Dissertations / Theses: 'Prostitution ; human trafficking ; Cyprus'

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Constantinou, Angelo. "EU Acquis, international law, and local implementation : trafficking in women and the sex trade in Cyprus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6458.

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Despite its long pre-existence, the issue of human trafficking (especially for sexual purposes) has become the epicentre of attention since the closing of the past century. The globe-wide attempt of politicians, academics, practitioners, technocrats, activists, and journalists to define, advocate, measure, and ‘control’ people trafficking has brought to the fore particular (re)actions. One such example is the EU and international law that aim to facilitate the legal framework within which national administrations should embark upon to ‘better deal’ with human trafficking. While EU and international law can only go so far as to lay the theoretical basis that signatory states must follow for dealing with human trafficking, ultimately, planning and implementing public policy become the prerogative of the individual state. In light of this, the central contribution of this study is the exploration of the application of EU and international law in concern with human trafficking within the Cypriot context. In other words, how EU and international law on human trafficking are applied in day-to-day interactions between state employees, civil groups, and trafficked women. For this purpose, the study examines the interpretation and application of the local legislation by the criminal justice agencies as well as the local NGOs. Notably, such undertakings are informed by past and present geopolitical and socio-economic developments that have been taking place since the British colonisation of Cyprus. Research findings (based on ethnographic fieldwork and documentary study), demonstrate that EU’s attempt to enforce legislative cohesion, common policies, and harmonised practices over the issue of human trafficking across its Member States is yet to materialise. The case of Cyprus, and at times of other EU States, are used as a paradigm in which both, the EU acquis and international law fail to impose legal prescriptions on national authorities. To illustrate, the dimensions of prevention, detection, identification, prosecution, and adjudication of human trafficking, as well as trafficking victims’ protection, rehabilitation, and repatriation are explored in piecemeal and they all testify of systemic deviations from EU and international guidelines. Both Cypriot public services and local NGOs assigned to handle human trafficking are not in a position to bear the standards laid out by the EU and the CoE. Consequently, victims of trafficking are often predisposed to adverse conditions and as a result, they are often undertreated. Moreover, it is often the case that law on paper—both EU and Cypriot— and law in practice are diametrically different.

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Hamlett, Anna. "Human trafficking : a modern day slavery." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1270.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science

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Askola, Heli. "Legal responses to trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in the European Union /." Oxford [u.a.] : Hart, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/519840240.pdf.

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Aluko-Daniels, O. F. "Locating the place of consent in the movement of Nigerian women for prostitution in Italy." Thesis, Coventry University, 2014. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/f7dfe176-37b0-4f80-b1c0-d6c5e8f07edf/1.

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The history of international human trafficking law suggests that the trafficking of women for prostitution is a not a new phenomenon. The earliest approach to address the problem was founded on a moral ground but adopted a law enforcement strategy by criminalising the procurement of women for prostitution. Consequently consent at the time was discountenanced in favour of the end purpose for which the women were moved. This approach prevailed over a long period until the adoption of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Trafficking Protocol) in 2000. The Trafficking Protocol adopts a three thronged (prevention, protection and prosecution) approach to combating human trafficking. Whilst this is a novel approach the Trafficking Protocol makes consent irrelevant only when the movement of the women is procured through coercion. Accordingly consent or lack of consent became an essential element for distinguishing trafficking from other migratory crimes such as human smuggling. The challenge of applying consent as criterion to differentiate human trafficking from human smuggling particularly becomes problematical when applied to the movement of women for prostitution. This is especially so in the light of feminists’ debate on whether prostitution should be conceptualised as sex work or as violence against women. To establish consent or lack of consent in the context of the Trafficking Protocol is complicated, inexhaustive framing of the consent nullifying elements ignores country specific and cultural practices in recruitment of women for prostitution. This thesis demonstrates the complexity of using consent as a criterion to determine whether Nigerian women moved into Italy are trafficked or voluntary agents. In doing so the thesis highlights the extent to which the interpretation of consent may be influenced by social, cultural and socio-legal issues. This thesis accentuate juju oath ritual and debt bondage as frequently employed to recruit and move Nigerian women into prostitution as consent nullifying elements.

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Rentzsch, Viola. "Human trafficking 2.0 the impact of new technologies." University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8353.

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Magister Legum - LLM
Human history is traversed by migration. This manifold global phenomenon has shaped the world to its current state, moving people from one place to another in reaction to the changing world. The autonomous decision to permanently move locations represents only a segment of what is considered to be migration. Routes can be dangerous, reasons can be without any alternative, displacements forced, and journeys deadly. Arguably the most fatal of all long-distance global migration flows, the transatlantic slave trade has left an enduring legacy of economic patterns and persistent pain. Whilst the trade in human beings originated centuries before, with Europe’s long history of slavery, this event represents an atrocious milestone in history. In a nutshell, European colonialists traded slaves for goods from African kings, who had captured them as war prisoners.

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Aradau, Claudia. "Politics out of security : rethinking trafficking in women." Thesis, n.p, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/.

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Michel, Erin Kelley. "Law Enforcement Response to Human Trafficking in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1281107195.

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Fournier, Shannon. "The Human Trafficking Crusade: A Content Analysis of Canadian Newspaper Articles." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41403.

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Although human trafficking was not a new concept, it gained increased attention across the United States and Canada in the first two decades of the 21st century. To better understand the Canadian anti-trafficking movement, this thesis analyzed the discourse on the topic in six local and national daily newspapers between 2008 and 2018. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the emergence of human trafficking as a social problem. Using social constructionism as a point of departure, a critical discourse analysis was conducted in NVivo of the quotes made by human trafficking experts in Canadian media. The results of this analysis suggest that an Unofficial Christian Coalition emerged in Canada, which – assisted by the media – led a moral crusade against human trafficking and pushed for the adoption of restrictive sex work legislation in Canada.

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Golob, Timothy Adam. "Hidden: A Case Study on Human Trafficking in Costa Rica." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7028.

