brasileiro com o francês (Higher education and the new public management: comparisons between the Brazilian and French cases)." Revista Eletrônica de Educação 13, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271993549.

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With the aim of understanding the insertion of higher education into a new context of organization of society and State, which is managed according to the New Public Management, this work presents a comparative historical study of the organization of French and Brazilian higher education. It is concluded that the French adherence to the New Public Management is based on the knowledge economy, while the Brazilian one is based on State size reduction along the lines of the Washington Consensus; in addition, higher education institutions in both countries are organized to participate in competitions: in France, the international competition promoted by rankings, and in Brazil, the market competition.ResumoCom o objetivo de compreender a inserção do ensino superior dentro de um novo contexto de organização da sociedade e do Estado, gerido pela Nova Gestão Pública, o trabalho apresenta um estudo histórico comparativo da organização do ensino superior brasileiro e o francês. Conclui-se que a adesão francesa à Nova Gestão Pública tem como norte a economia do conhecimento, e a brasileira, a redução do Estado nos moldes do Consenso de Washington; e que as instituições de ensino superior nos dois países são organizadas para participarem de concorrências: na França, a internacional promovida pelos ranqueamentos, no Brasil, a mercantil.Palavras-chave: Ensino superior brasileiro, Ensino superior francês, Nova gestão pública, Universidade.Keywords: Brazilian higher education, French higher education, New public management, University.ReferencesAEBISCHER, S. Réinventer l'école, réinventer l'administration. Une loi pédagogique et managériale au prisme de ses producteurs. Politix, n. 98, n.2 p. 57-83 2012/2.AERES. Repères historiques. Agence d’évaluation de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur. Disponível em: <www.aeres-evaluation.fr/Agence/Presentation/Reperes-historiques>. Acesso em: 17 nov. 2016.AMARAL, N. C. 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Éléments pour une sociologie de la traduction la domestication des coquilles Saint-Jacques et des marins-pêcheurs dans la baie de Saint-Brieuc. L’année sociologique, v. n. 36, p. 170-208, 1986.CASTRO, A. M. D. A.; PEREIRA, R. L. D. A. Contratualização no ensino superior: um estudo à luz da Nova Gestão Pública. Acta Scientiarum. Maringá, v. 36, n. 2, p. 287-296. jul.- dez. 2014.CATANI, A. M.; HEY, A. P.; GILIOLI, R. D. S. P. PROUNI: democratização do acesso às Instituições de Ensino Superior? Educar. Curitiba, n. 28, p. 125-140, 2006.CDEFI, Conférence de Directeurs des Écoles Françaises. Les écoles Françaises d’ingénieurs: trois siècles d’histoire, sd. Disponível em: <www.cdefi.fr/files/files/Historique%20des%20%C3%A9coles%20fran%C3%A7aises%20d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs.pdf.>. Acesso em: 11 octobre 2016.CHARLE, C. Les Universités entre démocratie et élites de la IIIe à la V République. In: LEMIÈRE, J. L’université: situation actuelle. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2015.CHARLE, C.; VERGER, J. 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Disponível em: <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/open_method_coordination.html?locale=fr>. Acesso em: 21 out. 2017.EYRAUD, C.; MIRI, M. E.; PEREZ, P. Les enjeux de quantification dans la LOLF. Le cas de l'enseignement supérieur. Revue Française de Socio-Économie, 2011. p. 147-168. vol. 7, no. 1, p. 147-168, 2011,FÁVERO, M. D. L. D. A. A universidade brasileira: em busca de sua identidade. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1977.FIFA. Status de la FIFA. Zurich: FIFA, 2016.FRANCE. Loi relative à la création de l'Université, 10 mai 1806. Disponível em: <www.inrp.fr/edition-electronique/lodel/dictionnaire-ferdinand-buisson/document.php?id=3762 >. Acesso em: 07 jun. 2016.FRANCE. Loi relative à la constitution des universités. 10 Juillet 1896. Disponível em: <fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Loi_du_10_juillet_1896_relative_%C3%A0_la_constitution_des_universit%C3%A9s >. Acesso em: 06 out. 2016.FRANCE. Loi n.84-52 sur l’enseignement supérieur. 26 Janvier 1984. 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Residente, Residente. "Infectología." Acta Médica Colombiana 43, no. 2S (June 24, 2019): 117–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36104/amc.2018.1399.

