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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prosthesis of lower limb'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Stentzel, Christian, Volker Waurich, and Frank Will. "Miniature hydraulics for a mechatronic lower limb prosthesis." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71230.

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In Germany alone, 10,000 to 12,000 transfemoral amputations occur every year. Persistent rehabilitation efforts and advanced medical devices like prosthetic knee joints are crucial to reintegrating amputees into daily life successfully. Modern knee joints represent a highly integrated mechatronic system including special kinematics, a lightweight design, various sensors, microprocessors and complex algorithms to control a damping system in the context of the given situation. A knee joint is a passive system and normally has no actuator for an active movement. To enable a natural gait pattern,

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2

Hillery, Siobham Catherine. "The evaluation and development of a composite lower limb prosthesis." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336225.

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3

Tee, Kian Sek. "A mechatronic system for achieving optimum alignment of lower limb prosthesis." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574609.

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Misalignment in the lower limb prosthesis can cause great discomfort in the stump- socket interface and disturbance to gait function. In the long run, it could deteriorate the musculoskeletal system. In practice, the assessment still depends heavily on the verbal feedback of an amputee and experiences of a prosthetist. Moreover it is inconsistent amongst the prosthetists. Prosthetic alignment involves the adjustment of the prosthetic components relative to the gait quality. Some methods were proposed, including symmetry index, variation in a step-to-step transition, stability within the zone o

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4

Ballit, Abbass. "Design and manufacturing process optimization for prosthesis of the lower limb." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2589.

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Le socket prothétique (dit aussi emboiture prothétique), élément d'interface essentiel entre le moignon du patient et le dispositif prothétique, est le plus souvent le lieu où se définit le degré de réussite prothétique. C'est la partie la plus critique de la prothèse, personnalisée pour s'adapter au membre résiduel unique de l'amputé. Sans une forme et un ajustement approprié du socket, la prothèse devient inconfortable, voire inutilisable, et provoque des douleurs et des problèmes de peau. La production prothétique actuelle manque encore de normes numériques universelles pour concevoir un so

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5

Gailey, Robert Stuart. "The amputee mobility predictor : a functional assessment instrument for the prediction of the lower limb amputee's readiness to ambulate." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367028.

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6

Warner, Holly E. "Optimal Design and Control of a Lower-Limb Prosthesis with Energy Regeneration." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1439422794.

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7

Mpezeni, Stella. "Community experiences of persons with lower limb amputations in Malawi." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7062.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc<br>Persons with lower limb amputations (LLA) experience different challenges in the community. These challenges include the physical, psychological and social function of an individual. Little is known in Malawi on what persons with lower limb amputations go through in the communities where they live. Therefore, the study aimed at exploring and determining community experiences of persons with LLA in Malawi. The study sought to address the following objectives: 1) To determine the functional and psychological status of persons with LLA in the community; 2) To explore

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8

Yu, Tian. "Actuation and control of lower limb prostheses." Thesis, University of Bath, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760933.

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Millions of people are suffering from lower limb loss all around the world. Passive ankle prostheses in the market cannot fully restore ankle function and will cause asymmetrical walking gaits. Several powered ankle prostheses, which provide net power in the stance phase to assist walking, have been developed by the researchers, but their walking range is significantly limited by the power requirement. In this thesis, an electrohydrostatic actuator (EHA) powered ankle prosthesis is proposed. This is intended to actively assist walking at certain points in the gait cycle, namely the plantarflex

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9

Prodanov, Dimiter Petkov. "Morphometric analysis of the rat lower limb nerves anatomical data for neural prosthesis design /." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2006. http://doc.utwente.nl/51110.

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10

Yang, Lang. "The influence of limb alignment on the gait of above-knee amputees." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1988. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21359.

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Alignment of the above-knee prostheses is one of the important factors affecting the success of patient/prosthesis matching. It has been found that the prosthetist and the patient can accept a number of alignments which produce different intersegmental loads and it has been suggested that it is possible to obtain an 'optimal' alignment satisfying certain criteria. In order to enhance the efficiency of the alignment procedure, it is necessary to understand how alignment affects the amputee's gait and the patient compensations for changes in the alignment. Biomechanical gait tests on above-knee

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11

Fan, Richard E., Christopher R. Wottawa, Marilynn P. Wyatt, Todd C. Sander, Martin O. Culjat, and Martin O. Culjat. "A Wireless Telemetry System to Monitor Gait in Patients with Lower-Limb Amputation." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606038.

