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Tsurusaki, Toshifumi, Daiyu Aoki, Hiroshi Kanetake та ін. "Zone-Dependent Expression of Estrogen Receptors α and β in Human Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88, № 3 (2003): 1333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021015.
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Estrogen, which acts through estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of benign and malignant human prostatic tumors, i.e. benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer, thought to originate from different zones of the prostate [the transition zone (TZ) and peripheral zone (PZ), respectively]. Here, we examined the cellular distribution of ERα and ERβ in human normal and hyperplastic prostate tissues, using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. ERα expression was restricted to stromal cells of PZ. In contrast, ERβ was expressed in the stromal cells of PZ as well as TZ. ERβ-positive epithelial cells were evenly distributed in PZ and TZ of the prostate. Our results suggest that estrogen may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia through ERβ.
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Moura, Fernanda, Letícia Sampaio, Priscila Kobayashi, et al. "Structural and Ultrastructural Morphological Evaluation of Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Prostate Gland." Biology 10, no. 3 (2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10030231.
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The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is a vulnerable species from Central and South America, and is considered possibly extinct in Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Uruguay. Due to the species’ conservation and reproductive importance, this research aimed to characterize the morphology, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural feature of the giant anteater prostate gland. For this, we collected 11 giant anteater prostate glands and performed macroscopic, morphological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analysis. Nine prostate glands from an adult subject and two from young subjects were studied. Grossly, the adult giant anteater prostate gland is divided in two distinct zones; the central zones (composed mainly of ducts) and the peripheral zones (of acini formed by secretory cells). The secretory cells showed positive periodic acid–Schiff staining. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical characterization revealed a similar human prostate pattern, with p63 staining basal cells, uroplakin III (UPIII) superficial cells of prostatic urethra, androgen receptor (AR) expressing nucleus of secretory and stromal cells, and prostatic specific antigen (PSA) staining prostatic epithelial cells. Overall, our research provided an in-depth morphological description of the giant anteater’s prostate gland, providing valuable information for futures studies focused on giant anteater conservation.
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Lourenço, Mario, Pedro Pissarra, Duarte Vieira E Brito, et al. "Lesion location agreement between prostatic multiparametric magnetic resonance, cognitive fusion biopsy and radical prostatectomy piece." Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 91, no. 4 (2020): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2019.4.218.
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Introduction: Prostatic multiparametric magnetic resonance (mpMRI) allows for guided prostate biopsy (PB).Objective: To evaluate localization agreement between mpMRI lesions and histology obtained by cognitive PB and radical prostatectomy (RP) surgical specimen (SS). Methods: Out of 115 consecutive cognitive biopsied patients, 37 with positive PB were studied. Sample was characterized regarding age, prostatic volume, PI-RADS, location of lesion on mpMRI, lesion dimension, total number of fragments obtain by PB, number of fragments directed to the lesion, number of fragments with prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) and ISUP classification. The relationship between mpMRI and SS piece was analysed in 15 patients who underwent RP. Results: Regarding agreement between mpMRI and PB, agreement of location was observed in 26 (70.3%); 7 (18.9%) presented PCa positive fragments in the suspected zone plus others in the same lobe; 3 (8.1%) in the suspected zone plus the contralateral lobe and 1 (2.7%) had no PCa in the suspected zone but had bilateral PCa. The total number of fragments with PCa was lower in cases with agreement between mpMRI and PB (p < 0.05). Regarding agreement between mpMRI and SS, 5 cases (33.3%) presented the same location as described by mpMRI, 5 (33.3%) showed ipsilateral lesions in other zones of the prostate; 4 (26.7%) presented extensive bilateral lesions on all prostate zones and 1 (6.7%) showed previously unknown contralateral lesions. None of the factors studied related mpMRI and RP (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Localization agreement of mpMRI vs PB and mpMRI vs SS was present in 26/37 (70.3%) and 5/15 (33.3%), respectively. That suggests the existence of other lesions (multifocality) not identified on mpMRI.
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Zavala-Romero, Olmo, Adrian L. Breto, Isaac R. Xu, et al. "Segmentation of prostate and prostate zones using deep learning." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 196, no. 10 (2020): 932–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-020-01607-x.
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Bourlon, María T., Mónica Sánchez-Ávila, Fredy Chablé-Montero, and Ricardo Arceo-Olaiz. "IgG4-Related Autoimmune Prostatitis: Is It an Unusual or Underdiagnosed Manifestation of IgG4-Related Disease?" Case Reports in Urology 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/295472.
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IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) encompasses a wide range of extrapancreatic manifestations. Albeit some are relatively well known, others such as autoimmune prostatitis remain poorly described. We present a 61-year-old Latin-American male with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) who presented with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), normal prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, and prostate enlargement attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). He underwent a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) after which symptoms were resolved. On histopathology, prostatic stroma had a dense inflammatory infiltrate rich in plasma cells and lymphocytes; immunohistochemical morphometric assessment showed >10 IgG4-positive plasma cells/high power field (HPF). The diagnosis of IgG4-related prostatitis was postoperatively. We compared the patient characteristics with those of previous reports on Asian patients. Shared findings included prostate enlargement, LUTS (symptoms that can be confused with BPH), and PSA within normal limits or mild elevations. IgG4-related prostatitis is rarely considered as a preprocedural diagnosis, even in patients with evidence of IgG4-RD. Involved prostate zones include mainly central and transitional zones and less frequently the peripheral. Currently, there is insufficient data about the natural history and outcome. Whether steroids, transurethral resection, or both are the treatment of choice needs to be elucidated.
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Krughoff, Kevin, Khadijah Eid, Jason Phillips, et al. "The Accuracy of Prostate Cancer Localization Diagnosed on Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy Compared to 3-Dimensional Transperineal Approach." Advances in Urology 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/249080.
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Background. Prostate cancer is often understaged following 12-core transrectal ultrasound- (TRUS-) guided biopsies. Our goal is to understand where cancers are typically missed by this method.Methods. Transperineal 3-dimensional mapping biopsy (3DMB) provides a more accurate depiction of disease status than transrectal ultrasound- (TRUS-) guided biopsy. We compared 3DMB findings in men with prior TRUS-guided biopsies to determine grade and location of missed cancer. Results were evaluated for 161 men with low-risk organ confined prostate cancer.Results. The number of cancer-positive biopsy zones per patient with TRUS was 1.38 ± 1.21 compared to 3.33 ± 4.06 with 3DMB, with most newly discovered cancers originating from the middle lobe and apex. Approximately half of all newly discovered cancerous zones resulted from anterior 3DMB sampling. Gleason upgrade was recognized in 56 patients using 3DMB. When both biopsy methods found positive cores in a given zone, Gleason upgrades occurred most frequently in the middle left and right zones. TRUS cancer-positive zones not confirmed by 3DMB were most often the basal zones.Conclusion. Most cancer upgrades and cancers missed from TRUS biopsy originated in the middle left zone of the prostate, specifically in anterior regions. Anterior sampling may lead to more accurate diagnosis and appropriate followup.
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Sellers, Jake, Rachel G. Wagstaff, Naseem Helo, and Werner T. W. de Riese. "Quantitative measurements of prostatic zones by MRI and their dependence on prostate size: possible clinical implications in prostate cancer." Therapeutic Advances in Urology 13 (January 2021): 175628722110008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562872211000852.
