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Journal articles on the topic 'Prosimial'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 16 July 2025

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1

Remick, A. K., A. J. Van Wettere, and C. V. Williams. "Neoplasia in Prosimians: Case Series from a Captive Prosimian Population and Literature Review." Veterinary Pathology 46, no. 4 (2009): 746–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.08-vp-0154-r-fl.

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Neoplastic diseases in prosimians have been sporadically reported in the literature. To provide a comprehensive review of prosimian neoplasia, a retrospective evaluation of neoplasia in a large captive prosimian colony and an extensive literature review were performed. Primates that belong to the Order Primata, Suborder Prosimii with histologic evidence of neoplasia were included. One hundred twenty-three cases of spontaneous neoplasia were identified in 101 prosimians from the Duke Lemur Center, and 124 cases were reported in 116 prosimians in the literature. Overall, this review compiled a total of 247 neoplasms in 217 prosimians. Of the 217 affected animals, 88 of 217 were males (41%), 100 of 217 were females (46%), and sex was not reported in 29 of 217 (13%). Ages ranged from 2 days to 36 years. Prosimian families represented were Lemuridae (80/217 [37%]), Cheirogaleidae (61/217 [28%]), Galagidae (44/217 [20%]), Lorisidae (28/217 [13%]), and Indriidae (4/217 [2%]). The most commonly affected species were the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) (28/217 [13%]), thick-tailed greater bush baby (Otolemur crassicaudatus) (23/217 [11%]), and black lemur (Eulemur macaco) (19/217 [9%]). Organ systems affected, in order of descending occurrence, were digestive (75/247 [30%]), reproductive (40/247 [16%]), hematopoietic (34/247 [14%]), integumentary (28/247 [11%]), endocrine (26/247 [11%]), and urinary (17/247 [7%]). The respiratory, nervous, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular systems were infrequently affected. The most common neoplasms were hepatocellular (32/247 [13%]), lymphoma and/or leukemia (29/247 [12%]), biliary (15/247 [6%]), and mammary neoplasms (12/247 [5%]). This article should serve as a valuable reference for the types and relative frequencies of neoplasms that occur in prosimian species.
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2

Figueroa, F., C. O'hUigin, H. Tichy, and J. Klein. "The origin of the primate Mhc-DRB genes and allelic lineages as deduced from the study of prosimians." Journal of Immunology 152, no. 9 (1994): 4455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.152.9.4455.

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Abstract MHC class II genes of the DRB family were partially sequenced from 10 individuals representing six species of prosimians: Galago senegalensis, G. moholi, Otolemur garnetti, Loris tardigradus, Petterus (Lemur) fulvus, and Lemur catta. Altogether, 41 different genes were discerned, all distinct from genes identified previously. Comparative analysis of the sequences has led to the following conclusions. First, the DRB loci present in human populations diverged from one another before the divergence of prosimian and anthropoid primates. Second, major allelic lineages of the DRB1 locus, such as DRB1*03 (DRB1*13) and DRB1*04, were established more than 85 million years ago. Third, the DRB6 gene was inactivated before the separation of prosimians and anthropoids, and has remained a pseudogene for more than 85 million years. Fourth, the primate DRB region is structurally and functionally unstable. In Lemur catta, for example, all DRB genes have apparently been lost and their function taken over by DOB and/or DPB genes. DRB genes are, however, present in a related species, Petterus (Lemur) fulvus. Fifth, the prosimian DRB3 genes are all inactive; their function seems to have been taken over by new genes. Sixth, several of the prosimian DRB genes and pseudogenes have recently been duplicated. In Otolemur garnetti, for example, one chromosome carries at least three copies of the DRB3 pseudogene.
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3

Somura, Hiroko, Hiroshi Hori, and Yoshinobu Manome. "Sequence Analysis of Mitochondrial DNAs of 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1(COI) Regions in Slow Lorises (Genus Nycticebus) May Contribute to Improved Identification of Confiscated Specimens." ISRN Zoology 2012 (April 4, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/498731.

