Journal articles: 'Prostitution – China'

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Jankowiak, William. "China, Sex and Prostitution. Elaine Jeffreys." China Journal 54 (July 2005): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20066096.

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Fischler, Lisa. "Book Review: China, Sex and Prostitution." China Information 19, no. 1 (March 2005): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x0501900115.

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REN, XIN. "Prostitution and Economic Modernization in China." Violence Against Women 5, no. 12 (December 1999): 1411–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10778019922183453.

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Grove, Linda. "Prostitution in a Small North China Town in the 1930s." Nan Nü 20, no. 2 (January 3, 2019): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685268-00202p05.

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AbstractAlmost all of the studies of prostitution in Republican era China have focused on big cities. Using recently rediscovered field notes from a social survey of the small town of Gaoyang in Hebei province, this article describes the practice of prostitution in the mid-1930s and considers how small-town prostitution differed from that in big cities. The women working in the sex trade in Gaoyang were all “clandestine” or unregistered prostitutes, who had been attracted to the town, which was the center of a major rural weaving district where there was a large number of unattached males who had migrated to the locale to work. Cautionary tales, popular in the local community, described the dangers of prostitution, including the spread of venereal diseases and the loss of job or reputation that resulted from spending too much time and money on the pleasures of the sex trade. County government approaches, including a “don’t ask, don’t look” policy, allowed the practice of prostitution to persist despite its illegal nature.

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Madueño Hidalgo, Teresa. "The Commodification of Chinese Women in Spain." Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 13, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-01302005.

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There has been a patriarchal economic alliance between Spain and China in recent years, with the main victims being poor Chinese women without support networks and who are destined for prostitution in Spain. Twentieth century China, an important provider of goods, also supplies women to the Spanish prostitution market. This article is based on participant observation research in the private spaces related to Chinese prostitution in Madrid. Taking into account the prostitutes and their “managers” as primary information sources, we can know what is behind the advertising of Chinese prostitution to Spanish or non-Chinese buyers of sexual services, how this type of exchange works; we can also come to understand the protagonists’ life-stories through their own testimonies.

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Hu, Ming, Bin Liang, and Siwen Huang. "Sex Offenses Against Minors in China: An Empirical Comparison." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61, no. 10 (November 27, 2015): 1099–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15616220.

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In recent years, due to a number of notorious sex offense cases against minors, a new punitive public attitude emerged in China and pressed for harsher crackdown and punishment against sex offenders. In particular, an “engagement in prostitution with a minor” law (Article 360 of the Criminal Law) was targeted as “unjust” based on the belief that offenders of such crimes often received “lenient” punishment, and many called for its abolition. In this study, based on 440 adjudicated sex offense cases, we examine potential differences across three sex offenses (including rape, child molestation, and engagement in prostitution with a minor) in the demographics of defendants and victims, offending characteristics, and trials and sentences of convicted offenders. Our empirical inquiry pointed to the unique nature of engagement in prostitution with a minor. Offenders of such crimes seemingly carried a different profile, compared with offenders of the other two sex crimes. Moreover, our data casted some doubt on the “lenient” punishment received by offenders of engagement in prostitution with a minor. Policy implications were also drawn based on our findings.

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Choi, Susanne Y. P. "State Control, Female Prostitution and HIV Prevention in China." China Quarterly 205 (March 2011): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741010001414.

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AbstractBy combining analysis of archival documents and data from 245 sex workers interviewed in south-west China between 2003 and 2007, this article argues that the AIDS crisis has prompted a shift in state discourse about prostitution in China from a victim to a victimizer perspective. Concomitant with this discursive shift is the gradual intensification of control over prostitution. Our data show that the victim perspective overlooks the fact that sex workers are agents who actively negotiate their work and lives amid limited options in post-socialist China. The victimizer perspective, on the other hand, misplaces the blame of unsafe sex practices on sex workers, while in reality it is their clients who refuse to use condoms. The data further suggest that repressive measures against prostitution premised on this victim–victimizer dichotomy inhibit the ability of sex workers to negotiate safe sex practices and aggravate their exposure to HIV risk. The repressive measures undermine the supportive professional networks of sex workers, increase economic pressure on the workers and increase their exposure to client-perpetrated violence.

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Tsang, Eileen Yuk-ha, and John Lowe. "Sex Work and the Karmic Wheel: How Buddhism Influences Sex Work in China." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 13 (May 12, 2019): 2356–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19847437.