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Aim: Many studies support an inverse relationship between benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) size and incidence of prostate cancer (PCa), but the causal link between these conditions is poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that a growing transition zone (TZ) in the prostate may induce pressure on the outer peripheral zone (PZ), leading to atrophy of the glandular tissue where PCa often originates, providing a possible explanation for this interaction. To further investigate this phenomenon, our pilot study uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine quantitative zonal changes in a consecutive cohort of prostates. Methods: MRI scans of male patients [ n = 204, 61.57 ± 13.90 years, average body mass index (BMI) 29.05 kg/m2] with various prostate sizes were analyzed statistically to identify possible associations between prostate parameters, such as total prostate volume (TPV) and peripheral zone thickness (PZT). Results: TPV and PZT demonstrated a weak, inverse correlation ( r = −0.21, p = 0.002). However, when examining the plotted data, the relationship between TPV and PZT was significantly different when the cohort was divided into two groups; lower TPV: ⩽87.5 ml ( n = 188, TPV xˉ = 36.01 ± 18.18 ml), and higher TPV: >87.5 ml ( n = 17, TPV xˉ = 125.69 ± 41.13 ml). Average PZT differed significantly between these groups (z = −3.5554, p = 0.0004). Conclusions: PZT was significantly different for patients with lower versus higher TPVs, suggesting that, above a certain point of BPH growth, the PZ is unable to withstand pressure from an expanding TZ, supporting the notion that growing BPH causes compression of the PZ glandular tissue, and, therefore, BPH may be protective against PCa.
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Padgett, Kyle R., Amy Swallen, Sara Pirozzi, et al. "Towards a universal MRI atlas of the prostate and prostate zones." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 195, no. 2 (2018): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-018-1348-5.
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Deb, Subrata, Mei Yieng Chin, Steven Pham, et al. "Steroidogenesis in Peripheral and Transition Zones of Human Prostate Cancer Tissue." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (2021): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020487.
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The peripheral zone (PZ) and transition zone (TZ) represent about 70% of the human prostate gland with each zone having differential ability to develop prostate cancer. Androgens and their receptor are the primary driving cause of prostate cancer growth and eventually castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). De novo steroidogenesis has been identified as a key mechanism that develops during CRPC. Currently, there is very limited information available on human prostate tissue steroidogenesis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate steroid metabolism in human prostate cancer tissues with comparison between PZ and TZ. Human prostate cancer tumors were procured from the patients who underwent radical prostatectomy without any neoadjuvant therapy. Human prostate homogenates were used to quantify steroid levels intrinsically present in the tissues as well as formed after incubation with 2 µg/mL of 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-OH-pregnenolone) or progesterone. A Waters Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to a Quattro Premier XE tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer using a C18 column was used to measure thirteen steroids from the classical and backdoor steroidogenesis pathways. The intrinsic prostate tissue steroid levels were similar between PZ and TZ with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), pregnenolone and 17-OH-pregnenolone levels higher than the other steroids measured. Interestingly, 5-pregnan-3,20-dione, 5-pregnan-3-ol-20-one, and 5-pregnan-17-ol-3,20-dione formation was significantly higher in both the zones of prostate tissues, whereas, androstenedione, testosterone, DHT, and progesterone levels were significantly lower after 60 min incubation compared to the 0 min control incubations. The incubations with progesterone had a similar outcome with 5-pregnan-3,20-dione and 5-pregnan-3-ol-20-one levels were elevated and the levels of DHT were lower in both PZ and TZ tissues. The net changes in steroid formation after the incubation were more observable with 17-OH-pregnenolone than with progesterone. In our knowledge, this is the first report of comprehensive analyses of intrinsic prostate tissue steroids and precursor-driven steroid metabolism using a sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. In summary, the PZ and TZ of human prostate exhibited similar steroidogenic ability with distinction in the manner each zone utilizes the steroid precursors to divert the activity towards backdoor pathway through a complex matrix of steroidogenic mechanisms.
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Strasser, H., G. Janetschek, A. Reissigl, and G. Bartsch. "Prostate zones in three-dimensional transrectal ultrasound." Urology 47, no. 4 (1996): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(99)80482-8.
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Stefanov, Miroslav, Nieves Mart�n-Alguacil, and Rafael Mart�n-Orti. "Distinct vascular zones in the canine prostate." Microscopy Research and Technique 50, no. 2 (2000): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0029(20000715)50:2<169::aid-jemt9>3.0.co;2-p.
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Lai, Chih-Ching, Hsin-Kai Wang, Fu-Nien Wang, et al. "Autosegmentation of Prostate Zones and Cancer Regions from Biparametric Magnetic Resonance Images by Using Deep-Learning-Based Neural Networks." Sensors 21, no. 8 (2021): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082709.
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The accuracy in diagnosing prostate cancer (PCa) has increased with the development of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (bpMRI) was found to have a diagnostic accuracy comparable to mpMRI in detecting PCa. However, prostate MRI assessment relies on human experts and specialized training with considerable inter-reader variability. Deep learning may be a more robust approach for prostate MRI assessment. Here we present a method for autosegmenting the prostate zone and cancer region by using SegNet, a deep convolution neural network (DCNN) model. We used PROSTATEx dataset to train the model and combined different sequences into three channels of a single image. For each subject, all slices that contained the transition zone (TZ), peripheral zone (PZ), and PCa region were selected. The datasets were produced using different combinations of images, including T2-weighted (T2W) images, diffusion-weighted images (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images. Among these groups, the T2W + DWI + ADC images exhibited the best performance with a dice similarity coefficient of 90.45% for the TZ, 70.04% for the PZ, and 52.73% for the PCa region. Image sequence analysis with a DCNN model has the potential to assist PCa diagnosis.
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Jin, B., L. Turner, Z. Zhou, E. L. Zhou, and D. J. Handelsman. "Ethnicity and Migration as Determinants of Human Prostate Size*." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 84, no. 10 (1999): 3613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.10.6041.
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Abstract The roles of ethnicity and migration in determining the size of human prostate zones during midlife were explored. Prostate size was measured by planimetric ultrasound in 163 men residing in Sydney who were either Australian non-Chinese (AR; n = 116) or Chinese migrants (ACM; n = 47) and had lived in Australia for a median of 7.3 yr (range, 0.2–25 yr). These were compared with Chinese men residing in China (CR; n = 210). Central and total prostate volumes were estimated by a single observer using the same equipment at both sites. After adjustment for age, central and total prostate volumes were significantly smaller, and plasma prostate-specific antigen and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations and International Prostate Syndrome Scores were significantly lower, in CR compared with either ACM or AR, whereas the scores of the latter two groups were similar. Almost all of the population difference in total prostate volumes could be accounted for by differences in central prostate volumes. The strongest correlates of age-adjusted prostate volume were prostate-specific antigen and DHT, the latter presumably reflecting the quantitative importance of prostatic stromal type II 5α-reductase activity to circulating DHT concentrations. Sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations were significantly higher in CR and significantly lower in ACM compared with those in AR, but the significance of these observations is unclear. These findings highlight the importance of the central zone of the prostate as well as provide evidence for an environmental factor influencing prostate growth. This factor operates over a relatively short time period compared with the evolution of prostate disease. Hence, this study provides evidence that ethnicity and geographical factors, such as migration, can influence the growth of the normal human prostate during midlife and may facilitate future studies of the origins and pathogenesis of human prostate disease.
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Krivoborodov, Grigorij G., Aleksandr P. Raksha, Nikolaj S. Efremov, Andrej D. Bolotov, and Tat'jana N. Sotnikova. "Morphologic features of benign prostatic hyperplasia depending on the size of intravesical prostatic protrusion." Urologicheskie vedomosti 7, no. 4 (2017): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/uroved7417-23.
