Books: 'Prostate cancer screening in Nigeria'

1

Prostate cancer screening. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Humana Press, 2009.

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2

Ankerst, Donna P., Catherine M. Tangen, and Ian M. Thompson, eds. Prostate Cancer Screening. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-281-0.

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3

Thompson, Ian M., Martin I. Resnick, and Eric A. Klein. Prostate Cancer Screening. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1592590993.

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4

Frödin, Jan-Erik. Mass screening for prostate cancer. New York: Published for the UICC by Wiley-Liss, 1996.

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5

Salowe, Allen E. Prostate cancer: Overcoming denial with action : a guide to treatment, screening, and healing. St. Louis, Mo: Quality Medical Pub., 1997.

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6

Prostate cancer: New questions about screening and treatment : hearing before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, second session, March 4, 2010. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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7

Fund, Milbank Memorial, ed. Educated guesses: Making policy about medical screening tests. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

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8

United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, Public Health Service Act, and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to require that group and individual health insurance coverage and group health plans provide coverage of screening for breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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9

Prostate cancer screening. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Humana Press, 2009.

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10

Pauler, Ankerst Donna, Tangen Catherine M, and Thompson Ian M. 1954-, eds. Prostate cancer screening. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Humana Press, 2009.

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11

Pauler, Ankerst Donna, Tangen Catherine M, and Thompson Ian M. 1954-, eds. Prostate cancer screening. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Humana Press, 2009.

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12

1954-, Thompson Ian M., Resnick Martin I, and Klein Eric A. 1955-, eds. Prostate cancer screening. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2001.

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13

NHS Centre for Reviews & Dissemination., ed. Screening for prostate cancer. York: NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, 1997.

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14

Schröder, Fritz H. Screening for prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0062.

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Screening for a disease must be clearly defined and differentiated from early detection. ‘Screening’ refers to the application of tests to the whole population or to defined segments such as males within certain defined high risk age groups. If applied in such a fashion ‘screening’ for prostate cancer may also be described epidemiologically as ‘secondary prevention’. While high-quality randomized studies show that screening reduces prostate cancer mortality by 21–44%, there is wide agreement that the introduction of population-based screening is at present premature because harms, mainly the high rate of overdiagnosis seen currently outweighs the benefits. This chapter attempts to put current knowledge into perspective with a set of recognized prerequirements for the application of screening, established by Wilson and Jungner in 1968.

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15

Thompson, Ian M., Donna Pauler Ankerst, and Catherine M. Tangen. Prostate Cancer Screening: Second Edition. Humana, 2014.

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16

Prostate Cancer Screening (Current Clinical Urology). Humana Press, 2001.

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17

Wilson, Kathryn M., and Lorelei Mucci. Prostate Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0020.

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Prostate cancer is among the most commonly diagnosed cancers among men, ranking second in cancer globally and first in Western countries. There are marked variations in incidence globally, and its incidence must be interpreted in the context of diagnostic intensity and screening. The uptake of prostate-specific antigen screening since the 1990s has led to dramatic increases in incidence in many countries, resulting in an increased proportion of indolent cancers that would never have come to light clinically in the absence of screening. Risk factors differ when studying prostate cancer overall versus advanced disease. Older age, African ancestry, and family history are established risk factors for prostate cancer. Obesity and smoking are not associated with risk overall, but are associated with increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. Several additional lifestyle factors, medications, and dietary factors are now emerging as risk factors for advanced disease.

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18

Croswell, Jennifer M., Russell P. Harris, and Barnett S. Kramer. Cancer Screening. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0063.

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Screening has long been portrayed as an inherently beneficial activity that saves lives, rather than as a complex mixture of potential benefits and harms that must be carefully weighed for each modality. The early success of the Pap smear in reducing deaths from cervical cancer may have inadvertently fostered simplistic messaging about unqualified benefits of screening. Over time, large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of prostate and other cancers have highlighted the potential harms caused by mass screening programs (especially those related to overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment) and have revealed the counterintuitive elements involved in evaluating such programs. The criteria for evaluation now extend beyond the performance criteria of the test itself to include the net balance of benefits, risks, and costs. PSA screening, widely used in the United States since the late 1980s, has now been removed from the list of routinely recommended procedures, based on evidence from RCTs.

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19

Sara, Selley, Harvey Ian 1956-, and University of Bristol. Health Care Evaluation Unit., eds. Diagnosis, management and screening for early localised prostate cancer. Bristol: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, 1996.

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20

Tingen, Martha Smith. PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND FATALISM. 1995.

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21

Sara, Selley, Harvey Ian 1956-, Health Technology Assessment Programme, National Co-ordinating Centre for HTA (Great Britain), Great Britain. Standing Group on Health Technology., and HTA Commissioning Board, eds. Diagnosis, management and screening of early localised prostate cancer. Alton: Core Research, on behalf of the NCCHTA, 1997.

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22

Costs And Effectiveness Of Prostate Cancer Screening In Elderly Men. Diane Pub Co, 2004.