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As prostitution is widely condemned as a form of criminality in China, there is a need to examine how Buddhism functions not as a form of therapy for the purposes of rehabilitating or deterring prostitution but as a force that encourages participation in prostitution. In this work, we argue that rural–urban migrant sex workers who are Buddhists appropriate the religion’s teachings of compassion, mindfulness, and karma to find a renewed sense of meaning and purpose in their livelihoods. We illustrate how Buddhism allows sex workers to cultivate the affective labor required for the purposes of servicing male clients in conjunction with finding positive purpose in their lives. In doing so, their bodies gain affirmative value in the form of helping their heterosexual male clients address deficits in their masculinities.

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Tao, Ouyang. "Prostitution Offenses in Contemporary China Characteristics and Countermeasures." Chinese Sociology & Anthropology 30, no. 1 (October 1997): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/csa0009-4625300145.

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HENRIOT, CHRISTIAN. "Medicine, VD and Prostitution in Pre-Revolutionary China." Social History of Medicine 5, no. 1 (1992): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/5.1.95.

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Trimek, Jomdet, Kittisak Jermsittiparsert, Noppon Akahat, Sarunyaphat Sieangsung, and Sunisa Ratchaphan. "The Prostitution Business of Greater Mekong Subregion Women in Bangkok and the Adjacent Areas." Review of European Studies 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n1p35.

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This paper is a qualitative based research, conducting in-depth interviews with 18 subjects consisting of GMS prostitutes working in Bangkok and other relevant informants. The objectives of this research are to study characteristics of the prostitution business in Bangkok and the adjacent areas and to study dynamics of causes, motivation, and the processes of how GMS women entering the prostitution business in Bangkok. The research results show that the entertainment places secretly provide prostitution services in Bangkok and the adjacent areas run the business openly. GMS women and Thai women providing prostitution services is illegal in Thailand. GMS women travelling to Bangkok to provide the prostitution services come from Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, China, and Cambodia, respectively. Although the government takes strict action, the prostitution business cannot be completely eradicated. The most important problem is corruption of government officials in various areas. As for the recommendations, it is advised that there should be a study of international practices consisting of crime control models, especially elimination of corruption of government officials in various areas, legalization model, or decriminalization model in the offence of the prostitution service to study the models suitable for the current situations.

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Remick, Elizabeth J. "Prostitution Taxes and Local State Building in Republican China." Modern China 29, no. 1 (January 2003): 38–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700402238596.

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Liu, Min, and James O. Finckenauer. "The Resurgence of Prostitution in China: Explanations and Implications." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 26, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986209350172.

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Jeffreys, Elaine. "“Dangerous amusements”: prostitution and Karaoke halls in contemporary China." Asian Studies Review 20, no. 3 (April 1997): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03147539708713125.

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Gil, Vincent E., Marco S. Wang, Allen F. Anderson, Guo Matthew Lin, and Zongjian Oliver Wu. "Prostitutes, prostitution and STD/HIV transmission in Mainland China." Social Science & Medicine 42, no. 1 (January 1996): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00064-x.

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16

Henriot, Christian. "“La Fermeture”: The Abolition of Prostitution in Shanghai, 1949–58." China Quarterly 142 (June 1995): 467–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000035013.

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The liberation of women has been one of the priorities of the Chinese Communist Party since its foundation, with its sources in the evolution of ideas and the struggles that developed in urban China after the May Fourth movement. The Party, however, has put this ideal into practice only when it did not contradict the imperatives of revolution. The same holds true for prostitution: in 1949 the Party was eager to eliminate the most obvious forms of the exploitation of women, but practical measures were only carried out over several years. Article 6 of the Common Programme stated that “the People's Republic of China abolishes the feudal system that maintains women in slavery.” Prostitution appears in the discourse of the Party as the worst form of exploitation, as exemplified in an editorial of Xin Zhongguo funii in December 1949: “Prostitution is a sequel to the savage and bestial system of former exploiters and power holders to ruin the spirit and the body of women and to tarnish their dignity.”

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Ling, Bonny. "Prostitution and Female Trafficking in China: Between Phenomena and Discourse." China Perspectives 2018, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2018): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.7742.

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Cao, Liqun, and Steven Stack. "Exploring terra incognita: Family values and prostitution acceptance in China." Journal of Criminal Justice 38, no. 4 (July 2010): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.023.

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Warren, James Francis. "Prostitution and the Politics of Venereal Disease: Singapore, 1870–98." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 21, no. 2 (September 1990): 360–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400003283.