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Relevance. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by the presence of stromal and glandular hyperplasia in the periurethral and transitional zones. To describe the nature of intravesical growth of prostate tissue, an index of intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) was proposed. Clinically, men with an IPP measuring 10 mm or more are less likely to respond to α1-blocker therapy and 5α-reductase inhibitors. Thus, the description of the morphological features of the prostate depending on IPP grade is an actual issue. Purpose: to identify features of the morphological structure of the IPP in men with BPH. Materials and methods. Surgical treatment of the clinical form of BPH was performed to 30 men. Patients were divided into 2 groups: 1st group had IPP less than 10 mm (n = 12) and the 2nd group had IPP 10 mm or more (n = 18). In this study we evaluated the age, prostate volume and the value of IPP. The material for morphological investigation was obtained with transurethral resection of the prostate from the IPP zone. For light-optical examination, the preparations were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for routine evaluation of the structure of the prostate gland and for Van Gieson to estimate the proportion of the muscular and fibrous components of the stroma. The quantification of structural indicators was carried out by means of the television image analyzer MEKOS-TS2 in an automatic mode. Results: The groups were similar in age and prostate volume. In the group with IPP value of 10 mm or more, the proportion of the stromal component in the IPP zone was 77.5 ± 11.0%, the proportion of the glandular component was 22.5 ± 11.0%, respectively. In the group of men with IPP less than 10 mm, the proportion of the stromal component in the IPP zone was 96.0 1.5%, the proportion of the glandular component was 4.0 ± 1.5%, respectively (p < 0.05). It was also found that with an increase in IPP there is a tendency to decrease the proportion of the muscular component of the stroma. Conclusion: In men with BPH, with an increase in the value of intravesical prostatic protrusion in this zone, a relative increase in the proportion of the glandular component and a decrease in the proportion of the stromal component is proved, as well as a tendency to reduce the proportion of the muscular component of the stroma. (For citation: Krivoborodov GG, Raksha AP, Efremov NS, et al. Morphologic features of benign prostatic hyperplasia depending on the size of intravesical prostatic protrusion. Urologicheskie vedomosti. 2017;7(4):17-23. doi: 10.17816/uroved7417-23).
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Fascelli, Michele, Thomas P. Frye, Arvin Koruthu George, et al. "MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy to detect clinically significant prostate cancer in the central gland correlating with index lesion." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 7_suppl (2015): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.7_suppl.44.
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44 Background: Central gland (CG) prostate cancers (CaP) are reported with lesser incidence and smaller tumor volume compared to the peripheral zone (PZ). Index tumor lesions defined by highest grade may be missed when in the CG. MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy allows targeting of lesions, potentially identifying cancer outside the traditional TRUS biopsy template. Methods: Retrospective review of 1,003 patients who underwent multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) found 2,119 suspicious lesions. Targets were biopsied and stratified by zonal distribution, CG or PZ. Cancer detection rates (CDR) were tabulated by location and correlated with PSA, Gleason score, prostate volume and MRI suspicion. Results: Fusion-guided biopsy targeted lesions in the central (711, 34%) or peripheral (1408, 66%) prostatic zones. CDR was similar between zones: 35.2% CG compared to 33.6% PZ (Table). CDR of clinically significant disease (Gleason >4+3) was similar in the CG and PZ despite higher prostate volume in those with CG lesions. In contrast to TRUS biopsy, upgrading occurred in 18.5% of CG patients versus 13.3% PZ (p=0.024). 36.6% (77/210) of CG lesions represented the highest risk lesion on MRI, translating to 13% (77/592) of the biopsy-proven CaP cohort. Conclusions: CG cancers occur at a similar frequency as PZ CaP. CG lesions were more likely to be upgraded from TRUS biopsy, frequently representing the index lesion. In upgraded patients, CG targets constituted the index lesion in a third of all males. MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy identifies clinically significant disease of the CG not captured on traditional biopsy. [Table: see text]
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van der Heul-Nieuwenhuijsen, Leonie, Peter J. M. Hendriksen, Theo H. van der Kwast, and Guido Jenster. "Gene expression profiling of the human prostate zones." BJU International 98, no. 4 (2006): 886–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.06427.x.
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Ragavan, Narasimhan, and Francis L. Martin. "GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF THE HUMAN PROSTATE ZONES." BJU International 99, no. 1 (2007): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06712_7.x.
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Aliukonis, Paulius, Tadas Letauta, Rūta Briedienė, Ieva Naruševičiūtė, and Simona Letautienė. "The role of different PI-RADS versions in prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance tomography assessment." Acta medica Lituanica 24, no. 1 (2017): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.6001/actamedica.v24i1.3462.
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Background. Standardised Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) guidelines for the assessment of prostate alterations were designed for the assessment of prostate pathology. Published by the ESUR in 2012, PI-RADS v1 was based on the total score of different MRI sequences with subsequent calculation. PI-RADS v2 was published by the American College of Radiology in 2015 and featured different assessment criteria for prostate peripheral and transitory zones. Aim. To assess the correlations of PI-RADS v1 and PI-RADS v2 with Gleason score values and to define their predictive values of the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of 66 patients. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) value and the Gleason score (GS) were assessed. One the most malignant focal lesion was selected in the peripheral zone of each lobe of the prostate (91 in total). Statistical analysis was carried out applying SPSS software, v.23, p
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Kwon, Jong Kyou, Do Kyung Kim, Joo Yong Lee, Jong Won Kim, and Kang Su Cho. "Relationship between Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Prostatic Urethral Stiffness Using Strain Elastography: Initial Experiences." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11 (2019): 1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111929.
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We attempted to visualize the periurethral stiffness of prostatic urethras using strain elastography in the midsagittal plane of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and to evaluate periurethral stiffness patterns in relation to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). A total of 250 men were enrolled. The stiffness patterns of the entire prostate and individual zones were evaluated using strain elastography during a TRUS examination. After excluding 69 men with inappropriate elastography images, subjects were divided according to periurethral stiffness into either group A (low periurethral stiffness, N = 80) or group B (high periurethral stiffness, N = 101). There were significant differences in patient age (p = 0.022), transitional zone volume (p = 0.001), transitional zone index (p = 0.33), total international prostate symptom score (IPSS) (p < 0.001), IPSS-voiding subscore (p < 0.001), IPSS-storage subscore (p < 0.001), and quality of life (QoL) score (p = 0.002) between groups A and B. After adjusting for relevant variables, significant differences in total IPSS, IPSS-voiding subscore, and QoL score were maintained. Men with high periurethral stiffness were associated with worse urinary symptoms than those with low periurethral stiffness, suggesting that periurethral stiffness might play an important role in the development of LUTS.
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Lexander, Helena, Bo Franzén, Daniel Hirschberg, et al. "Differential protein expression in anatomical zones of the prostate." PROTEOMICS 5, no. 10 (2005): 2570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200401170.
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Sazuka, Tomokazu, Takashi Imamoto, Takeshi Namekawa, et al. "Analysis of Preoperative Detection for Apex Prostate Cancer by Transrectal Biopsy." Prostate Cancer 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/705865.
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Background. The aim of this study was to determine concordance rates for prostatectomy specimens and transrectal needle biopsy samples in various areas of the prostate in order to assess diagnostic accuracy of the transrectal biopsy approach, especially for presurgical detection of cancer in the prostatic apex.Materials and Methods. From 2006 to 2011, 158 patients whose radical prostatectomy specimens had been evaluated were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Concordance rates for histopathology results of prostatectomy specimens and needle biopsy samples were evaluated in 8 prostatic sections (apex, middle, base, and transitional zones bilaterally) from 73 patients diagnosed at this institution, besides factors for detecting apex cancer in total 118 true positive and false negative apex cancers.Results. Prostate cancer was found most frequently (85%) in the apex of all patients. Of 584 histopathology sections, 153 (49%) from all areas were false negatives, as were 45% of apex biopsy samples. No readily available preoperative factors for detecting apex cancer were identified.Conclusions. In Japanese patients, the most frequent location of prostate cancer is in the apex. There is a high false negative rate for transrectal biopsy samples. To improve the detection rate, transperitoneal biopsy or more accurate imaging technology is needed.
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Bharti, Shiv Vansh. "Correlation Between Serum Prostatic Specific Antigen and Prostatic Volume in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia." Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 15, no. 1 (2017): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngmc.v15i1.23531.