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23

United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment., ed. Costs and effectiveness of prostate cancer screening in elderly men. Washington, DC: The Office, 1995.

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24

Lilja, Hans. Prostate-specific antigen and biomarkers for prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0061.

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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a kallikrein serine protease secreted by the prostate to liquefy the ejaculatory coagulum. Changes in the blood/prostate barrier allows PSA to enter the circulation in men with prostate cancer and other inflammatory prostatic diseases. The commonest method for detection of men at risk of prostate cancer is PSA testing, which is typically used in an opportunistic screening setting. The widespread use of PSA testing leads to overdiagnosis and overtreatment of many men with low-risk prostate cancer, but can allow the identification of those with significant disease requiring radical treatment. This lack of specificity for high-risk prostate cancer has led to the need for more accurate biomarkers or methods to improve the use of PSA testing.

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25

Sara, Selley, Harvey Ian 1956-, and University of Bristol. Health Care Evaluation Unit., eds. Diagnosis, management and screening for early localised prostate cancer: A systematic review. Bristol: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, 1996.

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26

L, Howe Holly, Illinois. Division of Epidemiologic Studies., and Illinois. Dept. of Public Health., eds. Increased prostate cancer in Illinois: A screening effect or improved casefinding? Springfield, Ill: Illinois Dept. of Public Health, Division of Epidemiologic Studies, 1996.

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27

National Cancer Institute (U.S.), ed. We need you to make a difference: Prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. [Washington, D.C.]: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1998.

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28

National Cancer Institute (U.S.), ed. We need you to make a difference: Prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. [Washington, D.C.]: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1998.

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29

Consedine, Nathan S., Lisa M. Reynolds, and Charmaine Borg. Emotions, Delay, and Avoidance in Cancer Screening. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0019.

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Delay and avoidance are massive problems in cancer screening. While work continues to examine demographic and cognitive factors, emotions are central and likely causally implicated. In this chapter, a discrete emotions view of the origins of cancer screening is presented. After characterizing emotions, focus rests on evaluating the evidence regarding how and why three avoidance-promoting emotions (fear, embarrassment, and disgust) are implicated. The chapter describes the symptoms and medical examinations that elicit these emotions and suggests that people fail to screen for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers because screenings elicit (or are anticipated to elicit) these feelings. It concludes by assessing some of the measurement, design, and interpretative challenges in the area, considers the sexual nature of many screens, and discusses the fact that screenings may elicit multiple emotional responses.

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30

National Cancer Institute (U.S.), ed. We need you to make a difference: Prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. [Washington, D.C.]: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1998.

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31

National Cancer Institute (U.S.), ed. We need you to make a difference: Prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. [Washington, D.C.?]: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1996.

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32

NHS Centre for Reviews & Dissemination., ed. Screening for prostate cancer: The evidence : information for men considering or asking for PSA tests. York: NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, 1997.

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33

National Cancer Institute (U.S.), ed. Su participación es importante: Un estudio para la detección del cáncer de la próstata, el pulmón, el colon y recto, y los ovarios = Your participation can make a difference : prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial. [Bethesda, Md.?]: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1994.

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34

Prostate Cancer: Overcoming Denial With Action: A Guide to Screening, Treatment, and Healing (Quality Medical Home Health Library). St. Martin's Griffin, 1998.

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35

Mercer, Shawna Lee. Prostate cancer screening in the midst of controversy: Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices, intentions and personal preferences of Canadian men. 2000.

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36

Evaluation and monitoring of screening programmes. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2001.

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37

D, Oliver R. T., Belldegrun Arie, and Wrigley P. F. M, eds. Preventing prostate cancer: Screening versus chemoprevention : pros and cons based on new views of its biology, early events and clinical behaviour. Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995.

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38

Preventing Prostate Cancer: Screening Versus Chemoprevention: Pros and Cons Based on New Views of Its Biology, Early Events and Clinical Behaviour (Hive Management History Series,). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995.

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39

National Cancer Institute (U.S.), ed. Su participacion es importante: Un estudio para la deteccion del cancer de la prostata, el pulmon, el colon y recto, y los ovarios = Your participation can make a difference : prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial. [Bethesda, Md.?]: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1994.

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40

Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Prevention of cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0350.