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Prostitution in Singapore was linked to economic factors in rural China and Japan. Congenital poverty, weak family economies, and rising economic expectations were all part of a set of prevailing conditions that created a vast source of supply of Chinese and Japanese women and young girls for international traffic. Life in both countries was exceptionally difficult in the second half of the nineteenth century. Although China had considerable wealth, most lived a hand to mouth existence in the over-populated rural areas. Poverty in the villages and outlying districts of southeastern China, where many agrarian families lived on the edge of starvation, not only drove women and girls out of the countryside into the ports but acted as a lever on parents already bowed under financial strain. Privation was a handicap which struck hardest at the daughters of peasants and rural labourers. Unable to feed the many mouths they were responsible for, and suffering from chronic economic insecurity, parents sold their daughters to would be benefactors, totally unaware of the future fate in store for so many of them who were taken to Singapore. Poverty and desperate hungry Chinese families were root causes of brothel prostitution in Singapore at the end of the nineteenth century.

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Su, Xiaobo, Xiaomei Cai, and Meixin Liu. "Prostitution, variegated homes, and the practice of unhomely life in China." Social & Cultural Geography 20, no. 3 (August 4, 2017): 407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2017.1362588.

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Gil, Vincent E., Marco Wang, Allen F. Anderson, and Guao Matthew Lin. "Plum Blossoms and Pheasants: Prostitutes, Prostitution, and Social Control Measures in Contemporary China." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 38, no. 4 (December 1994): 319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x9403800405.

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Sommer, Matthew H. "Elizabeth J. Remick. Regulating Prostitution in China: Gender and Local Statebuilding, 1900–1937." American Historical Review 120, no. 2 (April 2015): 596–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.2.596.

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Palasinski, Marek, Lening Zhang, Sukdeo Ingale, and Claire Hanlon. "Gangs in Asia: China and India." Asian Social Science 12, no. 8 (July 7, 2016): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n8p141.

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The problem of gang crimes dates back to the first cities founded thousands of years ago. Its traces can be even discerned in the draconian Hammurabi code of ancient Mesopotamia. To various extents and in many different forms, including muggings, pickpocketing, prostitution and turf wars, it has also plagued ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman cities, giving ruling classes nightmares and heavily curbing the frequency of their evening walks. Today’s cities across the world continue to be afflicted by them. Although today’s gangs differ, in the increasingly globalized and interconnected world, they also share many characteristics, which have been explored in great depth and with a particular focus on the ‘Western’ culture. This relatively short review will cover the issue of gang crime in the rising superpowers of China and India. Given the scarcity of available data, it will be limited, but it is hoped that it will inspire further focus on these places that tend to be undeservingly ignored in the academic discourse of the West.

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Gil, Vincent E., and Allen F. Anderson. "State-sanctioned aggression and the control of prostitution in the people’s republic of china." Aggression and Violent Behavior 3, no. 2 (June 1998): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-1789(97)00008-6.

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Chin, Angelina. "Regulating Prostitution in China: Gender and Local Statebuilding, 1900–1937 by Elizabeth J. Remick." Twentieth-Century China 40, no. 3 (2015): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2015.0006.

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Read, Kate W. "Tiantian Zheng, Ethnographies of Prostitution in Contemporary China: Gender Relations, HIV/AIDS, and Nationalism." Sexualities 16, no. 3-4 (May 10, 2013): 495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460713479879bb.

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NG, YEW-KWANG. "WELFARE-REDUCING GROWTH AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: ESSAY IN MEMORY OF E.J. MISHAN." Singapore Economic Review 61, no. 03 (June 2016): 1640013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590816400130.

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Mishan’s emphasis on the costs of economic growth half a century ago is becoming more important in this era of environmental concerns. More recently, another possible source of immiserizing growth is the one-child policy (recently relaxed) of China. This resulted in a biased sex-ratio and higher competition to earn incomes (to increase the probability of getting a wife), resulting in positive effects on GDP but negative effects on welfare. The implications of welfare-reducing growth for cost-benefit analysis and the legalization of prostitution are also discussed.

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Jankowiak, William. "Ethnographies of Prostitution in Contemporary China: Gender Relations, HIV/AIDS, and Nationalism. by Tiantian Zheng." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 24, no. 4 (December 2010): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1387.2010.01131.x.

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Shen, Anqi. "Motivations of women who organized others for prostitution: Evidence from a female prison in China." Criminology & Criminal Justice 16, no. 2 (October 12, 2015): 214–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895815610177.

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Lee, Tahirih V. "Introduction." Journal of Asian Studies 54, no. 1 (February 1995): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058948.

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In The Early Twentieth Century, Shanghai Promised Opportunities that attracted people from all over China and, indeed, from around the world. To all who arrived—the wealthy banker from Ningbo looking to multiply the family fortune, the young British diplomat fresh from a desk job at the Foreign Office, the unwilling daughter from Suzhou sold into prostitution, the shop apprentice whose family connections brought another kind of indentured service, or the Chinese and foreign sailors “shanghaied” into service on one of the thousands of shipping vessels docked every year in Shanghai's harbor—Shanghai offered both great risks and real opportunities.

