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Journal articles on the topic 'Prospective longitudinal design'
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DiSipio, Tracey, Monika Janda, Sandra Hayes, Hildegard Reul-Hirche, Leigh Ward, and Andreas Obermair. "The Lymphedema Evaluation in Gynecological cancer Study (LEGS): design of a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study." Cancer Research Frontiers 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17980/2015.104.
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Pontone, Gianluca, Manesh R. Patel, Mark A. Hlatky, Karen Chiswell, Daniele Andreini, Bjarne Linde Norgaard, Robert A. Byrne, et al. "Rationale and design of the Prospective LongitudinAl Trial of FFRCT: Outcome and Resource IMpacts study." American Heart Journal 170, no. 3 (September 2015): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2015.06.002.
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Unanue, Wenceslao, Eduardo Barros, and Marcos Gómez. "The Longitudinal Link between Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Three Different Models of Happiness." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 6387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126387.
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A growing body of research conducted in general life settings has found positive associations between happiness and prosocial behavior. Unfortunately, equivalent studies in the workplace are lacking. Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), the prosocial behaviors at work, have not been properly studied in relation to happiness, despite the positive consequences of both constructs for workers and companies. In response, our research aims to better understand this relationship from several angles. First, using a three-wave longitudinal design, we explored how OCBs and happiness are related to each other over time. Second, happiness was measured from a broad perspective, and three conceptualizations were adopted: the hedonic (e.g., positive affect and life satisfaction), the eudaimonic (e.g., relatedness and autonomy), and the flourishing (e.g., meaning and engagement) approaches. Thus, not only the prospective link between OCBs and happiness was tested, but it was also explored using the three models of happiness previously mentioned. Third, we conducted this longitudinal design in a less typical sample than previous research (i.e., Chile). We found results that supported our main hypotheses: (1) OCBs are prospective positive predictors of hedonic happiness, eudaimonic happiness, and flourishing; (2) the three models of happiness also prospectively predict OCBs. Our findings suggest that OCBs foster a broad range of happiness facets, which in turn fosters back the emergence of more OCBs, leading to a virtuous circle of prosociality and well-being in the workplace. This positive spiral benefits not only workers’ quality of life, but also organizations’ profitability and sustainability. Theoretical and applied implications for the field of Positive Organizational Psychology are discussed.
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Nelson, Eric A., Nina V. Kraguljac, David M. White, Ripu D. Jindal, Ah L. Shin, and Adrienne C. Lahti. "A Prospective Longitudinal Investigation of Cortical Thickness and Gyrification in Schizophrenia." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 65, no. 6 (February 5, 2020): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743720904598.
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Background: Cortical thickness (CT) and gyrification are complementary indices that assess different aspects of gray matter structural integrity. Both neurodevelopment insults and acute tissue response to antipsychotic medication could underlie the known heterogeneity of treatment response and are well-suited for interrogation into the relationship between gray matter morphometry and clinical outcomes in schizophrenia (SZ). Methods: Using a prospective design, we enrolled 34 unmedicated patients with SZ and 23 healthy controls. Patients were scanned at baseline and after a 6-week trial with risperidone. CT and local gyrification index (LGI) values were quantified from structural MRI scans using FreeSurfer 5.3. Results: We found reduced CT and LGI in patients compared to controls. Vertex-wise analyses demonstrated that hypogyrification was most prominent in the inferior frontal cortex, temporal cortex, insula, pre/postcentral gyri, temporoparietal junction, and the supramarginal gyrus. Baseline CT was predictive of subsequent response to antipsychotic treatment, and increase in CT after 6 weeks was correlated with greater symptom reductions. Conclusions: In summary, we report evidence of reduced CT and LGI in unmedicated patients compared to controls, suggesting involvement of different aspects of gray matter morphometry in the pathophysiology of SZ. Importantly, we found that lower CT at baseline and greater increase of CT following 6 weeks of treatment with risperidone were associated with better clinical response. Our results suggest that cortical thinning may normalize as a result of a good response to antipsychotic medication, possibly by alleviating potential neurotoxic processes underlying gray matter deterioration.
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Lee, Michael, Raj Bazaz, Christopher Furey, and Jung Yoo. "4:1496. The influence of anterior cervical plate design on dysphagia: a prospective longitudinal cohort study." Spine Journal 5, no. 4 (July 2005): S50—S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2005.05.098.
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Kendrick, Keith M., Joerg Daumann, Daniel Wagner, Philip Koester, Marc Tittgemeyer, Qiang Luo, Euphrosyne Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, and Benjamin Becker. "A prospective longitudinal study shows putamen volume is associated with moderate amphetamine use and resultant cognitive impairments." Psychoradiology 1, no. 1 (March 2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/psyrad/kkab001.
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Abstract Background Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) have become a critical public health issue. Animal models have indicated a clear neurotoxic potential of ATSs. In humans, chronic use has been associated with cognitive deficits and structural brain abnormalities. However, cross-sectional retrospective designs in chronic users cannot truly determine the causal direction of the effects. Objective To prospectively determine effects of occasional ATS use on cognitive functioning and brain structure. Methods In a prospective longitudinal study design, cognitive functioning and brain structure were assessed at baseline and at 12-month follow-up in occasional ATS users (cumulative lifetime use <10 units at baseline). Results Examination of change scores between the initial examination and follow-up revealed declined verbal memory performance and putamen volume in users with high relative to low interim ATS exposure. In the entire sample, interim ATS use, memory decline, and putamen volume reductions were strongly associated. Conclusions The present findings support the hypothesis that ATS use is associated with deficient dorsal striatal morphology that might reflect alterations in dopaminergic pathways. More importantly, these findings strongly suggest that even occasional, low-dose ATS use disrupts striatal integrity and cognitive functioning.
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Denkers, Adriaan J. M., and Frans Willem Winkel. "Crime Victims' Well-Being and Fear in a Prospective and Longitudinal Study." International Review of Victimology 5, no. 2 (January 1998): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809800500202.
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A study is presented on the influence of criminal victimization on well-being and fear within a nationwide sample of the Dutch population. The study focused on differences between victims and non-victims, and on the causality between crime and psychological upheaval. The design of the study was prospective, it included victims of several crime-types, and a matched sample of non-victims. The reactions of victims were measured before, and within two weeks, one month and two months after the crime. Results indicated that victims of crime systematically report lower levels of well-being, and, to some extent, higher levels of fear. Next, some indications were found supporting the notion that victims of violent crimes suffer more psychological distress than victims of property crimes. And finally, the data imply that, after the incident victims were ‘unhappier’ than non-victims, but, at least partly, already were so before the crime took place.
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Corner, Patricia D., and Shuyuan Wu. "Dynamic capability emergence in the venture creation process." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 30, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 138–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242611431092.
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This article explores dynamic capability formation in new ventures examining technology commercialization at the microlevel of entrepreneurs’ actions and decisions. The research reflects a longitudinal, qualitative, multi-case study design to build theory. Findings reveal two interdependent micro-level patterns that reflect dynamic entrepreneurial capabilities. First, prospecting problems or the capacity to identify problems in industrial settings that a commercially untried technology might solve. Second, openly sharing technological features with prospective customers in order to jointly design prototype products. Revealing technology helped ensure new venture survival in contrast with conventional wisdom that links firm survival to the insulation and protection of technology. Moreover, micro-level patterns shaped macro-level change in venture/customer dyads and in related customer’ industries.
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Semnani-Azad, Zhila, Luke W. Johnston, Christine Lee, Ravi Retnakaran, Philip W. Connelly, Stewart B. Harris, Bernard Zinman, and Anthony J. Hanley. "Determinants of longitudinal change in insulin clearance: the Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation cohort." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 7, no. 1 (November 2019): e000825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000825.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate multiple determinants of the longitudinal change in insulin clearance (IC) in subjects at high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D).Research design and methodsAdults (n=492) at risk for T2D in the Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation cohort, a longitudinal observational cohort, had four visits over 9 years. Values from oral glucose tolerance tests collected at each assessment were used to calculate the ratios of both fasting C peptide-to-insulin (ICFASTING) and areas under the curve of C peptide-to-insulin (ICAUC). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) evaluated multiple determinants of longitudinal changes in IC.ResultsIC declined by 20% over the 9-year follow-up period (p<0.05). Primary GEE results indicated that non-European ethnicity, as well as increases in baseline measures of waist circumference, white cell count, and alanine aminotransferase, was associated with declines in ICFASTING and ICAUC over time (all p<0.05). There were no significant associations of IC with sex, age, physical activity, smoking, or family history of T2D. Both baseline and longitudinal IC were associated with incident dysglycemia.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that non-European ethnicity and components of the metabolic syndrome, including central obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and subclinical inflammation, may be related to longitudinal declines in IC.