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The slow loris (Nycticebus) is a prosimian that is popular among exotic pet lovers. In Japan, many slow lorises have been imported illegally. Prosimians that have been confiscated in raids are protected in Japanese zoos, and the number of such animals has increased. In most cases, the country of origin remains unknown and even the species can be difficult to identify from the animal’s physical appearance alone. We have attempted to resolve this problem by using DNA analysis. DNA samples of five species, consisting of the Pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus), Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), Sunda slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus), and Bornean slow loris (Nycticebus menagensis), were extracted, amplified, and the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1(COI) regions were compared. Differences of nucleic acid sequences of representative individuals were demonstrated.
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4

Pastor, Juan Francisco, Magdalena Natalia Muchlinski, Josep María Potau, et al. "The Sublingua of Lemur catta and Varecia variegata: Only a Cleaning Function?" Animals 15, no. 2 (2025): 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020275.

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The sublingua is an anatomical structure located under the tongue. This rare organ can be present in some animals as a rudimentary structure, but among prosimian primates, such as lemurs and lorises, it is fully developed. In addition to the sublingua, prosimians have modified lower incisors and canines called “dental comb”. The anatomy of sublingua has been studied macro and microanatomically since the early 19th century. Most authors argue that the sublingua is an oral morphological adaptation to develop a toothbrush’s role in cleaning the dental comb. However, others assert that the functional role has yet to be established. Comparative studies of macro and microanatomy are scarce or incomplete for primates; thus, the putative function remains unclear. To better understand the functional significance of the sublingua, we studied this structure in Lemur catta and Varecia variegata specimens using histochemical staining techniques and scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis. The new data obtained provide a fuller picture of the role assigned to sublingua so far, which could be more complex. In light of the morphological findings, we should consider additional roles/functions of the sublingua, including but not limited to food processing, grooming or social behavior.
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5

Durdona, Bahtiyorovna Ergasheva, and Donyorbekovna Mirzaarapova Durdona. "PRIMATLAR (PRIMATES ) TURKUMI . PRIMATLARNING ASOSSIY YASHASH MUHITLARIGA MOSLANISHLARI MAVZUSIDA ADABIYOTLAR TAHLILI." Journal of Science-Innovative Research in Uzbekistan 1, no. 1 (2023): 27–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7978193.

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Ushbu maqola Primatlar turkumi mavzusida adabiyotlar tahlili bo‘lib, unda shu turkumning barcha xususiyatlari, filogeniyasi, hayotiy jarayonlari , yashash tarzi va yashash mihitiga moslanishlari,haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilgan. Har bir adabiyotdan olingan ma’lumotlar jamlanmasi yoritilgan.
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6

Bénit, Laurence, Jean-Baptiste Lallemand, Jean-François Casella, Hervé Philippe, and Thierry Heidmann. "ERV-L Elements: a Family of Endogenous Retrovirus-Like Elements Active throughout the Evolution of Mammals." Journal of Virology 73, no. 4 (1999): 3301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.4.3301-3308.1999.

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ABSTRACT We have previously identified in the human genome a family of 200 endogenous retrovirus-like elements, the HERV-L elements, disclosing similarities with the foamy retroviruses and which might be the evolutionary intermediate between classical intracellular retrotransposons and infectious retroviruses. Southern blot analysis of a large series of mammalian genomic DNAs shows that HERV-L-related elements—so-called ERV-L—are present among all placental mammals, suggesting that ERV-L elements were already present at least 70 million years ago. Most species exhibit a low copy number of ERV-L elements (from 10 to 30), while simians (not prosimians) and mice (not rats) have been subjected to bursts resulting in increases in the number of copies up to 200. The burst of copy number in primates can be dated to shortly after the prosimian and simian branchpoint, 45 to 65 million years ago, whereas murine species have been subjected to two much more recent bursts (less than 10 million years ago), occurring after theMus/Rattus split. We have amplified and sequenced 360-bp ERV-L internal fragments of the highly conserved pol gene from a series of 22 mammalian species. These sequences exhibit high percentages of identity (57 to 99%) with the murine fully coding MuERV-L element. Phylogenetic analyses allowed the establishment of a plausible evolutionary scheme for ERV-L elements, which accounts for the high level of sequence conservation and the widespread dispersion among mammals.
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7

Fleagle, John. "More Prosimian Biology." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 1, no. 5 (2005): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.1360010504.

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8

Carvalho, Livia S., Wayne L. Davies, Phyllis R. Robinson, and David M. Hunt. "Spectral tuning and evolution of primate short-wavelength-sensitive visual pigments." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1727 (2011): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0782.

