Journal articles: 'Propylene glycol ethers'

1

Vegh, L. "Propylene glycol ethers and propylene glycol ether acetate ‘PMA’ in coating applications." Pigment & Resin Technology 14, no. 7 (1985): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb042147.

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Starek-Świechowicz, Beata, and Andrzej Starek. "Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol ethers – Reproductive and developmental toxicity." Medycyna Pracy 66, no. 5 (2015): 725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00219.

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Choi, Hyunok, Norbert Schmidbauer, John Spengler, and Carl-Gustaf Bornehag. "Sources of Propylene Glycol and Glycol Ethers in Air at Home." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7, no. 12 (2010): 4213–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7124213.

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Xu, Yueting, Yanfei Zhao, Fengtao Zhang, et al. "Hydrogen bonding-catalysed alcoholysis of propylene oxide at room temperature." Chemical Communications 57, no. 70 (2021): 8734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc03602e.

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Alcoholysis of propylene oxide is achieved over azolate ionic liquids at room temperature by hydrogen-bonding catalysis, accessing glycol ethers in moderate to high yields with selectivity of >99%.

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Rodriguez, Carmen L., Julia Weathers, Bernadette Corujo, and Patricia Peterson. "Formulating water-based systems with propylene-oxide-based glycol ethers." Journal of Coatings Technology 72, no. 6 (2000): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02757878.

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Zhao, Cong, Shengxin Chen, Ruirui Zhang, et al. "Synthesis of propylene glycol ethers from propylene oxide catalyzed by environmentally friendly ionic liquids." Chinese Journal of Catalysis 38, no. 5 (2017): 879–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2067(17)62831-6.

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Li, Xue-Lian, Quan Zhou, Shen-Xi Pan, Yu He, and Fei Chang. "A Review of Catalytic Upgrading of Biodiesel Waste Glycerol to Valuable Products." Current Green Chemistry 7, no. 3 (2020): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213346107666200108114217.

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: Glycerol is an organic polyol compound, and is an important raw material with extensive applications in daily/petrochemical and pharmaceutical industry. Glycerol is typically obtained by propylene chlorination, while the method used is complicated process and requires high energy consumption. Interestingly, glycerol is recognized as a major by-product of biodiesel production. Approximately 100 kg of glycerol is yielded for 1 tonne of biodiesel production. With the rapid development of the biodiesel industry, glycerol production capacity has been a serious surplus. This review introduces the selective conversion of glycerol into a variety of value-added chemicals such as propylene glycol, propanol, glyceraldehyde, and dihydroxyacetone via selective hydrogenation and oxidation, as well as hydrocarbons and ethers via pyrolysis, gasification and etherification, respectively. The efficiency of different types of catalysts and the influence of reaction parameters on the valorisation of glycerol have been elucidated. Emphasis is also laid on the study of catalytic mechanisms and pathways for some specific reactions.

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Hong, Lei, Deepak Tapriyal, and Robert M. Enick. "Phase Behavior of Poly(propylene glycol) Monobutyl Ethers in Dense CO2." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 53, no. 6 (2008): 1342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je800068v.

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Hubner, B., K. Geibel, and J. Angerer. "Gas-chromatographic determination of propylene- and diethylene glycol ethers in urine." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 342, no. 9 (1992): 746–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00321870.

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Bauduin, Pierre, Laurent Wattebled, Didier Touraud, and Werner Kunz. "Hofmeister Ion Effects on the Phase Diagrams of Water-Propylene Glycol Propyl Ethers." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 218, no. 6-2004 (2004): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.218.6.631.33453.

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11

Robinson, Valerie, Wilma F. Bergfeld, Donald V. Belsito, et al. "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of PPG-2 Methyl Ether, PPG-3 Methyl Ether, and PPG-2 Methyl Ether Acetate." International Journal of Toxicology 28, no. 6_suppl (2009): 162S—174S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581809350933.

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PPG-2 methyl ether, PPG-3 methyl ether, and PPG-2 methyl ether acetate are used in cosmetics as fragrance ingredients and/or solvents at concentrations of 0.4% to 2%. Propylene glycol ethers are rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body when introduced by inhalation or oral exposure, but the inhalation toxicity of PPG-2 methyl ether vapor, for example, is low. Aerosols, such as found with hair sprays, produce particle sizes that are not respirable. Because these ingredients are highly water-soluble, they are likely to be absorbed through the human skin only at slow rates, resulting in low blood concentrations and rapid removal by the kidney. These ingredients are not genotoxic and are not reproductive or developmental toxicants. Overall the data are sufficient to conclude that PPG-2 methyl ether, PPG-3 methyl ether, and PPG-2 methyl ether acetate are safe as used in cosmetics.

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Robinson, Valerie, Wilma F. Bergfeld, Donald V. Belsito, et al. "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of PPG-2 Methyl Ether, PPG-3 Methyl Ether, and PPG-2 Methyl Ether Acetate." International Journal of Toxicology 28, no. 2_suppl (2009): 162S—174S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10915818093509331.