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Remick, Elizabeth J. "China, Sex and Prostitution. By ELAINE JEFFREYS. [London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004. 212 pp. ISBN 0-415-31863-7.]." China Quarterly 181 (March 2005): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005260101.

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This book's primary theoretical targets are methodological problems and political biases in China studies, and it uses scholarly and administrative discourses about female prostitution in order to illustrate the field's shortcomings. As befits its embrace of the text-based “new humanities,” its sources are scholarly debates, police and government reports, and secondary sources rather than ethnographic fieldwork.Jeffreys argues that China studies suffers from several problems. First, it has methodological deficiencies: China studies is dominated by scholars who wrongly claim to have access to the “truth” about China because of their linguistic skills; as “nation-translators” they produce positivist, realist, empiricist works disconnected from the theoretically-oriented “new humanities.” Moreover, scholars who do attempt to apply postmodern or postcolonial theories to China engage it as an object that can illustrate their theories, never as a subject that can generate theory. In short, Anglophone authors privilege the metropolitan discourse and ignore what Chinese people have to say. Secondly, the field suffers from political biases: China Studies is still mired in a Cold War ideological framework in which scholars accept the word of the CCP only “to turn it back on the CCP … to show how and where the CCP and Chinese Marxism have failed” (p. 41). Their analytical reliance on the state/civil society dichotomy emphasizes the power of the state over and above society, with the implication that only non-state actors can speak truthfully. This “preclude[s] the possibility that there might be anything positive or productive about the operation of power in China” (p. 41). Jeffreys advocates replacing the state/civil society dichotomy with the Foucauldian notion of “governmentality,” which forces one to examine the complex historical background and administrative networks in which government officials are enmeshed, and which creates the limits of the possible for them. Lastly, she argues that international NGOs and metropolitan feminists are fundamentally misguided when they push the Chinese government to recognize the validity of sex work because they have no idea what the actual ramifications of this would be in the Chinese context. Such a policy would, unlike the commonsense efforts of the Chinese police, make life worse, not better, for prostitutes.

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Zurndorfer, Harriet T. "Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Confucian Moral Universe of Late Ming China (1550–1644)." International Review of Social History 56, S19 (August 26, 2011): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859011000411.

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SummaryThis study pursues three goals: to unravel the socio-economic conditions which pushed women into prostitution and courtesanship, to analyse their position in Chinese society, and to relate what changes occurred at the end of the Ming dynasty that affected their status. According to contemporary judicial regulations, both prostitutes and courtesans were classified as “entertainers”, and therefore had the status of jianmin [mean people], which made them “outcasts” and pariahs. But there were great differences, beyond the bestowal of sexual favours, in the kind of work these women performed. That courtesans operated at the elite level of society, and that they were often indistinguishable from women born into the upper or gentry class, is indicative of this era's blurry social strata, which has prompted scholars and writers to elevate the place of the educated courtesan in Ming society.

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Barnes, Nicole Elizabeth. "Regulating Prostitution in China: Gender and Local Statebuilding, 1900–1937. written by Elizabeth J. Remick, 2014." Nan Nü 17, no. 2 (March 24, 2015): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685268-00172p15.

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Anderson, Allen F., and Vincent E. Gil. "Prostitution and Public Policy in the People's Republic of China: An Analysis of the Rehabilitative Ideal." International Criminal Justice Review 4, no. 1 (May 1994): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105756779400400103.

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Kong, Travis SK. "Sex and work on the move: Money boys in post-socialist China." Urban Studies 54, no. 3 (July 19, 2016): 678–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016658411.

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China’s reconfiguration of the state and the market in its reform era has created new spaces and opportunities that have attracted millions of rural migrants to urban centres in search of freedom, wealth and new identities. However, the new space and the self both remain constricted by post-socialist parameters and the market. Based on ethnographic research on the male sex industry in post-socialist China (2004–2014), this article studies one such group of the rural-to-urban migrant population, namely male sex workers, or ‘money boys’ in the local parlance. Building on existing migration and prostitution literatures in China and my previous work, this article examines the ways they become money boys and manage three stigmatised identities – rural-to-urban migrant, men who sell sex and men who have sex with men – in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen. This article concludes that money boys represent a group of the new migrant generation with distinct needs and desires, which is simultaneously embedded in the neoliberal discourse of development and empowerment, and at risk of dislocation and isolation.

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Smith, Aminda M. "Thought Reform and the Unreformable: Reeducation Centers and the Rhetoric of Opposition in the Early People's Republic of China." Journal of Asian Studies 72, no. 4 (October 15, 2013): 937–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813001654.