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The peak sensitivities ( λ max ) of the short-wavelength-sensitive-1 (SWS1) pigments in mammals range from the ultraviolet (UV) (360–400 nm) to the violet (400–450 nm) regions of the spectrum. In most cases, a UV or violet peak is determined by the residue present at site 86, with Phe conferring UV sensitivity (UVS) and either Ser, Tyr or Val causing a shift to violet wavelengths. In primates, however, the tuning mechanism of violet-sensitive (VS) pigments would appear to differ. In this study, we examine the tuning mechanisms of prosimian SWS1 pigments. One species, the aye-aye, possesses a pigment with Phe86 but in vitro spectral analysis reveals a VS rather than a UVS pigment. Other residues (Cys, Ser and Val) at site 86 in prosimians also gave VS pigments. Substitution at site 86 is not, therefore, the primary mechanism for the tuning of VS pigments in primates, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that substitutions at site 86 have occurred at least five times in primate evolution. The sole potential tuning site that is conserved in all primate VS pigments is Pro93, which when substituted by Thr (as found in mammalian UVS pigments) in the aye-aye pigment shifted the peak absorbance into the UV region with a λ max value at 371 nm. We, therefore, conclude that the tuning of VS pigments in primates depends on Pro93, not Tyr86 as in other mammals. However, it remains uncertain whether the initial event that gave rise to the VS pigment in the ancestral primate was achieved by a Thr93Pro or a Phe86Tyr substitution.
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9

Baden, Andrea L. "2007 International Prosimian Congress." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 16, no. 6 (2007): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.20148.

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10

Podgorski, Iva I., Laura Pantó, Katalin Földes, et al. "Adenoviruses of the most ancient primate lineages support the theory on virus−host co-evolution." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 66, no. 3 (2018): 474–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2018.042.

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The scarcity or complete lack of information on the adenoviruses (AdVs) occurring in the most ancient non-human primates resulted in the initiation of a study for exploring their abundance and diversity in prosimians and New World monkeys (NWMs). In order to assess the variability of these AdVs and the possible signs of the hypothesised virus−host co-evolution, samples from almost every family of NWMs and prosimians were screened for the presence of AdVs. A PCRscreening of 171 faecal or organ samples from live or dead, captive or wild-living prosimians and NWMs was performed. The PCR products from the gene of the IVa2 protein were sequenced and used in phylogeny calculations. The presence of 10 and 15 new AdVs in seven and ten different species of prosimians and NWMs was revealed, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the tentative novel AdVs cluster into two separate groups, which form the most basal branches among the primate AdVs, and therefore support the theory on the co-evolution of primate AdVs with their hosts. This is the first report that provides a comprehensive overview of the AdVs occurring in prosimians and NWMs, and the first insight into the evolutionary relationships among AdVs from all major primate groups.
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11

Demes, B., J. G. Fleagle, and P. Lemelin. "Myological correlates of prosimian leaping." Journal of Human Evolution 34, no. 4 (1998): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1997.0203.

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12

Gebo, Daniel L. "Locomotor diversity in prosimian primates." American Journal of Primatology 13, no. 3 (1987): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350130305.

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13

Rosa, Marcello G. P., Vivien A. Casagrande, Todd Preuss, and Jon H. Kaas. "Visual Field Representation in Striate and Prestriate Cortices of a Prosimian Primate (Galago garnetti)." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 6 (1997): 3193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.6.3193.