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Schubring, Astrid, Natalie Barker-Ruchti, Anna Post, and Stefan Pettersson. "Researching health behaviour in ‘real time’: Methodological insights from a prospective study on Olympic hopefuls." Methodological Innovations 12, no. 1 (January 2019): 205979911984097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059799119840976.
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In this article, we share our experience of navigating qualitative longitudinal research with a ‘hard to recruit’ population. To detail design conception, methodological challenges and insights, we draw on the case of a 1-year-long study on health behaviour in Olympic hopefuls. In order to accompany 12 athletes who aimed to qualify for either an Olympic Games (n = 10) or a World Championship (n = 2), we developed and implemented a career background questionnaire; semi-structured interviews; weekly web surveys; a training observation and a compilation of competition results. Based on the longitudinal research experience, we present project management and project data of the Paths-to-Rio study to discuss the challenges we faced, including gaining access to an elite population, their retention and anonymity. We further outline insights the prospective study gave us on the value of missing data as data and on the benefits participants described in terms of learning through research involvement. We conclude with recommendations for future qualitative longitudinal research.
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Beach, Scott R., Sara J. Czaja, Richard Schulz, David Loewenstein, and Peter Lichtenberg. "FINANCIAL EXPLOITATION OF OLDER ADULTS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM A PROSPECTIVE LONGITUDINAL STUDY." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.691.
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Abstract This paper presents study design and preliminary results from a new study funded by the National Institute on Aging that is examining financial exploitation (FE) among 720 White, African-American and Hispanic adults age 60+ (240 per group; 120 age 60-79; 120 age 80+). A conceptual model linking socio-demographics, physical health, social support / integration, cognitive function, financial skills / supports, and psychosocial factors to FE is being evaluated. Three assessments (baseline, 12; 24 mos.) include: a detailed cognitive battery, web-based banking simulation tasks, scam scenarios, and a standardized battery of self-report measures assessing socio-demographic and psychosocial variables. Preliminary baseline results from ~200 participants show support for the proposed model. Exposure to sales, remote purchasing behavior, and telemarketer receptivity (scam exposure); and scam vulnerability as measured by credibility ratings of “legitimate” and “fake” scam scenarios are positively associated with reports of both stranger-initiated and trusted other FE. Older adults with smaller social networks and less social support were more likely to report both exposure and vulnerability to scams. Higher general cognitive abilities, financial skills, and numeracy; and better performance on online banking tasks correlate with less scam exposure and vulnerability. Preliminary analyses of psychosocial factors also show that more depressed, impulsive, and trusting older adults report more exposure and scam vulnerability. The paper will present updated analyses of ~500 baseline participants. Understanding multiple pathways to FE is important to advance theory and for the development of interventions to minimize risk.
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Stoyel, Hannah, Chris Stride, Vaithehy Shanmuganathan-Felton, and Lucy Serpell. "Understanding risk factors for disordered eating symptomatology in athletes: A prospective study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 24, 2021): e0257577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257577.
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Disordered eating and eating disorders have huge impact on athletic health and performance. Understanding risk factors for disordered eating development is paramount to protecting the health and performance of these athletes. This project tested a model longitudinally to test whether body dissatisfaction (mediated by negative affect) and societal pressures (mediated by internalisation) predicted bulimic symptomatology at 1 year. The study recruited 1017 male and female athletes in a range of sports at three time points over a year. Cross-lag meditation modelling in MPLUS was utilised to test the hypothesised model. Results indicated that societal pressures mediated by general internalisation led to bulimic symptomatology and that gender and sport type do moderate the relationships. However, measurement issues indicate that scales not originally created for athletes may not reliably measure athletes’ experience. This research highlights how understanding how to better assess risk factors and disordered eating related concepts in athletes is a key next step. The study is unique in its longitudinal design and in its sampling of a wide range of sports in both male and female athletes.
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Alloy, Lauren B., and Lyn Y. Abramson. "The Temple—Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Project: Conceptual Background, Design, and Methods." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 13, no. 3 (January 1999): 227–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.13.3.227.
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The Temple-Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression (CVD) project is a two-site, prospective longitudinal study designed to test the etiological hypotheses of two cognitive theories of depression: Hopelessness theory (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989; Alloy, Kelly, Mineka, & Clements, 1990) and Beck’s theory (Beck, 1967, 1987). In this article, we provide an overview of the CVD project, including the conceptual background, goals, rationale, and design of the project, as well as a description of the project sample and assessment methods. Separate articles will present empirical findings from the project.
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Andresen, Elena M., Fredric D. Wolinsky, J. Philip Miller, Margaret-Mary G. Wilson, Theodore K. Malmstrom, and Douglas K. Miller. "Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Risk Factors for Falls, Fear of Falling, and Falls Efficacy in a Cohort of Middle-Aged African Americans." Gerontologist 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/46.2.249.
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Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to cross-sectionally and longitudinally identify risk factors for falls, fear of falling, and falls efficacy in late-middle-aged African Americans. Design and Methods: We performed in-home assessments on a probability sample of 998 African Americans and conducted two annual follow-up interviews. Multiple logistic regression modeled the associations with falls (any fall or injurious fall) during 2 years prior to the baseline interview, and baseline fear of falling and falls efficacy with 2-year prospective risks for falling and fear of falling. Results: The most consistent association for all outcomes was depressive symptoms. Age was associated with increased risk of prior and prospective falls. Lower-body functional limitations were associated with prior falls, baseline fear of falling, and low falls efficacy, whereas low ability with one-leg stands prospectively predicted fear of falling. The greatest prospective risk for incident falls was having had a prior fall (odds ratio = 2.51), and the greatest prospective risk for fear of falling was having been afraid of falling at baseline (odds ratio = 8.14). Implications: Falls, fear of falling, and low falls efficacy are important issues for late-middle-aged as well as older persons. Interventions should focus on younger adults and attend especially to lower-body function and depressive symptoms as well as building self-efficacy for safe exercise, dealing with falls risks, and managing falls themselves.
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Cornish, Kim, Victoria Cole, Elena Longhi, Annette Karmiloff-Smith, and Gaia Scerif. "Mapping developmental trajectories of attention and working memory in fragile X syndrome: Developmental freeze or developmental change?" Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412001113.
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AbstractFragile X syndrome (FXS) has a characteristic cognitive “signature” that by late childhood includes core weaknesses in attention and working memory (WM), but their earlier developmental trajectories remain uncharted. Using a combined cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal design, we tested whether early profiles of attention and WM impairment in FXS indicate developmental freeze or developmental change. In Study 1, 26 young boys with FXS and 55 typically developing (TD) boys completed two experimental paradigms designed to assess cognitive aspects of attention and WM, in addition to behavioral indices of inattention and hyperactivity. Study 2 mapped longitudinal changes in 21 children with FXS and 21 TD children. In Study 1, significant weaknesses emerged for boys with FXS, with no substantial improvement over chronological age. Mapping performance against mental age level revealed delay, but it also yielded a similar attention and WM profile to TD boys. In Study 2, longitudinal improvements for boys with FXS paralleled those in TD children. In conclusion, cognitive attention and WM, although delayed in FXS, reveal developmental change, rather than “arrest.” Our findings underscore the need for going beyond cross-sectional group comparisons and gross behavioral indices to map cognitive changes longitudinally in developmental disorders.
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Hope, Tony, Janet Keene, Rupert H. McShane, Christopher G. Fairburn, Kathy Gedling, and Robin Jacoby. "Wandering in Dementia: A Longitudinal Study." International Psychogeriatrics 13, no. 2 (June 2001): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610201007542.
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Objective: This article analyzes the natural history of wandering behavior throughout the course of dementia. Design: Prospective, 10-year, longitudinal study of wandering behavior in dementia, with autopsy follow-up. Setting: Participants with dementia, living at home with a carer. All lived in Oxfordshire, UK. Participants: Eighty-six people with dementia who were living at home with a carer and who were able to walk unaided at entry to study. Measures: At 4-monthly intervals, the carers were interviewed using the Present Behavioural Examination to assess wandering behavior were distinguished. Results: Changes in wandering behavior were not generally related to gender, age, or time since onset of dementia. Onset of different types of wandering behavior showed some relationship with cognitive state. Various forms of increased walking first appeared during moderate dementia, each type typically persisting for 1 to 2 years. Late dementia was characterized by decreased walking and immobility. Conclusions: Wandering behavior in dementia can cause great problems for carers. There are different causes for such changes, some of which are related to cognitive ability, for example increased confusion results in ineffectual “pottering” and getting lost. Increased walking at night corresponds with disruption of diurnal rhythm.