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This essay explores records from Beijing's efforts to intern and reform the city's “lumpenproletariat” after 1949. Connecting these reports to central government directives about national thought reform policy, I show that reeducators and their superiors discoursed in detail about the existence of resisters, who opposed and defied the government, but whom reformatory staff explicitly labeled as non-enemies. The case of Beijing reformatories suggests that anti-state, but non-counterrevolutionary resistance was an important symbolic and rhetorical category, central to the Chinese Communist Party's articulation of its own purpose. In the context of reeducation, opposition to the party-state constituted evidence of a founding “truth”: feudal, imperialist, and capitalist oppression had so damaged the Chinese nation that only a radical and revolutionary transformation could save it. Over the course of the 1950s, reading and analyzing resistance in this way led policy makers to redefine “The People” as well as the social place of individuals accused of activities like prostitution, begging, and petty crime.

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WANG, Jin-Ling. "中國大陸的艾滋病與賣淫婦女: 女性主義的視角." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 1, no. 4 (January 1, 1998): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.11352.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.通過對中國大陸艾滋病蔓延途徑以及商業性性交易與艾滋病傳播相關關係的分析，本文指出了中國大陸現行艾滋病控制政策的缺陷，建議在承認現實的基礎上，根据倫理原則來重新界定政府、社會、個人在艾滋病控制中的價值，修改、改良直至重構現行的某些法律規定、公共政策以及大眾傾向。The conception that commercial sex is a high risky behavior and prostituting women are one of major high risky group has been prevalent in mainland of China and formed one of the conceptual basis on which public policy of HIV prevention was shaped. But it should be challenged as it is not sound and fair.There are safe protective measures that can reduce HIV infection and control HIV transmission. HIV was transmitted between prostitutes and clients due to the shortage of protective measures. Surveys that there are many cases ranging from 65.6% to 98.4% in which condom is never used in commercial sex. The reason is mainly that male clients refused to use condom when prostitutes asked them to wear. Prostituting women are powerless in the bargain with clients on the use of condom. So it is clients who should be mainly responsible for HIV infection and transmission in commercial sex. There are some cases in which clients are infected with HIV by their prostitutes, but more cases show that prostitutes are infected with HIV by their clients. Clients constitute more risky group than prostitutes and should be main target in HIV prevention.In mainland of China AIDS/HIV is taken as associated with immoral and illegal behaviour first, and then as disease. And persons living with AIDS/HIV are taken as sex wrongdoers, and then as patients. So they have to get access to medical advocacy only after they are morally blamed. And prostitutes are morally condemned much more than they clients are. But AIDS is first a disease, and it cannot form a premise on which a moral judgement is made. Secondly, persons living with AIDS/HIV are patients, victims of a disease, not moral defendants. As prostitutes and their male clients both take risk to be infected with HIV, but the right to health care of prostituting women as well as women in general are ignored, neglected or even rejected.The unjust treatment of prostituting women highlights vulnerable powerless status of women in general. It is the gender inequality that made women in a disadvantaged position in employment and education, and thus pushed them enter into prostitution. The society should be accountable for that. But instead the society condemned them, treated them as criminals. Policy and law involving HIV prevention should be reformed on the basis of conceptual change.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 32 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

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Meng, Xingcan, and Bing Wen. "A sociosemiotic approach to the legal dispute over the crime of whoring with an underage girl in China." Semiotica 2016, no. 209 (March 1, 2016): 277–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0015.

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AbstractFocusing on the legal dispute over the crime of whoring with an underage girl, the present study explores why many Chinese appeal to abolish the legal statute on the crime of whoring with an underage girl from a sociosemiotic perspective. The authors argue that the legislation of this legal statute neglects that the Chinese social system, including social customs and conventions, could also influence Chinese social semiotic systems. This legal dispute originates from the lack of an overview of the Chinese social, legal, and semiotic systems. By situating the dispute in the Chinese historical and cultural settings, the authors reveal why it is unreasonable to promulgate this legal statute. By situating the dispute in the Chinese and world legal settings, the authors further reveal the causal factors of this dispute: (1) labeling underage schoolgirls as prostitutes; (2) classifying statutory rape as crimes in prostitution; (3) the potential legal contradiction between the crime of rape and the crime of whoring with underage girl; (4) aiming to punish the perpetrator more severely and safeguard the underage girl more effectively, but giving rise to more similar crimes and doing more psychological harm to the underage girl by using language violence in reality. Therefore, the authors suggest that it be necessary to amend or modify, and to systematize some relevant legal provisions on sex offences against minors timely according to the social, linguistic, and legal realities.

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Ho, Virgil. "'To Laugh at a Penniless Man rather than a Prostitute': The Unofficial Worlds of Prostitution in Late Qing and Early Republican South China." European Journal of East Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (2002): 103–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006102775123049.