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Rosa, Marcello G. P., Vivien A. Casagrande, Todd Preuss, and Jon H. Kaas. Visual field representation in striate and prestriate cortices of a prosimian primate ( Galago garnetti). J. Neurophysiol. 77: 3193–3217, 1997. Microelectrode mapping techniques were used to study the visuotopic organization of the first and second visual areas (V1 and V2, respectively) in anesthetized Galago garnetti, a lorisiform prosimian primate. 1) V1 occupies ∼200 mm2 of cortex, and is pear shaped, rather than elliptical as in simian primates. Neurons in V1 form a continuous (1st-order) representation of the visual field, with the vertical meridian forming most of its perimeter. The representation of the horizontal meridian divides V1 into nearly equal sectors representing the upper quadrant ventrally, and the lower quadrant dorsally. 2) The emphasis on representation of central vision is less marked in Galago than in simian primates, both diurnal and nocturnal. The decay of cortical magnification factor with increasing eccentricity is almost exactly counterbalanced by an increase in average receptive field size, such that a point anywhere in the visual field is represented by a compartment of similar diameter in V1. 3) Although most of the cortex surrounding V1 corresponds to V2, one-quarter of the perimeter of V1 is formed by agranular cortex within the rostral calcarine sulcus, including area prostriata. Although under our recording conditions virtually every recording site in V2 yielded visually responsive cells, only a minority of those in area prostriata revealed such responses. 4) V2 forms a cortical belt of variable width, being narrowest (∼1 mm) in the representation of the area centralis and widest (2.5–3 mm) in the representation of the midperiphery (>20° eccentricity) of the visual field. V2 forms a second-order representation of the visual field, with the area centralis being represented laterally and the visual field periphery medially, near the calcarine sulcus. Unlike in simians, the line of field discontinuity in Galago V2 does not exactly coincide with the horizontal meridian: a portion of the lower quadrant immediately adjacent to the horizontal meridian is represented at the rostral border of ventral V2, instead of in dorsal V2. Despite the absence of cytochrome oxidase stripes, the visual field map in Galago V2 resembles the ones described in simians in that the magnification factor is anisotropic. 5) Receptive field progressions in cortex rostral to dorsal V2 suggest the presence of a homologue of the dorsomedial area, including representations of both quadrants of the visual field. These results indicate that many aspects of organization of V1 and V2 in simian primates are shared with lorisiform prosimians, and are therefore likely to have been present in the last common ancestor of living primates. However, some aspects of organization of the caudal visual areas in Galago are intermediate between nonprimates and simian primates, reflecting either an intermediate stage of differentiation or adaptations to a nocturnal niche. These include the shape and the small size of V1 and V2, the modest degree of emphasis on central visual field representation, and the relatively large area prostriata.
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14

Cassalett, Santiago. "International Prosimian Congress at Centre Valbio." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 23, no. 2 (2014): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21399.

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15

Bezhenar, Vitaliy Fedorovich, Yevgeniya Sergeyevna Guseva, Anna Alekseyevna Tsypurdeyeva, Yelena Ivanovna Rusina, and Liliya Karlovna Tsuladze. "Comparative assessment Of life quality of patients after the correction of genital prolapse with different synthetic implants." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 62, no. 5 (2013): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd62515-28.

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There was made a comparative analysis of surgical complications, life quality of patients and also sexual life quality after the correction of genital prolapse with the implants Prosima™ and Prolift™. There were reflected the advantages of the operation when the implants Prosima™ were used while correcting the genital prolapsed of III stage compared with the use of the implant Prolift™. There was shown the success of the operation Prosima™, its safety because of little invasiveness and few number of complications, satisfaction of the patients with the results of the treatment and also the improvement of the life quality and restoration of sexual activity.
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16

Demes, B., E. Forchap, and H. Herwig. "They seem to glide. Are there aerodynamic effects in leaping prosimian primates?" Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 78, no. 3 (1991): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zma/78/1991/373.

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17

Wallis, OC, YP Zhang, and M. Wallis. "Molecular evolution of GH in primates: characterisation of the GH genes from slow loris and marmoset defines an episode of rapid evolutionary change." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 26, no. 3 (2001): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0260249.

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Pituitary growth hormone (GH), like several other protein hormones, shows an unusual episodic pattern of molecular evolution in which sustained bursts of rapid change are imposed on long periods of very slow evolution (near-stasis). A marked period of rapid change occurred in the evolution of GH in primates or a primate ancestor, and gave rise to the species specificity that is characteristic of human GH. We have defined more precisely the position of this burst by cloning and sequencing the GH genes for a prosimian, the slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) and a New World monkey, marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Slow loris GH is very similar in sequence to pig GH, demonstrating that the period of rapid change occurred during primate evolution, after the separation of lines leading to prosimians and higher primates. The putative marmoset GH is similar in sequence to human GH, demonstrating that the accelerated evolution occurred before divergence of New World monkeys and Old World monkeys/apes. The burst of change was confined largely to coding sequence for mature GH, and is not marked in other components of the gene sequence including signal peptide, 5' upstream region and introns. A number of factors support the idea that this episode of rapid change was due to positive adaptive selection. Thus (1) there is no apparent loss of function of GH in man compared with non-primates, (2) after the episode of rapid change the rate of evolution fell towards the slow basal level that is seen for most mammalian GHs, (3) the accelerated rate of substitution for the exons of the GH gene significantly exceeds that for introns, and (4) the amino acids contributing to the hydrophobic core of GH are strongly conserved when higher primate and other GH sequences are compared, and for coding sequences other than that coding for hydrophobic core residues the rate of substitution for non-synonymous sites (K(A)) is significantly greater than that for synonymous sites (K(S)). In slow loris, as in most non-primate mammals, there is no evidence for duplication of the GH gene, but in marmoset, as in rhesus monkey and man, the putative GH gene is one of a cluster of closely related genes.
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18