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Ignatavičienė, Kristina, and Rita Žukauskienė. "TĘSTINIŲ IR SKERSPJŪVIO TYRIMŲ STRATEGIJŲ TAIKYMAS IR DERINIMO GALIMYBĖS." Psichologija 25 (January 1, 2002): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2002..4403.
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Taikant tęstinių tyrimų strategiją, susiduriama su įvairiomis problemomis, tokiomis kaip kohortos efektas, kurios gali paveikti tyrimo duomenis ir jais remiantis daromas išvadas. Tęstinio ir skerspjūvio tyrimų strategijų derinimas padeda atskleisti papildomus dėsningumus ir išvengti tyrimo klaidų. Šio darbo tikslas - pailiustruoti, kaip būtų galima derinti tęstinių ir skerspjūvio tyrimų strategijas siekiant nustatyti mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų elgesio bei emocinių problemų raidos ypatumus ir palyginti kelių kohortų to paties amžiaus vaikų elgesio ir emocinių problemų pasireiškimo skirtumus bei panašumus. Šiame darbe naudojami tęstinio tyrimo duomenys, surinkti 1997, 1999 ir 2001 m., kai tiriamieji buvo 9-12 metų (n = 853). Nustatyta, kad trijų kohortų 9-10 metų vaikų elgesio ir emocinės problemos panašios, o 2001 m. vienuolikos-dvylikos metų vaikai turėjo mažiau nerimo / depresijos, dėmesio ir socialinių problemų bei buvo mažiau agresyvūs nei jų bendraamžiai 1997 ir 1999 metais. Tokie tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad paauglystės pradžioje skiriasi kohortų elgesio ir emocinės problemos, vėlesnių kohortų vaikai patiria mažiau problemų.
THE POSSIBILITY TO COMBINE LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN FOR STUDYING DEVELOPMENT Kristina Ignatavičienė, Rita Žukauskienė
SummaryThe fact that the time dimension is included in a prospective, longitudinal study gives it its unique value for studying development. However, it also implies some problems for research, such as cohort effects and some others. Therefore, it could be very valuable to combine the longitudinal design with cross-sectional design. The aim of current study is to illustrate the possibility to combine these research designs in order to assess the developmental features of emotional and behavioural problems in childhood. Data from longitudinal study collected in 1997, 1999, and 2001 when children were 9-12 years of age (n = 853) is used for this analysis.The longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of data revealed the fact that over the time the mean level of emotional and behavioural problems for 9-10 year old children remain similar, when mean level of emotional and behavioural problems for 11-12 year old children decreased. The findings show that the combining of longitudinal and cross-sectional design is useful for studying development from different perspectives.
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MAKSYMOWYCH, WALTER P., OLIVER FITZGERALD, GEORGE A. WELLS, DAFNA D. GLADMAN, ROBERT LANDEWÉ, MIKKEL ØSTERGAARD, WILLIAM J. TAYLOR, et al. "Proposal for Levels of Evidence Schema for Validation of a Soluble Biomarker Reflecting Damage Endpoints in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, and Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Recommendations for Study Design." Journal of Rheumatology 36, no. 8 (August 2009): 1792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum090347.
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Objective.At OMERACT 8 a framework for levels of evidence was proposed for the validation of biomarkers as surrogate outcome measures. We aimed to adapt this scheme in order to apply it in the setting of soluble biomarkers proposed to replace the measurement of damage endpoints in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). We also aimed to generate consensus on minimum standards for the design of longitudinal studies aimed at validating biomarkers.Methods.Before the meeting, the Soluble Biomarker Working Group prepared a preliminary framework and discussed various models for association and prediction related to the statistical strength domain. In addition, 3 Delphi exercises addressing longitudinal study design for RA, PsA, and AS were conducted within the working group and members of the Assessments in SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) and the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA). This formed the basis for discussions among OMERACT 9 participants.Results.The proposed framework was accepted by consensus. In the study design domain a requirement for both prospective observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCT) in different drug classes was noted. A template for determining the level of statistical strength was proposed. The addition of a new domain on biomarker assay performance was considered essential, and participants suggested that for any biomarker this domain should be addressed first, i.e., before starting clinical validation studies. Participants agreed on most elements of a longitudinal study design template. Where consensus was lacking the working group has drafted solutions that constitute a basis for prospective validation studies.Conclusion.The OMERACT 9 Soluble Biomarker Group has successfully formulated a levels of evidence scheme and a study design template that will provide guidance to conduct validation studies in the setting of soluble biomarkers proposed to replace the measurement of damage endpoints in RA, PsA, and AS.
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Damião, Rievani de Sousa, Reginaldo Guedes Coelho Lopes, Emilly Serapião dos Santos, Umberto Gazzi Lippi, and Eduardo Borges da Fonseca. "Evaluation of the Risk of Spreading Endometrial Cell by Hysteroscopy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2009 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/397079.
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Objective. The aim was to assess the intraperitoneal spread of endometrial cells during hysteroscopy.Study Design. Seventy-six women were submitted to a hysteroscopy with under a low pressure. Group 1 had not previous diagnosis of endometrial cancer, and group 2 had previous diagnosis of endometrial cancer (stage I-92.3%). Two peritoneal washing samples were taken before (PW1) and immediately after (PW2) the procedure. The dissemination for the peritoneal cavity was defined by the presence of endometrial cells in the PW2; such cells should be absent in WP1.Results. Four patients were excluded for presenting endometrial cells in PW1. In the 72 patients left, there was no passage of cells for the peritoneal cavity. In group 1, 88% presented secretory endometrial phase with correlation of 80% between hysteroscopy and biopsy.Conclusion. Hysteroscopy performed under a low pressure of does not cause spreading of endometrial cells into the peritoneal cavity.
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Lindenmayer, D. B., R. B. Cunningham, C. MacGregor, C. Tribolet, and C. F. Donnelly. "A prospective longitudinal study of landscape matrix effects on fauna in woodland remnants: experimental design and baseline data." Biological Conservation 101, no. 2 (October 2001): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00061-1.
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Anthony, Rebecca E., Amy L. Paine, and Katherine H. Shelton. "Depression and Anxiety Symptoms of British Adoptive Parents: A Prospective Four-Wave Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 17, 2019): 5153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245153.
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The mental health of birth parents has gained attention due to the serious negative consequences for personal, family, and child outcomes, but depression and anxiety in adoptive parents remains under-recognized. Using a prospective, longitudinal design, we investigated anxiety and depression symptoms in 96 British adoptive parents over four time points in the first four years of an adoptive placement. Depression and anxiety symptom scores were relatively stable across time. Growth curve analysis showed that higher child internalizing scores and lower parental sense of competency at five months post-placement were associated with higher initial levels of parental depressive symptoms. Lower parental sense of competency was also associated with higher initial levels of parental anxiety symptoms. Parents of older children and those with higher levels of parental anxiety and sense of competency at five months post-placement had a steeper decrease in depressive symptoms over time. Support for adoptive families primarily focuses on child adjustment. Our findings suggest that professional awareness of parental mental health post-placement may be necessary, and interventions aimed at improving parents’ sense of competency may be beneficial.
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Rodriguez, A. "Pre- and postnatal factors in child mental health: The importance of prospective longitudinal studies." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73748-8.
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IntroductionDoes the prenatal environment contribute to subsequent mental health in childhood? --A question that has been around since antiquity, but still remains difficult to answer. Compelling evidence from epidemiological studies and animal experiments support the concept of developmental origins of health and disease whereby risk is conferred via early environmental influences rather than genetic transmission. However, it is difficult to disentangle the effect of confounding factors.ObjectivesTo critically explore biologically plausible mechanisms and potential postnatal moderators in child mental health using evidence from epidemiological studies. Examples are drawn from work on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms.MethodsData come from prospective pregnancy cohorts primarily gathered in Sweden as well as in other Northern European countries. The research is based on longitudinal design and emphasizes the critical role that development plays in the manifestation of behavior problems.ResultsLongitudinal modeling reveals that both prenatal and postnatal environmental factors have an impact on child mental health problems.ConclusionsExposure to adverse environmental factors related to maternal lifestyle during prenatal development have a lasting impact on child development. Therefore, the time of pregnancy offers a critical window of opportunity for prevention.
