Academic literature on the topic 'Prostanglandins'

La familia de genes de las lipocalinas (LCN) está compuesta por varios miembros que comparten una estructura común y que se han duplicado en forma repetida durante la evolución expandiéndose a más de 150 genes conocidos, de ellos al menos veinte reportados en la especie humana. El grupo de proteínas de las LCN está constituido por varios elementos que comparten la propiedad común de unión de ligandos lipofílicos. Las LCN funcionan en un amplio rango de sistemas incluyendo quimiorrecepción y transporte en fisiología sensorial del gusto y odor, coloración, modulación hemato-inmune, síntesis de prostanglandina D2, neuro-fisiología, fisiología reproductiva y fertilidad, embriogénesis, proliferación y división celular, supervivencia y apoptosis celular. Es evidente su rol en patobiología y bioclínica reproductiva y de la fertilidad al observar que varias LCN tienen niveles alterados de expresión en diferentes eventos patofisiológicos. Esta revisión resume hallazgos e implicaciones. Abreviaturas: LCN, lipocalinas; Gd, glicodelinas; kDa, kilodalton.

Abstract Purpose Coronary artery disease death has been associated with increased cigarette smoking intensity. Aim of the study is to investigate the impact of cigarette smoking intensity on vascular function and structure changes among male smokers with similar age at starting smoking and moderate cumulative tobacco smoke exposure. Methods Indices of vascular function and structure including carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), brachial flow-mediated dilation (bFMD), carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and microvascular damage (penile vasculature) were measured in 118 smokers consuming up to 1 pack (20 cigarettes)/day and 58 patients smoking >1 pack (20 cigarettes)/day. The two groups had a similar mean cigarette smoking exposure (32 pack/years). Microvascular damage was examined by measuring penile peak systolic velocity (PSV) with a dynamic penile color Doppler ultrasonography after intracavernous injection of prostanglandin E1. Lower PSV values indicate severe penile vascular disease. Results The individuals smoking more than 1 pack/day were 10 years younger than smokers consuming up to 1 pack/day, however systolic, diastolic blood pressure, body-mass index, fasting blood glucose levels, lipid profile, C-reactive protein and total testosterone concentration were similar between the two groups. Figure shows mean bFMD, penile PSV, PWV and cIMT of the two groups. Interestingly, despite the similar cumulative smoking exposure between the two groups, the younger in age individuals with the intense cigarette smoking history had significantly lower mean bFMD and penile PSV (all P<0.05) and similar PWV and cIMT compared to the mean values of older subjects smoking up to 1 pack/day. Smoking intensity and vascular changes Conclusions Intense daily smoking accelerates damage of large arteries and significantly impairs microvascular and systemic endothelial function. Considering the predictive value of vascular biomarkers, the findings of this study imply the possibility that baseline daily smoking intensity could be a better summary measure of smoking-related cardiovascular risk among young heavy smokers, relative to total pack-years of smoking.

Abstract Background Arterial hypertension is associated with an almost two-fold increase in the likelihood of having an abnormal penile blood flow. Recent evidence supports the independent of age and blood pressure (BP) level predictive value of severe penile arterial insufficiency for adverse cardiovascular events. Purpose Aim of this study is to quantify the association between BP level and severity of penile vascular disease and to examine the potential for differences in effect of BP lowering medication use on the associations between BP level and penile vascular damage. Methods We measured penile peak systolic velocity (PSV) in 356 consecutive men with erectile dysfunction (ED) and without a history of diabetes and cardiovascular disease; The cohort was divided according to office systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP in three BP categories: normal (SBP &lt;130 and DBP &lt;85 mmHg, n=117), high normal (130≤SBP&lt;140 or DBP 85≤DBP&lt;90mmHg, n=91), and hypertension (SBP≥140 or DBP≥90mmHg, n=148). 164 (46%) patients of the whole study population were treated with antihypertensive medications. Low PSV values after intracavernous injection of prostanglandin E1 indicate impaired penile blood inflow and severe vasculogenic ED. Results Figure shows PSV measurements of the three office BP categories subdivided according to use of antihypertensive therapy. Treated and untreated hypertensive patients had similar mean PSV. Interestingly, the mean PSV of men with high normal BP not receiving antihypertensive drugs was significantly higher compared to PSV of men with high normal BP under therapy and significantly lower compared to PSV of normotensive males without therapy (all P&lt;0.05). Among males not receiving antihypertensive medications there was a progressive decrease in PSV values from normal BP, to high normal BP and to hypertension (P=0.01, after adjustment for age), while among males under antihypertension therapy, the three BP categories had similar PSV level (P=0.54 after adjustment for age) (figure). Conclusion The inverse associations observed between hypertension status and penile arterial insufficiency in men not taking antihypertensive medication were attenuated or disappeared among men reporting antihypertensive medication use reflecting a medication effect or structural effects of longstanding hypertension on the penile vasculature. BP level, hypertension therapy and PSV Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None