Academic literature on the topic 'Prosthetic foot'

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Journal articles on the topic "Prosthetic foot"

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Mohammed, Salsabil karim. "Design and Manufacturing of a New Prosthetic Foot." Journal Port Science Research 4, no. 2 (2021): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36371/port.2020.2.8.

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All prosthetic foot designs, adapted in common use, don't imitate the specific qualities of a typical human foot. The premise of this task is to explore current prosthetics so as to plan and assemble a more human like prosthesis. In attempted such a structure, the new prosthesis will show a more extensive scope of qualities than those showed in current prosthetic feet. In doing as such, the new prosthesis will give a closer portrayal of the capacities inalienable to an ordinary human foot. The qualities associated with ordinary strolling incorporate dorsiflexion foot test. The qualities showed
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Padhi, Jayanta Kumar, Parthasarathi Swain, and Choudhury Madhusmita Das. "Development of an Adjustable Pylon for Lower Limb Prosthesis: A Prototype." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 4 (2022): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220414.

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Amputation of a limb is always perceived as a catastrophe. The principles underlying creation of a stump adapted to modern prosthetic fittings must be fully understood and the patient managed by a multidisciplinary team. In paediatric patients, managing the prosthetic limb length is a crucial point that should be maintained according to the expected growth potential of the child. The main problem with child amputee is the heel height and adjustment of height of prosthesis during change of foot wears and bare foot walking. Children with congenital amputation and congenital anomalies need specia
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Lestari, Wahyu Dwi. "Passive Prosthetic Ankle Design Based on Indonesian Anthropometry." Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) 6, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um016v6i12022p001.

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Foot prosthesis is a replacement for the foot to overcome activity limitations due to disease, birth defects, accidents or amputations. Many foot prosthetics have been developed in recent years to treat patients. However, prostheses on the market today have drawbacks, including their high price, lack of comfort, stiff ankles, and low durability. The main objective of this study is to develop an existing ankle-foot prosthesis design that approximates the resemblance of a human foot according to the anthropometry of Asians, especially Indonesians. This study contains the design of a prosthetic f
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Syamimi Shamsuddin, Muhammad Ezzaq Elfi Rafie, Intan Fatihah Ahmad, Winal Zikril Zulkifli, Mahasan Mat Ali, and Amalina Amir. "Design and Development of Printable Prosthetic Foot using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) for Below Knee Amputation (BKA)." Malaysian Journal on Composites Science & Manufacturing 10, no. 1 (2023): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/mjcsm.10.1.1123.

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Prosthesis is an artificial replacement for a person's missing limb to help regain mobility and the ability to manage daily activities. The type of prosthetic covered in this project is for people with below-knee amputation (BKA). Muscle fatigue is a major issue for amputees who lose a lower limb after prolonged use of artificial limbs. Available designs of prosthetics for BKA are also expensive. This study aims to design and develop an affordable and comfortable prosthetic foot with an energy-story ability for persons with BKA using an additive manufacturing process to help reduce fatigue. Th
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Walker, Nicole R., Myrriah P. Laine Dyreson, Juan E. Cave II, et al. "Functional dynamic prosthesis alignment maintained across varying footwear using a modular prosthetic ankle-feet system." PLOS One 20, no. 5 (2025): e0323647. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323647.

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Changing footwear often presents a challenge for lower extremity prosthesis users. When prosthesis alignment is completed by the Certified Prosthetist, the prosthetic foot is set at an angle accommodating a single shoe heel rise (shoe heel height minus forefoot height); deviation from this heel rise causes misalignment of the prosthesis. To address this problem, the Rehabilitation & Engineering Center for Optimizing Veteran Engagement & Reintegration (RECOVER) has developed a modular ankle-feet system allowing for the use of footwear of varying heel rises without the need for realignme
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Pataniak, Rakesh, and Rani Kumari. "Cost-effective External Keel SACH Foot for Syme’s Prosthesis." Journal of Integrated Health Sciences 11, no. 2 (2023): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jihs.jihs_29_23.