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Windt, Johann, Clare L. Ardern, Tim J. Gabbett, Karim M. Khan, Chad E. Cook, Ben C. Sporer, and Bruno D. Zumbo. "Getting the most out of intensive longitudinal data: a methodological review of workload–injury studies." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (October 2018): e022626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022626.
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ObjectivesTo systematically identify and qualitatively review the statistical approaches used in prospective cohort studies of team sports that reported intensive longitudinal data (ILD) (>20 observations per athlete) and examined the relationship between athletic workloads and injuries. Since longitudinal research can be improved by aligning the (1) theoretical model, (2) temporal design and (3) statistical approach, we reviewed the statistical approaches used in these studies to evaluate how closely they aligned these three components.DesignMethodological review.MethodsAfter finding 6 systematic reviews and 1 consensus statement in our systematic search, we extracted 34 original prospective cohort studies of team sports that reported ILD (>20 observations per athlete) and examined the relationship between athletic workloads and injuries. Using Professor Linda Collins’ three-part framework of aligning the theoretical model, temporal design and statistical approach, we qualitatively assessed how well the statistical approaches aligned with the intensive longitudinal nature of the data, and with the underlying theoretical model. Finally, we discussed the implications of each statistical approach and provide recommendations for future research.ResultsStatistical methods such as correlations, t-tests and simple linear/logistic regression were commonly used. However, these methods did not adequately address the (1) themes of theoretical models underlying workloads and injury, nor the (2) temporal design challenges (ILD). Although time-to-event analyses (eg, Cox proportional hazards and frailty models) and multilevel modelling are better-suited for ILD, these were used in fewer than a 10% of the studies (n=3).ConclusionsRapidly accelerating availability of ILD is the norm in many fields of healthcare delivery and thus health research. These data present an opportunity to better address research questions, especially when appropriate statistical analyses are chosen.
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Lundh, Lars-Gunnar, Margit Wångby-Lundh, My Paaske, Stina Ingesson, and Jonas Bjärehed. "Depressive Symptoms and Deliberate Self-Harm in a Community Sample of Adolescents: A Prospective Study." Depression Research and Treatment 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/935871.
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The associations between depressive symptoms and deliberate self-harm were studied by means of a 2-wave longitudinal design in a community sample of 1052 young adolescents, with longitudinal data for 83.6% of the sample. Evidence was found for a bidirectional relationship in girls, with depressive symptoms being a risk factor for increased self-harm one year later and self-harm a risk factor for increased depressive symptoms. Cluster analysis of profiles of depressive symptoms led to the identification of two clusters with clear depressive profiles (one severe, the other mild/moderate) which were both characterized by an overrepresentation of girls and elevated levels of self-harm. Clusters with more circumscribed problems were also identified; of these, significantly increased levels of self-harm were found in a cluster characterized by negative self-image and in a cluster characterized by dysphoric relations to parents. It is suggested that self-harm serves more to regulate negative self-related feelings than sadness.
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Yamato, Tiê Parma, Chris G. Maher, Adrian C. Traeger, Christopher M. Wiliams, and Steve J. Kamper. "Do schoolbags cause back pain in children and adolescents? A systematic review." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 19 (May 2, 2018): 1241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098927.
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ObjectiveTo investigate whether characteristics of schoolbag use are risk factors for back pain in children and adolescents.Data sourcesElectronic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases up to April 2016.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesProspective cohort studies, cross-sectional and randomised controlled trials conducted with children or adolescents. The primary outcome was an episode of back pain and the secondary outcomes were an episode of care seeking and school absence due to back pain. We weighted evidence from longitudinal studies above that from cross-sectional. The risk of bias of the longitudinal studies was assessed by a modified version of the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool.ResultsWe included 69 studies (n=72 627), of which five were prospective longitudinal and 64 cross-sectional or retrospective. We found evidence from five prospective studies that schoolbag characteristics such as weight, design and carriage method do not increase the risk of developing back pain in children and adolescents. The included studies were at moderate to high risk of bias. Evidence from cross-sectional studies aligned with that from longitudinal studies (ie, there was no consistent pattern of association between schoolbag use or type and back pain). We were unable to pool results due to different variables and inconsistent results.Summary/conclusionThere is no convincing evidence that aspects of schoolbag use increase the risk of back pain in children and adolescents.
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Ross, John R., Tatiana A. Puga, and Thomas E. Philbeck. "Longitudinal Dialysis Adequacy and Clinical Performance of the VectorFlow Hemodialysis Catheter: A Prospective Study." Journal of Vascular Access 18, no. 6 (August 26, 2017): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000784.
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Purpose To report clinical performance and longitudinal assessment of hemodialysis adequacy with the Arrow-Clark VectorFlow catheter, a symmetrical-tip device with a distal lumen configuration designed to reduce platelet shear stress and catheter thrombosis. Methods and materials We prospectively enrolled patients who required de novo placement of a chronic tunneled catheter for hemodialysis or exchange of a dysfunctional catheter as part of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved protocol. Catheter patency, Kt/V, mean blood-flow (Qb), and pump pressures were obtained at baseline and at monthly intervals to 90 days. Results Forty-six subjects were enrolled into the study. During the 90-day observation period, maximum blood-flow rate averaged 355-398 mL/minute; mean Qb averaged 333-392 mL/minute. Mean Kt/V values were consistently ≥1.5. Dwell-time was 15-114 days, for a total of 2997 catheter days (mean 71.4 days). Excluding patients who died during the study and those receiving surgical access, overall intervention-free catheter patency rate was 94.9%, 92.2% and 88.8% at days 30, 60, 90, respectively. There were no acute complications. During the follow-up period, three patients developed complications (6.5%). Two catheter infections occurred (0.7/1000 catheter days) and one catheter malfunctioned; a rate of 1.0/ 1000 catheter days for all complications. Conclusions The VectorFlow catheter produced safe, effective hemodialysis with Kt/V ≥1.5. A single catheter occlusion occurred and a low rate of infection was seen. Results support the hypothesis that the VectorFlow design reduces thrombogenic risk during clinical performance.
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Malamut, Sarah T., Tana Luo, and David Schwartz. "Prospective Associations between Popularity, Victimization, and Aggression in Early Adolescence." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 49, no. 11 (May 12, 2020): 2347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01248-4.
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Abstract Recent research has highlighted an understudied phenomenon in the peer victimization literature thus far: the overlap between high status (i.e., popularity) and victimization. However, the research on this phenomenon has primarily been cross-sectional. The current investigation uses a longitudinal design to address two questions related to high-status victims. First, the present study examined prospective associations between popularity and two forms of indirect victimization (reputational victimization and exclusion). Second, this study examined elevated aggression as a consequence of high-status youth’s victimization (using self- and peer- reports of victimization). Participants were 370 adolescents (Mage = 14.44, range = 14.00–16.00; 56.5% girls) who were followed for 1 year. Both high and low levels of popularity were prospectively associated with reputational victimization. Moreover, popularity moderated the association between self-reported indirect victimization (but not peer-reported indirect victimization) and aggression. The results help build toward a more comprehensive understanding of both victimization and aggression in adolescence. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for a cycle of aggression in youth and the lowered effectiveness of bullying interventions in adolescence.
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Kerr, Kim M., C. Greg Elliott, Raymond L. Benza, Richard N. Channick, Kelly M. Chin, R. Duane Davis, Sonia Jain, et al. "The United States Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Registry: Protocol for a Prospective, Longitudinal Study." JMIR Research Protocols 10, no. 5 (May 25, 2021): e25397. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25397.
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Background Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare sequela of acute pulmonary embolism that is treatable when recognized. Awareness of this disease has increased with recent advancements in therapeutic options, but delays in diagnosis remain common, and diagnostic and treatment guidelines are often not followed. Data gathered from international registries have improved our understanding of CTEPH, but these data may not be applicable to the US population owing to differences in demographics and medical practice patterns. Objective The US CTEPH Registry (US-CTEPH-R) was developed to provide essential information to better understand the demographics, risk factors, evaluation, and treatment of CTEPH in the United States, as well as the short- and long-term outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical therapies in the modern treatment era. Methods Thirty sites throughout the United States enrolled 750 subjects in this prospective, longitudinal, observational registry of patients newly diagnosed with CTEPH. Enrollment criteria included a mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mmHg by right heart catheterization and radiologic confirmation of CTEPH by a multidisciplinary adjudication committee. Following enrollment, subjects were followed biannually until the conclusion of the study. Quality of life surveys were administered at enrollment and biannually, and all other testing was at the discretion of the treating clinician. Details regarding surgical therapy, balloon pulmonary angioplasty, and medical therapy were collected at enrollment and at follow-up, as well as information related to health care utilization and survival. Results Data from this registry will improve understanding of the demographics, risk factors, and treatment patterns of patients with CTEPH, and the longitudinal impact of therapies on quality of life, health care utilization, and survival. Conclusions This manuscript details the methodology and design of the first large, prospective, longitudinal registry of patients with CTEPH in the United States. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02429284; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02429284 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/25397
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Dohm, Katharina, Ronny Redlich, Pienie Zwitserlood, and Udo Dannlowski. "Trajectories of major depression disorders: A systematic review of longitudinal neuroimaging findings." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 5 (August 17, 2016): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416661426.