Priambada, Nur Purba, Wendi Prameswari, Fitri Yanti, and Karmele Llano Sanchez. "Multiple Trichoepithelioma pada Kukang (Nycticebus coucang) Jantan di Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia: Studi Kasus." Acta VETERINARIA Indonesiana 4, no. 1 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/avi.4.1.1-6.

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Berbagai macam neoplasia telah dilaporkan di prosimian tetapi masih sedikit sekali kasus tumor kulit pada kukang yang dilaporkan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk membahas kasus multiple trichoepithelioma pada kukang sumatra (N. coucang). Seekor kukang sumatera berjenis kelamin jantan, dewasa, memiliki berat 670 gram, telah diterima oleh Pusat Rehabilitasi Primata Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (PRP-YIARI), Bogor pada Mei 2014. Pada pemeriksaan fisik ditemukan sebanyak 18 buah bentukan masa di kulitnya dengan diameter yang bervariasi 5-25 mm dan tersebar di seluruh tubuh mulai dari kaki, tangan, punggung, perut dan dahi. Hasil biopsi jaringan menunjukkan adenoma kelenjar sebaseous dan pemeriksaan histopatologi lanjutan menunjukkan trichoepithelioma. Merujuk dari hasil histopatologi dan keberadaan jumlah tumor yang banyak, maka diagnosa dari kasus ini adalah multiple trichoepithelioma dengan prognosa fausta. Terapi berupa eksisi tumor dengan pembedahan telah dilakukan dan cukup efektif. Masih belum diketahui apakah penyakit ini telah ada pada kukang sejak hidup liar di alam atau terjadi ketika dipelihara dalam lingkungan captive.Kata kunci: kukang, IAR Indonesia, multipel trichoepithelioma, neoplasia (Multiple Trichoepithelioma pada Kukang (Nycticebus coucang) Jantan di Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia: Studi Kasus)A variety of neoplasia have been reported in prosimians, but only a few skin neoplasia were reported in slow lorises. The objective of this case study is to report a case of multiple trichoepithelioma on sumatran slow loris (N. coucang). On May 2014, Pusat Rehabilitasi Primata Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (PRP-YIARI), Bogor, has been rescued an adult male Sumatran slow loris with 670 gram of body weight. During the physical examination, he was found with 18 masses in his skin, in varies diameter (5-25 mm) and spread in his whole body from hand, foot, back, stomach and forehead. The result of tissues biopsy shown that the masses were sebaceous gland adenoma, but further histopathological examination shown that it was trichoepithelioma. Due regard of the histopathological result and the amount of the tumour, we diagnosed this case study as multiple trichoepithelioma with good prognosis. Treatment by surgical tumour excision has already done and had quite effective result. It still remind unclear whether this case happen since the slow loris live in the wild or during in captivity.Keywords: slow loris, IAR Indonesia, multiple trichoepithelioma, neoplasia
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19

Johnson, W. E. "A proviral puzzle with a prosimian twist." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 51 (2008): 20051–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811419106.

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20

Rumpler, Y., S. Warter, M. Hauwy, et al. "Cytogenetic study ofAllocebus trichotis, a Malagasy prosimian." American Journal of Primatology 36, no. 3 (1995): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350360307.

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21

Holloway, Marguerite. "A Promenade with Prosimians." Scientific American 287, no. 3 (2002): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0902-94.

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22

Tan, Ying, and Wen-Hsiung Li. "Trichromatic vision in prosimians." Nature 402, no. 6757 (1999): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/46947.

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23

Pollock, J. I. "Intersexual relationships amongst prosimians." Human Evolution 4, no. 2-3 (1989): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02435442.