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This is a case study on human trafficking that was conducted on the small Central American country of Costa Rica via a mixed-methods approach which included document review, surveys, and interviews. It was selected due to Costa Rica’s history of fluctuation between Tier 2 and Tier 2 Watch List status on the Trafficking in Persons Report, issued by the U.S. Department of State, over the last ten years. This ranking average indicates that it is one of the worst performing Central American states in efforts to combat trafficking in persons. This finding breaks with Costa Rica’s traditional placement as one of the best performing Central American countries by other indices, such as GDP, Human Development Index (HDI), World Happiness Report, and Corruption Perception Index (CPI), to name a few. The purpose of this research was to explore the reasons why Costa Rica leads Central America in numerous international measurements of success, yet remains equal to or below other Central American countries in its fight to combat human trafficking. There were two hypotheses. First, Costa Rica has strong economic ties to and reliance on tourism. According to data collected for this study, tourism has become Costa Rica’s primary means of “development,” which has created a neocolonial-style enclave economy and society which responds heavily to the demands of the tourists. This reliance on tourism is associated with choices made by government officials for inaction. Second, low levels of prosecutions and convictions are due to the state’s reliance on NGOs to shoulder the responsibility of efforts. The government even pays the NGOs to care for rescued children to alleviate any burden placed on its own agencies. NGOs operating in Costa Rica run shelters and rehabilitate survivors, head awareness campaigns, and educate. Along with the United Nations, and other IGOs, NGOs have been the main force against trafficking in persons in Costa Rica. Other findings included issues with the definition of human trafficking under the law, as it is not in alignment with those of the United Nations and the United States. As well, the limited awareness across the country, both for professionals and citizens, is a concern. Poverty, particularly increases in extreme poverty, was cited as a recurring problem by the stakeholders interviewed. Furthermore, the image of the country as exceptional was reported by many interviewees as a barrier to recognizing the relevant issues and combatting them. Finally, the persistent culture of machismo and a political and social culture in turmoil were found to be detrimental to combatting human trafficking, particularly when dealing with gendered crimes, prostitution, and the feminization of poverty and of the marginalization of women and children. This study has synthesized the data and shows support for a correlation between the aforementioned factors, tying human trafficking to the tourist industry, to political inaction, to NGOs and their activities and responsibilities, as well as to political and social culture and a number of other factors. Prosecutions and convictions remain low, and efforts to fight modern-day slavery remain below the minimum standards. Thus, it is the implication of this study that the notion of Costa Rica as exceptional, as a leader across Central America, is more an image than reality, at least in this case. In reality, Costa Rica is caught between opposing political and social cultures, between Western capitalism, classic machismo, and Costa Rica’s historical notion of peaceful living and exceptionality.

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Nankobe, Vitalis Mbah. "Human Trafficking and Migrant Prostitution in Europe: A Qualitative Study of Nigerian Female Sex Workers in Italy." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21856.

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Wilcox, Joseph Morgan. "Trafficking in women: International sex services." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2754.

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This research looks to identify precursors to women becoming involved in trafficking for prostitution and/or sexual services in the United States. The failure to find patterns or trends regarding why women are trafficked or what types of women are trafficked most often, helps dispel some myths regarding the stereotypical victim of trafficking.

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Knutsson, Douglas. "To Regulate or not to Regulate? : Evaluating the Relationship between Prostitution Laws and Trafficking Flows." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390155.

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Yearly, hundreds of thousands of people are trafficked across borders, most often against their will or without their knowledge. Albeit having been a part of our history, our present and, sadly, probably our future, this form of modern slavery remains rather unexplored in quantitative research due to the lack of reliable data. By using a gravity model, this study investigates how trafficking is affected by prostitution laws. The strength of this paper lies in being able to disentangle the effect of prostitution laws on different types of trafficking and to look at both total trafficking flows as well as only cross-border flows. The results point towards there being a mostly negative correlation between legal prostitution and trafficking inflows, however, most results become insignificant when adding rule of law (a proxy for legal enforcement) to the specification. Allowing for third party involvement and solicitation might be correlated an increase in the inflow of victims exploited for sexual services, this is, however, statistically insignicant. For victims of forced labour, results are more equivocal, illustrating the potentially misleading conclusions that might be drawn in studies looking only at the effects of prostitution laws on total trafficking flows.

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Jelbert, Charmaine Patricia. "Sex trafficking and state intervention : conflicts and contradictions during the 2012 London Olympics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271625.

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This thesis focuses on the British human trafficking prevention policies adopted for the 2012 London Olympics using mixed methods including participation-observation, qualitative interviews, theoretical analysis and policy evaluation. I was invited to observe the Human Trafficking Network and London 2012, the Mayor of London’s official response to the claim that human trafficking would increase at the London Olympics. My presence enabled me to witness first-hand the key policy debates surrounding human trafficking intervention and to conduct a series of in-depth interviews with members of the Human Trafficking Network as well as associated professionals such as the United Kingdom Human Trafficking Centre, MPs, governmental and non-governmental agencies, law enforcement officials, anti-trafficking groups, sex workers, sex workers outreach services and academics. In addition to collecting rich empirical data, I contexualise these policy debates within two relevant theoretical frameworks. First, I draw upon the work of Weitzer (2007) to examine the construction of the four underlying claims that human trafficking increases before and during large sporting events. Significantly, this perspective is built upon an anti-prostitution agenda of the partial criminalisation proponents, which collapses all migration for prostitution together with human trafficking (Weitzer 2005, Kempadoo 2005, Milivojevic and Pickering 2008, Kinnell 2009, Mai 2009, Mai 2012, Weitzer 2014). This same conceptualisation of human trafficking as the nexus of prostitution, migration and crime is replicated within the global anti-trafficking framework (Milivojevic and Pickering 2013), resulting in two approaches to human trafficking prevention policies — Security Governance and Human Rights — which together resulted in preventions measures that target prostitution and control migration. Finally, I draw upon my empirical evidence to critically examine the effects of the claim that human trafficking increases over the Olympics and, moreover, situate the response by the Mayor of London within the global anti-trafficking framework. This framework highlights the contradictions and, in some instances, failures between the approaches to human trafficking and the stated purpose of the Human Trafficking Network. The thesis concludes with two innovative policy recommendations for human trafficking prevention programmes.

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Reid, Joan A. "A Pathway to Child Sex Trafficking in Prostitution: The Impact of Strain and Risk-Inflating Responses." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1747.

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Victims of child sex trafficking in prostitution in the United States are often overlooked, misidentified, and among the most underserved type of child victim of crime. The majority of previous research on child sex trafficking has been conducted without a theoretical framework or reliable sampling methods. In this study, a schematic composed of a series of stepping-stones from childhood abuse to prostitution, which has been described by gendered pathways researchers, served as a sensitizing template for the study's development of a strain-reactive pathway into child sex trafficking. Agnew's general strain theory provided the primary theoretical basis for the proposed pathway, supplying both explanations of the generative factors of the pathway and the mechanisms operating within the life trajectory terminating in child sex trafficking in prostitution. Based on this theoretical framework, this study utilized structural equation modeling to examine the pathway by investigating the effects of caregiver strain, child maltreatment, and risk-inflating responses to strain on vulnerability to victimization in child sex trafficking in prostitution. Four structural equation models, incorporating different forms of child maltreatment, were assessed using data from a matched sample of 174 minority females who were residents of one U.S. city and participated in a longitudinal study on the effects of child sexual abuse. Findings show that the occurrence of child maltreatment including child neglect, child physical abuse, and juvenile sexual victimization increased with caregiver strain. Consequentially, neglected and abused children were more likely to have engaged in the risk-inflating responses of running away and earlier initiation of drug or alcohol use, and they also reported higher levels of relational shame. Both running away and early initiation of substance use impacted vulnerability to victimization in child sex trafficking in prostitution. Lastly, implications of the findings related to protection and intervention strategies that are projected to obstruct the progression of minors along the analytically identified pathway into child sex trafficking in prostitution are presented for criminal justice professionals, child protection investigators, and social service providers.