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Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a progressive condition characterized by prostate enlargement accompanied by lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Benign prostatic hyperplasia arises in the periurethral and transition zones of the prostatic gland and represents an inevitable phenomenon for the ageing male population. An estimated 75% of men>50 years of age have symptoms arising from benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 20–30% of men reaching 80 years of age require surgical intervention for the management of BPH. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease produced by the prostate epithelium and periurethral glands in male. Serum PSA elevation occurs as a result of disruption of normal prostatic architecture that allows PSA to diffuse into prostatic tissue and gain access to the circulation. Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic carcinoma and prostatitis are three common diseases where PSA in the serum is raised.
 Aims and objectives: To evaluate the PSA level and To find out the relationship between serum PSA level and the volume of prostate in Benign hyperplasia of prostate.
 Material and Methods: This is a Hospital based prospective study which was conducted in the Department of Surgery at Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital, th th Kohalpur, for a duration of 1 year from 13th July 2015 to 12th July 2016. A total of 30 cases were studied. Patients were chosen for the study on the basis of clinical history and DRE. Patient with LUTS symptoms and enlarged Prostate on DRE were further subjected to PSA screening through blood examination and Transabdominal ultrasound for measuring prostatic volume. Patients were explained about procedure and following consent, patients were subjected for TURP under spinal anesthesia/general anesthesia. Specimen was sent to the Department of Pathology, Nepalgunj Medical College for Histopathological evaluation.
 Results: Out of 30 patients, one patient was of 44 years of age, rest of them were above 50 years of age and the mean age was 63.9±8.64 years. All the patients had voiding problems, of which 28 patients (94%) had obstructive symptoms and 27 patients (90%) had irritative symptoms. Most patients had history of nocturia which was present in 24 patients (83%). Mean PSA level was 6.36 ng/ml with a range of 3.2-12 ng/ml. Mean prostate volume measured by TAUS was 60.30 ml. and that by DRE was 38.33 ml. There was statistically significant positive correlation between PSA level and prostate volume measured by TAUS with Pearson's correlation coefficient (r=0.679).
 Conclusion: The analysis of present study consisting of 30 patients showed that mean PSA and prostate volume increased with advancing age, and the correlation between PSA and prostate volume estimated by TAUS in BPH as found to be statistically significant (p< 0.05). DRE underestimated the volume of prostate with a mean difference 21.97 ml. The correlation of age of the patient with PSA and prostate volume are (r=0.128) and (r=0.036) respectively. The above value shows that both are statistically weekly positive but the association between age of patient and PSA seems to be higher in comparison to age of the patient and prostate volume.
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Di Silverio, F., G. D'Eramo, A. Sciarra, et al. "Growth factors in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate carcinoma." Urologia Journal 62, no. 4 (1995): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039506200401.
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It has been stated that, although steroid hormones are a necessary prerequisiste for prostate cell proliferation, cell division is not an inevitable consequence of the presence of hormones. The possibility that diffusible trophic factors play an important role in the normal and pathologic regulatory process within the prostate, offers a new and exciting research initiative. In order to better clarify the relationships between Epidermal growth factor (EGF), its receptor (EGFr) and steroid receptors at target tissue levels, we have demonstrated a statistically significant linear correlation between irEGF and nuclear androgen receptor (nAR) levels in human BPH tissue. Moreover we started an investigation to analyse the stroma-epithelium ratio and to verify EGF, EGFr, AR, DHT concentrations in the periurethral, central and peripheral zone of human BPH tissue. In all BPH zones the quantitative method of image analysis showed a higher percentage content of stroma than of epithelium. The highest levels of EGF, DHT and stroma content were present in the periurethral zone, where BPH begins. Both androgen and antiandrogen treatment enhance the proliferation rate of prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. After prolonged R1881 administration, a marked increase of EGF release was observed, completely blocked by the addition of OH-flutamide. The role of Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta1) in prostate cancer has been also demonstrated in prostate cancer tissue of patients submitted to radical prostatectomy.
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Васильев, А. О., А. А. Ширяев, А. В. Говоров, et al. "Biomarkers in early diagnosis of prostate cancer." Nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal «Patogenez», no. 1() (March 20, 2018): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25557/2310-0435.2018.01.4-10.
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Высокие темпы развития методов лабораторной диагностики позволили внедрить в клиническую практику различные биомаркёры рака предстательной железы, однако по-прежнему одной из самых актуальных проблем остается сложность визуализации опухолевых очагов. Как следствие, биопсия предстательной железы выполняется часто лишь на основании повышенного уровня простат-специфического антигена и данных пальцевого ректального исследования, что далеко не всегда позволяет дифференцировать суспициозные участки, и забор материала производится из стандартных зон. Существует альтернатива - биопсия под контролем МРТ, однако присущие временные и финансовые затраты накладывают существенные ограничения на широкое использование данной методики. Внедрение новых биомаркёров позволит создать персонализированный подход в диагностике, лечении и прогнозировании течения рака предстательной железы у каждого конкретного пациента. Fast development of laboratory diagnostic methods has allowed introducing various biomarkers for detection of prostate cancer to clinical practice. However, difficulties in visualization of tumor foci remain one of the most urgent problems. As a result, prostatic biopsy is often performed only on a basis of elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen and data of rectal examination. These tests do not always allow to differentiate suspicious areas, and the material is taken from standard zones. An existing alternative is MRI-guided biopsy, but the related time and financial costs impose significant limitations on extensive use of this technique. Implementation of new biomarkers will create an individualized approach to diagnostics, treatment and prognosis of prostate cancer for each patient.
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Joshi, Mukund S. "The Current Status of Prostate Cancer." Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) 54, no. 04 (2018): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712829.
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ABSTRACTProstate cancer (PC) is the commonest malignancy in men that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence has quadrupled in the last three decades. This is predominantly due to its increased detection by excellent newer techniques like Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) evaluation, Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy, Contrast enhanced ultra sound studies, Multiparametric (Mp) MRI (MpMRI) and Nuclear medicine. Its incidence shows a rise in India. With the availability of PSA and trans-rectal biopsy, nowadays the majority of prostate cancers (PC) are diagnosed at an asymptomatic early stage (T1). Most PC are adenocarcinomas while a small percentage are ductal carcinomas, mucinous carcinomas, signet ring cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas. These variants have poor prognosis.The anatomy of prostate will help us to further understand the basis of TRUS studies. The whole prostate can be divided into Transition Zone (TZ),Central Zone (CZ) and Peripheral Zone (PZ). This zonal anatomy of prostate is vital to understand the PC, since PC is predominantly seen as follows: TZ – 20%; CZ – 10%; and PZ – 70%.PSA is an extremely valuable tool in the evaluation of PC. It is exclusively produced by the prostate and to a lesser extent by the seminal vesicles. It is present in all post-pubertal men and absent in women and men following radical prostatectomy. Though the PSA is a vital parameter to detect PC, it can also be elevated in: i) Benign prostrate hypertrophy; ii) Prostate inflammation; iii) Prostatic infarct; iv) Post-digital rectal examination; and v) Sexual activity. The normal value of PSA is 0-4 ng/mL. The two techniques that are available to assess PSA levels are polyclonal assay or monoclonal assay. The monoclonal assay is the most commonly used method the world over. The accepted PSA values are: <4ng/mL (normal); 4.0-10.00ng/mL (borderline) and >10 ng/mL (abnormal). Other than normal PSA values, there are other PSA parameters which are often useful in confirming the diagnosis of PC. These are: i) PSA density; ii) PSA velocity; iii) PSA doubling time; iv) Other markers like PCA3; and v) PC is associated with more protein bound PSA (less free PSA) than in BPH. Free PSA (FPSA) can enhance the specificity of the total PSA value for detection of the PC while reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies.Another new finding is that of levels of insulin like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) appear to be directly