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PPG-2 methyl ether, PPG-3 methyl ether, and PPG-2 methyl ether acetate are used in cosmetics as fragrance ingredients and/or solvents at concentrations of 0.4% to 2%. Propylene glycol ethers are rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body when introduced by inhalation or oral exposure, but the inhalation toxicity of PPG-2 methyl ether vapor, for example, is low. Aerosols, such as found with hair sprays, produce particle sizes that are not respirable. Because these ingredients are highly water-soluble, they are likely to be absorbed through the human skin only at slow rates, resulting in low blood concentrations and rapid removal by the kidney. These ingredients are not genotoxic and are not reproductive or developmental toxicants. Overall the data are sufficient to conclude that PPG-2 methyl ether, PPG-3 methyl ether, and PPG-2 methyl ether acetate are safe as used in cosmetics.

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Aljitawi, Omar, Siddhartha Ganguly, Sunil Abhyankar, J. Daniel Robinson, J, D. Pipkin, and Joseph McGuirk. "A Phase IIa, Open-Label, Randomized, Pharmacokinetic Comparative, Cross-Over Studyof Melphalan HCl for Injection (propylene glycol-free) and Alkeran for Injection for Myeloablative Conditioning In Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing Autologous Transplantation." Blood 116, no. 21 (2010): 4525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4525.4525.

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Abstract Abstract 4525 High dose therapy and autologous transplantation is considered a standard of care procedure in symptomatic, transplant eligible multiple myeloma patients. The chemotherapy of choice in this situation is high dose melphalan. The later has marginal solubility and limited chemical stability upon reconstitution and dilution. The marginal stability of this compound has limited the use of regimens utilizing higher absolute dosages and/or longer infusions (> 60 minutes) that could potentially lead to improved outcomes. Accordingly, co-solvents are used in the marketed formulation, which are believed to contribute to the side effects of the therapy. A co-solvent used in Alkeran for Injection is propylene glycol, which has been reported to cause renal dysfunction, arrhythmias, hyperosmolality, increased anion gap metabolic acidosis, and sepsis-like syndrome. On the other hand, Melphalan HCl for Injection (Propylene Glycol-Free), a reformulation of Alkeran for Injection, incorporates the Captisol® brand of β-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ethers, sodium salts (also known as [SBE]7m-β-CD) into a freeze-dried product developed by CyDex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (CyDex). Captisol improves stability allowing for potentially longer infusion times. Study Design/Goals: In this phase IIa, open-label, randomized, cross-over design, the PK of Melphalan HCl for Injection (Propylene Glycol-Free) and Alkeran for Injection are assessed in the same MM patients undergoing transplantation. Furthermore, the rates of myeloablation and subsequent engraftment are determined, and any difference in expected safety and tolerability due to high-dose Melphalan HCl for Injection (Propylene Glycol-Free) is assessed in transplanted patients. Results: Seven patients of the planned 24 patients have already enrolled in the study at the University of Kansas Medical Center. All patients achieved myeloablation followed by successful engraftment. Median time to myeloablation, defined as number of days from the start of chemotherapy until absolute neutrophil count dropped below 500/Ul, was 6.4 days (range 5–7 days). Median time to neutrophil engraftment, defined as first day of three consecutive days where ANC was higher than 500/Ul following their nadir, was day +9. Beside expected grade 2–3 toxicities related to high dose melphalan, no additional toxicities were reported. In specific, no renal insufficiency was noted. Preliminary PK analysis has been performed on five patients. Preliminiary parameter estimates (Mean± SEM) are presented in the Table. The mean bioavailability was 113%. The mean half-lifes for the Melphalan HCl for Injection (Propylene Glycol-Free) and Alkeran for Injection were 70 and 75 min. Following Melphalan HCL for Injection (PropyleneGlycol-Free) and Alkeran for Injection, the distribution volumes were 0.23 and 0.35 L/kg and clearances were 0.29 and 0.34 L/hr per kg, respectively. Conclusion: Melphalan HCl for Injection (Propylene Glycol-Free), administered as half of a high-dose conditioning regimen, appears to result in successful myeloablation and subsequent engraftment at no extra-toxicity, and trending toward higher bio-availability compared to Alkeran. Future studies that are designed to expose patients exclusively to the propylene glycol-free formulation will delineate potential safety and efficacy advantages over the current therapy.ProductN=Cmax (μ g/mL)t½α(min)t½ β(min)Vc (L)Vdss (L)AUC (μ g* min/mL)CL (mL/min)Melphalan HCl for Injection55.5 ± 2.112.9 ± 2.769.6 ± 2.825.5 ± 11.042.0 ± 15.4424 ± 146529 ± 187Alkeran54.4 ± 2.624.2 ± 19.774.8 ± 14.039.3 ± 25.752.3 ± 22.1375 ± 167631 ± 209 Disclosures: Aljitawi: CyDex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Research Funding. Off Label Use: Melphalan use in high dose therapy and autologous transplantation. Robinson:CyDex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy. Pipkin:CyDex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment.

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Spencer, P. J. "New toxicity data for the propylene glycol ethers – a commitment to public health and safety." Toxicology Letters 156, no. 1 (2005): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.09.023.