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24

Rumpler, Y., S. Warter, B. Ishak, and B. Dutrillaux. "Chromosomal evolution in prosimians." Human Evolution 4, no. 2-3 (1989): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02435444.

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25

ZIETSCH, BRENDAN, and GUY N. ELSTON. "FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF PYRAMIDAL CELLS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF THE GALAGO (OTOLEMUR GARNETTI): REGIONAL VARIATION IN DENDRITIC BRANCHING PATTERNS BETWEEN VISUAL AREAS." Fractals 13, no. 02 (2005): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x05002829.

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Previously it has been shown that the branching pattern of pyramidal cells varies markedly between different cortical areas in simian primates. These differences are thought to influence the functional complexity of the cells. In particular, there is a progressive increase in the fractal dimension of pyramidal cells with anterior progression through cortical areas in the occipitotemporal (OT) visual stream, including the primary visual area (V1), the second visual area (V2), the dorsolateral area (DL, corresponding to the fourth visual area) and inferotemporal cortex (IT). However, there are as yet no data on the fractal dimension of these neurons in prosimian primates. Here we focused on the nocturnal prosimian galago (Otolemur garnetti). The fractal dimension (D), and aspect ratio (a measure of branching symmetry), was determined for 111 layer III pyramidal cells in V1, V2, DL and IT. We found, as in simian primates, that the fractal dimension of neurons increased with anterior progression from V1 through V2, DL, and IT. Two important conclusions can be drawn from these results: (1) the trend for increasing branching complexity with anterior progression through OT areas was likely to be present in a common primate ancestor, and (2) specialization in neuron structure more likely facilitates object recognition than spectral processing.
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26

Stoinski, T. S., L. A. Drayton, and E. E. Price. "Evidence of social learning in black-and-white ruffed lemurs ( Varecia variegata )." Biology Letters 7, no. 3 (2011): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1070.

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Although many studies have examined social learning capabilities in apes and monkeys, experiments involving prosimians remain largely absent. We investigated the potential for social learning in black-and-white ruffed lemurs using a two-action foraging task. Eight individuals were divided into two experimental groups and exposed to conspecifics using one of two techniques to access food. Subjects were then given access to the apparatus and their retrieval techniques were recorded and compared. All subjects made their first retrieval using the technique they observed being demonstrated, and there were significant differences between the two groups in their overall response patterns. These results suggest that prosimians are capable of social learning and that additional long-term field studies may reveal the presence of behavioural traditions similar to those found in other primates.
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27

Matera, A. G., A. M. Weiner, and C. W. Schmid. "Structure and evolution of the U2 small nuclear RNA multigene family in primates: gene amplification under natural selection?" Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 11 (1990): 5876–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.11.5876-5882.1990.

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The organization of U2 genes was compared in apes, Old World monkeys, and the prosimian galago. In humans and all apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, and chimpanzee), the U2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat of a 6-kb element; however, the restriction maps of the 6-kb elements in these divergent species differed slightly, demonstrating that mechanisms must exist for maintaining sequence homogeneity within this tandem array. In Old World monkeys, the U2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat of an 11-kb element; the restriction maps of the 11-kb elements in baboon and two closely related macaques, bonnet and rhesus monkeys, also differed slightly, confirming that efficient sequence homogenization is an intrinsic property of the U2 tandem array. Interestingly, the 11-kb monkey repeat unit differed from the 6-kb hominid repeat unit by a 5-kb block of monkey-specific sequence. Finally, we found that the U2 genes of the prosimian galago were dispersed rather than tandemly repeated, suggesting that the hominid and Old World monkey U2 tandem arrays resulted from independent amplifications of a common ancestral U2 gene. Alternatively, the 5-kb monkey-specific sequence could have been inserted into the 6-kb array or deleted from the 11-kb array soon after divergence of the hominid and Old World monkey lineages.
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28

Matera, A. G., A. M. Weiner, and C. W. Schmid. "Structure and evolution of the U2 small nuclear RNA multigene family in primates: gene amplification under natural selection?" Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 11 (1990): 5876–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.11.5876.