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I-1 RESPUESTA PARADOJICA AL TRATAMIENTO ANTITUBERCULOSO EN UN PACIENTE CON TUBERCULOSIS MENINGEA Y ESPINAL, A PROPOSITO DE UN CASO (RESTREPO ANDREA, CLAVIJO ABSALÓN, GÓMEZ DIANA, AGUDELO CARLOS ANDRÉS) I-2 TRATAMIENTO EXITOSO CON FOSCARNET EN LESIONES ATÍPICAS DE VIRUS HERPES SIMPLE EN COINFECCIÓN CON VIRUS DE INMUNODEFICIENCIA HUMANA (RODRIGUEZ HERRERA DANIELA, PATIÑO GIRALDO SANTIAGO) I-3 LESIÓN RENAL AGUDA SECUNDARIO A TOXINA DE LONOMIA OBLIQUA (ARSANIOS DANIEL, QUINTERO ELIAS, SANTOYO NICOLÁS, MUÑOZ CARLOS) I-4 PIOMIOSITIS EN MUSLO POR PSEUDOMONAS (COGOLLO MARYSABEL, BORRÉ DIANA) I-5 SÍNDROME HEMOFAGOCÍTICO COMO MANIFESTACIÓN DE SÍNDROME DE WEIL (ARAGÓN DIANA, GUTIÉRREZ MARGARITA, CONCHA DIANA, OSPINA MARÍA, SÁNCHEZ ALEXANDER, ENCISO LEONARDO) I-6 DISFUNCION MULTIORGANICA POR ABSCESO PERINEFITICO BILATERAL MAS ABSCESO HEPATICO (COGOLLO GONZÁLEZ MARYSABEL, ALVARADO CUETO DANIEL, JULIO NARVAEZ LUIS CARLOS) I-7 ANGINA DE LUDWIG CON COMPROMISO DE VÍA AÉREA EN PACIENTE AÑOSA (ORDOÑEZ KARINA, ARTETA SHEILA) I-8 TUBERCULOSIS MENINGEA Y OTRAS MANIFESTACIONES INFRECUENTES DE TUBERCULOSIS DISEMINADA EN HUÉSPED INMUNOCOMPETENTE (DE LA VEGA FERNANDO, VARGAS-HERNÁNDEZ MARÍA, PACHECOCUMPLIDO ARNULFO, BLANCO-REYES SILVIA, RODRIGUEZ-YANEZ TOMÁS) I-9 ESPONDILODISCITIS INFECCIOSA SECUNDARIO A CUSHING FARMACOLOGICO (KARINA ORDOÑEZ, ALAN SEPÚLVEDA, GERMAN VICIOSO) I-10 ANAPLASMOSIS GRANULOCITOTRÓPICA HUMANA: ZOONOSIS EMERGENTE EN PACIENTE INMUNOSUPRIMIDO POR VIH (DE LA VEGA FERNANDO, GUTIÉRREZ-CUESTA JORGE, MARTÍNEZPINTO JUAN, PACHECO-CUMPLIDO ARNULFO, BLANCO-REYES SILVIA, RODRIGUEZ-YANEZ TOMÁS) I-11 VENTRICULITIS POR CITOMEGALOVIRUS EN PACIENTE INMUNOCOMPROMETIDO AFRICANO (LOPEZ FERNEY ALBEIRO, AFRICANO LOPEZ HOLMAN LEONARDO) I-12 ELEVACIÓN TRANSAMINASAS E INFECCION POR EPSTEIN-BARR, UNA ENTIDAD PARA NO OLVIDAR (GARCÍA DIANA, ALZA JHONGERT, POVEDA GUSTAVO, ALZA LYZINHAWER) I-13 TUBERCULOSIS HEPÁTICA AISLADA EN PACIENTE INMUNOCOMPETENTE: REPORTE DE CASO (OCAMPO MARIA ISABEL, ARENAS MAYRA, FONSECA JUAN FERNANDO, RUMBO JOSÉ ALEJANDRO, DAVID DAVID, SALAZAR LUKAS, BUSTOS MARLON) I-14 LOXOCELISMO CUTÁNEO NECRÓTICO (MARÍA ÁNGELA CASTELLANOS-GUTIÉRREZ, DEISY RODRIGUEZ-BERDUGO) I-15 BACTEREMIA POR ACINETOBACTER URSINGII EN PACIENTE INMUNOCOMPETENTE (MARTÍN DANIEL, BARRAGÁN ANDRÉS, GARZÓN DIANA) I-16 GLUCANTIME Y PROLONGACIÓN DEL QTC: UNA COMBINACIÓN FATAL (DUQUE LAURA, LÓPEZ HELBER, NARANJO SEBASTIÁN, ARISTIZÁBAL JULIÁN, DUQUE MAURICIO) I-17 ASPERIGILOSIS INVASIVA INTESTINAL, UN GERMEN UBICUO EN UNA LOCALIZACIÓN INUSUAL (NARANJO JULIÁN, ACOSTA MARÍA FERNANDA, ARAGÓN DIANA, GUERRA JOAQUÍN, NOREÑA IVÁN) I-18 ENDOCARDITIS INFECCIOSA POR GEMELLA SANGUINIS: PRIMER REPORTE DE CASO EN COLOMBIA (ESPINOSA-SERNA JUAN SEBASTIÁN, DUARTE LUISA, NOREÑA IVÁN. ) I-19 MENINGOENCEFALITIS AGUDA POR STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE EN ADULTO JOVEN (ÁLVAREZ CAMILO, RESTREPO CARLOS, NAVARRETE LINDA, PRIETO JAVIER, CUERVO JESSICA, MÉNDEZ JUAN) I-20 CANDIDIASIS ESOFAGICA EN PACIENTE CON INMUNODEFICIENCIA STAT-1 (CÁRDENAS LAURA, DONOSO LAURA, GÓMEZ PAULA, JOHNSON NATALIA, NOVA DORA, TORRALBA FELIPE) I-21 MASA OVÁRICA, ASCITIS Y CA 125 ELEVADO, TAMBIÉN PUEDE SER TUBERCULOSIS (NARANJO JULIO, MORALES XIMENA, CORTES CAMILO) I-22 CRIPTOCOCOSIS DISEMINADA POR CRYPTOCOCCUS GATTII (MÉNDEZ JORGE, RINCÓN SONIA, TOLE CAMILA, SANDOVAL LINA, BUSTOS MARLON) I-23 HISTOPLASMOSIS DISEMINADA EN PACIENTE DIABÉTICO (CONTRERAS ALEJANDRA, CORTÉS CAMILO) I-24 HISTOPLASMOSIS DISEMINADA EN INMUNOCOMPETENTES (TRUJILLO DANIELA, RUIZ LUIS MIGUEL, RESTREPO RICARDO, VEGA JULIANA) I-25 ABSCESO ESPLÉNICO DEBIDO A ENTEROBACTER AEROGENES (MAYORGA CAROL, CHAAR ALDAIR, CALDERÓN MAURICIO, VERA JUAN, MARTIN DANIEL, VESGA DANIEL) I-26 SÍNDROME DEL ABSCESO HEPÁTICO POR KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE INVASORA (TORRES BUSTAMANTE ÁNGELA MARÍA, CASTAÑEDA CAMACHO HÉCTOR ANDRÉS. ) I-27 TUBERCULOSIS HEPATICA AISLADA: UNA CAUSA RARA DE TUMORES HEPATICOS (DE LA VEGA FERNANDO, CÓRDOBA-CABALLERO ANGIE, RODRIGUEZ-YANEZ TOMÁS, GARCÍA-PRADA CAMILO) I-28 HISTOPLASMOSIS PERITONEAL EN UN PACIENTE INMUNOCOMPROMETIDO (SIERRA UMAÑA SEBASTIÁN FELIPE, ROSERO PAREDES SILVIO JAVIER, URRUTIA CORREDOR LAURA CAMILA, BARRIOS VILLEGAS JUAN ESTEBAN, ARCE CUERVO JULIANA) I-29 PRESENTACIÓN INUSUAL DE CRIPTOCOCOSIS CEREBRAL COMO LESIÓN TUMORAL INTRACRANEAL EN PACIENTE CON ANTECEDENTE DE GLIOBLASTOMA CEREBRAL (REYES TOLEDO RAÚL, MESA ZULUAGA MARIA, GÓMEZ QUINTERO CARLOS, RIVAS PILAR) I-30 EMPIEMA PLEURAL POR SALMONELLA EN PACIENTE CON LUPUS ERITEMATOSO SISTÉMICO (CONTRERAS ALEJANDRA, NOVOA DANNY) I-31 RECIDIVA DE LEPRA, EN PACIENTE INICIALMENTE DIAGNOSTICADO CON DERMATITIS EXFOLIATIVA ASOCIADA A MEDICACIÓN ANTITUBERCULOSA (MESA ZULUAGA MARÍA ALEJANDRA, MEDINA AHUMADA PATRICIA) I-32 MICOBACTERIA DE CRECIMIENTO RÁPIDO EN UN PACIENTE CON USO DE ANTI-TNF (GUTIÉRREZ-BOLAÑOS JOHANN, VARELA DIANA-CRISTINA, GARCÍA-RINCÓN CRISTIAN-IVÁN) I-33 PARACOCCIDIOIDOMICOSIS COMO CAUSA DE INSUFICIENCIA SUPRARRENAL, UN RETO DIAGNOSTICO PARA UNA CAUSA INSOSPECHADA (SANTACRUZ DEVIA JUAN CAMILO, PARAMO DÍAZ LAURA ISABEL, NARANJO JULIÁN, ARAGÓN DIANA MARCELA) I-34 HISTOPLASMOSIS DISEMINADA EN PACIENTE