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van Gerven, J., L. van Horssen, and N. van Veen. "Propylene Glycol Ethers—An Alternative to CFC 113 for the Cleaning of Printed Circuit Boards." Circuit World 17, no. 1 (1990): 15–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb046108.

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Grosjean, Daniel. "Atmospheric Chemistry of Toxic Contaminants. 2. Saturated Aliphatics: Acetaldehyde, Dioxane, Ethylene Glycol Ethers, Propylene Oxide." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 40, no. 11 (1990): 1522–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1990.10466803.

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Shih, H. C., S. W. Tsai, and C. H. Kuo. "Time-Weighted Average Sampling of Airborne Propylene Glycol Ethers by a Solid-Phase Microextraction Device." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 9, no. 7 (2012): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2012.685851.

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Gómez-Cuenca, F., M. Gómez-Marín, and M. B. Folgueras-Díaz. "The influence of propylene glycol ethers on base diesel properties and emissions from a diesel engine." Energy Conversion and Management 75 (November 2013): 741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.012.

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Fromme, H., L. Nitschke, S. Boehmer, M. Kiranoglu, and T. Göen. "Exposure of German residents to ethylene and propylene glycol ethers in general and after cleaning scenarios." Chemosphere 90, no. 11 (2013): 2714–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.051.

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Hsu, Joy, Maria C. del Rosario, Erica Thomasson, Danae Bixler, Loretta Haddy, and Mary Anne Duncan. "Hospital Impact After a Chemical Spill That Compromised the Potable Water Supply: West Virginia, January 2014." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 5 (2017): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.193.

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AbstractIn January 2014, a chemical spill of 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol and propylene glycol phenyl ethers contaminated the potable water supply of approximately 300,000 West Virginia residents. To understand the spill’s impact on hospital operations, we surveyed representatives from 10 hospitals in the affected area during January 2014. We found that the spill-related loss of potable water affected many aspects of hospital patient care (eg, surgery, endoscopy, hemodialysis, and infection control of Clostridium difficile). Hospital emergency preparedness planning could be enhanced by specifying alternative sources of potable water sufficient for hemodialysis, C. difficile infection control, and hospital processing and cleaning needs (in addition to drinking water). (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:621–624)

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Staples, Charles A., and John W. Davis. "An examination of the physical properties, fate, ecotoxicity and potential environmental risks for a series of propylene glycol ethers." Chemosphere 49, no. 1 (2002): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00176-5.

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Bauduin, Pierre, Aurélie Basse, Didier Touraud, and Werner Kunz. "Effect of short non-ionic amphiphiles derived from ethylene and propylene glycol alkyl ethers on the CMC of SDS." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 270-271 (December 2005): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.05.030.

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Magina, Sandra, Ana Barros-Timmons, and Dmitry V. Evtuguin. "Synthesis of Lignosulfonate-Based Dispersants for Application in Concrete Formulations." Materials 14, no. 23 (2021): 7388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237388.

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Lignosulfonates (LS) are products from the sulfite pulping process that could be applied as renewable environmentally-friendly polymeric surfactants. Being widely used as plasticizers and water-reducing admixtures in concrete formulations LS compete in the market with petroleum-based superplasticizers, such as naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde polycondensate (NSF) and copolymer polycarboxylate ethers (PCE). In this work, different chemical modification strategies were used to improve LS performance as dispersants for concrete formulations. One strategy consisted in increasing the molecular weight of LS through different approaches, such as laccase and polyoxometalate-mediated polymerization, glyoxalation, and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The other strategy consisted of preparing LS-based non-ionic polymeric dispersants using two different epoxidized oligomer derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG). Modified LS were used to prepare cement pastes, which were examined for their fluidity. Results revealed that the most promising products are PPG-modified LS due to the introduction of PPG chains by reaction with phenolic moieties in LS. The enhanced dispersant efficiency of the ensuing products is probably related not only to electrostatic repulsion caused by the sulfonic ionizable groups in LS but also to steric hindrance phenomena due to the grafted bulky PPG chains.

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Titkov, Alexander I., Inna A. Malbakhova, Tatyana A. Borisenko, et al. "Features of the formation of conductive films during thermal and laser sintering of silver nanoparticles stabilized by an ethoxylated carboxylic acid." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001043.

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Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) of ~ 6 nm in size were synthesized by the reduction of silver 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetate by benzyl alcohol acting both as the solvent and as the reducer. The as-synthesized Ag NPs were dispersed in a mixture of nontoxic solvents with different boiling temperatures (butanol and propylene glycol ethers) to prepare ink. The ink was spin-coated on polyimide films and processed with thermal and laser sintering. After thermal sintering, the silver films have a non-uniform structure and contain many voids, causing their resistivity to be quite high (28 µΩ×cm). Laser sintering of the Ag NPs inks spin-coated on a polyimide film using a fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1.064 µm in a pulse-periodic mode results in a uniform film structure, almost without voids, with a lower resistivity of 2.3 µΩ×cm. Laser sintering in this case is a promising method to fabricate conductive patterns on various substrates, including polymer flexible ones.