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Abstract Background: The prosthetic management of Syme’s amputation is a challenge when it comes to the attachment of SACH foot. SACH foot is made up of small narrow wooden keel which is covered by soft flexible sponge rubber therefore it is difficult to attach SACH foot directly to the Syme’s socket. Moreover, there is no rigid structure of the SACH foot available for bonding with the laminated socket considering the Syme’s amputee. Aim: This new design of prosthetic foot provide easy attachment to the Syme’s socket, thus helping in the prosthetic management of Syme’s amputation. Methodology:
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Fridman, A., I. Ona, and E. Isakov. "The influence of prosthetic foot alignment on trans-tibial amputee gait." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 27, no. 1 (2003): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093640309167973.

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An optimally aligned prosthesis, as accomplished by the subjective judgment of the prosthetist, guarantees the best quality of gait. Yet, amputees can adapt to a large variety of geometrical configurations of the prosthetic components. Different external rotation angles of the foot in trans-tibial (TT) prostheses were investigated. The study tried to identify (a) the relationship between foot angle and other gait parameters and (b) the compensating pattern of the amputees to excessive external rotation of the foot. Eight (8) TT amputees, fitted with an identical type of prosthesis, were invest
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Naseri, Amirreza, Majid Mohammadi Moghaddam, Mohammad Gharini, and Maziar Ahmad Sharbafi. "A Novel Adjustable Damper Design for a Hybrid Passive Ankle Prosthesis." Actuators 9, no. 3 (2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act9030074.

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Specifications of actuators when interacting with biological systems such as the human body are entirely different from those used in industrial machines or robots. One important instance of such applications is assistive devices and prostheses. Among various approaches in designing prostheses, recently, semi-active systems attracted the interest of researchers. Even more, some commercial systems benefit from designs such as implementing an adjustable damper in the ankle prosthesis to increase range of motion. The main reason for adding damper is to assist amputees’ walking locomotion on slope
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Major, Matthew J., Joel Scham, and Michael Orendurff. "The effects of common footwear on stance-phase mechanical properties of the prosthetic foot-shoe system." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 42, no. 2 (2017): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364617706749.

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Background:Prosthetic feet are prescribed based on their mechanical function and user functional level. Subtle changes to the stiffness and hysteresis of heel, midfoot, and forefoot regions can influence the dynamics and economy of gait in prosthesis users. However, the user’s choice of shoes may alter the prosthetic foot-shoe system mechanical characteristics, compromising carefully prescribed and rigorously engineered performance of feet.Objectives:Observe the effects of footwear on the mechanical properties of the prosthetic foot-shoe system including commonly prescribed prosthetic feet.Stu
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Warchoł, Kamil, Monika Szuba, Anna Kopeć, Adam Martowicz, and Jakub Bryła. "Application of 3D printing technology to the components subjected to significant mechanical loads, using the example of a prosthetic climbing foot prototype." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 72, no. 4 (2023): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.7921.

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The paper describes the results of a study aimed at identifying the mechanical parameters of a prosthetic foot designed for wall climbing. The prosthesis was manufactured with an additive method using FDM/MEX [Fused Deposition Modelling/ Material Extrusion] technology. At the initial stage of the research, uniaxial tensile and three-point bending tests were carried out on specimens made of six different materials to select a material for the production of the prosthetic component. Based on the results, a functional prosthetic foot prototype was designed and fabricated from two selected polymer
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Prosthetic foot"

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Liang, ZhiYi S. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Mechatronic design of an ISO 22675 prosthetic foot tester." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123211.

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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2019<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 85-86).<br>Researchers in the Global Engineering and Research Lab (GEAR Lab) at MIT have been actively working on an improved design of the most widely distributed prosthetic foot in India, known as the Jaipur Foot. By developing an ISO 22675 prosthe
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Connolly, Philip Andrew. "The design of a prosthetic foot unit for use in developing countries." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2018. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29519.

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The majority of prosthetic feet used in low-income countries suffer from a limited lifespan and limited durability. The aim of this project is to design a prosthetic foot suited to use in low-income countries that incorporates both durability and a high level of function. A review of the literature was carried out which included examining the form and function of the anatomical human foot and the existing prosthetic systems used in low-income countries as well as their limitations and successes. Also reviewed were methods of assessment of a prosthetic foot. A Product Design Specification (PDS)
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Schlafly, Millicent. "Design and Testing of a Passive Prosthetic Ankle Foot Optimized to Mimic an Able-Bodied Gait." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7710.