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ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>Even after rehabilitation, patients with lower-limb amputation may continue to exhibit suboptimal gait. A wireless telemetry system, featuring force sensors, accelerometers, control electronics and a Bluetooth transmission module was developed to measure plantar pressure information and remotely monitor patient mobility. Plantar pressure characterization studies were performed to determine the

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12

Zahedi, Saeed. "The study of alignment of lower limb prostheses." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436095.

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13

Whitmore, Sigrid Ilona. "Realization of a Measuring Device for Recordning the Relative Movement between Residual Limb and Prosthetic Socket." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84478.

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Relative motion between residual limb and prosthetic socket is an indication of poor fit. Both the fabrication and fitting processes are highly subjective and a favorable result depends upon the technician's expertise. Although numerous methods exist to measure the relative motion, all have limitations and are not well suited for clinical use. A measurement system using optical sensors has been proposed by students at the Technische Universität Darmstadt and evaluations of a functional model have yielded promising results. In this thesis, the existing functional model is improved and expanded

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14

Khademi, Gholamreza. "Design and Optimization of Locomotion Mode Recognition for Lower-Limb Amputees with Prostheses." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1568747409603973.

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15

Mulvana, Helen. "The potential for parametric acoustic radiation force generation for elasticity estimation to aid in lower limb prosthesis fitting." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501649.

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Tissue elasticity assessment is is used in clinical applications from cancer diagnosis to prosthesis fitting. Elastography, using ultrasound to image tissue elasticity to replace digital palpation, includes methods which measure small volume tissue response to high-frequency acoustic excitation and bulk responses following quasi-static loading. Such techniques are well explored and used clinically; however, the goal of quantitative elasticity estimation remains unfulfilled. Additionally, tissue's elastic nonlinearity prevents either approach from providing elasticity information relevant to lo

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16

Hákonardóttir, Stefanía. "Prosthetic Control using Implanted Electrode Signals." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknik och hälsa (STH), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147699.

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This report presents the design and manufacturing process of a bionic signal messagebroker (BSMB), intended to allow communication between implanted electrodes andprosthetic legs designed by Ossur. The BSMB processes and analyses the data intorelevant information to control the bionic device. The intention is to carry out eventdetection in the BSMB, where events in the muscle signal are matched to the events ofthe gait cycle (toe-o, stance, swing).The whole system is designed to detect muscle contraction via sensors implantedin residual muscles and transmit the signals wireless to a control un

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17

Blessing, Victoria Myriam Patricia. "User innovation of medical technologies in a developing country setting : the case of lower limb prostheses in Malawi." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/54506/.

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As is well known, users can make significant contributions to innovations, including innovating themselves. However, much work on user innovation has focussed on developed countries. The question remains whether and how users innovate in a developing country setting. Bodies of literature that explicitly consider innovations in such settings emphasise the influence of limitations. This thesis therefore investigates how limitations shape the creation and sharing of innovations by users. This issue is analysed for medical technologies, because these can have different user groups, including patie

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18

Bulva, Ondřej. "Aktivní protéza dolní končetiny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-316811.

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This thesis deals with the current state of development of active lower limb prostheses and focuses mainly on own design of active prostheses. The introduction deals with the anatomy of lower limb and briefly describes the walk cycle. In other chapters are summarized amputation techniques in the lower limb, followed by a description of the allocation of prostheses according to the level of amputation, which were described in earlier chapters. The thesis also deals with the division of prostheses according to the patient's activity level and briefly describes the structural differences in these

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19

Grimmer, Martin [Verfasser], Andre [Akademischer Betreuer] Seyfarth, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Sugar. "Powered Lower Limb Prostheses / Martin Grimmer. Betreuer: André Seyfarth ; Thomas Sugar." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1110980876/34.

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20

Murillo, Jaime. "Design of a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle for Powered Lower Limb Prostheses." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24104.