CON LUPUS ERITEMATOSO SISTEMICO (VISUALIZACIÓN DIRECTA EN MEDULA ÓSEA) (GRANELA KATYA, BROCHADO LEONARDO) I-35 PAPEL DEL VIRUS EPSTEIN BARR EN LA PATOGENIA DE LA ENCEFALOMIELITIS AGUDA DISEMINADA (LUIS DULCEY, JONATHAN PINEDA, WILLIAM GONZÁLEZ, RODOLFO MARTHEYN, RAIMONDO CALTAGIRONE, BELKIS MENONI, PEDRO QUIJADA. ) I-36 INFECCIÓN FÚNGICA INVASORA EN PACIENTE NO NEUTROPÉNICO (GÓMEZ PACHÓN CAMILO ANDRÉS, BRAVO OJEDA JUAN SEBASTIÁN, GONZÁLEZ SALEBE VÍCTOR MANUEL, RAMOS CUELLAR GINA ALEXANDRA, PÉREZ FRANCO JAIRO ENRIQUE) I-37 PROFILAXIS ANTIBIÓTICA EN PROCEDIMIENTOS ODONTOLÓGICOS PARA PREVENIR ENDOCARDITIS BACTERIANA: UNA REVISIÓN BIBLIOMÉTRICA (MUÑOZ LOMBO JENNY PATRICIA, GIL GUTIÉRREZ CARLOS ENRIQUE, GIL RODRÍGUEZ KARLA JOHANNA, GONZÁLEZ AROSEMENA JULIANA, GUERRERO REYNA FELIPE) I-38 EMPIEMA NECESSITATIS POR SALMONELLA CON COMPLICACION CON QUILOTORAX (PUENTES CASTRILLON MARIA ELCY, CORREA ALDANA JOHN JAIRO, DOMINGUEZ RUIZ JUAN DIEGO, PUENTES CASTRILLON JOSE JOVANY, SALINAS CORTES DIEGO, ZULUAGA BEDOYA MAURICIO) I-39 INFECCIÓN DE INJERTO VASCULAR AÓRTICO POR CÁNDIDA (AMAYA NICOLÁS, JARAMILLO PABLO, RUIZ PAULA) I-40 SÍNDROME INVASIVO POR KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE HIPERMUCOVISCOSA. UNA VARIANTE CLINICA AGRESIVA (PUENTES CASTRILLON MARIA ELCY, TINJACA MONTAÑO KARENT MARGARITA, DOMINGUEZ RUIZ JUAN DIEGO, PUENTES CASTRILLON JOSE JOVANY, SALINAS CORTES DIEGO FERNANDO) I-41 FIEBRE DE ORIGEN DESCONOCIDO COMO MANIFESTACIÓN DE ENFERMEDAD DE CASTLEMAN Y SARCOMA DE KAPOSI EN PACIENTE CON VIH (AMAYA NICOLÁS, RUIZ PAULA, RUMBO JOSÉ) I-42 CROMOMICOSIS (PRETTEL JOSÉ, CAMACHO FRANCISCO, COGOLLO MARYSABEL, RAMÍREZ DIANA, BOLAÑO LUIS, BAZA LISBETH, DOMÍNGUEZ FABIÁN, RODRÍGUEZ REINHARD) I-43 MAL DE POTT EN PACIENTE INMUNOCOMPETENTE (BUSTOS MARLON, GARCÍA JUAN DAVID, SANCHEZ PAULA MARÍA, AGREDA DIANA) I-44 VASCULITIS DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO CENTRAL POR CITOMEGALOVIRUS EN PACIENTE INMUNOCOMPETENTE (ALZATE JOHN ALEXANDER, ARIAS DANIEL RICARDO, LÓPEZ JESSICA ANDREA) I-45 CRIPTOCOCOSIS CEREBELOSA: UNA FORMA INUSUAL DE PRESENTACION (BRAVO PADILLA VÍCTOR, OCAMPO JOSÉ MAURICIO, CASANOVA MARÍA EUGENIA, OSORIO CINDY VERÓNICA) I-46 CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL PERFIL INFECCIOSO DE PACIENTES CON ENFERMEDADES AUTOINMUNES ATENDIDOS EN CENTRO ESPECIALIZADO (DÍAZ-CORONADO JUAN C, ROJAS-VILLARRAGA ADRIANA, HERNANDEZ-PARRA DEICY, PEREZ-ESTRADA PAULA, BETANCURVÁSQUEZ LAURA, LACOUTURE-FIERRO JORGE, GONZALEZHURTADO DANIEL, GONZALEZ- ARANGO JUANITA, URIBE- ARANGO LAURA, GAVIRIA-AGUILAR MARIA C, PINEDA-TAMAYO RICARDO A. ) I-47 SÍNDROME DE WEIL: A PROPÓSITO DE UN CASO DE LEPTOSPIROSIS (PATIÑO LUISA, BUSTOS MARLON, BUSTAMANTE ÁLVARO, RODRIGUEZ MARTHA PATRICIA) I-48 ENDOCARDITIS FUNGICA DE VÁLVULA TRICUSPIDEA PROTÉSICA EN PACIENTE INMUNOSUPRIMIDO NO USUARIO DE DROGAS ENDOVENOSAS (PLATA JUAN, ARAGÓN DIANA, NARANJO JULIÁN, NOREÑA IVAN) I-49 EPIDEMIOLOGIA DE LA LEPTOSPIROSIS EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL HUILA DURANTE LOS AÑOS 2011 A 2017 (ARCE POLO ANGIE VANESSA, CHICA POLANIA MARIA VALENTINA, CEDEÑO CHACÓN GUSTAVO, GÓMEZ-CERQUERA JUAN MANUEL, TAFURT-CARDONA YALIANA) I-50 ESPECTRO CLÍNICO DE LA SIMBIOSIS VIH Y CRIPTOCOCO EN UN HOSPITAL PÚBLICO DE ALTA COMPLEJIDAD DE LA CIUDAD DE MEDELLÍN (CALLE-ESTRADA MATEO, BERRIO-MEDINA INDIRA, JIMÉNEZTABARES JULIANA, JARAMILLO-ARROYAVE DANIEL) I-51 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE MYCOBATERIUM BOVIS EN PACIENTES CON DIAGNOSTICO DE SEROSITIS TUBERCULOSA EN UN HOSPITAL DE CONCENTRACIÓN DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO (YAMILE JURADO-HERNANDEZ, ALEJANDRO HERNÁNDEZ-SOLIS, MARIBEL GONZÁLEZ-VILLA, ERNESTO RAMÍREZ-GONZÁLEZ, HELEODORA GONZÁLEZ-GONZÁLEZ, RAÚL CÍCERO-SABIDO) I-52 UTILIDAD DE LOS MÉTODOS DIAGNÓSTICOS EN PACIENTES CON SEROSISTIS POR M. TUBERCULOSIS, EN UN HOSPITAL DE CONCENTRACIÓN DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO (YAMILE JURADO-HERNANDEZ, ALEJANDRO HERNÁNDEZ-SOLIS, HELEODORA GONZÁLEZ-GONZÁLEZ, MARIBEL GONZÁLEZ-VILLA, ERNESTO RAMÍREZ-GONZÁLEZ, ARTURO REDING-BERNAL, RAÚL CÍCERO-SABIDO) I-53 HIPERINFECCIÓN POR STRONGYLOIDES EN PACIENTE CON TRASPLANTE DE HÍGADO (MANCERA PEDRO, MATEUS JUAN CAMILO, CASTAÑEDA XIMENA, MUGNIER JAQUELINE, HERNÁNDEZ ÁNGELA) I-54 HISTOPLASMA Y VIH: ANÁLISIS CLÍNICO Y DE LABORATORIO DE 20 PACIENTES EN HOSPITAL PUBLICO DE ALTA COMPLEJIDAD. (JIMÉNEZ-TABARES JULIANA, BERRIO-MEDINA INDIRA, CALLEESTRADA MATEO, JARAMILLO-ARROYAVE DANIEL) I-55 TUBERCULOSIS, RECONSTITUCION INMUNE E HISTOPLASMOSIS. UNA TRIADA POCO USUAL (GUERRA HAROL, BRICEÑO OSCAR, CORTES CAMILO) I-56 EMPIEMA NECESSITATIS POR ENTEROBACTERIAS (SALINAS-CORTES DIEGO FERNANDO, PERDOMO DANIELA, SALAMANCA-MONTILLA JHON F, MONDRAGÓN-CARDONA ALVARO) I-57 ASPERGILOSIS PULMONAR INVASIVA EN PACIENTE INMUNOCOMPETENTE (MEDINA AHUMADA PATRICIA, HERNÁNDEZ DANIEL) I-58 INFECCIÓN POR VARICELA ZOSTER DISEMINADA COMPLICADA CON HEPATITIS EN PACIENTE INMUNOCOMPETENTE (MEDINA AHUMADA PATRICIA, HERNÁNDEZ DANIEL) I-59 OSTEOMIELITIS DEL PUBIS (SIERRA UMAÑA SEBASTIÁN FELIPE, MUÑOZ ROSSI FELIPE ALEJANDRO, CASTILLO RODRÍGUEZ CRISTIAN ALEJANDRO, SALINAS MENDOZA SEBASTIAN, ALVEAR REALPE JONATHAN AMBROSIO, LÓPEZ DONATO DIEGO FERNANDO)