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Objective: Structural and functional brain alterations in major depression disorder (MDD) are well studied in cross-sectional designs, but little is known about the causality between onset and course of depression on the one hand, and neurobiological changes over time on the other. To explore the direction of causality, longitudinal studies with a long time window (preferably years) are needed, but only few have been undertaken so far. This article reviews all prospective neuroimaging studies in MDD patients currently available and provides a critical discussion of methodological challenges involved in the investigation of the causal relationship between brain alterations and the course of MDD. Method: We conducted a systematic review of studies published before September 2015, to identify structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies that assess the relation between neuronal alterations and MDD in longitudinal (⩾1 year) designs. Results: Only 15 studies meeting minimal standards were identified. An analysis of these longitudinal data showed a large heterogeneity between studies regarding design, samples, imaging methods, spatial restrictions and, consequently, results. There was a strong relationship between brain-volume outcomes and the current mood state, whereas longitudinal studies failed to clarify the influence of pre-existing brain changes on depressive outcome. Conclusion: So far, available longitudinal studies cannot resolve the causality between the course of depression and neurobiological changes over time. Future studies should combine high methodological standards with large sample sizes. Cooperation in multi-center studies is indispensable to attain sufficient sample sizes, and should allow careful assessment of possible confounders.
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Eguchi, Hisashi, Akizumi Tsutsumi, Akiomi Inoue, Hiroyuki Hikichi, and Ichiro Kawachi. "Association of workplace social capital with psychological distress: results from a longitudinal multilevel analysis of the J-HOPE Study." BMJ Open 8, no. 12 (December 2018): e022569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022569.
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ObjectivesWorkplace social capital (WSC) is increasingly recognised as a social contextual determinant of workers’ mental health, but longitudinal data are sparse. We aimed to evaluate the impact of changes in unit-level WSC on psychological distress among Japanese employees using a prospective multilevel repeated-measures design.Participants and study designWe conducted a 2-year prospective cohort study with 1,944 men and 786 women aged 18–65 years. Participants worked at two manufacturing worksites in Japan and were free from mental illness from the first to third study waves. We used a three-level multilevel regression design to evaluate the prospective association of unit-level WSC with individual-level psychological distress. WSC was measured using a validated six-item instrument and individual-level psychological distress with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6).ResultsThe null model indicated a significant degree of between-work unit variation in psychological distress (intraclass correlation=0.1%, p<0.001). In the full model, each SD increase in unit-level WSC was associated with 0.69 point improvement in K6 scores (95% CI −1.12 to −0.26).ConclusionsThis prospective study builds on existing knowledge by showing an association between unit-level WSC and modest improvements in mental health among employees in Japan. We recommend that WSC is considered alongside other contextual influences when assessing employees’ mental health risks.
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Robinson, Luke Steven, Ted Brown, and Lisa O’Brien. "Capturing the costs of acute hand and wrist injuries: Lessons learnt from a prospective longitudinal burden of injury study." Hand Therapy 25, no. 4 (September 2, 2020): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758998320952815.
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Introduction Given the high incidence of hand and wrist injuries, they are exceptionally costly to the economy. This prospective, longitudinal study aimed to establish methods for capturing the burden of acute hand and wrist injury from an individual and societal perspective. Methods A prospective longitudinal design with baseline measures of injury type and severity, and repeated measures of disability, cost, and activity limitations and participation restrictions at six weeks, three months, and six months was selected. Participants were recruited from two large urban Australian public health care services. We sought to establish methods for capturing the burden of acute hand and wrist injury from an individual and societal perspective and compare survey completion by the method of administration. Results A total of 206 patients consented to participate in this study, representing 54% of those invited to participate. The survey completion rates were 18% at six weeks, 2.4% at twelve weeks, and 0.004% at six months following injury. From the limited data collected at six weeks, it was noted that nearly half of the patients reported a decrease in usual financial income, 14% reported absenteeism, and 62% reported presenteeism. Participants who elected to have data collected via phone call had the highest survey completion rate ( n = 6/10; 30%) at six-week’s follow-up. Discussion The study findings highlight the difficulties of completing longitudinal survey research investigating individual and societal burden with this population. Future research should be carefully designed to encourage participation and retention by considering patient and public involvement in study design, the time burden placed on the participants within and across selected survey time points, providing participants with incentives to participate, and highlighting the relevance and real-world applications of the findings.
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Linendoll, Nadine, Tully Saunders, Rebecca Burns, Jonathan Nyce, Kristen Wendell, Andrew M. Evens, and Susan K. Parsons. "Health-related quality of life (HRQL) in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL): A systematic review (SR)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2016): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.3_suppl.234.
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234 Background: AlthoughHL is highly curable with well-established treatment regimens, the impact on patients' HRQL from diagnosis through survivorship is unclear. This SR aimed to: (1) describe the literature on HRQL in HL, (2) assess the quality of these studies and (3) identify gaps for future research. Methods: We performed a PRISMA-guided SR on HRQL in HL patients. Identified articles were double-screened and data extracted; quality was evaluated using a 6-point scale adapted from published HRQL SR. Results: Sixty-two articles published between 1986- 2014 met inclusion criteria. These included 50 (81%) cross-sectional studies and 12 (19%) longitudinal studies of which three were embedded in randomized trials (RTC). Only two of the RCTs followed patients from diagnosis into survivorship; three additional longitudinal studies began assessments at diagnosis. The majority (75%) of longitudinal studies were performed over the last decade. The sample size of HL patients varied considerably with only five (41%) longitudinal studies including >50 patients. On average, patients in the cross sectional studies were 10-plus years off treatment. Multidimensional HRQL was assessed in 40 studies, single HRQL domains in 21 studies, and symptoms, including fatigue, in 24 studies. Quality varied by study design. Conclusions: The number and quality of studies on HRQL in HL have increased over time. To capture HRQL trajectory from diagnosis through survivorship, we recommend that future research include prospective, longitudinal randomized design across treatment and time. [Table: see text]
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Oman, Roy F., Kristen Clements-Nolle, Minggen Lu, and Taylor Lensch. "An Investigation of Youth Assets and Physical Activity and BMI Using a Longitudinal Cohort Design." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 8 (April 12, 2018): 1751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117118769561.
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Purpose: Substantial research has demonstrated that assets (eg, family communication, school connectedness) protect youth from participation in numerous risk behaviors. However, very few studies have explored the relationship between assets and positive health behaviors. This study investigated prospective associations among assets and physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI). Design: Longitudinal design with 5 waves of data collected annually over a 4-year period. Setting: Community-based setting with participants recruited via door-to-door canvasing of homes located in stratified (by race and income) randomly selected census tracts and blocks. Participants: Participants were 1111 youth (baseline mean age = 14.3 years [SD = 1.6]; 53% female; 40.6% white, 28.6% Hispanic, 24.4% black, 6.4% other) and their parents. Measures: Weekly participation in PA, BMI, and 14 youth assets representing multiple levels of influence (individual, family, and community). Analysis: Generalized linear mixed models assessed associations among the assets and PA and BMI over the 5 waves of data. Results: There was a significant and graded relationship between assets and weekly participation in PA. For example, at the community-asset level, PA minutes were higher among youth with 2 assets ( P = .006), 3 assets ( P = .0006), and 4 to 5 assets ( P < .0001) compared to youth with 0 to 1 assets. No effects were found for BMI. Conclusion: Asset-based health promotion programs for youth may promote positive health behaviors and prevent participation in risk behaviors.
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MENEZES, N. M., T. ARENOVICH, and R. B. ZIPURSKY. "A systematic review of longitudinal outcome studies of first-episode psychosis." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 10 (June 7, 2006): 1349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706007951.