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Brooks, Robert. "“Asia's Missing Women” as a Problem in Applied Evolutionary Psychology?" Evolutionary Psychology 10, no. 5 (December 1, 2012): 147470491201000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000512.

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In many parts of Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, women and children are so undervalued, neglected, abused, and so often killed, that sex ratios are now strongly male biased. In recent decades, sex-biased abortion has exacerbated the problem. In this article I highlight several important insights from evolutionary biology into both the origin and the severe societal consequences of “Asia's missing women”, paying particular attention to interactions between evolution, economics and culture. Son preferences and associated cultural practices like patrilineal inheritance, patrilocality and the Indian Hindu dowry system arise among the wealthy and powerful elites for reasons consistent with models of sex-biased parental investment. Those practices then spread via imitation as technology gets cheaper and economic development allows the middle class to grow rapidly. I will consider evidence from India, China and elsewhere that grossly male-biased sex ratios lead to increased crime, violence, local warfare, political instability, drug abuse, prostitution and trafficking of women. The problem of Asia's missing women presents a challenge for applied evolutionary psychology to help us understand and ameliorate sex ratio biases and their most severe consequences.

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Grove, Linda. "Footbinding and Women’s Labor in Sichuan by Hill Gates, and: Regulating Prostitution in China: Gender and Local Statebuilding, 1900–1937 by Elizabeth J. Remick." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 77, no. 1 (2017): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jas.2017.0015.

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Zhu, Qian. "Out to Work: Migration, Gender, and the Changing Lives of Rural Women in Contemporary China by Arianne Gaetano, and: Regulating Prostitution in China: Gender and Local Statebuilding, 1900–1937 by Elizabeth J. Remick." China Review International 21, no. 2 (2014): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2014.0010.

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Absi, Pascale, Laurent Bazin, and Monique Selim. "The Knotted Web of Dominations. Epistemological Investment in the Anthropology of Work." World Journal of Social Science Research 3, no. 3 (August 3, 2016): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v3n3p396.

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In the globalized world, work presents itself as a nub of actualization of intermixed relations of domination. How does the ethnological analysis study such intermixed relations? To answer the question the first part of the paper compares the anthropological approaches that Pierre Bourdieu and Gérard Althabe designed in the key period of decolonization. They both broke with colonial ethnography through the analysis of relations of colonial domination in the field of work. Bourdieu’s approach is structuralist and he combines ethnography and sociological analysis to display the symbolic structure of the social positions. Althabe’s ethnologic approach is constructivist and tries to show the production of social relations by the power of imagination. In the second part of the paper three researches are briefly presented: prostitution in the brothels of Potosi in Bolivia, the job of the highly qualified women of University of Canton in China, work in the building industry in Oran in Algeria by way of a return to the Bourdieu’s work. In these very different situations, the analysis lays stress on the means by which the social agents build their social relations.

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Chen, Guohong, and Takeo Fujiwara. "Impact of One-Year Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Heroin Users in Jiangsu Province, China." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 3 (January 2009): SART.S2914. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s2914.

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Context Although the effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is well-established in many countries, it is a relatively new therapy for heroin users in China. Jiangsu Province, a relatively wealthy province, set up 4 MMT clinics in February 2006. No previous studies have evaluated the impact of MMT in a wealthy Chinese province. Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of a 1-year MMT among heroin users in Jiangsu Province. We investigated the impact of the treatment by examining the following outcomes: 1) reduction of heroin use, 2) increase of appropriate sexual intercourse, 3) reduction of antisocial behavior, 4) increase of better social and family relationships, and 5) HIV prevalence among heroin users in MMT clinics. Design and Setting Repeated cross-sectional surveys were conducted before and after heroin users in Jiangsu Province received at least 1-year of treatment in the MMT clinics. A questionnaire survey was implemented for those who agreed to participate from March to April 2006, before the initiation of MMT (N = 554). The second survey was from August to September 2007 and was administered to those who received MMT for more than 1 year (N = 804). One hundred and ninety-six patients who were investigated in both surveys were included in a longitudinal study to evaluate the factors attributable to behavior change. Results MMT helped in reducing the percentage of heroin injection and also improved social and familial relationships. Antisocial behavior, including theft, prostitution, and dealing in heroin, decreased after 1-year treatment in the MMT clinics. However, the percentage of patients using condoms was not statistically significant. No case was found to be HIV-positive among those who received more than 1 year MMT. In the longitudinal study of 196 patients who participated in both surveys, no specific demographic variables were found to be associated with heroin use, anti-social behaviors after 1-year MMT. Conclusions MMT was thought to reduce heroin use, antisocial behaviors and HIV prevalence, and increased appropriate sexual intercourse behaviors and better social and family relationships among heroin users in a wealthy province in China, which was true regardless of gender, age, marital status, or working status.