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Matos, Ecivaldo De Souza, and Fábio Correia de Rezende. "Raciocínio computacional no ensino de língua inglesa na escola: um relato de experiência na perspectiva BYOD (Computational thinking to teaching English in high school: an experience report in the BYOD perspective)." Revista Eletrônica de Educação 14 (November 6, 2019): 3116073. http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271993116.

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Computational Thinking (CT) is a set of logical-operational cognitive skills or processes of reasoning, based on Computer Science. Abstraction, pattern recognition, algorithmic reasoning, and decomposition are examples of some of these skills that form the four pillar of CT. Some researchers have considered these skills as useful, and even mandatory to to cognitive development of the schoolchildren. In this paper, we present practical aspects and the possible contributions of CT in the development of competence of reading and interpreting English texts. Didactic interventions were carried out in high school classes of a public school, supported by the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) approach, in which the students used their own smartphones. During these interventions, the students developed concept maps and podcasts, performed online exercises and the traditional exam, all of that composed the set of evaluation instruments. It was possible to understand that the CT skills are intrinsically present and contributed to the development of the reading and writing skills in English. According to testimonials, we highlight that the BYOD approach provided new conceptions and perspectives on the use of electronic equipment in function of the students’ learning.ResumoO Raciocínio Computacional (RC) é um conjunto de habilidades ou processos cognitivos lógico-operacionais de raciocínio, fundamentadas na Ciência da Computação. Abstração, reconhecimento de padrões, raciocínio algorítmico e decomposição são exemplos de algumas dessas habilidades que formam os quatro pilares do RC. Alguns pesquisadores consideram essas habilidades úteis, e até mesmo fundamentais, para o desenvolvimento cognitivo dos estudantes. Nesse sentido, este relato de experiência tem por objetivo apresentar aspectos práticos e possíveis contribuições do RC no desenvolvimento da competência de leitura e interpretação de textos de diferentes naturezas na disciplina de língua inglesa. Para isso, realizaram-se intervenções didáticas em uma turma do ensino médio de uma escola pública, apoiadas na abordagem Bring Your Own Device ou, simplesmente, BYOD, em que os estudantes usaram seus próprios aparelhos celulares. Durante o desenvolvimento das intervenções, os estudantes construíram mapas conceituais e podcasts, realizarem exercício online e a tradicional prova, os quais compuseram o conjunto de instrumentos avaliativos do bimestre. Por meio dessas intervenções, foi possível identificar como as habilidades do RC estiveram intrinsecamente presentes e contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da competência de leitura e escrita em língua inglesa, elencada pelos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais. Conforme relatos, além da articulação didática com o RC, a abordagem BYOD proporcionou à professora e aos estudantes novas concepções e perspectivas sobre o uso de equipamentos eletrônicos em função da aprendizagem deles mesmos.Palavras-chave: Raciocínio computacional, Ensino de inglês, Mobile learning, Educação em computação.Keywords: Computational thinking, English teaching, Mobile learning, Computer science education.ReferencesALBERTA Education. School Technology Branch. Bring your own device: a guide for schools. 2012. Disponível em:http://education.alberta.ca/admin/technology/research.aspx. Acesso em: 01 fev. 2017.ALLAN, Walter; COULTER, Bob; DENNER, Jill; ERICKSON, Jeri; LEE, Irene; MALYN-SMITH, Joyce; MARTIN, Fred. Computational thinking for youth. White Paper for the ITEST Learning Resource Centre na EDC. Small Working Group on Computational Thinking (CT), 2010. Disponível em: http://stelar.edc.org/publications/computational-thinking-youth. 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Developing computational thinking in compulsory education Implications for policy and practice. European Commission, JRC Science for Policy Report. 2016.BRASIL, Ministério da Educação. Secretaria da Educação Básica. PCN+ ensino médio: Orientações educacionais complementares aos parâmetros curriculares nacionais, Brasília: MEC. 2002. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/seb/arquivos/pdf/linguagens02.pdf. Acesso em: set 2017.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação (MEC). Base Nacional Comum Curricular. 2017. Disponível em: http://basenacionalcomum.mec.gov.br/. Acesso em: set 2017.BRITANNICA, Encyclopaedia. Phenol: Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2012. Disponível em: https://www.britannica.com/. Acesso em: 01 fev. 2017.BROOKSHEAR, J-Glenn. Ciência da Computação: uma visão abrangente. Porto Alegre, Bookman Editora, 2005.CHARLTON, Patricia; LUCKIN, Rosemary. Computational thinking and computer science in schools. What The Research Says’ Briefing, v. 2. 2012. [s.p.]CHIOFI, Luiz Carlos; OLIVEIRA, Marta Regina Furlan de. O uso das tecnologias educacionais como ferramenta didática no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. In: Anais da III Jornada de Didática - Jornada de Didática: Desafios para a Docência e II Seminário de Pesquisa do CEMAD. Londrina, 2014. [s.p.]COMPUTER AT SCHOOL. Computational Thinking: a guide for teachers. Hodder Education - the educational division of Hachette UK Digital Schoolhouse, 2015. Disponível em: https://community.computingatschool.org.uk/resources/2324/single. Acesso em: 01 set 2017.CORREIA, Paulo Rogério Miranda; SILVA, Amanda Cristina; ROMANO JÚNIOR, Jerson Geraldo. Mapas conceituais como ferramenta de avaliação na sala de aula. Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física, v. 32, n. 4, p. 4402-4408. 2010.COSTA, Giselda dos Santos. 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Disponível em: <https://computationalthinkingcourse.withgoogle.com/unit?lesson=8&unit=1. Acesso em: set 2017.LEE, Irene; MARTIN, Fred; DENNER, Jill; COULTER, Bob; ALLAN, Walter; ERICKSON, Jeri; MALYN-SMITH, Joyce; WERNER, Linda. Computational thinking for youth in practice. ACM Inroads, v. 2, n. 1, 2011. p. 32-37.LIUKAS, Linda. Hello Ruby: adventures in coding. New York: Feiwel & Friends, 2015.LU, Zhao.; YING, Lu. Application of Podcast in Teaching and Learning Oral English for Non-English Majors. In: International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences, Shiyang, 2013. p. 1935-1938. doi: 10.1109/ICCIS.2013.506MANNILA, Linda; VALENTINA, Dagiene; DEMO, Barbara; GRGURINA, Natasa; MIROLO, Claudio; ROLANDSSON, Lennart; SETTLE, Amber. Computational thinking in K-9 education. In: Proceedings of the working group reports of the 2014 on innovation & technology in computer science education conference. ACM, 2014. p. 1-29.MOREIRA, Antonio Marco. Mapas conceituais e aprendizagem significativa (concept maps and meaningful learning). Cadernos do Aplicação, v. 11, n. 2, 1998. p. 143-156.NCSEC. Team 11 in 2000. Concept map. 2000. National Computation Science Education Consortium Disponível em: <http://www.ncsec.org/team11/ Rubric Concep tMap.doc>. Acesso em: set. 2017.NOVAK, Joseph. D. Meaningful learning: The essential factor for conceptual change in limited or inappropriate propositional hierarchies leading to empowerment of learners. Science education, Wiley Online Library, v. 86, n. 4, 2002. p. 548-571.NOVAK, Joseph. Learning creating and using knowledge: Concept maps as facilitative tools in schools and corporations. [S.l.]: Routledge, 2010.PAIVA, Luiz Fernando; FERREIRA, Ana Carolina; ROCHA, Caio; BARRETO, Jandiaci; MELHOR, André; LOPES, Randerson; MATOS, Ecivaldo. Uma experiência piloto de integração curricular do raciocínio computacional na educação básica. In: Anais dos Workshops do Congresso Brasileiro de Informática na Educação, v. 4, 2015. p. 1300-1309.RACHID, Laura. Cenário da educação básica no Brasil é alarmante, aponta Ideb. Revista Educação. São Paulo, 04 set. 2018. Disponível em: http://www.revistaeducacao.com.br/cenario-da-educacao-basica-no-brasil-e-alarmante/. Acesso em: 26 de setembro de 2018.RODRIGUEZ, Carla; ZEM-LOPES, Aparecida Maria; MARQUES, Leonardo; ISOTANI, Seiji. Pensamento Computacional: transformando ideias em jogos digitais usando o Scratch. In: Anais do Workshop de Informática na Escola. p. 62-71. 2015.SILVA, Edson Coutinho. Mapas conceituais: propostas de aprendizagem e avaliação. Administração: Ensino e Pesquisa, [S.l.], v. 16, n. 4, p. 785-815, dez. 2015. ISSN 2358-0917. Disponível em: <https://raep.emnuvens.com.br/raep/article/view/385/196>. Acesso em: 06 nov. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.13058/raep.2015.v16n4.385.SILVA, Edson Coutinho. Mapas Conceituais: Modelos de Avaliação. Concept Mapping to Learn and Innovate. In: Proc. of Sixth Int. Conference on Concept Mapping. Santos, Brazil. 2014.WING, Jannette. Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, v. 49, n. 3, p. 33-35, 2006.WING, Jannette. Computational thinking and thinking about computing. Philosophical transactions of the royal society of London A: mathematical, physical and engineering sciences, v. 366, n. 1881, 2008. p. 3717-3725.XU, Zhichang. Problems and strategies of teaching English in large classes in the People's Republic of China. In: Expanding Horizons in Teaching and Learning. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Teaching Learning Forum. 2001. p. 7-9.ZORZO, Avelino Francisco; RAABE, André Luís Alice; BRACKMANN, Christian Puhlmann. Computação: o vetor de transformação da sociedade. In: FOGUEL, D.; SCHEUENSTUHL, M. C. B. Desafios da Educação Técnico-Científica no Ensino Médio. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 2018. p. 154-163.e3116073