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In the UK, the four commonest cancers—lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer—result in around 62 000 deaths every year. Although deaths from cancer have fallen in the UK over the last 20 years, the UK still suffers from higher cancer death rates than many other countries in Western Europe. In 1999, the UK government produced a White Paper called Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation that outlined a national target to reduce the death rate from cancer by at least 20% in people under 75 by 2010. The subsequent NHS Cancer Plan of 2000 designed a framework by which to achieve this target through effective prevention, screening, and treatment programmes as well as restructuring and developing new diagnostic and treatment facilities. But do we know enough about the biology of the development of cancer for government health policies alone to force dramatic changes in survival? The science behind the causes of cancer tells us that its origin lies in acquired or inherited genetic abnormalities. Inherited gene mutation syndromes and exposure to environmental mutagens cause cancer, largely through abnormalities in DNA repair mechanisms, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Although screening those thought to be at highest risk, and regulating exposure to environmental carcinogens such as tobacco or ionizing radiation, have reduced, and will continue to reduce, cancer deaths, there are many other environmental factors that have been shown to increase the population risk of cancer. These will be outlined in this chapter. However, the available evidence is largely from retrospective and cross-sectional population-based studies and therefore limits the ability to apply this knowledge to the risk of the individual patient who may been seen in clinic. Although we may be able to put him or her into a high-, intermediate-, or low-risk category, the question ‘will I get cancer, doc?’ is one that we cannot answer with certainty. The NHS Cancer Plan of 2000, designed to reduce cancer deaths in this country and to bring UK treatment results in line with those other countries in Europe, focuses on preventing malignancy as part of its comprehensive cancer management strategy. It highlights that the rich are less likely to develop cancer, and will survive longer if they are diagnosed than those who live in poverty. This may reflect available treatment options, but is more likely to be related to the lifestyle of those with regular work, as they may be more health aware. The Cancer Plan, however, suggests that relieving poverty may be more labour intensive and less rewarding than encouraging positive risk-reducing behaviour in all members of the population. Eating well can reduce the risk of developing many cancers, particularly of the stomach and bowel. The Cancer Plan outlines the ‘Five-a-Day’ programme which was rolled out in 2002 and encouraged people to eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables per day. Obese people are also at higher risk of cancers, in particular endometrial cancer. A good diet and regular exercise not only reduce obesity but are also independent risk-reducing factors. Alcohol misuse is thought to be a major risk factor in around 3% of all cancers, with the highest risk for cancers of the mouth and throat. As part of the Cancer Plan, the Department of Health promotes physical activity and general health programmes, as well as alcohol and smoking programmes, particularly in deprived areas. Focusing on these healthy lifestyle points can potentially reduce an individual lifetime risk of all cancers. However, our knowledge of the biology of four cancers in particular has led to the development of specific life-saving interventions. Outlined in this chapter are details regarding ongoing prevention strategies for carcinomas of the lung, the breast, the bowel, and the cervix.

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41

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Thoracic malignancies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0013.

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This chapter addresses the evidence for screening for malignant disease and describes currently accepted and practised protocols for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer, as well as the potential for screening programs for lung and prostate cancer

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42

National Cancer Institute (U.S.), ed. Su participacio n es importante: Un estudio para la deteccio n del ca ncer de la pro stata, el pulmo n, el colon y recto, y los ovarios = Your participation can make a difference : prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial. [Bethesda, Md.?]: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1994.

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43

Jolly, Elaine, Andrew Fry, and Afzal Chaudhry, eds. Oncology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230457.003.0015.

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Chapter 15 covers the basic science and clinical topics relating to oncology which trainees are required to learn as part of their basic training and demonstrate in the MRCP. It covers basic science, genetics in oncology, screening strategies in oncology, diagnostic techniques in oncology, oncological emergencies, breast cancer and lymphoma, prostate cancer, paraneoplastic syndromes, chemotherapy, biological therapy, and targeted therapy, radiotherapy, end of life: the multidisciplinary approach, and symptom control.

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44

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Madhumita Bhattacharyya. Gynaecological cancers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0020_update_001.

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Genitourinary cancers examines the malignancies arising in the kidney, ureter, bladder, prostate, testis, and penis. Renal cancer has high propensity for systemic spread, largely mediated by overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Treatments include surgery, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. Wilms tumour, a childhood malignancy of the kidney, warrants specialist paediatric oncology management to provide expertise in its unique pathology, staging, and treatment, often with surgery and chemotherapy. Cancer of the bladder and ureters, another tobacco related cancer, may present as either superficial or invasive disease. The former is managed by transurethral resection and intravesical therapy. The latter may require radical surgery, preoperative chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. Prostate cancer, the commonest male cancer, is an androgen dependent malignancy. It has attracted controversy with regards to PSA screening, and potential over treatment with radical prostatectomy. Division into low, intermediate, and high risk disease according to tumour grade, stage, and PSA helps in deciding best treatment, antiandrogen therapy for metastatic disease, radiotherapy and adjuvant hormone therapy for locally advanced disease, either surgery or radiotherapy for early intermediate risk disease, and active monitoring for low risk cases. Testicular cancer divides according to pathology into seminoma, nonseminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCT), and mixed tumours, the latter two frequently producing tumour markers, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and/or human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Stage I disease is managed by inguinal orchidectomy and surveillance or adjuvant chemotherapy. More advanced disease is managed by chemotherapy, with high probability of cure in the majority. Penile cancer, often HPV related, can be excised when it presents early, but delay in presentation may lead to regional and systemic spread with poor prognosis.

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Books on the topic 'Prostate cancer screening in Nigeria'

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