associated with the presence of PC. Prostate Biopsy: Ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate still remains the most important technique for the diagnosis of PC. Different biopsies which are used for diagnosis of PC are: Saturation Biopsy, MRI Guided Biopsy and Fusion Biopsy. Use of Gleason Score for grading the PC: Gleason score is the grading system used to determine the aggressiveness of PC. This grading system can be used to choose appropriate treatment options. The tumour grades provide important information regarding how fast the cancer is likely to be growing and the likelihood of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body such as lymph nodes or bones. The pathologist assigns the grade of the tumour when he or she looks at the malignant cells under the microscope. The higher the Gleason grade, the more aggressive is the tumour. Histopathology: Variants of usual acinar adenocarcinoma defined in 2004 by the WHO, include atrophic, pseudohyperplastic, foamy, colloid, signet ring, etc. Recently, variants not included in the 2004 WHO classification are microcysticadeno carcinoma, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia – adenocarcinoma, large cell neuro endocrine carcinoma and pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma. Other diagnostic modalities for PC are Colour Flow Imaging, Elastography, Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS), MR Imaging of Prostate Malignancies. The MR Imaging consisting of the following: Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) refers to a structured reporting scheme for evaluating the prostate for PC. T1-weighted images are not helpful in differentiating different zones or detecting the lesion. However, invasion of neurovascular bundle, haemorrhage within the gland and loco-regional lymphadenopathy is better visualized on this sequence. DWI imaging plays an important role in determining PIRADS score, predominantly in peripheral zone neoplasm. It utilizes proton diffusion properties in water to produce image contrast. Thus prostate malignancy appears bright (hyperintense) on DWI with corresponding low values on ADC map (darkhypo intense).Of all functional MR imaging techniques, DW imaging is the most practical and simple in its use. Dynamic Contrast Scan is considered positive if a suspected lesion/ nodule on T2-W or DWI image reveals earlier than normal or more than normal enhancement (hyper enhancement), as routinely seen in lesions with malignant etiology. MR Spectroscopy reflects resonance frequencies that are unique for protons in different metabolites present at the sampled location. A change in the ratios of concentrations of these metabolites suggests abnormality within the tissue. Normal PZ has high concentration of citrate and polyamines and low concentration of choline and creatinine. A reversal of these, i.e. decrease in citrate peak due to altered metabolism and increase in choline and creatinine peaks in a suspected nodule on T2-W image may suggest malignancy. Recent studies reveal that MR spectroscopy is more specific and less sensitive that anatomic T2-W scan. Current Modalities of Prostate Cancer Treatments There are a wide variety of treatments available for the management of prostate cancer. Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation and radioactive prostate seed implant are potential cures for the prostate cancer. Hormone therapy may force the cancer into a prolonged remission but does not provide a cure unless it is combined with other treatments. The most commonly used treatments include the following:• Watchful Waiting (Active surveillance)• Radical Prostatectomy (Robot assisted radical prostatectomy; Laparoscopic prostatectomy)• Radiation Therapy (External beam radiation; Radioactive prostate seed implants)• Hormone Therapy• Combination of Therapies• High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) or Magnetic Resonance-guided Focussed Ultrasound Surgery (MRgFUS)• Others (Cryotherapy; Photodynamic therapy)• Metastatic Disease1. Hormonal therapy (orchidectomy)2. Anti androgens3. Luteinizing Hormone-releasing Hormone (LHRH) Agonists (Leuprolide; Goserelin; Triptorelin; Histrelin) – monthly to annual depot injection S.C. implantsMetastatic PC responds to androgen- ablation/deprivation therapy, which heralded the beginning of a new era PC therapy.
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Мelnychuk, Maksym P. "PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN PATIENTS WITH PROSTATE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 1 (2021): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202101106.
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The aim: To determine prognostic significance of mpMRI in prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) diagnostics. Materials and methods: The results of examination of 52 patients with PIN were assessed in mpMRI using PIRADS criteria. The total number of samples with PIN amounted 166. According to PIRADS MRI assessment of central and peripherial zones was made separately. The use of T2WI, DWI, DCE in patients with high grade and low grade PIN was studied. MRI was performed before prostate biopsy (MRI cognitive fusion biopsy). During 3-year follow-up rebiopsies were performed with prostate cancer detection. PIRADS values of PIN lesions with malignisation were compared with those without following tumor transformation. Results: There was a difference in values of PIRADS characteristics between PIN and benign prostatic tissue. The mean of PIRADS gradation in samples with PIN was 2,1. Among them 47 (28,3 %) PIN samples had gradation 3 (the presence of clinically significant cancer is equivocal), in 8 (4,8 %) cases – gradation 4 (clinically significant cancer is likely to be present). The mean of PIRADS gradation was in 24 % larger in cases with subsequent PC detection than in cases without malignisation. Conclusions: MRI parameters in PIN cases differ from normal prostate tissue. PIRADS assessment has prognostic significance of following malignisation of PIN pieces that have similar properties on MRI as prostate cancer. Further study is required to stratify all PIN patients into groups of high malignisation risk in order to perform detailed examination and treatment.
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Kurnakov, A. M., S. Yu Borovets, and S. Kh Al’-Shukri. "SIGNIFICANCE OF DOPPLER-GRAPHIC RESEARCHES FOR DIAGNOSTICS OF PROSTATE CANCER." Grekov's Bulletin of Surgery 174, no. 4 (2015): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2015-174-4-45-49.
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An analysis of the Doppler-graphic results was made in transrectal ultrasound in 98 patients. Prostate cancer was detected in 44 cases. Priority zones for bioptic injection were determined. There were high probabilities of adenocarcinoma detection. The index of systolic speed of blood flow is significant for diagnostics.
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Dulhanty, Chris, Linda Wang, Maria Cheng, et al. "Radiomics Driven Diffusion Weighted Imaging Sensing Strategies for Zone-Level Prostate Cancer Sensing." Sensors 20, no. 5 (2020): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051539.
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Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in North American men; however, prognosis is relatively good given early diagnosis. This motivates the need for fast and reliable prostate cancer sensing. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) has gained traction in recent years as a fast non-invasive approach to cancer sensing. The most commonly used DWI sensing modality currently is apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) imaging, with the recently introduced computed high-b value diffusion weighted imaging (CHB-DWI) showing considerable promise for cancer sensing. In this study, we investigate the efficacy of ADC and CHB-DWI sensing modalities when applied to zone-level prostate cancer sensing by introducing several radiomics driven zone-level prostate cancer sensing strategies geared around hand-engineered radiomic sequences from DWI sensing (which we term as Zone-X sensing strategies). Furthermore, we also propose Zone-DR, a discovery radiomics approach based on zone-level deep radiomic sequencer discovery that discover radiomic sequences directly for radiomics driven sensing. Experimental results using 12,466 pathology-verified zones obtained through the different DWI sensing modalities of 101 patients showed that: (i) the introduced Zone-X and Zone-DR radiomics driven sensing strategies significantly outperformed the traditional clinical heuristics driven strategy in terms of AUC, (ii) the introduced Zone-DR and Zone-SVM strategies achieved the highest sensitivity and specificity, respectively for ADC amongst the tested radiomics driven strategies, (iii) the introduced Zone-DR and Zone-LR strategies achieved the highest sensitivities for CHB-DWI amongst the tested radiomics driven strategies, and (iv) the introduced Zone-DR, Zone-LR, and Zone-SVM strategies achieved the highest specificities for CHB-DWI amongst the tested radiomics driven strategies. Furthermore, the results showed that the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity can be optimized based on the particular clinical scenario we wish to employ radiomic driven DWI prostate cancer sensing strategies for, such as clinical screening versus surgical planning. Finally, we investigate the critical regions within sensing data that led to a given radiomic sequence generated by a Zone-DR sequencer using an explainability method to get a deeper understanding on the biomarkers important for zone-level cancer sensing.
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Vojinov, Sasa, Mladen Popov, Ivan Levakov, Aleksandra Levakov-Fejsa, Dimitrije Jeremic, and Dragan Grbic. "Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with small cell component and low levels of prostate specific antigen." Vojnosanitetski pregled 77, no. 10 (2020): 1101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp181212029v.