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Currently there are nearly 2 million people living with limb loss in the United States [1]. Many of these individuals are either transtibial (below knee) or transfemoral (above knee) amputees and require an ankle-foot prosthesis for basic mobility. While there are an abundance of options available for individuals who require an ankle-foot prosthesis, these options fail to mimic an intact ankle when it comes to key evaluation criteria such as range of motion, push-off force, and roll over shape. The roll over shape is created by plotting the center of pressure during a step in a shank-based coo
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Potter, Derek W. "Gait analysis of a new low-cost foot prosthetic for use in developing countries." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ54478.pdf.

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Olesnavage, Kathryn M. "Design and evaluation of a cantilever beam-type prosthetic foot for Indian persons with amputations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92132.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>The goal of this work is to design a low cost, high performance prosthetic foot in collaboration with Bhagwan Mahaveer Viklang Sahayata Samiti (BMVSS), in Jaipur, India. In order to be adopted, the foot must cost less than $10 USD, be mass-manufacturable, and meet or exceed the performance of the Jaipur Foot, BMVSS' current prosthetic foot. This thesis investigates different metrics that are used to design and evalu
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Hafner, Brian J. "Transtibial amputee gait adaptation : correlating residual limb compliance to energy storing and return prosthetic foot compliance in bouncing gait /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8038.

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Lasota, Marek. "Návrh protetického chodidla s využitím aditivních výrobních technologií." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-382165.

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Subject of this diploma thesis is a design of a prosthetic foot for an additive manufacturing. It is a dynamic foot made of plastic, designed for an 80 kg patient with a second level of a movement aktivity. From a few concepts is chosen one, which is then optimalized and printed with a MJF method. Functional sample is then undergoing static and cyclic tests according to ISO 10328.
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De, Asha Alan Richard. "Biomechanical adaptations of lower-limb amputee-gait : effects of the echelon hydraulically damped foot : segmental kinetic and kinematic responses to hydraulically damped prosthetic ankle-foot components in unilateral, trans-tibial amputees." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7271.

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The aim of this thesis was to determine the biomechanical adaptations made by active unilateral trans-tibial amputees when they used a prosthesis incorporating a hydraulically-damped, articulating ankle-foot device compared to non-hydraulically attached devices. Kinematic and kinetic data were recorded while participants ambulated over a flat and level surface at their customary walking speeds and at speeds they perceived to be faster and slower using the hydraulic device and their habitual foot. Use of the hydraulic device resulted in increases in self-selected walking speeds with a simultane
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De, Asha Alan R. "Biomechanical adaptations of lower-limb amputee-gait: Effects of the echelon hydraulically damped foot. Segmental kinetic and kinematic responses to hydraulically damped prosthetic ankle-foot components in unilateral, trans-tibial amputees." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7271.

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The aim of this thesis was to determine the biomechanical adaptations made by active unilateral trans-tibial amputees when they used a prosthesis incorporating a hydraulically-damped, articulating ankle-foot device compared to non-hydraulically attached devices. Kinematic and kinetic data were recorded while participants ambulated over a flat and level surface at their customary walking speeds and at speeds they perceived to be faster and slower using the hydraulic device and their habitual foot. Use of the hydraulic device resulted in increases in self-selected walking speeds with a simultan
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Au, Samuel Kwok-Wai. "Powered ankle-foot prosthesis for the improvement of amputee walking economy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40949.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-108).<br>The human ankle provides a significant amount of net positive work during the stance period of walking, especially at moderate to fast walking speeds. On the contrary, conventional ankle-foot prostheses are completely passive during stance, and consequently, cannot provide net positive work. Clinical studies indicate that transtibial amputees using conventional prostheses exhibit higher gait metabolic rates as compared to intact individuals. Res
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Books on the topic "Prosthetic foot"

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Bengt, Soderberg, ed. Partial foot amputations: Guidelines to prosthetic and surgical techniques. 2nd ed. Centre for Partial Foot Amputees, 2001.