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Ideal prostheses are defined as artificial limbs that would permit physically impaired individuals freedom of movement and independence rather than a life of disability and dependence. Current lower limb prostheses range from a single mechanical revolute joint to advanced microprocessor controlled mechanisms. Despite the advancement in technology and medicine, current lower limb prostheses are still lacking an actuation element, which prohibits patients from regaining their original mobility and improving their quality of life. This thesis aims to design and test a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle

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21

Perrotti, Tracy Ann. "An exploration of the lumbar loads and affective responses to lumbar pain on lower limb amputees who use a prosthesis." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001327.

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22

Laszczak, Piotr. "Interfacial pressure and shear sensor systems for lower limb prosthetic applications." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/393746/.

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Lower limb prosthetic socket provides the interface for the transfer of loads between the ground and the stump. During daily physical activities, the stump has to endure mechanical stresses in normal (pressure) and tangential (shear) directions to the stump/socket interface, both of which may cause discomfort, pain, and a host of stump health problems. Despite the importance of the issues, there is currently no clinically-friendly sensor technology available to monitor both pressure and shear at the stump/socket interface. In this thesis, two sensor systems were developed - both capable of sim

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23

Musilová, Kateřina. "Deformačně-napěťová analýza protézy dolní končetiny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229249.

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This master thesis deals with lower-limb prosthesis. The aim of the first part of this work is stress-strain analysis of trans-tibial prosthesis, which is understand without prosthetic socket and the foam prosthetic feet. Analysis is made using finite element method in ANSYS Workbench 12.0 software. For the purpose of setting up the computational model it is necessary to make few partial models. Model of geometry of the prosthesis is made in SolidWorks 2009. Based on the outputs of stress-strain analysis and the results evaluation, the critical component is chosen and this one is evaluated acc

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24

Malátková, Hana. "Design protézy dolní končetiny pro děti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254228.

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The topic of this master’s thesis is design of human leg prosthesis for children. The thesis concerns own design of transbinal prosthesis for children that meet the basic technical, ergonomical and social requi¬rements and also brings a new look and shape as solution to the main topic. The infant incubator is designed in regard to modern materials and technologies.

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25

Beckerle, Philipp [Verfasser]. "Human-machine-centered design and actuation of lower limb prosthetic systems / Philipp Beckerle." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1110980264/34.

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26

Unwin, Paul Simon. "Investigation of improved fixation in massive endo-prosthetic replacements of the lower limb." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299921.

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27

Geil, Mark Daniel. "Effectiveness Evaluation and Functional Theoretical Modeling of Dynamic Elastic Response Lower Limb Prosthetics." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1391593663.

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28

Chagas, Maurício Pereira. "Plataforma instrumentada para alinhamento de prótese de membro inferior /." Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182009.

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Orientador: Marcelo Augusto Assunção Sanches<br>Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um sistema de alinhamento referenciado de prótese de membro inferior, denominado PASyLL (Prosthesis Alignment System of Lower Limbs). A qualidade do alinhamento e ajuste de próteses de membros inferiores é fundamental no processo de reabilitação, principalmente porque contribui para que não ocorra o abandono do uso da prótese. Atualmente, muitos alinhamentos de próteses ainda são realizados de forma subjetiva, sem auxílio de equipamentos, ou seja, apenas com base na experiência e conhecime

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29

Bulea, Thomas Campbell. "Design of a sensor based data collection system for lower limb prosthetic gait analysis." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/321.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formattted into pages: contains iv, 31 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-31). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.

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30

Lohrer, John. "Smart Prosthetic for Lower Limb Amputees Utilizing a Novel Shear and Normal Force Sensor." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1504803734497035.

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31

Christie, Breanne P. "Multisensory Integration of Lower-Limb Somatosensory Neuroprostheses: from Psychophysics to Functionality." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1575564218875779.

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32

Eby, Wesley R. "Feasibility Analysis of a Powered Lower-Limb Orthotic for the Mobility Impaired User." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/952.

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Powered orthotic devices can be used to restore mobility to the impaired user, and may thereby assist them in daily living tasks. An investigation is performed herein to examine the feasibility of a powered lower-limb orthotic in assisting the sit-to-stand task by 50% of the required torque. Feasibility is considered via simulation. A three-link sit-to-stand model, which is driven by kinematic data, is developed. Models of a Pneumatic Muscle Actuator and a DC motor are used to determine which of the two technologies can make a more appropriate contribution to the sit-to-stand task.