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Persson, Thania. "The World’s oldest Profession does Not have a Place in Modern Feminist society – a qualitative analysis of Talita and KOK e.V.’s described work for trafficking and prostitution victims." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21873.

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The aim of this study is to compare organisations that help victims from human trafficking and prostitution with a focus on undocumented migrants. Germany is one of the chosen countries in this study because of the legalised and regulated prostitution policy and will be compared with Sweden with the contrasting policy in which sex purchase is criminalised but not to sell sex. To answer the study’s research question ‘What are the differences and similarities between the German and Swedish organisations’ approach in providing beneficial needs for the victims such as medical and economic resources?’ a thematic analysis will be used to find similarities and differentiation of the organisations describing methods that is stated on their websites. The paper uses feminist theories through approaches from feminist Empiricism, feminist Standpoint Epistemology, feminist Liberalism, and feminist Marxism. It is mainly through the feminist Liberal theories that explains how organisation in Germany differentiate in their handling of helping undocumented migrants in prostitution combined with Germany’s laws regarding illegal migrants. Contrary to Sweden that has feminist Marxist point of view regarding the prostitution policy since Sweden recognises all prostitutes as victims. The paper also finds that, by using the feminist empiricism and Standpoint epistemology, the organisations describe their work in similar ways regarding creating awareness of human trafficking.

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Manio, Kurt L. "BEST PRACTICE INTERVENTIONS FOR DOMESTIC MINOR SEX TRAFFICKING: A SURVIVOR'S PERSPECTIVE." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/144.

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The purpose of this study is to explore methods of intervention for domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST). Due to the secretive nature of the DMST industry, victims are not only difficult to identify, but are also difficult to gain access to in order to provide effective intervention. This study seeks to overcome these barriers by gaining the perspectives of DMST survivors. This study has a qualitative design, in which 8 survivors of DMST, who are now adults, were interviewed to determine appropriate methods of intervention for child welfare social workers. In doing so, intervention was broken down into three categories; prevention, intervention, and recovery. The findings of this study indicated the need for an interagency approach to victim identification. Furthermore, the findings of this study highlighted the need for services that incorporated spirituality and a network of support; such as mentorship, life coaching, and support groups.

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Regmi, Kumar. "The responsibility of the States under international human rights law to address the trafficking in Nepalese girls into prostitution." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ63090.pdf.

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Sikka, Annuradha. "Trafficking in Persons in Canada: Looking for a "Victim"." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31786.

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This dissertation looks at the concept of “trafficking in persons” and how it has been created, interpreted and utilized in the international sphere and in Canada. Using the approach of Critical Legal Pluralism (CLP), it examines the legal regulation of trafficking as being created through a bi-directional constitutive process, with paradigmatic conceptions of trafficking having a hand in creating regulation as well as being influenced by it. Through a review of data retrieved using a variety of qualitative methods as well as classic legal analysis, this dissertation explores the operation of various social actors and their effect on the determination of what trafficking is, and who is worthy of protection from it. In Part One the international framework is outlined through a discussion of the creation of the dominant paradigm of trafficking and implementations of it. Chapter One traces the history of the anti-trafficking movement by looking at the development of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, and by examining the creation of dominant discourses around trafficking. Chapter 2 uses CLP to examine the influences of a variety of actors on the creation of these discourses and the repercussions the discourses have had on the implementation of anti-trafficking policies. Part Two then turns to the Canadian context. In Chapter Three, classical legal methodologies are employed to discuss Canada’s obligations under international law with respect to trafficking, as well as the creation of definitions of trafficking in the Canadian legal regulatory context. Chapter Four then reviews data from Canada to discuss the ways in which various actors have been involved in the creation and operation of the dominant paradigm and how it in turn affects the operation of trafficking-related legal constructs. Ultimately, it is found that due to the influence of the dominant paradigm and the motivations that aid in its operation, programs and policies framed under the rubric of “trafficking” necessarily fail to achieve meaningful redress for the groups they purport to benefit. On this basis, an alternative approach is suggested to address phenomena currently being dealt with through anti-trafficking frameworks. A move is suggested away from a focus on “trafficking” to a sectoral approach, accounting for the complexities and histories of individuals subject to exploitative circumstances.

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Chitupila, Vanessa Chongo. "Gold between their legs? Trafficking in women for sexual exploitation : an analysis of the SADC response at national and regional level." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/12502.

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The objectives of this study are as follows: a) To examine the history of human trafficking and the various international legal instruments adopted to address it. b) To examine the trafficking of women and girls for sexual purposes and sexual exploitation as well as to examine the various human rights (of female victims) violated during and after the process of human trafficking. c) To examine the context of trafficking within Mozambique, Zambia and South Africa and explore how these three countries are addressing human trafficking through legislation. d) To examine Europe’s measures against trafficking and whether there are lessons for the SADC region.
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Christopher Mbazira, Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Uganda.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

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Ottosson, Andrea, Louise Evenholm, and Linnéa Emberg. "They are not born to be victims or prostitutes – they are becoming : A qualitative study of how one organization in Moldova is working preventively with human trafficking." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45323.

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The aim of this study is to find out how one organisation in Moldova is working with the issue of human trafficking. It will therefore be explained how the professionals in that organisation describe how the human trafficking situation has developed in Moldova according to them and how they work and prevent the issue according to that developed situation. This study is a qualitative study and has been carried out utilizing 14 semi-structured interviews. The information given from the interviews has been categorized, and then analysed in relation to previous research and Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory. This theory is applied to explain how an individual's development is affected by factors on several levels; micro-, meso-, exo-, macro- and chronosystems. The causes for human trafficking explained by the professionals included the culture, religion, economics and the history of the country, and these in turn can have affected the family and the view of one’s self. The conclusions based on this study are that because the factors that could be causes for human trafficking are found on all the levels, it is important that social workers and the society has this in mind and as an approach when dealing with human trafficking.
Syftet med den här studien har varit att ta reda på hur en organisation i Moldavien arbetar med den aktuella situationen gällande människohandel som finns i landet. Det kommer därför att förklaras hur de professionella i den specifika organisationen beskriver hur de sett att situationen utvecklats i Moldavien och hur de arbetar preventivt med problemet i förhållande till den utvecklade situationen. Studien är kvalitativ och har genomförts med hjälp av 14 semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Informationen från intervjuerna har kategoriserats för att sedan analyseras mot tidigare forskning och Bronfenbrenners ekologiska systemteori. Denna teori är applicerad för att förklara hur en individs utveckling påverkas av faktorer på flera nivåer; mikro-, meso-, exo-, makro- och chronosystem. Orsakerna till människohandel som är förklarade av de professionella innefattade kultur, religion, landets ekonomi och historia, och dessa i sin tur kan ha påverkat familjen och synen på sig själv. Slutsatserna som är möjliga att dra utifrån denna studie är att eftersom faktorerna, som kan vara orsaker till människohandel, återfinns på alla olika nivåer är det också viktigt att socialarbetare och samhället har detta i åtanke och som angreppssätt vid arbetet med människohandel.