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Bencivenga, Ermanno. "Hugues Leblanc. Preface. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. ix–x. - Hugues Leblanc. Introduction. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 3–16. - Hugues Leblanc and T. Hailperin. Non-designating singular terms. A revised reprint of XXV 87. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 17–21. - Hugues Leblanc and R. H. Thomason. Completeness theorems for some presupposition-free logics. A revised reprint of XXXVII 424. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 22–57. - Hugues Leblanc and R. K. Meyer. On prefacing (∀x) ⊃ A(Y/X) with (∀Y): a free quantification theory without identity. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 58–75. (Reprinted with revisions from Zeitschrift für mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik, vol. 16 (1970), pp. 447–462. - Hugues Leblanc. Truth-value semantics for a logic of existence. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 76–90. (Reprinted with revisions from Notre Dame journal of formal logic, vol. 12 (1971), pp. 153–168.) - Hugues Leblanc and R. K. Meyer. Open formulas and the empty domain. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 91–98. (Reprinted from Archiv für mathematische Logik und Grundlagenforschung, vol. 12 (1969), pp. 78–84.) - K. Lambert, Hugues Leblanc, and R. K. Meyer. A liberated version of S5. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 99–102. (Reprinted with revisions from Archiv für mathematische Logik und Grundlagenforschung, vol. 12 (1969), pp. 151–154.) - Hugues Leblanc. On dispensing with things and worlds. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 103–119. (Reprinted with revisions from Logic and ontology, edited by Milton K. Munitz, New York University Press, New York 1973, pp. 241–259.) - Hugues Leblanc. Introduction. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 123–138. - Hugues Leblanc. A simplified account of validity and implication for quantificational logic. A revised reprint of XXXV 466. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 139–143. - Hugues Leblanc. A simplified strong completeness proof for QC=. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 144–155. (Reprinted with minor revisions from Akten des XIV. Internationalen Kongresses für Philosophie Wien, 2.-9. September 1968, vol. 3, Logik Erkenntnis- und Wissenschaftstheorie Sprachphilosophie Ontologie und Metaphysik, Universität Wien, Herder, Vienna 1969, pp. 83–96.) - Hugues Leblanc. Truth-value assignments and their cardinality. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 156–165. (Reprinted with revisions from Philosophia, vol. 7 (1978), pp. 305–316.) - Hugues Leblanc. Three generalizations of a theorem of Beth's. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 166–176. (Reprinted with revisions from Logique et analyse, n.s. vol. 12 (1969), pp. 205–220.) - Hugues Leblanc and R. K. Meyer. Truth-value semantics for the theory of types. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 177–197. (Reprinted with revisions from Philosophical problems in logic, Some recent developments, edited by Karel Lambert, Synthese library, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht 1970, pp. 77–101.) - Hugues Leblanc. Wittgenstein and the truth-functionality thesis. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 198–204. (Reprinted with revisions from American philosophical quarterly, vol. 9 (1972), pp. 271–274.) - Hugues Leblanc. Matters of relevance. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 205–219. (Reprinted from Journal of philosophical logic, vol. 1 (1972), pp. 269–286. Also reprinted in Exact philosophy, Problems, tools, and goals, edited by Mario Bunge, Synthese library, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht and Boston 1973, pp. 3–20.) - Hugues Leblanc and G. Weaver. Truth-functionality and the ramified theory of types. A revised reprint of XLII 313. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 220–235. - Hugues Leblanc. That Principia mathematica, first edition, has a predicative interpretation after all. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 236–239. (Reprinted with revisions from Journal of philosophical logic, vol. 4 (1975), pp. 67–70.) - H. Goldberg, Hugues Leblanc, and G. Weaver. A strong completeness theorem for three-valued logic: part I. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 240–246. (Reprinted with revisions from Notre Dame journal of formal logic, vol. 15 (1974), pp. 325–330.) - Hugues Leblanc. A strong completeness theorem for three-valued logic: part II. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 247–257. (Reprinted with revisions from Notre Dame journal of formal logic, vol. 18 (1977), pp. 107–116.) - Hugues Leblanc and R. P. McArthur. A completeness result for quantificational tense logic. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 258–266. (Reprinted with revisions from Zeitschrift für mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik, vol. 22 (1976), pp. 89–96.) - Hugues Leblanc. Semantic deviations. A revised reprint of XLII 313. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 267–280. - Hugues Leblanc. Introduction. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 283–292. - Hugues Leblanc. Marginalia on Gentzen's Sequenzen-Kalkulë. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 293–300. (Reprinted with revisions from Contributions to logic and methodology in honor of J. M. Bocheński, edited by Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka in collaboration with Charles Parsons, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam 1965, pp. 73–83.) - Hugues Leblanc. Structural rules of inference. A revised reprint of XXVIII 256. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 301–305. - Hugues Leblanc. Proof routines for the propositional calculus. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 306–327. (Reprinted with revisions from Notre Dame journal of formal logic, vol. 4 (1963), pp. 81–104.) - Hugues Leblanc. Two separation theorems for natural deduction. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 328–349. (Reprinted with revisions from Notre Dame journal of formal logic, vol. 7 (1966), pp. 159–180.) - Hugues Leblanc. Two shortcomings of natural deduction. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 350–357. (Reprinted with revisions from The journal of philosophy, vol. 63 (1966), pp. 29–37.) - Hugues Leblanc. Subformula theorems for N-sequents. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 358–381. (Reprinted with minor revisions from The journal of symbolic logic, vol. 33 (1968), pp. 161–179.) - E. W. Beth and Hugues Leblanc. A note on the intuitionist and the classical propositional calculus. A revised reprint of XXV 351. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 382–384. - Hugues Leblanc and N. D. Belnap Jr. Intuitionism reconsidered. A revised reprint of XXVIII 256. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 385–389. - N. D. BelnapJr., Hugues Leblanc, and R. H. Thomason. On not strengthening intuitionistic logic. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 390–396. (Reprinted with revisions from Notre Dame journal of formal logic, vol. 4 no. 4 (for 1963, pub. 1964), pp. 313–320.) - Hugues Leblanc and R. H. Thomason. The demarcation line between intuitionist logic and classical logic. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 397–403. (Reprinted with revisions from Zeitschrift für mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik, vol. 12 (1966), pp. 257–262.) - Hugues Leblanc. Boolean algebra and the propositional calculus. A revised reprint of XXXVII 755. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 404–407. - Hugues Leblanc. The algebra of logic and the theory of deduction. A revised reprint of XXXVII 755. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 408–413. - Hugues Leblanc and R. H. Thomason. All or none: a novel choice of primitives for elementary logic. A revised reprint of XXXIV 124. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 414–421. - Hugues Leblanc and R. K. Meyer. Matters of separation. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 422–430. (Reprinted with revisions from Notre Dame journal of formal logic, vol. 13 (1972), pp. 229–236.) - Hugues Leblanc. Generalization in first-order logic. Existence, truth, and provability, by Hugues Leblanc, State University of New York Press, Albany1982, pp. 431–452. (Reprinted with revisions from Notre Dame journal of formal logic, vol. 20 (1979), pp. 835–857.)." Journal of Symbolic Logic 50, no. 1 (March 1985): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2273801.

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"Will California Proposition 37 Affect Genetically Modified Food Labeling Policy in the United States." China-USA Business Review 12, no. 06 (June 28, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.17265/1537-1514/2013.06.008.

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Krause, Amber, Courtney Meyers, Erica Irlbeck, and Todd Chambers. "What Side Are You On? An Examination of the Persuasive Message Factors in Proposition 37 Videos on YouTube." Journal of Applied Communications 100, no. 3 (July 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.1231.

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"California's Proposition 37 Defeated by Voters; Would Have Required Labeling of All Processed and Genetically Modified Foods; Higher Incomes for Organic Farmers an Apparent Goal." Biotechnology Law Report 32, no. 1-2 (April 2013): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/blr.2013.9954.

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Hughes, Maria, Stephen L. Brown, Sophie Campbell, Shannon Dandy, and Mary G. Cherry. "Self-Compassion and Anxiety and Depression in Chronic Physical Illness Populations: a Systematic Review." Mindfulness, March 18, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01602-y.

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Abstract Objectives Anxiety and depression are common in chronic physical illness populations. Self-compassion, the motivation and the capacity to alleviate one’s own suffering, is associated with reduced anxiety and depression in mental health populations. This review aimed to collate available research showing links between self-compassion and anxiety and depression in chronic physical illness populations. Methods This study is a systematic review of English language studies investigating univariate and multivariate correlates of anxiety and depression by self-compassion constructs in adult chronic physical illness populations. Results Twenty papers, reporting data from 16 unique studies, were included. Half sampled cancer patients. Self-compassion scores consistently showed moderate to large inverse associations with anxiety and depression over both univariate (r = −.37 to −.53 and r = −.38 to −.66, respectively) and multivariate analyses (β =.01 to β = −.55 and β = −.17 to β = −.59, respectively). Worry and depressive brooding, and shame, mediated relationships between self-compassion and anxiety and depression. Conclusions Although findings suggest that self-compassion processes may have a role in alleviating anxiety and depression in chronic physical illness populations, methodological limitations limit confidence in this proposition. Prospective studies that identify theoretically plausible mediators and moderators are required before the development or modification of therapeutic interventions.

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Alonso-Ferres, María, Inmaculada Valor-Segura, and Francisca Expósito. "Elucidating the Effect of Perceived Power on Destructive Responses during Romantic Conflicts." Spanish Journal of Psychology 24 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2021.15.

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Abstract Prior research has indicated that the people one loves the most, such as their romantic partners, ironically, are also the people toward whom they often direct destructive behaviors in times of conflict, and such destructive responses become one of the most challenging relationship problems. Identifying the conditions that promote destructive (vs. constructive) conflict-resolution strategies is a crucial gap requiring study to help individuals build healthier and happier relationships. Across three studies (total N = 728), we examined whether (a) power is related to direct destructive (vs. constructive) responses during romantic conflicts; (b) this effect was moderated by the seriousness of the conflict and the relationship’s inclusiveness. In Study 1, participants involved in romantic relationships completed scales assessing interpersonal power, the conflict’s seriousness, their relationship’s inclusiveness, and conflict-resolution responses. In Studies 2-3, the participants were randomly assigned to complete an essay in which the conflict’s seriousness and power were experimentally manipulated. Findings from hierarchical regression analyses consistently showed that power led to destructive (and lower constructive) responses. However, this only occurred when the participants faced severe conflicts and their partner was not central to their self-concept. An internal meta-analysis of the studies confirmed the reliability and significance of these relationships; |r’s| =.13-37. Together, these results support the proposition that power asymmetries can threaten relationships by driving destructive responses during romantic conflicts, and untangle the conditions under which this happens. The conflict’s seriousness and the inclusiveness of the relationship may be considered to provide skills that help individuals navigate their relationships’ life challenges.

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A. Udugama, Isuru, Merve Öner, Pau C. Lopez, Christan Beenfeldt, Christoph Bayer, Jakob K. Huusom, Krist V. Gernaey, and Gürkan Sin. "Towards Digitalization in Bio-Manufacturing Operations: A Survey on Application of Big Data and Digital Twin Concepts in Denmark." Frontiers in Chemical Engineering 3 (September 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fceng.2021.727152.