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33

Callaghan, Brian G. "Cognitive representations and attitudes as predictors of prosthetic use and recovery following lower limb amputation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501916.

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34

Dyer, Bryce T. J. "An insight into the acceptable use and assessment of lower-limb running prostheses in disability sport." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2013. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/21069/.

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Sports technology can be any product or system used to facilitate, train or influence an athlete’s performance. The role of prostheses used for disability sport was initially to help facilitate exercise and then ultimately, competition. In able-bodied sport, controversy has occasionally been caused through the adoption or introduction of sports technology. However, scant attention has been paid to sport with a disability with respect to such concerns. This research project provides a novel contribution to knowledge by investigating the use of lower-limb running prostheses in competition by tra

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35

Perius, Tiago Faria. "Geração de diretrizes de projeto com o uso do Design For X para o desenvolvimento de prótese de membro inferior de baixo custo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/116624.

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A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo a geração de diretrizes de projeto para o desenvolvimento de Próteses de Membros Inferiores, que atendesse as necessidades funcionais dos usuários que resulte na simplificação do objeto. Para isso, investigou-se o usuário, percebendo suas necessidades físicas e psicológicas, com conhecimento de leis federais existentes para o auxílio a esse público. Também, foram examinados a anatomia humana e os procedimentos cirúrgicos para a amputação de membros inferiores, a fim de compreender sua influência na concepção de uma prótese. Outro enfoque da pesquisa foi o

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36

Buckley, John G. "Variable speed walking and running in physically active lower-limb amputees : gait biomechanics and prosthetic design influences." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343457.

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37

Sagawa, Yoshimasa. "Vers une approche multidimensionnelle de l'évaluation motrice du sujet amputé." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VALE0018/document.

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Les personnes amputées de membre inférieur (PAMI) sont très diversifiées. Ils’agit d’une population hétérogène, tant par ses origines que par ses niveaux d’amputation, ses capacités et ses projets de vie. A ces profils variés s’ajoutent une multitude de composants prothétiques ainsi que les différentes combinaisons possibles entre ces composants. Il est également important de prendre en compte les différents environnements auxquels la PAMI est confrontée quotidiennement. La Classification Internationale du Fonctionnement (CIF 2001) a été créée par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé et repose

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38

Tsai, Hoi Yan Amy. "Aided prosthetic gait of people with lower-limb amputations, comparison of four-footed and two-wheeled walkers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63561.pdf.

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39

De, Asha Alan R. "Biomechanical adaptations of lower-limb amputee-gait: Effects of the echelon hydraulically damped foot. Segmental kinetic and kinematic responses to hydraulically damped prosthetic ankle-foot components in unilateral, trans-tibial amputees." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7271.

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The aim of this thesis was to determine the biomechanical adaptations made by active unilateral trans-tibial amputees when they used a prosthesis incorporating a hydraulically-damped, articulating ankle-foot device compared to non-hydraulically attached devices. Kinematic and kinetic data were recorded while participants ambulated over a flat and level surface at their customary walking speeds and at speeds they perceived to be faster and slower using the hydraulic device and their habitual foot. Use of the hydraulic device resulted in increases in self-selected walking speeds with a simultan

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40

Johansson, Malin, and Lisa Felixon. "Activity and Participation in individuals who have received lower limb prostheses from Exceed : A qualitative study conducted in Cambodia." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för rehabilitering, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44609.

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Background: Cambodia has one of the highest percentages of persons living with disability in the world. Disabled people often encounter stigma in the community, and they do not have the same access to a range of services as the rest of the population. A prosthetic device can enable a disabled person and help them to become more active and participating.  Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of individuals who have received lower limb prosthesis from Exceed regarding factors that affect their level of activity and participation. Method: The study is based on recorded q

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41

De, Asha Alan Richard. "Biomechanical adaptations of lower-limb amputee-gait : effects of the echelon hydraulically damped foot : segmental kinetic and kinematic responses to hydraulically damped prosthetic ankle-foot components in unilateral, trans-tibial amputees." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7271.