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Introduction. Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men. The most common type is acinar adenocarcinoma. Small cell prostate cancer (SCPC) usually occurs together with coexisting prostate adenocarcinoma. Case report. A 72-years-old patient with voiding simptoms is presented. Initial level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 2.87 ng/mL. Twelve prostate biopsies were taken and in six of them neoplastic tissue was detected. The viewed tissue was most convenient to ?small cell carcinoma?. Bone scintigraphy did not demonstrate dissemination of the cancer into the skeletal system. Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) of the pelvis did not reveal any special pathological changes. The patient underwent surgery ? radical retropubical prostatectomy. Histopathological analysis revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate with small cell carcinoma zones [Gleason score 5+5 (10), grade III, pT3bN1, stage IV]. Conclusion. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate, especially in combination with SCPC, is an aggressive malignancy with most cases presenting with the extensive disease dissemination on diagnosis and poor prognosis. Small cell carcinomas of the prostate are extremely rare tumors of the neuroendocrine origin. Patients with mixed prostate cancer, compared to pure SCPC, have a better prognosis and greater survival rate. There is a lack of the evidence guiding treatment for SCPC.
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Sunoqrot, Mohammed R. S., Kirsten M. Selnæs, Elise Sandsmark, et al. "The Reproducibility of Deep Learning-Based Segmentation of the Prostate Gland and Zones on T2-Weighted MR Images." Diagnostics 11, no. 9 (2021): 1690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091690.
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Volume of interest segmentation is an essential step in computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) systems. Deep learning (DL)-based methods provide good performance for prostate segmentation, but little is known about the reproducibility of these methods. In this work, an in-house collected dataset from 244 patients was used to investigate the intra-patient reproducibility of 14 shape features for DL-based segmentation methods of the whole prostate gland (WP), peripheral zone (PZ), and the remaining prostate zones (non-PZ) on T2-weighted (T2W) magnetic resonance (MR) images compared to manual segmentations. The DL-based segmentation was performed using three different convolutional neural networks (CNNs): V-Net, nnU-Net-2D, and nnU-Net-3D. The two-way random, single score intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to measure the inter-scan reproducibility of each feature for each CNN and the manual segmentation. We found that the reproducibility of the investigated methods is comparable to manual for all CNNs (14/14 features), except for V-Net in PZ (7/14 features). The ICC score for segmentation volume was found to be 0.888, 0.607, 0.819, and 0.903 in PZ; 0.988, 0.967, 0.986, and 0.983 in non-PZ; 0.982, 0.975, 0.973, and 0.984 in WP for manual, V-Net, nnU-Net-2D, and nnU-Net-3D, respectively. The results of this work show the feasibility of embedding DL-based segmentation in CAD systems, based on multiple T2W MR scans of the prostate, which is an important step towards the clinical implementation.
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Heidenreich, Axel, and David Pfister. "Pelvic Lymphadenectomy in Clinically Localised Prostate Cancer: Counting Lymph Nodes or Dissecting Primary Landing Zones of the Prostate?" European Urology 66, no. 3 (2014): 447–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2013.07.035.
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Piatsko, I. A., and A. K. Usovich. "Morphometric indices of secretory epithelium of main prostate glands in people 13-88 years old." Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 7, no. 3 (2018): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2018-7-3-39-45.
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The aim of the study was to study the age-related changes in the epithelium of the end pieces of the prostate main glands, in all its structural lobules in the age range from adolescence late adulthood age. Materials and methods. Histological, morphometric methods were used to study the secretory epithelial cells of the end pieces of the main glands on prostate preparations of 77 men aged 13-88 years, on autopsy material. The histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, studied using a Leica DM-2000 microscope with a video projection system, using the Leica "LAS V3.6" application morphometric program. Shape and sizes of the secretory epithelial cells of the end pieces of the prostate main glands in pairs of anteromedial, superomedial, inferoposterior, inferolateral structural lobes (zones) were determined. To evaluate the results obtained, nonparametric methods of mathematical statistics were used (Wilcoxon W-test for comparison of two independent samples, Kraskel-Wallis H-test for multiple comparisons, Dann's test with Bonferroni amendment). Results. The differences of the morphometric parameters of secretory epithelial cells in pairs of anteromedial, superomedial, inferoposterior, inferolateral structural lobes (zones) of the human prostate within each of the studied age periods and changes of these parameters according to the age periods from adolescents to late adulthood age were detected. Conclusion. The development and growth of secretory epithelium in all structural lobules of the prostate were observed in the age interval 13-35 years, and the atrophic processes begin at the age of 36, but these changes occur asynchronously, both within one end piece of the gland and in different structural lobules. The changes of the epithelium in the prostate does not always correspond to the calendar age of men.
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You, Li, Maximilian Knobloch, Teresa Lopez, et al. "Including Blood Vasculature into a Game-Theoretic Model of Cancer Dynamics." Games 10, no. 1 (2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g10010013.
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For cancer, we develop a 2-D agent-based continuous-space game-theoretical model that considers cancer cells’ proximity to a blood vessel. Based on castrate resistant metastatic prostate cancer (mCRPC), the model considers the density and frequency (eco-evolutionary) dynamics of three cancer cell types: those that require exogenous testosterone ( T + ), those producing testosterone ( T P ), and those independent of testosterone ( T - ). We model proximity to a blood vessel by imagining four zones around the vessel. Zone 0 is the blood vessel. As rings, zones 1–3 are successively farther from the blood vessel and have successively lower carrying capacities. Zone 4 represents the space too far from the blood vessel and too poor in nutrients for cancer cell proliferation. Within the other three zones that are closer to the blood vessel, the cells’ proliferation probabilities are determined by zone-specific payoff matrices. We analyzed how zone width, dispersal, interactions across zone boundaries, and blood vessel dynamics influence the eco-evolutionary dynamics of cell types within zones and across the entire cancer cell population. At equilibrium, zone 3’s composition deviates from its evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) towards that of zone 2. Zone 2 sees deviations from its ESS because of dispersal from zones 1 and 3; however, its composition begins to resemble zone 1’s more so than zone 3’s. Frequency-dependent interactions between cells across zone boundaries have little effect on zone 2’s and zone 3’s composition but have decisive effects on zone 1. The composition of zone 1 diverges dramatically from both its own ESS, but also that of zone 2. That is because T + cells (highest frequency in zone 1) benefit from interacting with T P cells (highest frequency in zone 2). Zone 1 T + cells interacting with cells in zone 2 experience a higher likelihood of encountering a T P cell than when restricted to their own zone. As expected, increasing the width of zones decreases these impacts of cross-boundary dispersal and interactions. Increasing zone widths increases the persistence likelihood of the cancer subpopulation in the face of blood vessel dynamics, where the vessel may die or become occluded resulting in the “birth” of another blood vessel elsewhere in the space. With small zone widths, the cancer cell subpopulations cannot persist. With large zone widths, blood vessel dynamics create cancer cell subpopulations that resemble the ESS of zone 3 as the larger area of zone 3 and its contribution to cells within the necrotic zone 4 mean that zones 3 and 4 provide the likeliest colonizers for the new blood vessel. In conclusion, our model provides an alternative modeling approach for considering density-dependent, frequency-dependent, and dispersal dynamics into cancer models with spatial gradients around blood vessels. Additionally, our model can consider the occurrence of circulating tumor cells (cells that disperse into the blood vessel from zone 1) and the presence of live cancer cells within the necrotic regions of a tumor.
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Hammerer, Peter G., John E. McNeal, and Thomas A. Stamey. "Correlation Between Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Levels and the Volume of the Individual Glandular Zones of the Human Prostate." Journal of Urology 153, no. 1 (1995): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005392-199501000-00038.
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Shidham, Vinod B., Paul F. Lindholm, André Kajdacsy-Balla, Zainab Basir, Varghese George, and Fernando U. Garcia. "Prostate-Specific Antigen Expression and Lipochrome Pigment Granules in the Differential Diagnosis of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Versus Seminal Vesicle–Ejaculatory Duct Epithelium." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123, no. 11 (1999): 1093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/1999-123-1093-psaeal.