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이선이. "Sexuality Management Policies in the East Asia during the Cold-War Period: Comparison and Analysis of Abolition of Licensed Prostitution Policy in China and Korea." Women's Studies Review 24, no. 1 (June 2007): 193–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.18341/wsr.2007.24.1.193.

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Marchetti, Gina. "The gendered politics of sex work in Hong Kong cinema." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 10 (December 16, 2015): 12–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.10.01.

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The portrayal of women as prostitutes is common in Hong Kong cinema, and filmmakers have looked at sex work from various perspectives: as a social problem, as an index of women’s economic exploitation more generally, as a way to explore the relationship between economics and sexuality, as a window onto the world of sexual minorities and as erotica. Scriptwriter Elsa Chan, working in conjunction with director Herman Yau, has made two features about women in the Hong Kong sex industry—Whispers and Moans (性工作者十日談, 2007) and True Women for Sale(性工作者2 我不賣身·我賣子宮, 2008)—based on Chan’s anthropological studies of women in the sex industry in Hong Kong. Like their earlier collaboration From the Queen to the Chief Executive (等候董建華發落, 2001), these films look at the “sensational” (youth murders, prostitution) with an eye to understanding and, perhaps, remedying social injustice. In fact, the issue of “justice” and women’s role as exploited victims as well as potential agents of change link Elsa Chan’s scripts to the interests of other women filmmakers currently working in Hong Kong. Whispers and Moans and True Women for Sale offer a critical perspective on the circulation of women across borders and gesture toward a feminist intervention into the shadow economy between transnational capitalism and the socialist marketplace in China.

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Zheng, Tiantian. "Regulating Prostitution in China: Gender and Local Statebuilding, 1900–1937. ELIZABETH J. REMICK. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014. xv + 270 pp. $45.00. ISBN 978-0-8047-8836-6." China Quarterly 220 (December 2014): 1150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014001295.

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Ryan, Michael P. "Introduction: Ethical Responsibilities Regarding Drugs, Patents, and Health." Business Ethics Quarterly 15, no. 4 (October 2005): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200515442.

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HIV/AIDS threatens international health on a scale never before seen in human history. Previous plagues and great epidemics, devastating though they were to imperial China, urbanizing Europe, and the colonizing Americas (McNeill 1998), were regionally contained. More than forty million people worldwide are HIV-positive: about half of them live in sub-Saharan Africa, where it apparently originated and where whole tribes and, indeed, most of the adult population of Botswana may very well die of the disease. (Joint UN/WHO 2004). India has another five million people who are HIV-positive, the largest number outside Africa. AIDS is spreading rapidly in China and devastating Thailand, a regional center for prostitution that spreads it further throughout the Asia-Pacific region. No part of the world is spared. The economic, social, and political impacts of this pandemic have only begun to be felt and to be considered.Modern technological and organizational capacities—jet aircraft and globetrotting business and tourist travelers—turned what would have been, in previous eras, an African regional problem into an international crisis and made AIDS exceedingly difficult to contain. Yet, the human technological and organizational capacity to confront the AIDS pandemic also makes this health crisis different from epidemics in earlier times. Medical science applied by pharmacological research has created drug therapies that can control the disease, that can not only stave off death but make productive life possible for many years. The challenge of AIDS could be met, many in the health community say, if it were not that the life-sustaining drugs are owned by private enterprises (Oxfam 2002). The doctors at Médicins Sans Frontières contend, “Patents are not god-given rights. They are tools invented to benefit society as a whole, not to line the pockets of a handful of multinational pharmaceutical companies” (MSF 2003: 2). “[T]he patent monopoly means that a higher price than necessary has to be paid for patented inventions. This is acceptable if this higher price is merely an inconvenience…. However, if the patented invention is essential (say, if it could prevent your untimely death from disease), then the price is more of a dilemma” (MSF 2003: 5). These and other critics declare that drug makers put profits ahead of people and accuse the governments that grant them patent-intellectual property rights, especially the U.S. government, of contributing to this moral bankruptcy.

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Husnah, Wabilia. "EFEK KEBIJAKAN SATU ANAK TERHADAP KEHIDUPAN PEREMPUAN DI TIONGKOK: SEBUAH IRONI." Jurnal Kajian Wilayah 7, no. 2 (December 29, 2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkw.v7i2.749.