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Dabney, Jonathan Dickinson. "Identifying Victims of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking in a Juvenile Custody Setting." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/305.

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Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking (DMST) is a severe form of child sexual exploitation. Thus far, DMST studies have been qualitative or relied on secondary data. There has been no quantitative attempt to directly identify victims in a methodical way in order to determine the prevalence of DMST at a local level or the nature and strengths of its correlates. The present study used a three-tiered screening process to identify victims of DMST in a juvenile detention center. All youth taken into custody over a three and a half month period (N = 738) received a short assessment to identify those most at risk and in need of additional screening. During the study, six youth were identified as DMST victims and statistically significant differences were found between youth referred for additional screening (N = 47) and youth who were not. The results suggest that detention and probation staff identified the presence of DMST risk factors in youth screen interviews and were making referral decisions based on the presence of those risk factors. Practical implications of the findings are discussed along with suggestions for future research.

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Emtfelt, Maja, and Madeleine Johnsson. "Till vilket pris : En kvalitativ studie om socialtjänstens och ideella organisationers arbete mot prostitution och människohandel." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85713.

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Syftet med denna studie var att belysa olika delar av prostitution och människohandel inom svensk socialtjänst och ideella organisationer. Dessutom kan denna studie bidra till att uppmärksamma samhället om fenomenet prostitution och människohandel samt bidra till vidare diskussion kring ämnet. För att uppnå syftet användes en kvalitativ metod där åtta intervjuer genomfördes med yrkesverksamma inom socialtjänst och ideella organisationer. Intersektionalitet, empowerment och social mobilisering var studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter. Den insamlade empirin analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet av studien visade att det finns en begränsad kunskap kring prostitution och människohandel inom socialtjänst och samhället generellt. Det påvisades att det är ett komplext fenomen där det finns behov av att utöka resurser för att kunna bedriva ett effektivt arbete och ge utsatta bästa möjliga förutsättningar att få tillgång till rätt stöd och skydd. Vidare framkom att det krävs en ökad medvetenhet kring fenomenet då det förekommer i alla kontexter och grupper vilket föranleder att stödet behöver bli mer differentierat för att inkludera alla. Studiens slutsats visar att prostitution och människohandel är ett komplext fenomen som det finns en bristande kunskap och förståelse kring. Det är av vikt att arbetet mot fenomenet utvecklas samt att medvetenheten kring fenomenets förekomst ökas.
The purpose of this study was to shed light on various parts of prostitution and human trafficking within Swedish social service and non-profit organizations. In addition, this study can help to draw society’s attention to the phenomenon of prostitution and human trafficking, as well as contribute to further discussion on the subject. A qualitative method through interviews with eight workers within social service and non-profit organizations was used to reach the purpose of this study. The theoretical basis of the study was intersectionality, empowerment and social mobilization. A qualitative content analysis helped to analyze the collected data. The result of the study showed limited awareness about prostitution and human trafficking among social service and non-profit organizations. It also showed that this is a complex phenomenon where there is a need to expand the resources in order to conduct an effective work and provide vulnerable people with the best possible conditions for gaining access to the right support and protection. Furthermore, it shows that awareness needs to be greater about the phenomenon as it occurs in all contexts and groups which means that the support needs to be more adapted for each individual to include everyone. The conclusion of the study shows that prostitution and human trafficking is a complex phenomenon of which there is a lack of knowledge and understanding. It is important that the work against the phenomenon is developed and that awareness about the phenomenon's occurrence is increased.

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Åström, Karin. "Rättsliga åtgärder mot människohandel : Att skydda offer eller möta hot." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-87076.

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This thesis focuses on legal protection of victims of human trafficking in Sweden. Human trafficking involves the exploitation of often already vulnerable individuals and is a violation of their human rights. Human trafficking is also a threat to state security as a component of transnational organized crime and illegal migration, and has therefore long been a subject of international cooperation. In this thesis international responses to human trafficking are categorized as being focused on two distinct and separately protected parties, namely the individual and the state. The implementation of these international responses have, in the case of Sweden, mainly led to new criminal regulation relating to human trafficking, and in this thesis international as well as Swedish legal measures against human trafficking are analyzed from a victimological perspective. The overall aim is to investigate and analyze whether victims of trafficking have received an enhanced legal protection through Swedish criminal law. The thesis shows that human trafficking is not considered a problem in the Swedish legislative context, and that the international measures to protect victims of trafficking have not been regarded to any great extent. Few victims of trafficking in Sweden are even identified as victims, and measures against human trafficking have largely been associated with measures against prostitution. To legally connect human trafficking with prostitution is, however, problematic because these crimes have different primary protective interests and the victims have different roles in the investigation and litigation process. From a victim's perspective, the categorization of the crime is crucial because the status of plaintiff, as is required for the possibility for financial redress and other legal rights, is assessed in Sweden by how the offense is classified. It is therefore important for the victims of human trafficking to be identified and categorized correctly in order to be defined as plaintiffs and obtain protection under criminal law. As a result of all these factors, the intended enhanced legal protection for victims of trafficking in Sweden is lost.

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Nilsson, Ulrika. "Är prostitution en kränkning av mänskliga rättigheter? : Eller finns "den lyckliga horan"?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-225794.