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J, D'Astous, Edelstein Joan M, and Nielsen Caroline C, eds. Orthotics and prosthetics in rehabilitation. Butterworth Heinemann, 2000.

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C, Nielsen Caroline, ed. Orthotics and prosthetics in rehabilitation. 2nd ed. Saunders/Elsevier, 2007.

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Donald, Weber, and Canadian Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists., eds. Clinical aspects of lower extremity prosthetics: Trans tibial, symes and partial foot amputations. Elgan Enterprises, 1988.

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Coetzee, J. Christiaan. Arthritis & arthroplasty: The foot and ankle. Saunders/Elsevier, 2010.

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1960-, Coetzee J. Christiaan, and Hurwitz Shepard R, eds. Arthritis & arthroplasty.: The foot and ankle. Saunders/Elsevier, 2009.

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1960-, Coetzee J. Christiaan, and Hurwitz Shepard R, eds. Arthritis & arthroplasty.: The foot and ankle. Saunders/Elsevier, 2009.

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Investigations, United States Congress House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and. The Bjork-Shiley heart valve, earn as you learn: Shiley Inc.'s breach of the honor system and FDA's failure in medical device regulation : a staff report. U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. FDA and the medical device industry: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, February 26, 1990. U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. FDA and the medical device industry: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, February 26, 1990. U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Prosthetic foot"

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Bonasia, Davide Edoardo, Laura Bruno, Lorenzo Morino, and Raul Cerlon. "Foot and Ankle." In Imaging of Prosthetic Joints. Springer Milan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5483-7_9.

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Santiago, A. M., R. G. Rodríguez, E. A. Merchán, O. F. Avilés, J. Gudińo, and M. Avalos. "Design of an Impulsion Prosthetic System for Prosthetic Foot." In VI Latin American Congress on Biomedical Engineering CLAIB 2014, Paraná, Argentina 29, 30 & 31 October 2014. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13117-7_244.

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LeMoyne, Robert. "Ankle-Foot Complex and the Fundamental Aspects of Gait." In Advances for Prosthetic Technology. Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55816-3_2.

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Lange, Lawrence R. "Partial Foot and Syme's Amputations and Prosthetic Designs." In Prosthetics and Patient Management. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003526032-9.

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Hansen, Andrew, and Felix Starker. "Prosthetic Foot Principles and Their Influence on Gait." In Handbook of Human Motion. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14418-4_74.

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Hansen, Andrew, and Felix Starker. "Prosthetic Foot Principles and Their Influence on Gait." In Handbook of Human Motion. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30808-1_74-1.

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Prakash, T., N. Jayakumar, V. Monish Kumar, P. Karthick, A. Mutharasu, and A. Naveen Kumar. "Design and Analysis of 3D Printable Prosthetic Foot." In Recent Advances in Manufacturing, Automation, Design and Energy Technologies. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4222-7_72.

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Bani Hashim, A. Y., N. A. Abu Osman, W. A. B. Wan Abas, and L. Abdul Latif. "Approximation Technique for Prosthetic Design Using Numerical Foot Profiling." In IFMBE Proceedings. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21729-6_180.

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Khan, Awab Umar, and Ha Van Vo. "Novel Design of a Prosthetic Foot Using Spring Mechanism." In IFMBE Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11776-8_124.

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Bani Hashim, A. Y., N. A. Abu Osman, W. A. B. Wan Abas, and L. Abdul Latif. "Prosthetic Foot Design: The Significance of the Normalized Ground Reaction Force." In IFMBE Proceedings. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21729-6_187.

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Conference papers on the topic "Prosthetic foot"

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Barua, Anurupa, and Md Helal-An-Nahiyan. "Topology Optimization of a 3D Printable Prosthetic Foot." In 2024 International Conference on Innovations in Science, Engineering and Technology (ICISET). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iciset62123.2024.10939492.

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Pirritano, Marissa A., Ross M. Neuman, Stephanie L. Molitor, Glenn K. Klute, Richard R. Neptune, and Nicholas P. Fey. "Ability of a Robotic Ankle Prosthesis to Augment Effective Foot-Ankle Stiffness Relative to Standalone Prosthetic Feet." In 2024 10th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biorob60516.2024.10719762.