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In the Chinese tradition that is influenced by the Confusianism, women are seen to have lower positions than men. In such a social system, the One-Child policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping since 1979 as a program to control the population, underpin the inferiority perception upon Chinese women. This article aims analyze the effects of the China’s One Child Policy towards Chinese women’s lives. It is important to understand how Chinese Women live after their lives have been affected by this Policy, in a good or a bad way. The results show that One Child Policy has negative impacts on Chinese women’s lives. It does not only lead to discrimination views againts women, but also indirectly violate a Chinese woman’s social, cultural and economic rights. Criminal cases overshadow the Chinese women, ranging from torture, neglect of children, abortion, illegal adoption, human trafficking, kidnapping, and even prostitution. On the other hand, all criminal cases makes women become “rare “ and “special” objects in China. Ironically, the scarcity of women in China actually cause the higher bargaining power of women. Now in their lives, Chinese women can go to school, work, choosing a spouse, or even file for divorce. Women’s social status in Chinese society has increased now. It means that women also obtain the positive impact of One-Child Policy.Keywords: women, confucianism, the one child policyAbstrakDalam tradisi Tiongkok yang dipengaruhi oleh Konfusianisme, perempuan selalu memiliki posisi lebih rendah daripada laki-laki. Dalam sistem sosial seperti ini, Kebijakan Satu Anak yang diperkenalkan oleh Deng Xiaoping sejak 1979 sebagai program untuk mengontrol populasi, turut mendukung inferioritas wanita Tiongkok. Artikel ini mencoba menganalisis efek Kebijakan Satu Anak di Tiongkok kepada kehidupan perempuan. Sangat penting untuk memahami bagaimana perempuan Tiongkok menjalani hidupnya pascakehidupannya telah dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan ini, dengan cara yang baik maupun yang buruk. Artikel ini berkesimpulan bahwa Kebijakan Satu Anak memiliki dampak negatif dalam kehidupan perempuan. Kebijakan ini tidak hanya menyebabkan pandangan diskriminatif terhadap perempuan, namun juga secara tidak langsung melanggar hak asasi dalam kehidupan sosial, kultural, dan ekonomi perempuan Tiongkok. Kasus kriminal pun membayangi perempuan Tiongkok, mulai dari penyiksaan, pengabaian anak perempuan, aborsi, adopsi ilegal, penjualan manusia, penculikan, bahkan prostitusi.Di lain pihak, semua kasus kriminal ini telah membuat perempuan menjadi objek yang “langka” dan “spesial” di Tiongkok. Ironisnya, kelangkaan perempuan di Tiongkok menyebabkan nilai tawar perempuan menjadi lebih tinggi. Sekarang, dalam kehidupan mereka, perempuan Cina bisa pergi ke sekolah, bekerja, memilih pasangan hidup, bahkan menuntut cerai. Status sosial perempuan dalam masyarakat Tiongkok pun sudah meningkat sekarang. Ini berarti, perempuan Tiongkok juga telah mendapatkan efek positif dari Kebijakan Satu Anak.Kata kunci: perempuan, konfusianisme, kebijakan satu anak

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Kouame, Kouame Joseph Arthur, Fuxing Jiang, and Zhu Sitao. "Artisanal gold mining’s impact on local livelihoods and the mining industry in Ivory Coast." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-09-2016-0056.

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Purpose In rural regions, mining is an activity that employs many people due to the fact that the barriers to entry are sometimes trivial, with very low technology, capital fund, and no specialized skills required. Many people including children are engaged in artisanal mining in Ivory Coast because they can earn higher incomes in mining than through other traditional activities such as agriculture, which is the main activity in the country. Artisanal mining contributes to reduce abject poverty prevalent in the country and it offers many others opportunities. However, this activity has many negative social impacts. Local people including miners are risking their lives everyday as they are exposed to unsanitary conditions, prostitution, chemical contaminants, and alcoholism, and also due to the large degradation of lands. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach All the data collected during this study were analyzed before some of it was corrected. For data analysis and interpretation, the authors used Word and Excel and other software, and other statistical tools for maps, graphs, and tables. Findings The main objective of this paper is to understand how artisanal gold mining in the Ivory Coast affects local livelihoods and the environment. Research limitations/implications This study was carried out during the author’s study in China. The data collection between the two countries was too difficult due to the long distance. Many times the network was not reliable for any call and discuss with miners when we are not in the country. The hesitation of miners to give real information to the authors was also a main problem because most of them are illegal miners. Some of the guided questionnaires stayed without feedback for almost three months. The production was sold on a day-to-day basis by the miners in the illegal mining sites, so the authors could not obtain with precision the monthly and annual production to calculate income of the miners. Originality/value Some key recommendations for addressing artisanal mining activities in order to have a good option for sustainable management of mineral resources in the country are proposed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Prostitution – China'

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