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The organization of U2 genes was compared in apes, Old World monkeys, and the prosimian galago. In humans and all apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, and chimpanzee), the U2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat of a 6-kb element; however, the restriction maps of the 6-kb elements in these divergent species differed slightly, demonstrating that mechanisms must exist for maintaining sequence homogeneity within this tandem array. In Old World monkeys, the U2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat of an 11-kb element; the restriction maps of the 11-kb elements in baboon and two closely related macaques, bonnet and rhesus monkeys, also differed slightly, confirming that efficient sequence homogenization is an intrinsic property of the U2 tandem array. Interestingly, the 11-kb monkey repeat unit differed from the 6-kb hominid repeat unit by a 5-kb block of monkey-specific sequence. Finally, we found that the U2 genes of the prosimian galago were dispersed rather than tandemly repeated, suggesting that the hominid and Old World monkey U2 tandem arrays resulted from independent amplifications of a common ancestral U2 gene. Alternatively, the 5-kb monkey-specific sequence could have been inserted into the 6-kb array or deleted from the 11-kb array soon after divergence of the hominid and Old World monkey lineages.
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29

Apakupakul, Kathleen, Sharon L. Deem, Rabia Maqsood, Peeti Sithiyopasakul, David Wang, and Efrem S. Lim. "Endogenization of a Prosimian Retrovirus during Lemur Evolution." Viruses 13, no. 3 (2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030383.

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Studies of viruses that coevolved with lemurs provide an opportunity to understand the basal traits of primate viruses and provide an evolutionary context for host-virus interactions. Germline integration of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are fossil evidence of past infections. Hence, characterization of novel ERVs provides insight into the ancient precursors of extant viruses and the evolutionary history of their hosts. Here, we report the discovery of a novel endogenous retrovirus present in the genome of a lemur, Coquerel’s sifaka (Propithecus coquereli). Using next-generation sequencing, we identified and characterized the complete genome sequence of a retrovirus, named prosimian retrovirus 1 (PSRV1). Phylogenetic analyses indicate that PSRV1 is a gamma-type betaretrovirus basal to the other primate betaretroviruses and most closely related to simian retroviruses. Molecular clock analysis of PSRV1 long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences estimated the time of endogenization within 4.56 MYA (±2.4 MYA), placing it after the divergence of Propithecus species. These results indicate that PSRV1 is an important milestone of lemur evolution during the radiation of the Propithecus genus. These findings may have implications for both human and animal health in that the acquisition of a gamma-type env gene within an endogenized betaretrovirus could facilitate a cross-species jump between vertebrate class hosts.
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30

Debyser, I. W. J. "Prosimian juvenile mortality in zoos and primate centers." International Journal of Primatology 16, no. 6 (1995): 889–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02696109.

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31

MacLean, Evan L., Dustin J. Merritt, and Elizabeth M. Brannon. "Social complexity predicts transitive reasoning in prosimian primates." Animal Behaviour 76, no. 2 (2008): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.01.025.

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32

Li, K., J. Patel, G. Purushothaman, R. Marion, and V. Casagrande. "The Retinotopy of a Prosimian (Bush Baby) Pulvinar." Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (2013): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.1027.

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33

Kocur, Mirosław. "Lemury na Madagaskarze. Ku performatyce posthumanistycznej." Prace Kulturoznawcze 19 (September 15, 2016): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-6668/19.6.

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Lemurs on Madagascar: Towards posthuman performance studiesThis paper, based on the five-weeks fieldwork on the great island of Madagascar, proposes to look at endemic prosimians as case studies of posthuman performers. It analyses performances of aye-aye, indri, sifaka, ring-tailed, black and brown lemurs.
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34

Jacobs, Gerald H., Jess F. Deegan II, Ying Tan, and Wen-Hsiung Li. "Opsin gene and photopigment polymorphism in a prosimian primate." Vision Research 42, no. 1 (2002): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00264-4.

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35

Slagel, Valerie K., and Prescott L. Deininger. "In vivotranscription of a cloned prosimian primate SINE sequence." Nucleic Acids Research 17, no. 21 (1989): 8669–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.21.8669.

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36

Ravosa, Matthew J. "Structural allometry of the prosimian mandibular corpus and symphysis." Journal of Human Evolution 20, no. 1 (1991): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(91)90042-t.

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37

Pochron, Sharon T., and Patricia C. Wright. "Variability in adult group compositions of a prosimian primate." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54, no. 3 (2003): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0634-z.