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Background. Existing outcome literature has had an over-representation of chronic patients and suggested a progressive course and poor outcome for schizophrenia. The current study aimed to recombine data of samples from longitudinal studies of first-episode psychosis (FEP) to describe outcome and its predictors.Method. A literature search (1966–2003) was conducted for prospective studies examining outcome in first-episode non-affective psychosis using the following key words: early, first, incident, episode, admission, contact, psychosis, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, course, outcome, follow-up, longitudinal, cohort. These were pooled and analyzed using descriptive and regression analyses.Results. Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria, representing 4100 patients with a mean follow-up of 35·1±6·0 months. Studies varied in the categories of outcome used, the most common being ‘good’ (54% of studies) and ‘poor’ (34% of studies), variably defined. In studies reporting these categories, good outcomes were reported in 42·2% (3·5%) and poor outcomes in 27·1% (2·8%) of cases. Predictors associated with better outcome domains were: combination of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial therapy, lack of epidemiologic representativeness of the sample, and a developing country of origin. Use of typical neuroleptics was associated with worse outcome. Stratification analyses suggested that populations with schizophrenia only, and those with prospective design, were associated with worse outcome domains.Conclusions. Outcome from FEP may be more favorable than previously reported, and treatment and methodological variables may be important contributors to outcome. Significant heterogeneity in definitions and methodology limited the comparison and pooling of data. A multi-dimensional, globally used definition of outcome is required for future research.
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Goemans, Anouk, Renate S. M. Buisman, Mitch van Geel, and Paul Vedder. "Foster Parent Stress as Key Factor Relating to Foster Children’s Mental Health: A 1-Year Prospective Longitudinal Study." Child & Youth Care Forum 49, no. 5 (April 24, 2020): 661–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566-020-09547-4.
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Abstract Background Foster children are reported to often have mental health difficulties. To optimize foster children’s development chances, we need to know more about the characteristics that are predictive of foster children’s mental health. Objective In the current study, we aimed to establish what accounts for the differences in foster children’s mental health, by examining the change and predictors of change in foster children’s mental health. Insight into foster children’s mental health outcomes and their predictors could inform the design of targeted interventions and support for foster children and foster families. Method In a sample of 432 foster children between 4 and 17 years old (M = 10.90) we examined a multivariate model in which characteristics of the foster child, the child’s care experiences, foster family, and foster placement were included as predictors of foster children’s mental health (internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors) using a three-wave longitudinal design Results Results showed that levels of mental health were generally stable over time. Differences between foster children’s developmental outcomes were mainly predicted by foster parent stress. Conclusions Foster parent stress levels were high and consistently found to be the strongest predictor of foster children’s mental health outcomes. Given this finding it is important for researchers and practitioners to consider foster parent stress in screening as a point of attention in creating conditions conducive to foster children’s mental health.
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McCreary, Cheryl R., Marina Salluzzi, Linda B. Andersen, David Gobbi, Louis Lauzon, Feryal Saad, Eric E. Smith, and Richard Frayne. "Calgary Normative Study: design of a prospective longitudinal study to characterise potential quantitative MR biomarkers of neurodegeneration over the adult lifespan." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e038120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038120.
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IntroductionA number of MRI methods have been proposed to be useful, quantitative biomarkers of neurodegeneration in ageing. The Calgary Normative Study (CNS) is an ongoing single-centre, prospective, longitudinal study that seeks to develop, test and assess quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) methods as potential biomarkers of neurodegeneration. The CNS has three objectives: first and foremost, to evaluate and characterise the dependence of the selected quantitative neuroimaging biomarkers on age over the adult lifespan; second, to evaluate the precision, variability and repeatability of quantitative neuroimaging biomarkers as part of biomarker validation providing proof-of-concept and proof-of-principle; and third, provide a shared repository of normative data for comparison to various disease cohorts.Methods and analysisQuantitative MR mapping of the brain including longitudinal relaxation time (T1), transverse relaxation time (T2), T2*, magnetic susceptibility (QSM), diffusion and perfusion measurements, as well as morphological assessments are performed. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and a brief, self-report medical history will be collected. Mixed regression models will be used to characterise changes in quantitative MR biomarker measures over the adult lifespan. In this report, we describe the study design, strategies to recruit and perform changes to the acquisition protocol from inception to 31 December 2018, planned statistical approach and data sharing procedures for the study.Ethics and disseminationParticipants provide signed informed consent. Changes in quantitative MR biomarkers measured over the adult lifespan as well as estimates of measurement variance and repeatability will be disseminated through peer-reviewed scientific publication.
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Gillespie, Brigid M., Emma L. Harbeck, Joanne Lavin, Kyra Hamilton, Therese Gardiner, Teresa K. Withers, and Andrea P. Marshall. "Evaluation of a patient safety programme on Surgical Safety Checklist Compliance: a prospective longitudinal study." BMJ Open Quality 7, no. 3 (July 2018): e000362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2018-000362.
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BackgroundSurgical Safety Checklists (SSC) have been implemented widely across 132 countries since 2008. Yet, despite associated reductions in postoperative complications and death rates, implementation of checklists in surgery remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a patient safety programme over time on SSC use and incidence of clinical errors.DesignA prospective longitudinal design over three time points and a retrospective secondary analysis of clinical incident data was undertaken.MethodsWe implemented a patient safety programme over 4 weeks to improve surgical teams’ use of the SSC. We undertook structured observations to assess surgical teams’ checklist use before and after programme implementation and conducted a retrospective audit of clinical incident data 12 months before and 12 months following implementation of the programme.ResultsThere were significant improvements in the observed use of the SSC across all phases, particularly in sign-out where completion rates ranged from 79.3% to 94.5% (p<0.0001) following programme implementation. Across clinical incident audit periods, 33 019 surgical procedures were performed. Based on a subsample of 64 cases, clinical incidents occurred in 22/16 264 (0.13%) before implementation and 42/16 755 (0.25%) cases after implementation. The most predominant incident after programme implementation was inadequate tissue specimen labelling (23/42, 54.8%). Clinical incidents resulted in minimal or no harm to the patient.ConclusionsThe benefit in using a surgical checklist lies in the potential to enhance team communications and the promotion of a team culture in which safety is the priority.
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Craddock, Nicole Leigh, Theresa Burgess, and Kim Buchholtz. "Does a greater training load increase the risk of injury and illness in ultramarathon runners? : A prospective, descriptive, longitudinal design." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2020/v32i1a8559.
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Background: Ultramarathon running has become extremely popular over the years. Despite the numerous health benefits of running, there are also many negative effects of running, such as increased risk of musculoskeletal injury and illness. Monitoring of an athlete’s training load has become extremely important in terms of injury prevention. Currently, the relationship between training loads and injury and illness incidence is uncertain.
Objectives: To determine if there are any associations between injury and illness incidences and training loads among ultramarathon runners in the 12 week period preceding an ultramarathon event and the four week period after the event.
Methods: This prospective, descriptive, longitudinal study design was conducted in 119 runners who were training for the 2019 Two Oceans ultramarathon event. Data were collected once a week via an online logbook over 16 weeks. Training parameters measured included weekly average running distance, average duration, average frequency and average sessional RPE. Injury data included injury counts, the structure injured, the main anatomical location and the time-loss as a result of injury. Illness data included illness counts, the main illness-related symptoms and the time-loss as a result of illness.
Results: The overall injury incidence was five per 1000 training hours and the overall illness incidence was 16 per 1000 training days. There was a significant relationship between external training load and injury and illness incidence for those who ran less than 30 km per week. There was also a significant relationship between the ACWR (Acute Chronic Workload Ratio) and injury incidence when the ACWR was >1.5 and for illness incidence when the ACWR was <0.5.
Conclusion: The use of both absolute and relative workloads in the monitoring of an athlete’s training load with the aim of minimising injury and illness risk and maximising performance in ultramarathon runners is recommended.
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Bisgaard, Hans. "The Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC): design, rationale, and baseline data from a longitudinal birth cohort study." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 93, no. 4 (October 2004): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61398-1.
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Zhou, Feng, Christian Montag, Rayna Sariyska, Bernd Lachmann, Martin Reuter, Bernd Weber, Peter Trautner, Keith M. Kendrick, Sebastian Markett, and Benjamin Becker. "Orbitofrontal gray matter deficits as marker of Internet gaming disorder: converging evidence from a cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal design." Addiction Biology 24, no. 1 (October 23, 2017): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adb.12570.
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Lenarz, Thomas, Lida Muller, Hanna Czerniejewska-Wolska, Hector Vallés Varela, César Orús Dotú, Marcin Durko, Alicia Huarte Irujo, et al. "Patient-Related Benefits for Adults with Cochlear Implantation: A Multicultural Longitudinal Observational Study." Audiology and Neurotology 22, no. 2 (2017): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477533.