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Pillai, Sadafara A., Sureshkumar Chavda, and Pratap Bahadur. "Aqueous solution behavior of cationic surfactant modulated by glycol additives: Investigating aggregation and microstructure of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles in the presence of propylene glycol, its ethers and esters." Journal of Molecular Liquids 223 (November 2016): 1291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.09.051.

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Kucharska, MAŁGORZATA, and Wiktor Wesołowski. "1,2-Dimethoxyethane Determination in working air with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer." Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 33, no. 2(92) (2017): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0062.

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Under normal conditions, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) is a colorless and transparent liquid with a faint odor of ether, very soluble in water, charac-terized by a high vapor pressure. It belongs to the group of alkyl ethers solvents, derivatives of eth-ylene glycol. 1,2-Dimethoxyethane is used as an ex-cipient in preparing and processing industrial chemicals, in the production of fluoric polymers and as a solvent and cleaning agent in the microe-lectronics and printing industries. In the literature there are no data on the acute and chronic toxicity of 1,2-dimethoxyethane. However, long-term epidemiological studies on compounds of similar chemical structure suggest that human exposure to ethylene glycol alkyl ethers can ad-versely affect fertility and fetal development, and hematological parameters. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive method for determining concentrations of 1,2-dimethoxyethane in workplace air in the range from 1/20 to 2 MAC values, in accordance with the requirements of Standard No. PN-EN 482+A1: 2016-1. The study was performed using a gas chromato-graph (GC). A 7890B Agilent Technologies gas chromatograph with a 5977A mass spectrometry detector (MSD), HP PONA (50 m; 0,2 mm; 0,5 μm) capillary analytical column, auto sampler and Mass Hunter software was used for chromato-graphic separations. The method is based on the adsorption of 1,2-di-methoxyethane on charcoal, desorption with di-chloromethane and GC/MSD analysis of the re-sulting solution. Extraction efficiency of 1,2-di-methoxyethane from charcoal was 96.4%. Samples of 1,2-dimethoxyethane can be stored in refrigera-tor for up to 28 days. The use of a HP-PONA capil-lary column enabled selective determination of 1,2-dimethoxyethane in a mixture of dichloromethane, toluene, carbon disulfide, ethylene and propylene glycol and other compounds. The method is linear (r = 0.9999) within the inves-tigated working range from 5 to 200 μg/ml, which is equivalent to air concentrations from 0.5 to 20 mg/m3 for a 10-L air sample. The limit of quan-tification (LOQ) is 1,306 μg/ml. The analytical method described in this paper ena-bles selective determination of 1,2-dimethoxye-thane in workplace atmosphere in presence of other compounds at concentrations from 0.5 to 20 mg/m3 (1/20 ÷ 2 MAC value). The method is precise, accurate and it meets the criteria for proce-dures for measuring chemical agents listed in Standard No. PN-EN 482+A1: 2016-1. The method can be used for assessing occupational exposure to 1,2-dimethoxyethane and associated risk to work-ers’ health. The developed method of determining 1,2-di-methoxyethane has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see Appendix).

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Grobelny, Zbigniew, Justyna Jurek-Suliga, and Sylwia Golba. "Application of Monopotassium Dipropylene Glycoxide for Homopolymerization and Copolymerization of Monosubstituted Oxiranes: Characterization of Synthesized Macrodiols by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry." Polymers 12, no. 12 (2020): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122795.

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Monopotassium dipropylene glycoxide, activated by a 18-crown-6 cation complexing agent (K-DPG/L, where DPG (dipropylene glycol) is a mixture of isomers) was used as an effective initiator of the homopolymerization and copolymerization of several monosubstituted oxiranes, i.e., propylene oxide (PO), 1.2-butylene oxide (BO), and some glycidyl ethers such as allyl, isopropyl, phenyl, and benzyl ones (AGE, IPGE, PGE, and BGE, respectively). The copolymers are novel and can be prospectively used for the fabrication of new thermoplastic or crosslinked polyurethanes. All processes were carried out in homogeneous mild conditions, i.e., tetrahydrofuran solution at room temperature and normal pressure. They resulted in new unimodal macrodiols with Mn = Mcalc in the range of 1500–8300, low dispersity Mw/Mn = 1.08–1.18 and a chemical structure well defined by several techniques, i.e., MALDI-TOF, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), 13C NMR, and FTIR. Monopotassium salts of homopolyether-diols, i.e., PPO-diol, PBO-diol, and PAGE-diol, appeared to be useful macroinitiators for the preparation of new triblock copolyether-diols by polymerization of glycidyl ethers. In BO/BGE random copolymerization initiated with K-DPG/L, macromolecules of copolyether-diol were exclusively formed. Macromolecules of copolyether-diol accompanied by homopolyether PPO-diol were identified in the PO/PGE system. However, AGE and PGE reacted by giving random copolyether-diol as well as homopolymer-diols, i.e., PAGE-diol and PPGE-diol. Macromolecules of prepared copolyether-diols contain various numbers of mers deriving from comonomers; the kind of comonomer determines the composition of the product. Several prepared homopolyether-diols and copolyether-diols could be useful for the synthesis of new thermoplastic polyurethanes.