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Del Chicca, Sara, Abdel Rahman Nedal Ibrahim Al Thahabi, Luca Michele Martulli, et al. "Comparative Analysis of ESAR Prosthetic Foot Designs Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors." In 2025 IEEE Medical Measurements & Applications (MeMeA). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/memea65319.2025.11068072.

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Lagones, Marco, Victoria E. Abarca, and Dante A. Elias. "Design and Validation of a Prosthetic Foot Adaptable to Sagittal Plane Ground Irregularity." In 2024 International Symposium on 3D Analysis of Human Movement (3DAHM). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/3dahm62677.2024.10920703.

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Lagones, Marco, Victoria E. Abarca, and Dante A. Elias. "Test Protocol to Assess the Adaptability of a Prosthetic Foot on Irregular Surfaces." In 2025 International Conference on Advances in Modern Age Technologies for Health and Engineering Science (AMATHE). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/amathe65477.2025.11081280.

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Amiot, David E., Rachel M. Schmidt, Angwei Law, et al. "Development of a Passive and Slope Adaptable Prosthetic Foot." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67947.

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Historically, users of prosthetic ankles have relied on actively operated systems to provide effective slope adaptability. However, there are many drawbacks to these systems. This research builds upon work previously completed by Hansen et al. as it develops a passive, hydraulically operated prosthetic ankle with the capability of adapting to varying terrain in every step. Using gait cycle data and an analysis of ground reaction forces, the team determined that weight activation was the most effective way to activate the hydraulic circuit. Evaluations of the system pressure and energy showed t
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Saravanan, Pratima, Charity Hipple, Jingxin Wang, Christopher McComb, and Jessica Menold. "Decision-Making in the Prescription of Orthotics and Prosthetics for Partial-Foot Amputees." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97470.

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Abstract Prosthetists face a daunting number of decisions that directly affect an amputee’s ability to walk and indirectly affect the overall quality of life of that amputee. In addition, the lack of resources in low-income countries provides a barrier to receive care after an amputation, and approximately 80% of amputees in low-income countries lack appropriate prosthetic care. In this research, we are motivated to understand what factors affect the decision-making strategies of prosthetists and podiatrists when prescribing prosthetics and orthotics to partial foot amputees. This work establi
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Kamel, Hisham, Omar Harraz, and Tamer Attia. "Developing a Cost-Effective and Functional Prosthetic Foot for Below Knee Amputees Using Topology Optimization and 3D Printing." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10616.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of an investigative study on the development of an affordable and functional prosthetic foot for below knee amputees. A prototype was successfully manufactured using 3D printing technology. This continuously evolving technology enables the rapid production of prosthetics that are individually customized for each patient. Our prototype was developed after conducting a topology optimization study that interestingly converged to the shape of the biological human foot. Afterwards, a design was envisioned where a simple energy storage and release mechanism w
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Dallali, Houman, Evandro Ficanha, and Mohammad Rastgaar Aagaah. "Dynamic Modeling of a 2-DOF Cable Driven Powered Ankle-Foot Prosthesis." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9706.

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The first step to study and develop a two Degrees of Freedom (DOF) prosthesis is to derive a dynamic model for simulation and control design. In this paper, the ankle-foot prosthesis has controllable Dorsi-Plantarflexion (DP) and Inversion-Eversion (IE) DOF. We derive a compliant dynamic model for a recently developed ankle-foot prosthesis followed by identification of the actuators, transmission, and prosthetic foot parameters. The resulting model is then verified experimentally and in simulation. Dynamic decoupling of the actuators to the ankle’s DP and IE DOF is also investigated using Bode
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Powelson, Thomas, and Jingzhou James Yang. "Prosthetics for Transtibial Amputees: A Literature Survey." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47024.

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Approximately 82 percent of all amputations performed in the United States are transtibial amputations, in which the leg is removed below the hiee. Because the knee joint is left intact the use of prosthetics is one of the most preferred methods for returning mobility to amputees. The improvement of prosthetics for transtibial amputees is currently an area of intense research. This paper summarizes the state of the art of prosthetics for transtibial amputees by focusing on the four major components associated with standard transtibial prosthetic. The socket transfers the forces between the res
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