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Digitalization in the form of Big Data and Digital Twin inspired applications are hot topics in today's bio-manufacturing organizations. As a result, many organizations are diverting resources (personnel and equipment) to these applications. In this manuscript, a targeted survey was conducted amongst individuals from the Danish biotech industry to understand the current state and perceived future obstacles in implementing digitalization concepts in biotech production processes. The survey consisted of 13 questions related to the current level of application of 1) Big Data analytics and 2) Digital Twins, as well as obstacles to expanding these applications. Overall, 33 individuals responded to the survey, a group spanning from bio-chemical to biopharmaceutical production. Over 73% of the respondents indicated that their organization has an enterprise-wide level plan for digitalization, it can be concluded that the digitalization drive in the Danish biotech industry is well underway. However, only 30% of the respondents reported a well-established business case for the digitalization applications in their organization. This is a strong indication that the value proposition for digitalization applications is somewhat ambiguous. Further, it was reported that digital twin applications (58%) were more widely used than Big Data analytic tools (37%). On top of the lack of a business case, organizational readiness was identified as a critical hurdle that needs to be overcome for both Digital Twin and Big Data applications. Infrastructure was another key hurdle for implementation, with only 6% of the respondents stating that their production processes were 100% covered by advanced process analytical technologies.

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Kary, Steven J., Zack Dumont, Kirsten Tangedal, Jennifer Bolt, and William M. Semchuk. "Measuring Competency of Pharmacy Residents: A Survey of Residency Programs’ Methods for Assessment and Evaluation." Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 72, no. 5 (October 21, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v72i5.2927.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The Canadian Pharmacy Residency Board (CPRB) specifies the competencies that pharmacy residents must attain and the need for assessment and evaluation. Methods of assessment and evaluation are left to the discretion of individual programs. There is a scarcity of published literature compiling and comparing the strategies used by Canadian residency programs. Objectives: To determine curricular components used for assessment and evaluation; to describe the tools used by programs; to characterize the scheduling, frequency, and repetition of curricular components; and to determine the individuals or groups involved.Methods: Coordinators of hospital pharmacy residency programs with CPRB accreditation or accreditation pending were surveyed to collect information about the assessment and evaluation of select CPRB standards. Results: From the 37 eligible residency programs, 20 unique responses (54%) were received. All respondents were general practice programs (100%) in predominantly multicentre organizations (70%). Programs were similar in terms of assessment components used, with all respondents citing care plan review, direct observation of patient care, journal clubs, creation of project timelines, and ethics submission. The predominant evaluation components were within-department presentations (100%), written manuscripts (95%), drug information rotations (85%), and longitudinal evaluations (75%). Standardized forms (70%–100%) defined by Bloom’s taxonomy (65%) and the CPRB “levels and ranges” document (60%) were the principle means used. Assessments for patient care and for provision of education were generally carried out immediately (80% and 95%, respectively), whereas project management skills were assessed predominantly at final evaluation (75%). Self-assessment and assessment by pharmacy team members occurred for every competency, whereas patients (0%–10%) and allied health professionals (5%) were less frequently involved. Conclusions: The assessment and evaluation strategies reported by programs were congruent. The results provide a summary of national practices and will allow existing and developing programs to examine their approach to assessment and evaluation for alignment with national standards.RÉSUMÉContexte: Le Conseil canadien de résidence en pharmacie (CCRP) précise les compétences que les résidents en pharmacie doivent acquérir ainsi que le besoin d’observation et d’évaluation. Les méthodes d’observation et d’évaluation sont laissées à la discrétion de chacun des programmes. La littérature publiée qui compile et compare les stratégies utilisées par les programmes en résidence canadiens est rare. Objectifs : Déterminer les composantes des programmes utilisés pour l’observation et l’évaluation des normes; décrire les outils utilisés par ces programmes; établir l’horaire, la fréquence et la répétition des éléments qui constituent ces programmes et déterminer les personnes ou les groupes concernés.Méthodes : Les coordinateurs des programmes de résidence en pharmacie hospitalière ayant un agrément ou dont l’agrément est en cours de procédure ont été interrogés afin qu’ils fournissent des informations concernant l’observation et l’évaluation des normes CCRP sélectionnées. Résultats : Des 37 programmes de résidence admissibles, 20 réponses individuelles (54 %) sont parvenues aux investigateurs. Tous les répondants représentaient des programmes de pratique générale (100 %) dans des organismes majoritairement multicentriques (70 %). Les programmes étaient similaires en termes de points à observer : tous les répondants citaient l’examen des plans de soins, l’observation directe des soins aux patients, les clubs de journaux, la création d’échéanciers pour la réalisation de projets et la proposition de documents sur l’éthique. Les critères d’évaluation prédominants consistaient en des présentations au sein du département (100 %), la rédaction de manuscrits (95 %), des rotations reliées au service d’information pharmacothérapeutique (85 %) et les évaluations longitudinales (75 %). Les formulaires standardisés (70 %–100 %) définis par la taxonomie de Bloom (65 %) et le document Levels and ranges (niveaux de performance des compétences) du CCRP (60 %) étaient les ressources de base utilisées. L’observation des soins aux patients et de la formation avait généralement lieu immédiatement (respectivement 80 % et 95 %,), tandis que les compétences en matière de gestion de projet étaient majoritairement évaluées en dernier (75 %). L’auto-observation et l’observation effectué par des membres de l’équipe de pharmacie portaient sur chaque compétence, tandis que les patients (0 % – 10 %) et les autres professionnels de la santé (5 %) participaient plus rarement à cette observation.Conclusions : Les stratégies d’observation et d’évaluation rapportées par les programmes concordaient. Les résultats fournissent un résumé des pratiques nationales et permettront aux responsables des programmes existants et en cours d’élaboration d’étudier l’approche de l’observation et de l’évaluation pour l’aligner sur les normes nationales.

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Shelldyriani, Shaula Noorhayu, and Aris Munandar. "Sarcastic Expressions and the Influence of Social Distance and Relative Power in The TV Series Friends." Lexicon 7, no. 1 (March 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v7i1.64585.

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This research aims to identify and classify the sarcastic expressions found in the TV Series Friends. It applies the theory proposed by Camp (2011) which categorized sarcasm into four classes: Propositional, Lexical, Like-Prefixed, and Illocutionary Sarcasm. Considering sarcasm as a Face Threatening Act (FTA), it also analyzes the influence of relative power and social distance to see how these two social variables influence the delivery of sarcastic expressions. The findings show that Illocutionary Sarcasm is the most frequently used class of sarcasm with 30 utterances (45%) followed by Propositional Sarcasm which consists of 25 utterances (37%), Lexical Sarcasm with 10 utterances (15%) and lastly Like-Prefixed Sarcasm that have 2 utterances (3%). With Illocutionary and Propositional Sarcasm are known to be the most straightforward class of sarcasm, the results also show that these two classes of sarcasm are mainly used when the social distance (D) is negative where the interlocutors does not have the obligation to be polite due to their close intimacy. In cases where the social distance has positive value, the value of power (P) helps to determine which class of sarcasm is used. Furthermore, a clear context and common ground is essential to help identify sarcastic expressions and the intention underlying it.

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"Forming verification mechanisms in a dialogical contact." Teaching languages at higher institutions, no. 37 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2073-4379-2020-37-01.

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The article deals with issues of manipulative influence on the mind of an interlocutor by distortion or hiding of truth and discusses the formation of verifications mechanisms in educational migrants in a dialogical contact. The problem of manipulative strategies and tactics is one of the most urgent in the modern methodology of teaching foreign languages to non-native speakers. The authors analyze research related to ways of distorting the truth for personal gain by the addresser. The speaker can use direct lies to obtain one-sided profit, such lies being a propositional distortion of truth, however, in usual communication, the preference is given to half-truth or omission, i.e. non-propositional distortion of the truth. The article contains characteristics of the speaker’s claims to the significance of his or her statements, that is their validity, correctness, and truthfulness, as well as replies which are the listener’s reaction in a situation where he or she feels that at least one of the addresser’s claims to the significance of his or her speech act should be verified. Virtually any lexico-grammatical category can be used to distort or verify the truth in various ways. There are special markers that signal the addressee about a possible attempt of the speaker to manipulate the listener’s mind by distorting the truth. An efficient method for the listener to verify a heard message is a correct formulation of questions to clarify and specify the received information. The authors present examples of using speech tactic of soft and hard insistence on a concrete answer to a question and confirmation of the truthfulness of the addresser’s speech act. Working on the development of verification mechanisms in non-native speakers should be an integral part of the problem teaching. When selecting examples to demonstrate techniques of distorting the truth and pushing on the interlocutor, it would be appropriate to give preference to the samples that meet the principle of universality and typicality. Some of the above-mentioned manipulative techniques can be used both negatively and positively if the interacting persons strive to reach the truth by mutual understanding and consensus without an intent to mislead the interlocutor. Only an extreme usage of influence tactics, methods of imposing the addresser’s opinion, or persistent urging the addressee to take a decision the speaker needs, i.e. a psychological pressure on the addressee’s mind, is a signal that necessitates a thorough verification of the speech act of the communication partner.

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Brown, Malcolm David. "Doubt as Methodology and Object in the Phenomenology of Religion." M/C Journal 14, no. 1 (January 24, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.334.