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Saengarun, Chakrapong, Amorn Petsom, and Duangamol Nuntasri Tungasmita. "Etherification of Glycerol with Propylene or 1-Butene for Fuel Additives." Scientific World Journal 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4089036.

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The etherification of glycerol with propylene over acidic heterogeneous catalysts, Amberlyst-15, S100, and S200 resins, produced mono-propyl glycerol ethers (MPGEs), 1,3-di- and 1,2-di-propyl glycerol ethers (DPGEs), and tri-propyl glycerol ether (TPGE). The propylation of glycerol over Amberlyst-15 yielded only TPGE. The glycerol etherification with 1-butene over Amberlyst-15 and S200 resins produced 1-mono-, 2-mono-, 1,2-di-, and 1,3-di-butyl glycerol ethers (1-MBGE, 2-MBGE, 1,2-DBGE, and 1,3-DBGE). The use of Amberlyst-15 resulted in the propylation and butylation of glycerol with higher yields than those obtained from the S100 and S200 resins. The PGEs, TPGE, and BGEs were evaluated as cold flow improvers and octane boosters. These alkyl glycerol ethers can reduce the cloud point of blended palm biodiesels with diesel. They can increase the research octane number and the motor octane number of gasoline.

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Bashir, Qaiser, Peter F. Thall, Dawen Sui, Cristina Knape, Jitesh Kawedia, and Muzaffar H. Qazilbash. "Trial in Progress: A Prospective Phase I/II Trial to Jointly Optimize the Administration Schedule(s) and Dose(s) of Melphalan for Injection (Evomela) As a Preparative Regimen for Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (2020): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-139853.

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Background: High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto HCT) is considered to be the standard of care treatment for transplant-eligible patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The most commonly used conditioning regimen in this setting is high-dose melphalan by intravenous administration. Conventional melphalan formulations, when administered at high doses, can put patients at risk of potential propylene glycol-associated toxicities. Melphalan for injection (Evomela) is propylene glycol free (PGF), can be dissolved directly using saline, and as a PGF reformulation of Alkeran, incorporating Captisol brand of beta-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ethers sodium salts, overcomes previous formulation limitations. In 2016 Evomela was the first product approved by the US FDA for high-dose conditioning treatment prior to HCT in MM patients and it is also indicated for the palliative treatment of patients with MM for whom oral therapy is not appropriate. Reconstituted Evomela solution can be stored in the vial for up to 1 hour at room temperature or up to 24 hours at 2-8 °C with no significant degradation. After storage in the vial, it remains stable for an additional 3 to 29 hours after, preparation of admixture solution in infusion bags at concentrations of 0.25 to 5.0 mg/mL, respectively. As well, Evomela solution in saline, at concentration of 5.0 mg/mL melphalan, was bacteriostatic through 72 hours when stored at 2-8 °C. This stability allows for less frequent handling by pharmacy and nursing staff, resulting in a concomitant decrease in exposure risks, increased convenience and administration flexibility, suggestive of an improved ease of handling and administration, when compared to Alkeran. Further, Evomela may actually be less toxic due to the absence of propylene glycol. Although increased melphalan doses have previously demonstrated signals of improved response, the most commonly used dose of melphalan is 200 mg/m2, primarily due to concerns of toxicity. Emerging data regarding higher stability and potentially less toxicity of PGF melphalan (Evomela) supports dose escalation evaluation in order to improve the outcomes. Previous trial data have shown that continuous infusion or frequent fractionated-dose delivery increases the antitumour activity of several drugs. Due to the instability of currently available Alkeran at the room temperature, infusional studies have not been feasible. This limitation is overcome by Evomela, being that the compound is stable for several hours at the room temperature, thus allowing evaluation of infusional schedules in addition to the traditional 30-60 minute bolus doses. Here, we describe a trial designed to assess whether the above noted characteristics of Evomela allow for the escalation of dose and prolongation of infusion time, in order to increase the efficacy of melphalan in patients undergoing auto-HCT. Study Design/Methods: This is a two-stage phase I-II trial to optimize the dose and schedule of Evomela given as a single agent preparative regimen for auto-HCT. Up to 60 participants may be included if they are 18-70 years of age, with non-relapsed MM, have a Karnofsky performance score ≥70%, who have received at least two cycles of initial systemic therapy, and are within 2 to 12 months of the first dose. Patients will be randomized 1:1 to two different infusion schedules (30-60 minute infusion or 8-9 hour infusion) using Evomela (2mg/ml) at two dose cohorts (200mg/ml2 or 225mg/m2). Because 2 mg/mL Evomela is stable for 10 hours, patients receiving the 8-9 hour infusion will receive the total dose in one single infusion bag. The primary objectives are to determine the optimal dose and schedule of Evomela before auto-HCT for MM and collect pharmacokinetic data and compare the exposure-response evaluations between the two infusion schedules. Secondary outcomes will include incidence of treatment-related mortality, rate of minimal residual disease negative complete response at 90 days post auto-HCT, progression-free survival and overall survival after auto-HCT in newly diagnosed myeloma patients treated on different schedules and doses of Evomela. The active study follow-up period will be up to one-year post auto-HCT. Figure Disclosures Bashir: Acrotech: Research Funding; StemLine: Research Funding; Takeda: Other: Advisory Board, Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; KITE: Other: Advisory Board; Amgen: Other: Advisory Board; Purdue: Other: Advisory Board. Qazilbash:Amgen: Research Funding; Bioclinica: Consultancy; Angiocrine: Research Funding; Bioline: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding.