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38

Fredsted, T., and P. Villessen. "Fast and reliable sexing of prosimian and human DNA." American Journal of Primatology 64, no. 3 (2004): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20083.

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39

Schmechel, Donald E., D. Scott Burkhart, Ruby Ange, and M. Kay Izard. "Cholinergic Axonal Dystrophy and Mitochondrial Pathology in Prosimian Primates." Experimental Neurology 142, no. 1 (1996): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1996.0183.

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40

Kappeler, Peter M. "The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in prosimian primates." American Journal of Primatology 21, no. 3 (1990): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350210304.

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41

Bhattacharjee, Maloyjo Joyraj, Jinn-Jy Lin, Chih-Yao Chang, et al. "Identifying Primate ACE2 Variants That Confer Resistance to SARS-CoV-2." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 7 (2021): 2715–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab060.

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Abstract SARS-CoV-2 infects humans through the binding of viral S-protein (spike protein) to human angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The structure of the ACE2-S-protein complex has been deciphered and we focused on the 27 ACE2 residues that bind to S-protein. From human sequence databases, we identified nine ACE2 variants at ACE2–S-protein binding sites. We used both experimental assays and protein structure analysis to evaluate the effect of each variant on the binding affinity of ACE2 to S-protein. We found one variant causing complete binding disruption, two and three variants, respectively, strongly and mildly reducing the binding affinity, and two variants strongly enhancing the binding affinity. We then collected the ACE2 gene sequences from 57 nonhuman primates. Among the 6 apes and 20 Old World monkeys (OWMs) studied, we found no new variants. In contrast, all 11 New World monkeys (NWMs) studied share four variants each causing a strong reduction in binding affinity, the Philippine tarsier also possesses three such variants, and 18 of the 19 prosimian species studied share one variant causing a strong reduction in binding affinity. Moreover, one OWM and three prosimian variants increased binding affinity by >50%. Based on these findings, we proposed that the common ancestor of primates was strongly resistant to and that of NWMs was completely resistant to SARS-CoV-2 and so is the Philippine tarsier, whereas apes and OWMs, like most humans, are susceptible. This study increases our understanding of the differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among primates.
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42

Zadrozny, L. M., C. V. Williams, A. K. Remick, and J. M. Cullen. "Spontaneous Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Captive Prosimians." Veterinary Pathology 47, no. 2 (2009): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985809359380.

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43

Ward, Jeannette P. "Left-hand reaching preferences in prosimians." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (1988): 732–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00054388.

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44

Tarou, Loraine Rybiski, Mollie A. Bloomsmith, and Terry L. Maple. "Survey of stereotypic behavior in prosimians." American Journal of Primatology 65, no. 2 (2005): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20107.

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45

Liptovszky, Mátyás, Edina Perge, Viktor Molnár, and Endre Sós. "Osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a Grey Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus) — Short communication." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 59, no. 4 (2011): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2011.030.

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The Grey Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus) is a nocturnal lemur species that lives only in Madagascar. It is one of the most abundant lemur species and its native populations are not endangered, but animals belonging to this species are rarely exhibited in zoos. While tumours are quite frequently described in other primates, there are very few publications about neoplasia in lemurs. In this case report we describe a mandibular osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a Grey Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first scientific article describing osteosarcoma in a prosimian and also reporting a tumour in the mandible in this taxon.
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46

Kappeler, Peter M. "Patterns of Sexual Dimorphism in Body Weight among Prosimian Primates." Folia Primatologica 57, no. 3 (1991): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000156575.

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47

Aiello, Leslie C., and Charles E. Oxnard. "Animal Lifestyles and Anatomies: The Case of the Prosimian Primates." Man 27, no. 1 (1992): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803608.

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48

Hanbury, David B., M. Babette Fontenot, Lauren E. Highfill, Willie Bingham, David Bunch, and Sheree L. Watson. "Efficacy of auditory enrichment in a prosimian primate (Otolemur garnettii)." Lab Animal 38, no. 4 (2009): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0409-122.

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49

Tuttle, Russell H. "Animal Lifestyles and Anatomies: The Case of the Prosimian Primates." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 34, no. 4 (1991): 617–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1991.0037.

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50

Gursky, Sharon. "Determinants of gregariousness in the spectral tarsier (Prosimian: Tarsius spectrum)." Journal of Zoology 256, no. 3 (2002): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836902000444.

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