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Objectives: To assess subjectively perceived, real-world benefits longitudinally for unilateral cochlear implant (CI) recipients in a multinational population treated routinely. To identify possible predictors of self-reported benefits. Design: This was a prospective, multicenter, repeated-measures study. Self-assessment of performance at preimplantation and postimplantation at 1, 2, and 3 years using standardized, validated, local language versions of the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ), and the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3) was performed. Outcomes were analyzed using a longitudinal mixed-effects model incorporating country effect. Patient demographics were explored for associations with change over time. Subjects: Two hundred ninety-one routinely treated, unilateral CI recipients, aged 13-81 years, from 9 clinics across 4 countries. Results: Highly significant improvements were observed for all outcome measures (p < 0.0001). Postimplantation, mean outcome scores remained stable beyond 1 year, with notable individual variability. A significant association for one or more outcomes with preimplantation contralateral hearing aid use, telephone use, age at implantation, implantation side, preimplantation comorbidities, dizziness, and tinnitus was observed (p < 0.004). Conclusions: Longitudinal benefits of CI treatment can be measured using clinically standardized self-assessment tools to provide a holistic view of patient-related benefits in routine clinical practice for aggregated data from multinational populations. Self-reported outcomes can provide medical-based evidence regarding CI treatment to support decision-making by health service providers.
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Schoenfeld, Julia, Michael Johannes Schindler, Bernhard Haller, Stefan Holdenrieder, David Christopher Nieman, Martin Halle, André La Gerche, and Johannes Scherr. "Prospective long-term follow-up analysis of the cardiovascular system in marathon runners: study design of the Pro-MagIC study." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (July 2020): e000786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000786.
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IntroductionProlonged strenuous exercise training may result in structural, functional and electrical cardiac remodelling, as well as vascular and myocardial injuries. However, the extent to which high-volume, intense exercise is associated with arrhythmias, myocardial fibrosis, coronary heart disease and pathological alterations of the vasculature remains unknown. In addition, there is no clear consensus on the clinical significance of these exercise-induced changes. Previous studies typically used cross-sectional designs and examined exercise-induced cardiovascular changes in small cohorts of athletes for up to 3–7 days of recovery. Long-term longitudinal studies investigating cardiovascular changes induced by prolonged strenuous exercise in large cohorts of athletes are needed to improve scientific understanding in this area.Methods and analysisIn this prospective observational monocenter study, 277 participants of the Beer, Marathon, Genetics, Inflammation and the Cardiovascular System (Be-MaGIC) study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00933218) will be invited to participate in this 10-year follow-up study. A minimum target sample size of 130 participants will be included in the study. Participating athletes will be examined via the following: anthropometry, resting electrocardiography and echocardiography, blood sampling, retinal vessel diameters, carotid sonography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, including exercise electrocardiography.DiscussionThis longitudinal study will provide comprehensive data on physiological changes in the cardiovascular system and the development of pathologies after a 10-year period of prolonged and strenuous endurance exercise. Since the participants will have engaged in a wide range of training loads and competitive race events, this study will provide useful risk factor determinants and training load cut-off values. The primary endpoint is the association between the exercise-induced increase in cardiac troponin during the Munich marathon 2009 and the decline in right ventricular ejection fraction over the next 10 years.Trial registration numberNCT04166903.
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Marsh, David R., Helena Pachón, Dirk G. Schroeder, Tran Thu Ha, Kirk Dearden, Tran Thi Lang, Nguyen Dhanh Hien, Doan Anh Tuan, Tran Duc Thach, and David Claussenius. "Design of a Prospective, Randomized Evaluation of an Integrated Nutrition Program in Rural Viet Nam." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 23, no. 4_suppl2 (December 2002): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265020234s206.
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Few prospective studies of child growth and its determinants take place in programmatic contexts. We evaluated the effect of Save the Children's (SC) community empowerment and nutrition program (CENP) on child growth, care, morbidity, empowerment, and behavioral determinants. This paper describes the research methods of this community-based study. We used a longitudinal, prospective, randomized design. We selected 12 impoverished communes with documented child malnutrition, three comparison, and three intervention communes in each of two districts in Phu Tho Province, west of Hanoi. SC taught district trainers in November 1999 to train local health volunteers to implement the 10-month CENP, including situation analysis, positive deviance (PD) inquiry, growth monitoring and promotion, nutrition education and rehabilitation program (NERP), deworming, and monitoring. PD inquiries aim to discover successful care practices in poor households that likely promote well-nourished children. NERPs are neighborhood-based, facilitated group learning sessions where caregivers of malnourished children learn and practice PD and other healthy behaviors. We dewormed all intervention and comparison children. We weighed all children less than 24 months of age living in the intervention and comparison communes and randomly selected 240 children (120 intervention and 120 comparison). We gathered information on nutritional status, diet, illness, care, behavioral determinants, empowerment, and program quality, monthly for six months with a re-survey at 12 months. We collected most information through maternal interview but also observed hygiene and program quality, and videotaped feedings at home. Some implementation and research limitations will attenuate CENP impact and measurement of its effectiveness.
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Balsdon, Megan, Colin Dombroski, Kristen Bushey, and Thomas R. Jenkyn. "Hard, soft and off-the-shelf foot orthoses and their effect on the angle of the medial longitudinal arch: A biplane fluoroscopy study." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 43, no. 3 (February 14, 2019): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364619825607.
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Background: Foot orthoses have proven to be effective for conservative management of various pathologies. Pathologies of the lower limb can be caused by abnormal biomechanics such as irregular foot structure and alignment, leading to inadequate support. Objectives: To compare biomechanical effects of different foot orthoses on the medial longitudinal arch during dynamic gait using skeletal kinematics. Study design: This study follows a prospective, cross-sectional study design. Methods: The medial longitudinal arch angle was measured for 12 participants among three groups: pes planus, pes cavus and normal arch. Five conditions were compared: three orthotic devices (hard custom foot orthosis, soft custom foot orthosis and off-the-shelf Barefoot Science©), barefoot and shod. An innovative method, markerless fluoroscopic radiostereometric analysis, was used to measure the medial longitudinal arch angle. Results: Mean medial longitudinal arch angles for both custom foot orthosis conditions were significantly different from the barefoot and shod conditions ( p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the off-the-shelf device and the barefoot or shod conditions ( p > 0.05). In addition, the differences between hard and soft custom foot orthoses were not statistically significant. All foot types showed a medial longitudinal arch angle decrease with both the hard and soft custom foot orthoses. Conclusion: These results suggest that custom foot orthoses can reduce motion of the medial longitudinal arch for a range of foot types during dynamic gait. Level of evidence: Therapeutic study, Level 2. Clinical relevance Custom foot orthoses support and alter the position of the foot during weightbearing. The goal is to eliminate compensation of the foot for a structural deformity or malalignment and redistribute abnormal plantar pressures. By optimizing the position of the foot, the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) will also change and quantifying this change is of interest to clinicians.
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Kraus, Emily, Adam S. Tenforde, Aurelia Nattiv, Kristin L. Sainani, Andrea Kussman, Megan Deakins-Roche, Sonal Singh, Brian Young Kim, Michelle T. Barrack, and Michael Fredericson. "Bone stress injuries in male distance runners: higher modified Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment scores predict increased rates of injury." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 4 (December 22, 2018): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099861.
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ObjectivesBone stress injuries (BSI) are common in runners of both sexes. The purpose of this study was to determine if a modified Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment tool would predict BSI in male distance runners.Methods156 male runners at two collegiate programmes were studied using mixed retrospective and prospective design for a total of 7 years. Point values were assigned using risk assessment categories including low energy availability, low body mass index (BMI), low bone mineral density (BMD) and prior BSI. The outcome was subsequent development of BSI. Statistical models used a mixed effects Poisson regression model with p<0.05 as threshold for significance. Two regression analyses were performed: (1) baseline risk factors as the independent variable; and (2) annual change in risk factors (longitudinal data) as the independent variable.Results42/156 runners (27%) sustained 61 BSIs over an average 1.9 years of follow-up. In the baseline risk factor model, each 1 point increase in prior BSI score was associated with a 57% increased risk for prospective BSI (p=0.0042) and each 1 point increase in cumulative risk score was associated with a 37% increase in prospective BSI risk (p=0.0079). In the longitudinal model, each 1 point increase in cumulative risk score was associated with a 27% increase in prospective BSI risk (p=0.05). BMI (rate ratio (RR)=1.91, p=0.11) and BMD (RR=1.58, p=0.19) risk scores were not associated with BSI.ConclusionA modified cumulative risk assessment tool may help identify male runners at elevated risk for BSI. Identifying risk factors may guide treatment and prevention strategies.