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Photograph by Gonzalo Echeverria (2010)“I must plunge again and again in the water of doubt” (Wittgenstein 1e). The Holy Grail in the phenomenology of religion (and, to a lesser extent, the sociology of religion) is a definition of religion that actually works, but, so far, this seems to have been elusive. Classical definitions of religion—substantive (e.g. Tylor) and functionalist (e.g. Durkheim)—fail, in part because they attempt to be in three places at once, as it were: they attempt to distinguish religion from non-religion; they attempt to capture what religions have in common; and they attempt to grasp the “heart”, or “core”, of religion. Consequently, family resemblance definitions of religion replace certainty and precision for its own sake with a more pragmatic and heuristic approach, embracing doubt and putting forward definitions that give us a better understanding (Verstehen) of religion. In this paper, I summarise some “new” definitions of religion that take this approach, before proposing and defending another one, defining religion as non-propositional and “apophatic”, thus accepting that doubt is central to religion itself, as well as to the analysis of religion.The question of how to define religion has had real significance in a number of court cases round the world, and therefore it does have an impact on people’s lives. In Germany, for example, the courts ruled that Scientology was not a religion, but a business, much to the displeasure of the Church of Scientology (Aldridge 15). In the United States, some advocates of Transcendental Meditation (TM) argued that TM was not a religion and could therefore be taught in public schools without violating the establishment clause in the constitution—the separation of church and state. The courts in New Jersey, and federal courts, ruled against them. They ruled that TM was a religion (Barker 146). There are other cases that I could cite, but the point of this is simply to establish that the question has a practical importance, so we should move on.In the classical sociology of religion, there are a number of definitions of religion that are quite well known. Edward Tylor (424) defined religion as a belief in spiritual beings. This definition does not meet with widespread acceptance, the notable exception being Melford Spiro, who proposed in 1966 that religion was “an institution consisting of culturally patterned interaction with culturally postulated super-human beings” (Spiro 96, see also 91ff), and who has bravely stuck to that definition ever since. The major problem is that this definition excludes Buddhism, which most people do regard as a religion, although some people try to get round the problem by claiming that Buddhism is not really a religion, but more of a philosophy. But this is cheating, really, because a definition of religion must be descriptive as well as prescriptive; that is, it must apply to entities that are commonly recognised as religions. Durkheim, in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, proposed that religion had two key characteristics, a separation of the sacred from the profane, and a gathering together of people in some sort of institution or community, such as a church (Durkheim 38, 44). However, religions often reject a separation of the sacred from the profane. Most Muslims and many Calvinist Christians, for example, would insist strongly that everything—including the ostensibly profane—is equally subject to the sovereignty of God. Also, some religions are more oriented to a guru-pupil kind of relationship, rather than a church community.Weber tried to argue that religion should only be defined at the end of a long process of historical and empirical study. He is often criticised for this, although there probably is some wisdom in his argument. However, there seems to be an implicit definition of religion as theodicy, accounting for the existence of evil and the existence of suffering. But is this really the central concern of all religions?Clarke and Byrne, in their book Religion Defined and Explained, construct a typology of definitions, which I think is quite helpful. Broadly speaking, there are two types of classical definition. Firstly, there are substantive definitions (6), such as Tylor’s and Spiro’s, which posit some sort of common “property” that religions “have”—“inside” them, as it were. Secondly, functionalist definitions (Clarke and Byrne 7), such as Durkheim’s, define religion primarily in terms of its social function. What matters, as far as a definition of religion is concerned, is not what you believe, but why you believe it.However, these classical definitions do not really work. I think this is because they try to do too many things. For a strict definition of religion to work, it needs to tell us (i) what religions have in common, (ii) what distinguishes religion on the one hand from non-religion, or everything that is not religion, on the other, and (iii) it needs to tell us something important about religion, what is at the core of religion. This means that a definition of religion has to be in three places at once, so to speak. Furthermore, a definition of religion has to be based on extant religions, but it also needs to have some sort of quasi-predictive capacity, the sort of thing that can be used in a court case regarding, for example, Scientology or Transcendental Meditation.It may be possible to resolve the latter problem by a gradual process of adjustment, a sort of hermeneutic circle of basing a definition on extant religions and applying it to new ones. But what about the other problem, the one of being in three places at once?Another type identified by Clarke and Byrne, in their typology of definitions, is the “family resemblance” definition (11-16). This derives from the later Wittgenstein. The “family resemblance” definition of religion is based on the idea that religions commonly share a number of features, but that no one religion has all of them. For example, there are religious beliefs, doctrines and mythos—or stories and parables. There are rituals and moral codes, institutions and clergy, prayers, spiritual emotions and experiences, etc. This approach is of course less precise than older substantive and functional definitions, but it also avoids some of the problems associated with them.It does so by rethinking the point of defining religion. Instead of being precise and rigorous for the sake of it, it tries to tell us something, to be “productive”, to help us understand religion better. It eschews certainty and embraces doubt. Its insights could be applied to some schools of philosophy (e.g. Heideggerian) and practical spirituality, because it does not focus on what is distinctive about religion. Rather, it focuses on the core of religion, and, secondarily, on what religions have in common. The family resemblance approach has led to a number of “new” definitions (post-Durkheim definitions) being proposed, all of which define religion in a less rigorous, but, I hope, more imaginative and heuristic way.Let me provide a few examples, starting with two contrasting ones. Peter Berger in the late 1960s defined religion as “the audacious attempt to conceive of the entire universe as humanly significant”(37), which implies a consciousness of an anthropocentric sacred cosmos. Later, Alain Touraine said that religion is “the apprehension of human destiny, existence, and death”(213–4), that is, an awareness of human limitations, including doubt. Berger emphasises the high place for human beings in religion, and even a sort of affected certainty, while Touraine emphasises our place as doubters on the periphery, but it seems that religion exists within a tension between these two opposites, and, in a sense, encompasses them both.Richard Holloway, former Bishop of Edinburgh in the Scottish Episcopal Church and arch-nemesis of the conservative Anglicans, such as those from Sydney, defines religion as like good poetry, not bad science. It is easy to understand that he is criticising those who see religion, particularly Christianity, as centrally opposed to Darwin and evolution. Holloway is clearly saying that those people have missed the point of their own faith. By “good poetry”, he is pointing to the significance of storytelling rather than dogma, and an open-ended discussion of ultimate questions that resists the temptation to end with “the moral of the story”. In science (at least before quantum physics), there is no room for doubt, but that is not the case with poetry.John Caputo, in a very energetic book called On Religion, proposes what is probably the boldest of the “new” definitions. He defines religion as “the love of God” (1). Note the contrast with Tylor and Spiro. Caputo does not say “belief in God”; he says “the love of God”. You might ask how you can love someone you don’t believe in, but, in a sense, this paradox is the whole point. When Caputo says “God”, he is not necessarily talking in the usual theistic or even theological terms. By “God”, he means the impossible made possible (10). So a religious person, for Caputo, is an “unhinged lover” (13) who loves the impossible made possible, and the opposite is a “loveless lout” who is only concerned with the latest stock market figures (2–3). In this sense of religious, a committed atheist can be religious and a devout Catholic or Muslim or Hindu can be utterly irreligious (2–3). Doubt can encompass faith and faith can encompass doubt. This is the impossible made possible. Caputo’s approach here has something in common with Nietzsche and especially Kierkegaard, to whom I shall return later.I would like to propose another definition of religion, within the spirit of these “new” definitions of religion that I have been discussing. Religion, at its core, I suggest, is non-propositional and apophatic. When I say that religion is non-propositional, I mean that religion will often enact certain rituals, or tell certain stories, or posit faith in someone, and that propositional statements of doctrine are merely reflections or approximations of this non-propositional core. Faith in God is not a proposition. The Eucharist is not a proposition. Prayer is not, at its core, a proposition. Pilgrimage is not a proposition. And it is these sorts of things that, I suggest, form the core of religion. Propositions are what happen when theologians and academics get their hands on religion, they try to intellectualise it so that it can be made to fit within their area of expertise—our area of expertise. But, that is not where it belongs. Propositions about rituals impose a certainty on them, whereas the ritual itself allows for courage in the face of doubt. The Maundy Thursday service in Western Christianity includes the stripping of the altar to the accompaniment of Psalm 22 (“My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me”), ending the service without a dismissal (Latin missa, the origin of the English “mass”) and with the church in darkness. Doubt, confusion, and bewilderment are the heart and soul of this ritual, not orthodox faith as defined propositionally.That said, religion does often involve believing, of some kind (though it is not usually as central as in Christianity). So I say that religion is non-propositional and apophatic. The word “apophatic”, though not the concept, has its roots in Greek Orthodox theology, where St Gregory Palamas argues that any statement about God—and particularly about God’s essence as opposed to God’s energies—must be paradoxical, emphasising God’s otherness, and apophatic, emphasising God’s essential