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Att människohandel för sexuell exploatering utgör ett brott mot mänskliga rättigheter står klart. Människohandel kränker flertalet av individens rättigheter och staters skyldigheter gentemot dessa individer finns således stadgade i flertalet internationella konventioner. Palermoprotokollet stadgar den första internationellt gemensamma definitionen av människohandel och stadgar vidare ett krav på att definitionen utgör ett brott i konventionsstaternas nationella lagstiftning. Om prostitution anses kränka individers rättigheter och föranleder krav på rättslig reglering är däremot omtvistat, detta trots de likheter som finns. Med utgångspunkt i mänskliga rättigheter syftar uppsatsen, med hjälp av genus- och rättssociologisk teori och metod, att undersöka om prostitution torde omfattas av dessa samt om, och i så fall, vilka positiva skyldigheter stater enligt folkrätten har gentemot personer som befinner sig i prostitution. Detta för att utreda huruvida det är möjligt att kräva att stater kriminaliserar sexköp, antingen för att uppfylla de konventioner som kräver ett förebyggande arbete mot människohandel för sexuell exploatering men även för att leva upp till de åtaganden stater åtagit sig för att motverka den könsojämställdhet, könsdiskriminering och våld som prostitution bevisligen kan innebära. Det finns en tydlig korrelation mellan prostitution och människohandel för sexuell exploatering. Forskning visar att omfattningen av människohandel är högre i stater med legaliserad prostitution samtidigt som både prostitutionen och människohandeln minskat i Sverige sedan sexköpslagen trädde i kraft. Prostitution kan anses uppfylla många delar av det som utgör människohandelsbrottet enligt Palermoprotokollets definition och torde således generellt sett kunna vara en form av människohandel. Således, med hänvisning till krav på förebyggande åtgärder mot människohandel, så torde det kunna krävas att stater kriminaliserar sexköp, inte minst då det bevisligen kan vara ett effektivt sätt att motverka den efterfrågan vilken upprätthåller både prostitution och människohandel för sexuell exploatering.
Whether trafficking for sexual exploitation constitutes a violation of human right is indisputable. Human trafficking violates several individual rights and states' obligations towards victims of trafficking are thus stated in various international conventions. The Palermo Protocol constitutes the first international joint definition of human trafficking and the statute further requires that the definition constitutes a criminal offence in the convention states' national legislation. Whether prostitution is considered a violation of human rights and therefore induce a legal obligations of states is however disputed. Based on human rights, with a gender -and sociological theory of law this study aims to examine whether prostitution also should benefit from these rights and if so, determine the obligations of states under international law towards people in prostitution. Further to investigate whether it is possible to require states to criminalize the purchase of sexual services, either to comply with international conventions that urges prevention of human trafficking for sexual exploitation but also to live up to commitments to discourage the gender inequality, discrimination and violence often included in prostitution. There is a correlation between prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Research shows that the scope of human trafficking is higher in states with legalized prostitution, while both prostitution and trafficking for sexual exploitation decreased in Sweden since the Sex Purchase Act came into force 1999. Prostitution is often considered to satisfy several elements of what constitutes trafficking under the Palermo Protocol's definition and could therefore generally be considered a form of human trafficking. Thus, by referring to the many requirements of preventive measures against trafficking it could therefore be argued that states should criminalize purchase of sexual services, as it is proven an effective way to counter the demand that maintains both prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation.

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Rodrigues, Thais de Camargo. "O tráfico internacional de pessoas para fim de exploração sexual e a questão do consentimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-30102012-102346/.

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A presente dissertação, pautada no direito penal mínimo e no princípio da dignidade humana, discorre sobre o tráfico internacional de pessoas para fim de exploração sexual, tendo em vista o consentimento da vítima maior e capaz. Para tanto, foi feita uma análise introdutória do direito penal sexual e da prostituição, buscando identificar o bem jurídico tutelado hodiernamente sem a influência de conteúdo estritamente moral, pois no tráfico de pessoas deve prevalecer a proteção da liberdade sexual. Foram examinados os principais acordos internacionais afeitos à matéria, em especial o Protocolo de Palermo, e também a legislação de países como Alemanha, Portugal, Espanha, Itália, Estados Unidos e Argentina. Neste contexto, fez-se uma leitura crítica da legislação brasileira (mormente o art. 231 do Código Penal), que está em falta com a agenda internacional por se limitar a tutelar o tráfico internacional quando se trata de exploração de índole sexual. Além disso, o dispositivo se mostra falho em sua essência, por não enxergar o tráfico como um fenômeno, um processo delitivo complexo e multifacetado. À ineficácia legislativa se soma a insuficiência das políticas públicas nesta seara para o efetivo enfrentamento do tráfico de pessoas, visando a sua prevenção, punição e também a proteção às vítimas.
This paper which is based on the principles of minimum criminal law and human dignity, talks about the international human trafficking for sexual purposes, considering the consent of the adult and capable victim. For this, a preliminary analysis of the criminal sex and prostitution law was made, in order to identify the legal protected property, without the influence of the strictly moral context, because the protection of sexual freedom shall prevail in human trafficking. This paper also evaluates the more important international treaties with regard to this issue, with special regard to the Palermo Protocol as well as the legislation of countries such as Germany, Portugal, Spain, Italy, United States of America and Argentina. A comparative analyses of the Brazilian law was developed (Article 231 of the Brazilian Criminal Code), concluding that the Brazilian law is more restricted than the international rules, because it legislates that Human trafficking is only for sexual purposes and does not consider any other. Besides that, the aforementioned article has a flaw as it does not consider the traffic as a phenomenon, a complex and multifaceted wrongful process. The inefficient Brazilian legislative process is attributed to the insufficiency of public policies in this area to effectively face human trafficking, focusing on its prevention and punishment as well as the protection of the victims.

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Mainwaring, Cetta. "Centring on the margins : migration control in Malta, Cyprus and the European Union." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4666c423-23eb-4ef6-99dc-f85f8c3f391a.

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Why does the European Union focus on controlling irregular immigration at the external border? The emphasis presents a paradox as most irregular migrants in the EU arrive through legal channels and subsequently overstay or violate the conditions of their visa. In order to explore this paradox, the thesis examines two case studies, Malta and Cyprus. As small island states on the Union’s southern periphery, the two are ostensibly unable to resist the transfer of migration controls and asylum responsibility to the EU’s external borders. Yet, employing nonmaterial power, namely by highlighting the perceived migration pressures they are under, the two states have successfully attracted significant financial and practical support from other member states. In doing so, they have influenced policymaking within EU migration governance, but have ultimately reinforced the emphasis on controlling irregular immigration at the external border by portraying the phenomenon as a crisis. This thesis not only sheds light on the interaction between the EU and the two states under investigation, but combines three levels of analysis – the regional, national, and local. The crisis narrative detrimentally affects the migrant and refugee populations as it encourages the adoption of restrictive and deterrent measures rather than ensuring access to rights and long-term integration. Nevertheless, this population is not without agency. It is their individual decisions to move across national borders without state authorisation that in the aggregate both compels states into dialogue about the issue and provides the basis for the dynamic between the EU and these two member states.

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Alexander, Jeffrey 1982. ""Miss Kathy"." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799527/.

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Miss Kathy is a documentary film that tells the story of Kathy Griffin-Grinan, a lead recovery coach for prostitution and human trafficking with the Harris County Sheriff’s Office. Her non-profit organization —We’ve Been There, Done That – works in conjunction with law-enforcement to offer the survivors of prostitution a chance at rehabilitation. With endless enthusiasm, she mentors survivors as they struggle to escape a destructive lifestyle. This film also explores the relationship between human trafficking and prostitution, while addressing issues of victimization and exploitation.