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Ye, Changshen, Xiaolian Dong, Wenjie Zhu, Dongren Cai, and Ting Qiu. "Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria of the binary mixtures propylene glycol methyl ether+propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, methyl acetate+propylene glycol methyl ether and methanol+propylene glycol methyl ether acetate at 101.3kPa." Fluid Phase Equilibria 367 (April 2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2014.01.022.

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Dentan, A., A. Devanthéry, J. E. de Peyer, and P. O. Droz. "Propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) exposure." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 73, no. 5 (2000): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200000121.

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Lebedev, A. V., and S. N. Lysenko. "Extension of the Working Temperature Range of Magnetic Fluid Susceptibility Measurements." Solid State Phenomena 190 (June 2012): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.190.649.

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Tests have been carried out to measure the temperature dependence of static susceptibility of a magnetic fluid stabilized with polypropylene glycol (PPG) in propanol, ethyl ether and propylene oxide. The use of propylene oxide provides the widest temperature range for measurements of fluid susceptibility. The coagulation stability of the PPG-stabilized magnetic fluid against ethylene glycol and 1,4-butylene glycol is investigated. It has been shown that ethylene glycol can be used to separate PPG magnetic fluid into fractions. The fluid separation begins as soon as the volumetric fraction of ethylene glycol exceeds 30%. Butylene glycol is unsuitable for fractionation but can be used to remove excess surfactant - PPG.

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Subramanian, K., and R. S. Somachandran. "Synthesis of Castor Oil based Pristine and Silver Nanoparticle Embedded Polyurethanes and their Characterization by Thermal and Antibacterial Activity Analysis for Biomedical Applications." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 4 (2022): 967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23646.

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Ecofriendly and sustainable pristine and silver nanoparticle embedded polyurethanes (PUs)/polyureas were synthesized by using the renewable castor oil as the main component, 1,6-hexane diol, poly(propylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol)-bis-2-amino propyl ether as chain extenders, trimethylolpropane/or glycerol as cross linkers and toluene diisocyanate and dibutyltindilaurate as curator and catalyst, respectively. The prepared PUs were characterized for their thermal degradation by simultaneous TGA/DTA, structural features by FT-IR and antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and E. coli. The onset degradation temperature (265-269 ºC) of the PUs was much lower than the onset weight loss temperature of castor oil. In air, the thermal degradation was exothermic at temperatures beyond 300 ºC. Unlike the pristine PUs, AgNPs embedded PUs displayed antibacterial activity and comparatively lower degradation temperature due to the catalytic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). These PUs may be used for various biomedical applications such as antibacterial foam, antibacterial scaffold, body implant, food packaging, wound dressing, etc.

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Jiang, Xingmao, Nanguo Liu, Roger A. Assink, Yingbing Jiang, and C. Jeffrey Brinker. "Photoresponsive Release from Azobenzene-Modified Single Cubic Crystal NaCl/Silica Particles." Journal of Nanomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/439756.

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Azobenzene ligands were uniformly anchored to the pore surfaces of nanoporous silica particles with single crystal NaCl using 4-(3-triethoxysilylpropylureido)azobenzene (TSUA). The functionalization delayed the release of NaCl significantly. The modified particles demonstrated a photocontrolled release by trans/cis isomerization of azobenzene moieties. The addition of amphiphilic solvents, propylene glycol (PG), propylene glycol propyl ether (PGPE), and dipropylene glycol propyl ether (DPGPE) delayed the release in water, although the wetting behavior was improved and the delay is the most for the block molecules with the longest carbon chain. The speedup by UV irradiation suggests a strong dependence of diffusion on the switchable pore size. TGA, XRD, FTIR, and NMR techniques were used to characterize the structures.

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Wang, Yong Jie, and Mu Zhang. "MZ Solid Catalysts for Synthesis of 1-Methoxy-2-Propanol with High Selectivity." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1717.

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This document explains and demonstrates the problem of Methanol and propylene oxide propoxylation, ZrO2 load active alkali metal oxides MgO the catalytic propoxylation method, analyzed a new type of catalyst activity and selectivity. The results show that the synthesis of MZ complex oxide as a catalyst for the reaction of Methanol substrate, through the catalytic reaction of propylene oxide, selective access to the propylene glycol ether, High selectivity synthesis 1-Methoxy-2-propanol. Synthesis of complex oxide catalyst MZ series in the course of the performance of the primary ether good selectivity, Primary ether, second ether ratio greater than 12, and the catalytic activity is also high (about 91% of all).