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Abstract Background.—Lipochrome pigment granules (LPGs) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) localization have been cited as helpful adjuncts in differentiating atypical histologic patterns of seminal vesicle–ejaculatory duct (SVED) from prostatic adenocarcinoma. However, LPGs have been described in both benign and neoplastic prostatic acini, and PSA expression within the intraprostatic SVED has not been fully explored. Design.—Fifty radical prostatectomy specimens were studied for LPGs and 9 cases for PSA expression. Results.—Two morphologic types of LPGs (type 1 and type 2) were observed. The reproducibility in classifying LPGs was evaluated by κ statistics, which demonstrated a strong agreement between 4 observers. Type 1 was restricted to SVED in all 50 specimens. Type 2 was subclassified into 2A and 2B. Type 2 LPGs were observed in prostatic acini of different zones, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and occasionally with type 1 LPG in SVED. Focal reactivity for PSA in the distal portion of SVED near urethra was noted in 1 of 9 cases. Conclusion.—Awareness about morphologic differences between the 2 types of LPGs could help to avoid a potential diagnostic pitfall of misinterpreting SVED epithelium for adenocarcinoma. Caution is recommended in interpreting PSA expression, since rare focal PSA reactivity was observed in the distal SVED.
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Rodríguez, Joaquín, Gilberto Ochoa-Ruiz, and Christian Mata. "A Prostate MRI Segmentation Tool Based on Active Contour Models Using a Gradient Vector Flow." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (2020): 6163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186163.
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Medical support systems used to assist in the diagnosis of prostate lesions generally related to prostate segmentation is one of the majors focus of interest in recent literature. The main problem encountered in the diagnosis of a prostate study is the localization of a Regions of Interest (ROI) containing a tumor tissue. In this paper, a new GUI tool based on a semi-automatic prostate segmentation is presented. The main rationale behind this tool and the focus of this article is facilitate the time consuming segmentation process used for annotating images in the clinical practice, enabling the radiologists to use novel and easy to use semi-automatic segmentation techniques instead of manual segmentation. In this work, a detailed specification of the proposed segmentation algorithm using an Active Contour Models (ACM) aided with a Gradient Vector Flow (GVF) component is defined. The purpose is to help the manual segmentation process of the main ROIs of prostate gland zones. Finally, an experimental case of use and a discussion part of the results are presented.
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Marroig, B., C. B. M. Gallo, B. M. Gregorio, E. F. Alves, F. J. B. Sampaio, and W. S. Costa. "892 Quantitative and qualitative analyses of stromal and acinar components of prostate zones." European Urology Supplements 13, no. 1 (2014): e892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(14)60878-2.
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Marettová, E. "Immunohistochemical Localization of Elastic System Fibres in the Canine Prostate." Folia Veterinaria 61, no. 1 (2017): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fv-2017-0001.
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Abstract The elastic fibres are particularly important for the structural integrity and function of the prostate. In this study, the elastic fibres of the normal dog prostate gland were identified by immunohistochemistry. In the capsule, the elastic fibres form membranes of different thicknesses-located mainly in the intermediate and deep zones. Large trabeculae which extend from the capsule contain elastic fibres with a prevalence in the longitudinal direction. Around blood vessels, the elastic fibres are concentrated and form annular structures. In the fine septa supporting the lobules, elastic fibres form a fine elastic meshwork. Between the secretory units of the prostate gland, the fine elastic fibres are located under the secretory epithelium. An increase of elastic fibres around the ducts entering the urethra was observed. An accumulation of elastic fibres in the capsule and stromal septa may participate in the releasing of secretory products during ejaculation.
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Thomas, M. Albert, Nader Binesh, Kenneth Yue, et al. "Adding a New Spectral Dimension to Localized1H MR Spectroscopy of Human Prostates using an Endorectal Coil." Spectroscopy 17, no. 2-3 (2003): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/649546.
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Localized 2D shift-correlated MR spectra (L-COSY) of human prostates were recorded using an endorectal “receive” coil. Typically, 4 ml voxels were placed in the peripheral zones of the prostate. Seven healthy volunteers and one BPH patient have participated in this study so far. The total acquisition time for a 2D L-COSY was approximately 20 minutes. A 1.5 Tesla GE scanner with a body coil for RF transmission and a pelvic phased-array coil combined with a disposable rectal coil for reception was used. The 2D L-COSY spectra showed cross peaks due to citrate, spermine and occasionally choline, creatine and lipids. The 2D cross peaks due to both the multiplets of spermine were clearly resolved from choline and creatine which has been a major problem with the conventional MR spectroscopic techniques. In contrast to 2D JPRESS, improved spectral dispersion, less crowded 2D cross peaks and unequivocal detection of both multiplets of spermine were monitored in 2D L-COSY. Pilot results suggest that localized 2D L-COSY can be successfully implemented in human prostates on a clinical scanner.
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Zhao, Fu-Jun, Bang-Min Han, Sheng-Qiang Yu, and Shu-Jie Xia. "Tumor formation of prostate cancer cells influenced by stromal cells from the transitional or peripheral zones of the normal prostate." Asian Journal of Andrology 11, no. 2 (2009): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/aja.2008.33.
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Meikle, A. W., W. P. McWhorter, R. A. Stephenson, R. G. Middleton, and M. H. Skolnick. "Effects of age, sex steroids, and family relationships on volumes of prostate zones in men with and without prostate cancer." Prostate 26, no. 5 (1995): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.2990260505.
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Keller, Andrew, and Boon Kua. "Case Report: Radical prostatectomy without prostate biopsy in PI-RADS 5 lesions on 3T multi-parametric MRI of the prostate gland." F1000Research 4 (February 26, 2015): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6171.1.
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Objective: Current practice mandates a prostate biopsy for histological confirmation of prostate cancer prior to a radical prostatectomy. Prostate biopsy, whether performed trans-rectally or trans-perineally, is an invasive procedure which typically involves an anaesthetic and has the risks of urosepsis, bleeding and haematoma. Post-biopsy inflammatory changes can also obliterate natural tissue planes thereby potentially compromising the quality of a nerve sparing procedure and increasing positive margin rates.3T-Multi-Parametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate (3T mpMRI-P) is gaining increasing acceptance in the identification and localisation of prostate cancer. In experienced centres, the positive predictive value has been reported to be as high as 95%.Methods: Two patients with rising and elevated age- adjusted PSAs and palpable malignant prostate nodules on Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) underwent 3T mpMRI-P. Both patients had Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 5 lesions in their peripheral zones corresponding to palpable nodules. Prostate biopsies were offered but declined by both patients. Both were satisfied that there was sufficient evidence on their PSA, DRE and 3T mpMRI-P for a diagnosis of prostate cancer without prostate biopsies and both elected to proceed to a Da Vinci Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (RALRP).Results: Unilateral nerve sparing RALRPs were performed on both patients without complication. Histology demonstrated Gleason 4+4=8 and 4+3=7 prostate adenocarcinomas, with tumour volumes of 14.92cc and 4.5cc respectively.Conclusions: In appropriately counselled patients who have a high pre-test probability of prostate cancer (rising and elevated PSA, malignant nodule on DRE and a corresponding PI-RADS 5 lesion on 3T mpMRI-P), it may be appropriate to proceed to a radical prostatectomy without a tissue diagnosis if the patients have strong reservations about prostate biopsy.
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Kovac, Evan, Kai-Hsiung Chang, Eric A. Klein та Nima Sharifi. "5α-reductase from radical prostatectomy tissue and utilization of testosterone and androstenedione to produce DHT: A dual isotope method and preliminary results." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, № 7_suppl (2015): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.7_suppl.58.