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Wallén, Daniel. "Sweden´s moral responsibility to protect Romanian victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation in Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Statsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28019.

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Trafficking in persons is a serious crime and a serious violation of human rights. Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and abroad. Trafficking in human beings (THB) can be about forced labour, sexual slavery and/or commercial sexual exploitation, but this this paper focuses on the latter category. One country in Eastern Europe with an exceptionally high proportion of women and children trafficked into Sweden each year is Romania. The purpose of the following study is therefore to investigate what moral responsibility – if any – Sweden has to protect the female part of the victims from Romania being trafficked for sexual purposes in Sweden. They are not Swedish citizens, and that makes it a complicated question. In making an effort to come up with answers, we will have a look at what Sweden is doing for these people today, and what the options look like going forward, if indeed the responsibilty is ours. This is an academic thesis with one normative and one empirical aspect. Normative theoretical principles of global justice, ethics and human dignity from American philosopher Martha Nussbaum are tested on an empirical problem; a case study about the situation for Romanian trafficking victims in Sweden and Norway. Apart from the theory and case study, I have exclusively used applied ethics, secondary sources and an analytical tool to analyze and dissect the problem, reaching the conclusion that Sweden does have a moral responsibility, and that we therefore should continue to work in these people´s favour. However, more so that now by assisting solution solving in Romania, where the biggest problems exist and the best solutions can be expected, if handled intelligently and with ethics in mind.

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Swartling, Malin. "Brexit: A step back in Britain’s fight against human trafficking? : A comparative content analysis of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 and the EU Directive 2011/36." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444132.

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Human trafficking has become an international issue of significant importance; it is the largest and most profitable organised crime after drugs and arms trafficking. Particular concern has recently been raised due to the Brexit potential ramifications on Human trafficking. There is a risk that the EU directive 2011/36 will be repealed as a result of Brexit. Accordingly, it has been questioned whether the UK national efforts and legislation concerning human trafficking are comprehensive and sufficient enough without the strengthening support of the EU and especially the EU directive 2011/36. Thus, this thesis aimed to determine the impact Brexit will have on human trafficking in the UK by investigating if there will be "gaps" in the UK national legislation on human trafficking. A comparative content analysis was conducted to analyse the UK national legislation on human trafficking, The Modern Slavery Act 2015 (MSA 2015). The Modern Slavery Act was compared with the EU directive 2011/36 to determine how the legislation differed. The method and analysis were conducted on both a latent and manifest level which means it both described the definitions and analysed how the definitions could be interpreted, hence how it affects reality. Based on what has commonly been argued the main reasons behind human trafficking in Europe, the content analysis focused on the definitions of human trafficking, prostitution and protection of migrant victims. Prostitution and migrations are frequently claimed to be the main reasons behind human trafficking in Europe. Due to the risk of the EU directive 2011/36 being repealed, the result of the thesis exhibits the need for the UK to update their national legislation. The MSA 2015 needs to become coherent with international agreements and strengthen the protection of victims of human trafficking. Due to the gendered nature of human trafficking, this research addressed human trafficking from a feminist perspective by applying the "dominance theory" and the "sameness theory". The feminist theories helped analyse and investigate the issue of human trafficking and the potential ramifications of Brexit. Applying the ideas illustrated the patriarchal structures surrounding human trafficking and within the MSA 2015.

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Panichelli, Meg Rose. "The Intersections of Good Intentions, Criminality, and Anti-Carceral Feminist Logic: a Qualitative Study that Explores Sex Trades Content in Social Work Education." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4512.

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This study uses anti-carceral feminist logic to explore the cultural meanings, criminal implications, and neoliberal influence that shape the landscape of social work education about the sex trades in the United States and transnationally. "What are social work instructors teaching students about the sex trades in coursework?" is the question that directs the study, which uses a feminist qualitative methodology inclusive of intersectional feminist epistemology as well as direct content analysis. To answer this question, I analyzed 20 social work course syllabi from sex trade related courses across the contiguous United States and interviewed 20 social work instructors from 14 different states. Study findings show that course content represents people in the sex trades primarily as victimized cisgender women and girls with a significant focus on sex trafficking, especially within the Global South. While there is some course content that portrays sex trade workers as having complex and autonomous experiences, this material is limited to courses that have "sex" or "sexuality" in the title (i.e. "sex trafficking" or "sexuality and social work" courses). Furthermore, course content that represents the intersectional experiences and impact of systemic violence encountered by trans women of color and LGBTQ+ people is underrepresented in the sample--confined to two course syllabi and visibly absent from remaining syllabi. The sample indicates the prevalence of carceral approaches to the sex trades with an unexamined and racially-biased emphasis upon rescue and/or incarceration. This project provides significant implications for social work education about the necessity of an anti-carceral feminist, intersectional, and consequently, an anti-oppressive approach to teaching about the sex trades.

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Jacobsson, Amanda, and Sara Åblad. "Ett prioriterat eller eftersatt område? : En fallstudie om hur arbete mot prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål styrs och utförs nationellt, regionalt och lokalt i Sverige." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Jönköping University, HHJ, Avd. för socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49506.

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Prostitution and human trafficking for sexual purposes is by the government seen as a problem in the society that needs to be defeated. Since the year 1999, purchasing sexual services has been illegal in Sweden, and since the year 2002 there is also a law concerning human trafficking. Despite legislation and many other efforts, prostitution and human trafficking for sexual purposes is still widespread in Sweden. Through a case study, this paper investigates how work against prostitution and human trafficking for sexual purposes is governed and performed on a national level in Sweden, as well as on a regional and local level in Jönköping. This has been investigated through collection and analysis of documents created by organizations that influence the police and social services work in this area. Beyond this, three interviews with professionals in the police and social services have been conducted. The result has then been analysed on the basis of institutional theory which illustrates that an organization's quest for stability can stand in the way of achieving change. The results of the thesis show that there is a clear adherence with governing directives at the national level, but that the adherence is lacking at the regional and local levels. This can be explained on the basis that work against prostitution and human trafficking has not previously been a priority issue at the governing level, which has led to the work being neglected at regional and local level.
Prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål ses av regeringen som ett samhällsproblem som måste bekämpas. Sedan år 1999 har köp av sexuella tjänster varit olagliga i Sverige och sedan år 2002 finns även en människohandelslagstiftning. Trots lagstiftning och flertalet övriga insatser finns idag prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål utbredd i Sverige. Genom en fallstudie undersöks hur arbete mot prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål styrs och utförs nationellt i Sverige samt regionalt och lokalt i Jönköping. Detta har undersökts genom insamling och analys av dokument skapade av organisationer som påverkar polisen och socialtjänstens arbete rörande området i Jönköpings kommun. Utöver detta har även tre intervjuer med yrkesverksamma inom polis och socialtjänst genomförts. Resultatet har sedan analyserats utifrån institutionell teori vilken belyser att en organisations strävan efter stabilitet kan stå i vägen för att uppnå en förändring. Uppsatsens resultat visar att det finns en tydlig efterföljsamhet av styrande direktiv på nationell nivå men att efterföljsamheten brister på regional och lokal nivå. Detta kan förklaras utifrån att arbete mot prostitution och människohandel tidigare inte varit en prioriterad fråga på styrande nivå vilket lett till att arbetet på regional och lokal nivå blivit eftersatt.