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Wang, Yong Jie. "ZM Solid Catalysts for Synthesis of 1-Butoxy-2-Propanol with High Selectivity." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 1771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1771.

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This document explains and demonstrates the problem of butanol and propylene oxide propoxylation, ZrO2 load active alkali metal oxides MgO the catalytic propoxylation method, analyzed a new type of catalyst activity and selectivity. The results show that the synthesis of ZM complex oxide as a catalyst for the reaction of butanol substrate, through the catalytic reaction of propylene oxide, selective access to the propylene glycol ether, High selectivity synthesis 1-butoxy-2-propanol. Synthesis of complex oxide catalyst ZM series in the course of the performance of the primary ether good selectivity, Primary ether, second ether ratio greater than 12, and the catalytic activity is also high (about 90% of all).

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Devanthéry, A., A. Dentan, M. Berode, and P. O. Droz. "Propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) occupational exposure." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 73, no. 5 (2000): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200000120.

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Hsieh, Cheng-Ting, Ming-Jer Lee, and Ho-mu Lin. "Multiphase Equilibria for Mixtures Containing Acetic Acid, Water, Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether, and Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45, no. 6 (2006): 2123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie051245t.

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Solangi, K. H., Ahmad Amiri, M. R. Luhur, et al. "Experimental investigation of heat transfer performance and frictional loss of functionalized GNP-based water coolant in a closed conduit flow." RSC Advances 6, no. 6 (2016): 4552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra23998b.

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The convective heat transfer coefficient and friction factor of trimethylolpropane tris[poly(propylene glycol), amine terminated] ether-treated graphene nanoplatelet-based water coolants are investigated.

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Zhao, Cen, Julie R. Peller, Stephen P. Mezyk, Prashant V. Kamat, and Kevin E. O’Shea. "Oxidative remediation of 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM) and propylene glycol phenyl ether (PPh). Evidence of contaminant repair reaction pathways." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 20 (2017): 13324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp01896g.

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Rate constants and reaction efficiencies were determined for HO˙-mediated reactions for 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol and propylene glycol phenyl ether to simulate contaminant remediation in surface waters.

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Khudaida, Salal Hasan, Yi-Lin Wang, and Ming-Jer Lee. "Multiphase equilibria of binary and ternary mixtures containing water, propylene glycol methyl ether, and propylene glycol methyl ether propionate." Fluid Phase Equilibria 515 (July 2020): 112589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2020.112589.

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Karakashev, Stoyan I., Nikolay A. Grozev, Khandjamts Batjargal, et al. "Correlations for Easy Calculation of the Critical Coalescence Concentration (CCC) of Simple Frothers." Coatings 10, no. 7 (2020): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070612.

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Can the critical coalescence concentration (CCC) of the flotation frothers be predictable? What is the relation between their molecular structure and their CCC values? A literature survey found specific correlations between the hydrophilic-lipophilic balances (HLB) and HLB/Mw (where Mw stands for the molecular mass) of homologue series of frothers and their CCC values, but the results are invalid when the molecule’s functional groups change. For this reason, 37 frothers with known values of CCC were analyzed. The CCC values of seven frothers were determined, and the rest were taken from the literature. The frothers were subdivided in homologue series with an increasing number of the carbon atoms with an account for the type and the location of the functional group, thus deriving three types of correlations lnCCC = f(HLB) applicable for: (i) alcohols; (ii) propylene glycols alkyl ethers and propylene glycols; (iii) ethylene glycols alkyl ethers. The average accuracy of these correlations between CCC and HLB is 93%.

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Wang, Kaijun, Qifan Mao, Weimin Fei, Lingxin Kong, Xiaoyan Cao, and Zhenggui Gu. "Synthesis of core–shell Ce-modified mixed metal oxides derived from P123-templated layered double hydroxides." RSC Advances 11, no. 14 (2021): 8375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra00227a.

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A shell of P123-templated CeMgAl-LDO was distributed in transverse and longitudinal directions on spheres of SiO<sub>2</sub>. The composites displayed high catalytic activity in the synthesis of propylene glycol methyl ether.

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Skálová, Tereza, Jarmila Dušková, Jindřich Hašek, Petr Kolenko, Andrea Štěpánková, and Jan Dohnálek. "Alternative polymer precipitants for protein crystallization." Journal of Applied Crystallography 43, no. 4 (2010): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889810014317.

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A set of 16 inexpensive and commercially available polymer precipitants were tested for protein crystallization. Eight of them were found suitable: polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether of molecular weight (MW) 500, 1000 and 2000; di[poly(ethylene glycol)] adipate, MW 900; poly(ethylene glycol-ran-propylene glycol), MW 2500 and 12000; poly(acrylic acid) sodium salt, MW 2100; and polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, MW 1100. Two new crystallization screens, PolyA and PolyB, were formulated using these eight polymers, each containing 96 solutions – four polymers in combination with 24 common salts and buffers, covering pH values from 4.5 to 9.0. The screens were tested on 29 proteins, 21 of which were crystallized. The tests confirmed the applicability of the eight polymers as precipitants for protein crystallization.