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58 Background: Previous work has shown that 5α-reductase prefers androstenedione (AD) in favor of testosterone (T) for dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Yet, 5α-reductase substrate preference in the setting of localized prostate tissue has yet to be fully elucidated. We propose a novel ex-vivo method for tracking steroid handling by the prostate and report our preliminary findings. Methods: Prostate tissue from the peripheral and transitional zones of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized prostate cancer were incubated in media, along with (3H)-labeled AD and (14C)-labeled T. Media was collected after 7, 24 and 48 hours of incubation, treated with glucuronidase and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify steroids tagged with either 3H or 14C. Results: In total, 11 patients were consented for tissue procurement at the time of RP. Qualitatively, both AD and T are utilized by the prostate to produce DHT. Over time, concentrations of tritiated AD decreased, while concentrations of tritiated T, 5α-androstanedione and DHT rose. Similarly, concentrations of 14C-T decreased over a 48-hour period, while AD, 5α-androstanedione and DHT increased. Conclusions: We describe a dual isotope method for characterizing androgen handling by prostate tissue from patients with localized prostate cancer, using 2-channel radiolabel detection. Preliminary results show that both AD and T can be utilized by localized prostate cancer tissue. Future work will focus on determining if different phenotypes of androgen handling exist among various patient genotypes and cancer risk groups.
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Nishiyama, Tsutomu, Yoshihiko Tomita, and Kota Takahashi. "Influence of androgen deprivation therapy on volume of anatomic zones of prostate in patients with prostate cancer using magnetic resonance imaging." Urology 63, no. 5 (2004): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2003.11.030.
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Ustenko, R. L. "COMPARATIVE STEREOMORPHOLOGY OF GLANDULAR COMPONENTS OF CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL ZONES OF HUMAN PROSTATE GLAND." Bulletin of Problems Biology and Medicine 2, no. 1 (2020): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.29254/2077-4214-2020-2-156-296-299.
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Singh, Dharmesh, Virendra Kumar, Chandan J. Das, Anup Singh, and Amit Mehndiratta. "Segmentation of prostate zones using probabilistic atlas-based method with diffusion-weighted MR images." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 196 (November 2020): 105572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105572.
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Šukys, Deimantas, Sergejus Gaižauskas, Robert Jankovski, Andrius Gaižauskas, and Edgaras Stankevičius. "Prostatos biopsija, kontroliuojama transrektaliniu ultragarsu." Lietuvos chirurgija 3, no. 4 (2005): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lietchirur.2005.4.2289.
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Deimantas Šukys1, Sergejus Gaižauskas1, Robert Jankovski1, Andrius Gaižauskas1, Edgaras Stankevičius21 Vilniaus greitosios pagalbosuniversitetinės ligoninėsBendrosios chirurgijos centras,Šiltnamių g. 29, LT-04130 VilniusEl paštas: deimasukys@centras.lt2 Kauno medicinos universitetoFiziologijos katedra,A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, Kaunas Prostata yra viena dažniausių vėžio lokalizacijų vyrams. Prostatos biopsija, kontroliuojama transrektiniu ultragarsu, yra pagrindinis metodas diagnozuojant prostatos vėžį ir pasirenkant gydymo taktiką. Pagrindinės indikacijos atlikti biopsiją yra PSA > 4 ng/ml ir pirštu čiuopiami prostatos karcinomai būdingi pakitimai. Yra pasiūlyta daug prostatos biopsijos atlikimo metodikų. Įrodyta, jog vietoje klasikinės sekstantinės biopsijos taikant daugiau mėginių turinčias ir labiau į periferinę prostatos zoną orientuotas schemas, randama iki 30% daugiau prostatos vėžio atvejų. Atliekant daugiau mėginių, tampa aktuali nuskausminimo problema. Dar nėra visuotinai priimtų prostatos biopsijos indikacijų ir jos atlikimo schemos. Reikšminiai žodžiai: prostatos vėžys, prostatos biopsija Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies Deimantas Šukys1, Sergejus Gaižauskas1, Robert Jankovski1, Andrius Gaižauskas1, Edgaras Stankevičius21 Center of General Surgery,Vilnius Emergency Hospital,Šiltnamių str. 29,LT-04130 Vilnius, LithuaniaE-mail: deimasukys@centras.lt2 Department of Physiology,Kaunas Medical University,A. Mickevičiaus str. 9,LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania Prostate cancer is one of the most frequent cancer localizations in men. Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy is the main method in prostate cancer diagnostics and deciding tactics of treatment. The main indications for prostate biopsy are PSA over 4 ng/ml and characteristic palpable lesions. There are a lot of methods to perform prostate biopsy. It is proven that using multicore schemes directed closer to the peripheral zone of the prostate instead of the classic sextant prostate biopsy increases prostate cancer detection by up to 30%. Anesthesia becomes the problem when performing more extended biopsies. So far, there is no strict generally adopted indications and prostate biopsy performing schemes. Keywords: prostate cancer, prostate biopsy
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Brown, Mick D., Claire Alexandre Hart, Ashwin Sachdeva, Christian Faulkner, David Wedge, and Noel W. Clarke. "Localized activation of the metastatic phenotype within the perineural region in prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 6_suppl (2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.6_suppl.253.
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253 Background: Perineural Invasion (PNI) is defined as malignant epithelial cell invasion of the perineural space and nerves. Despite widespread acknowledgement of the clinical significance of PNI as a PCa pathological finding associated with recurrence, increased risk of bone metastasis and poor survival, the molecular mechanism underlying this pathology is relatively unknown. The malignant epithelial cells within the PNI potentially provides a spatially defined “snapshot” of disease progression, as the cells switch to a more migrational phenotype associated with metastatic progression. Here we present the initial spatial PNI phenotypic characterisation in PCa. Methods: Archival FFPE blocks, with associated full clinical history, from patients who underwent a radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer were retrieved under research ethics REC#07/H1003/161+5 10_NOCL_02. Biomarkers EphA2, pEphA2s897, pMLC2, E-Cadherin, Vimentin, TOMM20, MTC01, NDUFB8, PTEN were assessed on 4µm serial sections stained using a multiplex TSA protocol, with S100, pan-cytokeratin and DAPI acting as landmarks, on a Ventana Discovery platform prior to scanning on a Versa 3 platform with Halo image analysis. Prostate zones were defined at 500µm intervals either side of the prostate capsule. Univariate and multivariate (hierarchical clustering, UMap clustering) expression analysis and correlation with clinic-pathological features was conducted within R. Results: The PNI epithelial cells within each spatial zone of the prostate are significantly different to each other (Kruskal-Wallis test p < 2.2x10−16 except for MTC01 p = 5.3x10−10). In comparison with the local tumour lesion, PNI epithelial cells localised within 1000µm of the prostate edge and outside the tumour lesion, have undergone a migrational switch, gaining features associated with an activated metastatic phenotype, with increased expression of amoeboid signalling (EphA2, pEphA2s897, pMLC2) and mitochondrial defects (loss of Complex I and IV, gain of mitochondrial mass (TOMM20)). Patients clustering by multivariate expression trends across the prostate regions showed 4 distinct patient groups, with PNI epithelial cells in patient group 1 & 2 displaying a more epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT) phenotype, especially in the first 1000µm inside the prostate organ. Conclusions: Cells within PNI close to the edge of the prostate have features consistent with a switch to migrational/metastatic activation in contrast to the more indolent cell type found deeper within the tumour. Further characterisation of this localised migrational upregulation will help in understanding the transition from a localised to a metastatic phenotype.
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Jiang, Qi, Bang-Min Han, Fu-Jun Zhao, Yan Hong, and Shu-Jie Xia. "The differential effects of prostate stromal cells derived from different zones on prostate cancer epithelial cells under the action of sex hormones." Asian Journal of Andrology 13, no. 6 (2011): 798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/aja.2011.22.
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Sahinkanat, T., E. Efe, U. Ozkuvancilar, and H. Ekerbicer. "S69 EFFECTS OF A SINGLE DOSE TADALAFIL ON RESISTIVE INDEX VALUE OF VARIOUS PROSTATE ZONES." European Urology Supplements 11, no. 4 (2012): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(13)60263-8.
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