incomprehensibility (Armstrong 393). To make an apophatic statement is to make a negative statement—instead of saying God is king, lord, father, or whatever, we say God is not. Even the most devout believer will recognise a sense in which God is not a king, or a lord, or a father. They will say that God is much greater than any of these things. The Muslim will say “Allahu Akhbar”, which means God is greater, greater than any human description. Even the statement “God exists” is seen to be well short of the mark. Even that is human language, which is why the Cappadocian fathers (Saints Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory Naziansus) said that they believed in God, while refusing to say that God exists.So to say that religion is at its core non-propositional is to say that religious beliefs are at their core apophatic. The idea of apophasis is that by a process of constant negation you are led into silence, into a recognition that there is nothing more that can be said. St Thomas Aquinas says that the more things we negate about God, the more we say “God is not…”, the closer we get to what God is (139). Doubt therefore brings us closer to the object of religion than any putative certainties.Apophasis does not only apply to Christianity. I have already indicated that it applies also to Islam, and the statement that God is greater. In Islam, God is said to have 99 names—or at least 99 that have been revealed to human beings. Many of these names are apophatic. Names like The Hidden carry an obviously negative meaning in English, while, etymologically, “the Holy” (al-quddu-s) means “beyond imperfection”, which is a negation of a negation. As-salaam, the All-Peaceful, means beyond disharmony, or disequilibrium, or strife, and, according to Murata and Chittick (65–6), “The Glorified” (as-subbuh) means beyond understanding.In non-theistic religions too, an apophatic way of believing can be found. Key Buddhist concepts include sunyata, emptiness, or the Void, and anatta, meaning no self, the belief or realisation that the Self is illusory. Ask what they believe in instead of the Self and you are likely to be told that you are missing the point, like the Zen pupil who confused the pointing finger with the moon. In the Zen koans, apophasis plays a major part. One well-known koan is “What is the sound of one hand clapping?” Any logical answers will be dismissed, like Thomas Aquinas’s statements about God, until the pupil gets beyond logic and achieves satori, or enlightenment. Probably the most used koan is Mu—Master Joshu is asked if a dog has Buddha-nature and replies Mu, meaning “no” or “nothing”. This is within the context of the principle that everything has Buddha-nature, so it is not logical. But this apophatic process can lead to enlightenment, something better than logic. By plunging again and again in the water of doubt, to use Wittgenstein’s words, we gain something better than certainty.So not only is apophasis present in a range of different religions—and I have given just a few examples—but it is also central to the development of religion in the Axial Age, Karl Jaspers’s term for the period from about 800-200 BCE when the main religious traditions of the world began—monotheism in Israel (which also developed into Christianity and Islam), Hinduism and Buddhism in India, Confucianism and Taoism in China, and philosophical rationalism in Greece. In the early Hindu traditions, there seems to have been a sort of ritualised debate called the Brahmodya, which would proceed through negation and end in silence. Not the silence of someone admitting defeat at the hands of the other, but the silence of recognising that the truth lay beyond them (Armstrong 24).In later Hinduism, apophatic thought is developed quite extensively. This culminates in the idea of Brahman, the One God who is Formless, beyond all form and all description. As such, all representations of Brahman are equally false and therefore all representations are equally true—hence the preponderance of gods and idols on the surface of Hinduism. There is also the development of the idea of Atman, the universal Self, and the Buddhist concept anatta, which I mentioned, is rendered anatman in Sanskrit, literally no Atman, no Self. But in advaita Hinduism there is the idea that Brahman and Atman are the same, or, more accurately, they are not two—hence advaita, meaning “not two”. This is negation, or apophasis. In some forms of present-day Hinduism, such as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (commonly known as the Hare Krishnas), advaita is rejected. Sometimes this is characterised as dualism with respect to Brahman and Atman, but it is really the negation of non-dualism, or an apophatic negation of the negation.Even in early Hinduism, there is a sort of Brahmodya recounted in the Rig Veda (Armstrong 24–5), the oldest extant religious scripture in the world that is still in use as a religious scripture. So here we are at the beginning of Axial Age religion, and we read this account of creation:Then was not non-existent nor existent: there was no realm of air, no sky beyond it.Death was not then, nor was there aught immortal.Darkness there was: at first concealed in darkness this All was indiscriminated chaos.All that existed then was void and form less.Sages who searched with their heart's thought discovered the existent's kinship in the non-existent.Who verily knows and who can here declare it, whence it was born and whence comes this creation?The Gods are later than this world's production. Who knows then whence it first came into being?He, the first origin of this creation, whether he formed it all or did not form it,Whose eye controls this world in highest heaven, he verily knows it, or perhaps he knows not.(Rig Veda Book 10, Hymn 129, abridged)And it would seem that this is the sort of thought that spread throughout the world as a result of the Axial Age and the later spread of Axial and post-Axial religions.I could provide examples from other religious traditions. Taoism probably has the best examples, though they are harder to relate to the traditions that are more familiar in the West. “The way that is spoken is not the Way” is the most anglicised translation of the opening of the Tao Te Ching. In Sikhism, God’s formlessness and essential unknowability mean that God can only be known “by the Guru’s grace”, to quote the opening hymn of the Guru Granth Sahib.Before I conclude, however, I would like to anticipate two criticisms. First, this may only be applicable to the religions of the Axial Age and their successors, beginning with Hinduism and Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, and early Jewish monotheism, followed by Jainism, Christianity, Islam and so on. I would like to find examples of apophasis at the core of other traditions, including Indigenous Australian and Native American ones, for example, but that is work still to be done. Focusing on the Axial Age does historicise the argument, however, at least in contrast with a more universal concept of religion that runs the risk of falling into the ahistorical homo religiosus idea that humans are universally and even naturally religious. Second, this apophatic definition looks a bit elitist, defining religion in terms that are relevant to theologians and “religious virtuosi” (to use Weber’s term), but what about the ordinary believers, pew-fillers, temple-goers? In response to such criticism, one may reply that there is an apophatic strand in what Niebuhr called the religions of the disinherited. In Asia, devotion to the Buddha Amida is particularly popular among the poor, and this involves a transformation of the idea of anatta—no Self—into an external agency, a Buddha who is “without measure”, in terms of in-finite light and in-finite life. These are apophatic concepts. In the Christian New Testament, we are told that God “has chosen the foolish things of this world to shame the wise, the weak to shame the strong…, the things that are not to shame the things that are” (1 Corinthians 1:27). The things that are not are the apophatic, and these are allied with the foolish and the weak, not the educated and the powerful.One major reason for emphasising the role of apophasis in religious thought is to break away from the idea that the core of religion is an ethical one. This is argued by a number of “liberal religious” thinkers in different religious traditions. I appreciate their reasons, and I am reluctant to ally myself with their opponents, who include the more fundamentalist types as well as some vocal critics of religion like Dawkins and Hitchens. However, I said that I would return to Kierkegaard, and the reason is this. Kierkegaard distinguishes between the aesthetic, the ethical and the religious. Of course, religion has an aesthetic and an ethical dimension, and in some religions these dimensions are particularly important, but that does not make them central to religion as such. Kierkegaard regarded the religious sphere as radically different from the aesthetic or even the ethical, hence his treatment of the story of Abraham going to Mount Moriah to sacrifice his son, in obedience to God’s command. His son was not killed in the end, but Abraham was ready to do the deed. This is not ethical. This is fundamentally and scandalously unethical. Yet it is religious, not because it is unethical and scandalous, but because it pushes us to the limits of our understanding, through the waters of doubt, and then beyond.Were I attempting to criticise religion, I would say it should not go there, that, to misquote Wittgenstein, the limits of my understanding are the limits of my world, whereof we cannot understand thereof we must remain silent. Were I attempting to defend religion, I would say that this is its genius, that it can push back the limits of understanding. I do not believe in value-neutral sociology, but, in this case, I am attempting neither. ReferencesAldridge, Alan. Religion in the Contemporary World. Cambridge: Polity, 2000.Aquinas, Thomas. “Summa of Christian Teaching”. An Aquinas Reader. ed. Mary Clarke. New York: Doubleday, 1972.Armstrong, Karen. The Great Transformation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.Barker, Eileen. New Religious Movements: a Practical Introduction. London: HMSO, 1989.Berger, Peter. The Social Reality of Religion. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973.Caputo, John. On Religion. London: Routledge, 2001.Clarke, Peter, and Peter Byrne, eds. Religion Defined and Explained. New York: St Martin’s Press. 1993.Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: Free Press, 1995.Holloway, Richard. Doubts and Loves. Edinburgh: Caqnongate, 2002.Jaspers, Karl. The Origin and Goal of History. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1977.Kierkegaard, Søren. Either/Or. London: Penguin, 1992.———. Fear and Trembling. London: Penguin, 1986.Murata, Sachiko, and William Chittick. The Vision of Islam. St Paul, Minnesota: Paragon House, 1994.Niebuhr, H. Richard. The Social Sources of Denominationalism. New York: Holt, 1929.Spiro, Melford. “Religion: Problems of Definition and Explanation.” Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. Ed. Michael Banton. London: Tavistock, 1966. 85–126.Touraine, Alain. The Post-Industrial Society. London: Wilwood House, 1974.Tylor, Edward. Primitive Culture. London: Murray, 1903.Weber, Max. The Sociology of Religion. Boston: Beacon Press, 1991.Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Remarks on Frazer’s Golden Bough. Nottingham: Brynmill Press, 1979.

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