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Messier, Stephen P., David F. Martin, Shannon L. Mihalko, Edward Ip, Paul DeVita, D. Wayne Cannon, Monica Love, et al. "A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study of Overuse Running Injuries: The Runners and Injury Longitudinal Study (TRAILS)." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 9 (May 23, 2018): 2211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518773755.
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Background: The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, noting flaws in previous running injury research, called for more rigorous prospective designs and comprehensive analyses to define the origin of running injuries. Purpose: To determine the risk factors that differentiate recreational runners who remain uninjured from those diagnosed with an overuse running injury during a 2-year observational period. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Inclusion criteria were running a minimum of 5 miles per week and being injury free for at least the past 6 months. Data were collected at baseline on training, medical and injury histories, demographics, anthropometrics, strength, gait biomechanics, and psychosocial variables. Injuries occurring over the 2-year observation period were diagnosed by an orthopaedic surgeon on the basis of predetermined definitions. Results: Of the 300 runners who entered the study, 199 (66%) sustained at least 1 injury, including 73% of women and 62% of men. Of the injured runners, 111 (56%) sustained injuries more than once. In bivariate analyses, significant ( P ≤ .05) factors at baseline that predicted injury were as follows: Short Form Health Survey–12 mental component score (lower mental health–related quality of life), Positive and Negative Affect Scale negative affect score (more negative emotions), sex (higher percentage of women were injured), and knee stiffness (greater stiffness was associated with injury); subsequently, knee stiffness was the lone significant predictor of injury (odds ratio = 1.18) in a multivariable analysis. Flexibility, quadriceps angle, arch height, rearfoot motion, strength, footwear, and previous injury were not significant risk factors for injury. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the following: (1) among recreational runners, women sustain injuries at a higher rate than men; (2) greater knee stiffness, more common in runners with higher body weights (≥80 kg), significantly increases the odds of sustaining an overuse running injury; and (3) contrary to several long-held beliefs, flexibility, arch height, quadriceps angle, rearfoot motion, lower extremity strength, weekly mileage, footwear, and previous injury are not significant etiologic factors across all overuse running injuries.
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Inoue, Keiko, Noriko Iida, Kazuko Tajiri, Hiroko Bando, Shigeru Chiba, Nobutaka Tasaka, Kenji Nagashio, et al. "Rationale, Design, and Feasibility of a Prospective Multicenter Registry Study of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity (AIC Registry)." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071370.
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As the number of cancer survivors increases, cardiac management in anthracycline-treated patients has become more important. We planned to conduct a prospective multicenter registry study for comprehensive echocardiographic and biomarker data collection and an evaluation of the current practice in terms of diagnosis and management of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC registry). To examine the feasibility of this registry study, we analyzed the 1-year follow-up data of 97 patients registered during the first year of this registry. The AIC registry was launched in July 2016. Data on echocardiographic parameters (e.g., two-and three-dimensional [(2- and 3-D) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS)) and biomarkers (e.g., troponin T and brain natriuretic peptide) were collected before anthracycline treatment, every 3 months during the first year after starting anthracycline, and every 6 months during the second year. Eighty-three patients (86%) completed a 1-year follow-up. The measurable rates of 2D LVEF, 3D LVEF, and GLS on each visit were nearly optimal (100%, 86–93%, and 84–94%, respectively). During the 1-year follow-up, 5 patients (6.0%) developed cardiotoxicity (a reduction in LVEF ≥ 10 percentage points from baseline and <55%). The AIC registry study is feasible and will be the first study to collect sizable echocardiographic and biomarker data on cardiotoxicity in Japanese patients treated with anthracycline in a real-world setting.
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Modan-Moses, Dalit, Amit Yaroslavsky, Orit Pinhas-Hamiel, Yael Levy-Shraga, Brigitte Kochavi, Sharon Iron-Segev, Adi Enoch-Levy, Anat Toledano, and Daniel Stein. "Prospective Longitudinal Assessment of Linear Growth and Adult Height in Female Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, no. 1 (October 20, 2020): e1-e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa510.
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Abstract Context Growth retardation is an established complication of anorexia nervosa (AN); however, findings concerning the adult height of AN patients are inconsistent. Objective The objective of this work was to assess linear growth and adult height in female adolescents with AN. Design and Setting A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary university hospital. Participants Participants included all 255 female adolescent AN patients hospitalized in the pediatric psychosomatic department between January 1, 2000 and May 31, 2015. Interventions Height and weight were assessed at admission and during hospitalization. Patients were subsequently invited for measurement of adult height. Additional data collected included premorbid height data, menstrual history, skeletal age, pertinent laboratory studies, and parental heights. Main Outcome Measure The main outcome measure of this study was adult height. Results Mean age at admission was 15.4 ± 1.75 years, mean body mass index (BMI) was 15.7 ± 1.8 kg/m2 (BMI SDS = –2.3 ± 1.45 kg/m2). Premorbid height SD scores (SDS) were not significantly different from those expected in normal adolescents (0.005 ± 0.96). However, height SDS at admission (–0.36 ± 0.99), discharge (–0.34 ± 0.96), and at adult height (–0.29 ± 0.95), were significantly (P < .001) lower than expected. Furthermore, adult height was significantly (P = .006) shorter compared to the midparental target height. Stepwise forward linear regression analysis identified age (r = 0.32, P = .002) and bone age (r = –0.29, P = .006) on admission, linear growth during hospitalization (r = 0.47, P < .001), and change in luteinizing hormone during hospitalization (r = –0.265, P = .021) as independent predictors of improvement in height SDS from the time of admission to adult height. Conclusions Whereas the premorbid height of female adolescent AN patients is normal, linear growth retardation is a prominent feature of their illness. Weight restoration is associated with catch-up growth, but complete catch-up is often not achieved.
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La Joie, Renaud, Adrienne V. Visani, Suzanne L. Baker, Jesse A. Brown, Viktoriya Bourakova, Jungho Cha, Kiran Chaudhary, et al. "Prospective longitudinal atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease correlates with the intensity and topography of baseline tau-PET." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 524 (January 1, 2020): eaau5732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau5732.
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β-Amyloid plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles are the two neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and are thought to play crucial roles in a neurodegenerative cascade leading to dementia. Both lesions can now be visualized in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers, opening new opportunities to study disease mechanisms and improve patients’ diagnostic and prognostic evaluation. In a group of 32 patients at early symptomatic AD stages, we tested whether β-amyloid and tau-PET could predict subsequent brain atrophy measured using longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging acquired at the time of PET and 15 months later. Quantitative analyses showed that the global intensity of tau-PET, but not β-amyloid–PET, signal predicted the rate of subsequent atrophy, independent of baseline cortical thickness. Additional investigations demonstrated that the specific distribution of tau-PET signal was a strong indicator of the topography of future atrophy at the single patient level and that the relationship between baseline tau-PET and subsequent atrophy was particularly strong in younger patients. These data support disease models in which tau pathology is a major driver of local neurodegeneration and highlight the relevance of tau-PET as a precision medicine tool to help predict individual patient’s progression and design future clinical trials.
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Kõlves, Kairi, and Diego de Leo. "Suicide bereavement: piloting a longitudinal study in Australia." BMJ Open 8, no. 1 (January 2018): e019504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019504.
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ObjectivesThe pilot study were (1) to test the technical and administrative feasibility of a full-scale study, including recruitment process, response and retention rate, questionnaire design for an investigation to improve understanding of the suicide bereavement processes compared with bereavement by sudden deaths and (2) to present the differences and changes in the main outcomes—grief reactions of close relatives exposed to suicide and sudden death over 2 years.DesignA longitudinal prospective study comparing bereavement by suicide to other types of sudden deaths over time (6, 12 and 24 months).SettingQueensland, Australia.Participants25 suicide-bereaved and 15 sudden-death-bereaved persons.Outcome measuresGrief reactions (measured with the Grief Experience Questionnaire).ResultsThe response rate was 52.1% in the suicide bereaved and 45.5% in the sudden-death group. There was a small number of dropouts, with the retention rate over 85% for both groups. Linear mixed modelling for repeated measures showed a significant group effect (higher in suicide bereaved) for total grief, responsibility, rejection and unique reactions. A significant time effect (reduction) was measured for total grief, somatic reactions, general grief reactions and search for explanation. One significant time and group interaction was measured; rejection showed a decline in suicide and an increase in sudden-death bereaved.ConclusionsThe pilot study presented the appropriateness of the study methodology. This type of study has implications for counselling and treating people bereaved by suicide and for designing postvention activities.