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Boulton, Lauren. "Free Women: Fairytales From A Lumbertown Brothel." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1436914200.

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Lazaruk, Nicholas. "Assessing the implications of the Swedish prostitution and trafficking model." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/847.

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"Punishing Criminals or Protecting Victims: A Critical Mixed Methods Analysis of State Statutes Related to Prostitution and Sex Trafficking." Doctoral diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.26824.

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abstract: This study uses the ontological lenses of discourse theory to conduct a critical mixed-methods analysis of state statutes related to prostitution and sex trafficking. The primary research question of the study was, "How do state laws communicate and reinforce discourses related to sex trafficking and prostitution and how do these discourses reinforce hegemony and define the role of the state?" A mixed methods approach was used to analyze prostitution and sex trafficking related annotated and Shepardized statutes from all fifty states. The analysis found that not all prostitution related discourses found in the literature were present in state statutes. Instead, statutes could be organized around five different themes: child abuse, exploitation, criminalization, place, and licensing and regulation. A deeper analysis of discourses present across and within each of these themes illustrated an inconsistent understanding of prostitution as a social problem and an inconsistent understanding of the legitimate role of the state in regulating or criminalizing prostitution. The inconsistencies in the law suggest concerns for equal protection under the law based upon a person's perceived deservingness, which often hinges on his or her race, class, gender identity, sexuality, age, ability, and nationality. Implications for the field include insights into a substantive policy area rarely studied by policy and administration scholars, a unique approach to mixed methods research, and the use of a new technique for analyzing vast quantities of unstructured data.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Public Administration 2014

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Van, der Watt Marcel. "Investigating human trafficking for sexual exploitation: from ‘lived experiences’ towards a complex systems understanding." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24803.