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The aim of this thesis was to determine the biomechanical adaptations made by active unilateral trans-tibial amputees when they used a prosthesis incorporating a hydraulically-damped, articulating ankle-foot device compared to non-hydraulically attached devices. Kinematic and kinetic data were recorded while participants ambulated over a flat and level surface at their customary walking speeds and at speeds they perceived to be faster and slower using the hydraulic device and their habitual foot. Use of the hydraulic device resulted in increases in self-selected walking speeds with a simultane

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42

Svensk, Elin, and Josefin Lång. "Activity and participation at home and in the community for individuals using lower limb prostheses : A qualitative study conducted in Kiribati." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för rehabilitering, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40468.

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Background: Kiribati has one of the highest rates of diabetes in the world. A major consequence of diabetes is amputation which creates a demand for prosthetic and orthotic services. It is well established that people with amputations who do not have access to a prosthesis experience difficulties with their mobility and participation in society. Aim: To describe activity and participation at home and in the community for individuals who have received a lower limb prosthesis in Kiribati. Method: This study is based on qualitative interviews using a semi-structured approach with seven participan

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43

Rexhaj, Behar, and Theresia Danielsson. "Patients with Lower Limb Amputation in Vietnam : A quantitative study on Patients’ Satisfaction with their given Prosthetic Device and Service." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ. Ortopedteknisk plattform, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36072.

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Aim: The aim of this thesis is to evaluate patients’ satisfaction with prosthetic device and service on lower limb amputations in Danang, Vietnam and to implement comparisons between the subgroups gender, living area, amputation cause and level. Method: A cross-sectional study design was conducted using the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology (QUEST) 2.0 questionnaire to measure patients’ satisfaction. Fifty patients were recruited through the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the data collection was performed in the patients own homes with an int

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44

Omasta, Milan. "Pevnostní analýza protézy dolní končetiny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228770.

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This masters´s thesis deals with computational modeling of transtibial lower-limb prosthesis. For assesment of loading character and geometrical configuration, the gait analysis of an amputee, including ground reaction force measurement, strain gauge analysis and motion analysis, was accomplished. Information on geometry was obtained using 3D optical scanning procedure. Material model was gathered using non-destructive mechanical testing and mimicked in a FEA software. For loading conditions the static structure analysys using FEM was accomplished. The critical poins in construction was found.

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45

Scopes, Judy. "Outcome measures of physical function in adult unilateral lower limb amputees during prosthetic rehabilitation : use in clinical practice and psychometric properties." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2016. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7422.

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The aim of this thesis is to inform clinicians and researchers of the reliability and responsiveness of the most commonly used outcome measures in prosthetic rehabilitation in the UK. In addition, this thesis supports the call for more studies of high methodological quality to provide evidence of the psychometric properties of outcome measures of physical function in lower limb amputees. A survey (study I) of Allied Health Professionals established that the outcome measures used most often during prosthetic rehabilitation in the UK were: the Timed Up and Go (TUG), a timed walk test, the Locomo

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46

Gharechaie, Arman Tommy, and Omid Darab. "Achieving New Standards in Prosthetic Socket Manufacturing." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Innovation och produktrealisering, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-45231.

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Preface: The research about product development of a prosthetic socket was conducted by two students from Mälardalen University, department of Innovation, Design, and Technology. Background: The most recent public survey shows that an estimated 5 million people in China are amputees, out of which a significantly large portion are below-elbow amputees. Sockets sold to below-elbow amputees are equipped with only two surface electromyography sensors, has low comfortability, has problems with perspiration, and a high weight. The current standard for socket manufacturing has not changed in decades.

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Kaur, Subhpreet. "Additive manufacturing of upper and lower prosthetic limbs." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10038435.

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<p>Touch 3D Bionics is a start-up prostheses company that will use additive manufacturing methods to produce prosthetic limbs. The company will provide patients with affordable, sustainable, customized, and durable 3D printed robotic prosthetics. Additive manufacturing usage can offer several benefits, such as personalized and modified medical devices and products, lower cost, improved throughput, and improved teamwork. </p><p> Furthermore, there are, approximately, 2 million amputees living in the United States. Therefore, the target market of the company will be state-approved hospitals al

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Märtson, Aare. "Lower limb lengthening : /." Tartu : Tartu University Press, 2006. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/118/1/martson.pdf.

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Hultgren, Rebecka. "Lower limb ischemia in women /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-798-3.

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Howd, Alison. "The critically ischaemic lower limb." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241411.

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