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Harikrishna, R. "Cationic photopolymerization kinetics of neat coating formulations involving poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether and glycerol diglycidyl ether." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 122, no. 3 (2015): 1445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4967-4.

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CHEN, Hao, Zhi-feng JIA, and De-yue YAN. "PREPARATION OF TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE HYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS FROM POLY(PROPYLENE GLYCOL) DIGLYCIDYL ETHER AND GLYCEROL." Acta Polymerica Sinica 007, no. 11 (2009): 1097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1105.2007.01097.

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Ninhaus-Silveira, Alexandre, Fausto Foresti, Alexandre de Azevedo, Cláudio Ângelo Agostinho, and Rosicleire Veríssimo-Silveira. "Cryogenic preservation of embryos ofProchilodus lineatus(Valenciennes, 1836) (Characiforme; Prochilodontidae)." Zygote 17, no. 1 (2009): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199408004991.

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SummaryWhile the freezing techniques of mammal embryos have been providing promising results, the cryopreservation of teleostean eggs and embryos have remained unsuccessful up to now. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a procedure of cryogenic preservation of embryos ofProchilodus lineatusand to observe, at both structural and ultrastructural levels, the morphological alterations that took place after the application of freezing/thawing techniques. The embryos at the morula stage could not tolerate exposure to the cryoprotectants ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, methanol, dimethyl sulphoxide and propylene glycol, presenting 100% of mortality. Embryos at the 4- to 6-somites stage tolerated exposure to propylene glycol and dimethyl sulphoxide, and the results revealed no significant differences (α = 0.05) regarding survival from both treatments. None of the freezing, thawing and hydration protocols was effective on preserving embryo viability. The ultrastructural analyses of frozen and thawed embryos showed that cells from ectoderm, somites, notochord and endoderm were structurally intact, with well preserved nuclei and mitochondria. The yolk globules were able to tolerate the freezing process, but the yolk syncytial layer was unorganized, displaying an electron-dense and compacted appearance, collapsed reticules, nuclei with modified chromatin and ruptures on the plasmatic membrane at the contact zone with endoderm. It might be concluded that the procedures tested for freezing were unable to avoid the formation of intracellular ice crystals, leading to drastic morphological modifications and makingP. lineatusembryos unviable.

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Krishnaiah, Abburi, Brett P. Gampper, and Dabir S. Viswanath. "Densities and viscosities for propylene glycol monomethyl ether + water." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 38, no. 3 (1993): 401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00011a018.

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Zawala, Jan, Agata Wiertel-Pochopien, and Przemyslaw B. Kowalczuk. "Critical Synergistic Concentration of Binary Surfactant Mixtures." Minerals 10, no. 2 (2020): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020192.

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This paper presents a simple method for determination of synergism in binary surfactant mixtures. A homologous series of cationic alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (CnTAB, with n = 8, 12, 16, 18) mixed with three non-ionic surfactants (n-octanol, methyl isobutyl carbinol, tri(propylene glycol) butyl ether) was chosen as a model system. In addition to the cationic-non-ionic system, the mixture of anionic-non-ionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulphate and tri(propylene glycol) butyl ether) was investigated. The foam behavior of one-component solutions and binary mixtures was characterized as a function of surfactant concentration, number of carbons (n) in alkyl chain of CnTAB as well as type of surfactant. It was shown that synergism in foamability could be produced by the ionic-non-ionic systems, and the concentration below the synergism occurs, called the critical synergistic concentration (CSC), that can be easily predicted based on the surface tension data on individual components.

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Ahmad, Javed, Showkat R. Mir, Kanchan Kohli та ін. "Solid-Nanoemulsion Preconcentrate for Oral Delivery of Paclitaxel: Formulation Design, Biodistribution, andγScintigraphy Imaging". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/984756.

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Aim of present study was to develop a solid nanoemulsion preconcentrate of paclitaxel (PAC) using oil [propylene glycol monocaprylate/glycerol monooleate, 4 : 1 w/w], surfactant [polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate/polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate, 1 : 1 w/w], and cosurfactant [diethylene glycol monoethyl ether/polyethylene glycol 300, 1 : 1 w/w] to form stable nanocarrier. The prepared formulation was characterized for droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to assess surface morphology and drug encapsulation and its integrity. Cumulative drug release of prepared formulation through dialysis bag and permeability coefficient through everted gut sac were found to be remarkably higher than the pure drug suspension and commercial intravenous product (Intaxel), respectively. Solid nanoemulsion preconcentrate of PAC exhibited strong inhibitory effect on proliferation of MCF-7 cells in MTT assay.In vivosystemic exposure of prepared formulation through oral administration was comparable to that of Intaxel inγscintigraphy imaging. Our findings suggest that the prepared solid nanoemulsion preconcentrate can be used as an effective oral solid dosage form to improve dissolution and bioavailability of PAC.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Propylene glycol ethers'

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