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Human trafficking for sexual exploitation, as the most documented type of trafficking both internationally and in South Africa, was the focus of this study as it poses significant challenges to response efforts whilst remaining a crime of vast impunity. At the centre of this study was the researcher’s curiosity-infused endeavour to understand the lived experiences of multipronged stakeholders who have first-hand experience of the investigation into human trafficking for sexual exploitation. A qualitative approach and the use of hermeneutic phenomenology within a broader postmodernist and constructivist positioning served as the catalyst for generating novel insights. Numerous formal and informal conversations over the 5-year research period, site visits to multiple sex trade locations around South Africa and 91 in-depth and unstructured interviews with participants from 15 different vantage points were conducted. Five themes were identified from participants’ lived experiences as they related to the investigation of human trafficking for sexual exploitation. These were Theme 1: Sex Trade, Human Trafficking and Organised Crime; Theme 2: Combating Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation; Theme 3: Victims of Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation; Theme 4: Corruption and Compromise; and Theme 5: The Social Context and Scope of the Problem. A rich and in-depth presentation of participants’ lived experiences from an emic point of view was made. Knowledge generated include the revelation of problematic claims by preservationists around the nature of the sex trade in South Africa, insights into complexities intrinsic to human trafficking for sexual exploitation and multi-layered challenges associated with investigations into the crime. At the apex of the study was the deconstruction of complex systems theory and its application to the phenomenological essence of participants’ lived experiences. A proposed application of the theory was suggested for a more agile, robust and effective multipronged investigation strategy to combat human trafficking for sexual exploitation. A strong argument is made for a ‘whole’ and non-reductionist approach to investigations that continuously considers both the complexity of the crime and the day-to-day realities of the stakeholders who contribute to the multipronged investigation into human trafficking for sexual exploitation.
Ukurhweba ngabantu ngeenjongo zokubaxhaphaza ngokwesondo, lolona didi lorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ekubhalwe ngalo kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele nakuMzantsi Afrika. Esi sifundo sigxile kolu rhwebo njengoko lucela umngeni kwimizamo yokusabela lo gama ilulwaphulo mthetho olungalawulekiyo. Esizikithini sesi sifundo yayingumdla womphandi ukuqonda ngamava abo bathatha inxaxheba ekuphandeni ngorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngokwesondo. Kukhethwe ufundo oluqwalasela umgangatho nokusetyenziswa kwesimbo sokutolika iimeko ezikhoyo kwilizwe elisemva kwelale mihla siphila kuyo njengeyona nqobo eya kuveza iimbono ezingaqhelekanga. Kwabanjwa inqwaba yeencoko ezisesikweni nezingekho sikweni ezenziwe kwisithuba seminyaka yophando engaphaya kwemihlanu, kwatyelelwa kwiindawo zorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngokwesondlo ezikhoyo eMzantsi Afrika, kwabanjwa nodliwano ndlebe olunzulu lungaqingqwanga olungama-91 nabantu abakwiindawo zomdla ezili-15. Kwabonakala imixholo emihlanu esuka kumava abathathi nxaxheba malunga nophando ngorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngesondo. Le mixholo yile: Umxholo woku-1: Urhwebo Lwesondo, Urhwebo Lokuxhaphaza Abantu, Nolwaphulo Mthetho Olucwangcisiweyo; Umxholo wesi-2: Ukulwa Urhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu Ngenjongo Yesondo; Umxholo wesi-3: Amaxhoba Orhwebo Lokuxhaphaza Abantu Ngenjongo Yesondo; Umxholo wesi-4: Ubuqhophololo Nokunikezela; kunye noMxholo wesi-5: Imeko Yezentlalo Nomthamo Wengxaki. Kwenziwa inkcazelo enzulu netyebileyo yamava abathathi nxaxheba evelelwa ngokwendlela abantu bendawo abacinga nabazibona ngayo izinto. Ulwazi olufunyenweyo luquka izimvo eziyingxaki zabantu abakhuthaza ukugcinwa kwezinto zinjengoko zinjalo, malunga nohlolo olululo lorhwebo ngesondo eMzantsi Afrika, izimvo ngobunzima obubuthume kurhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo kunye nemingeni emininzi eyayanyaniswa nophando lolwaphulo mthetho. Encochoyini yesi sifundo kukuhlakaza ingcingane exhakaxhaka yeenkqubo nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiimeko ezikhoyo kumava abathathi nxaxheba. Kwacetyiswa indlela yokusebenzisa le ngcingane ekwenzeni icebo elinamandla nelisebenzayo lokulwa urhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo. Kuthethelwa indlela yokusebenza ‘epheleleyo’ nengacuthi nto ekuqhubeni uphando v olusoloko luthathela ingqalelo ubuxhakaxhaka bolwaphulo mthetho namava emihla ngemihla abathathi nxaxheba abafaka isandla kuphando oluvelela iinkalo ezininzi kurhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo.
Ukushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi, njengohlobo lokushushumbisa oluqoshwe phansi ngokudlula zonke ezinye izinhlobo emhlabeni wonke kanye naseNingizimu Afrika, yikona okugxilwe kukho kakhulu kulolu cwaningo njengoba kuyikona okungadala izingqinamba ezinkulu emizamweni yokubhekana nakho kube futhi kuyilona hlobo lobugebengu olungajeziswa kangako. Okunguwona mgomo walolu cwaningo yimizamo yomcwaningi egqugquzelwa ngukufuna kwakhe ukwazi ukuze aqonde lokho okubonwe ngababandakanyekayo abahlukahlukene abebebhekene ngqo nokuphenywa kodaba lokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Kusetshenziswe indlela yokwenza ephathelene nokuqoqwa kwemininingwane engamaqiniso nokusetshenziswa kohlobo locwaningo olwahlukile kulolo olubheka ukwenzeka kwezinto ngokwemvelo maqondana nokuhleleka kwezinto ngokwesikhathi esilandela esezinto zesimanjemanje, nangendlela elandela umumo othize, njengegqugquzela ubukhona bokuqonda okuhlaba umxhwele ngokungajwayelekile. Kube khona izingxoxo eziningi ezihleliwe nezingahlelwanga ezenzeke esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu yocwaningo, kwavakashelwa izizinda eziningi ezindaweni okuhwetshelwana kuzo ngocansi eziseNingizimu Afrika, kwaphinde kwaba nezingxoxo ezingama-91 ezijulile ngokuphonsa imibuzo engahleliwe ngokusemthethweni kubabambiqhaza abavela ezindaweni eziyi-15 ezilungele lolu cwaningo. Kuhlonzwe izingqikithi ezinhlanu eziqhamuke kulokho okubonwe ngababambiqhaza ngokuhlobana kwabo nophenyo lokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Yilezi, Ingqikithi 1: Ukuhweba Ngocansi, Ukushushumbiswa Kwabantu Nobugebengu Obuhleliwe; Ingqikithi 2: Ukulwisana Nokushushumbiswa Kwabantu Ukuze Baxhashazwe Ngokocansi; Ingqikithi 3: Izisulu Zokushushumbiswa Ukuze Zixhashazwe Ngokocansi; Ingqikithi 4: Inkohlakalo Nokwenza Okungahambisani Nawe; neNgqikithi 5: Indikimba Kwezenhlalo Nobubanzi Benkinga. Kube sekwethulwa ngokucebile nangokujulile okubonwe ngababambiqhaza ngokwencazelo ehambisana nohlobo lwesifundo. Ulwazi olutholakele lubandakanya ukuvela kwalokho okuyinkinga okushiwo yilabo abalwela ubukhona bohwebo lwezocansi eNingizimu Afrika, ukuqondwa kwalokho okungekho lula ukukuqonda okuphathelene vii nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi kanye nezingqinamba ezishiyana ngokwezigaba ezihambisana nophenyo lwalobu bugebengu. Ekujuleni kocwaningo kube khona ukuhlaziya okubanzi ngokuhlakaza izinhlelo zezinzululwazi okungekho lula ukuziqonda nokusetshenziswa kwazo kulokho okusemqoka okubonwe ngababambiqhaza. Kuhlongozwe ukuba kusetshenziswe isu elisheshayo, elishubile nelizosebenza ngempumelelo elihlukene izigaba eziningi ezibheka konke elizolwisana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Ukudingida kabanzi ngendlela 'ephelele' nengancike ndawo okumele ilandelwe uma kuphenywa nezobheka kokubili ukungabi lula kobugebengu okubhekenwe nabo kanye nokubonwa imihla ngemihla ngababambiqhaza abasiza ngokuthile ophenyweni olubheka okuningi okwahlukahlukene maqondana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi.
Criminology and Security Science

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"Long-Term Survivors of Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Survivor Voice and Survivency in the Decades after Exiting." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.55703.

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abstract: Anti-trafficking research recognizes several populations affected by Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CSE) in the United States (U.S.), yet it has not yet recognized long-term survivors, whose experiences of CSE occurred from the 1960s through the 2000s. Rendering long-term survivors invisible erases the history of CSE in the U.S. and prevents an accurate assessment of the true scope of CSE that it extends from infancy through adulthood. The most grievous CSE cultures target both boys and girls beginning at infancy and extending through early childhood. This project provides a foundation for understanding who long-term survivors are, the types of CSE they experienced, and their experiences of survivency in the decades after exiting. This study utilized interviews and surveys to collect data from 35 long-term survivors, regarding their experiences in the years past exiting. In addition, it also included a systematic analysis of 43 survivor-authors who have documented their experiences in 76 published writings. Findings show that long-term survivors display tenacity and resourcefulness in dealing with complex, intersecting issues. Their experiences of creating new, meaning-filled identities, reconnecting with humanity, and building a positive view of the world can help pave the way for a smoother road of restoration for younger survivors.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Justice Studies 2019

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Santos, Ana Cristina Lázaro dos. "Histórias da Prostituição: percursos de vida de mulheres acompanhadas pela Equipa de Intervenção Social ERGUE-TE." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/94876.

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Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Serviço Social apresentado à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
No presente relatório são descritas as atividades e a investigação desenvolvidas no âmbito do estágio curricular do Mestrado em Serviço Social inserido na Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra, realizado na Instituição Particular de Solidariedade Social ERGUE-TE.A ERGUE-TE é uma Equipa de Intervenção Social que tem como principal foco o apoio às pessoas em contexto de prostituição, em especial a mulher. Desta forma, a instituição apresenta um leque variado de vertentes que está ao dispor da pessoa, nomeadamente ao nível da saúde, ao nível social e ao nível jurídico. No que diz respeito às atividades concretizadas durante o estágio, estas incidiram na colaboração da implementação do plano de intervenção dos utentes, no encaminhamento e acompanhamento dos utentes para as respostas sociais existentes na comunidade, na realização de despiste de problemas de inadaptação social, no estabelecimento de redes de suporte à família e à comunidade, na participação das reuniões de Equipa, na orientação e participação nas ações de sensibilização/formação dirigidas aos utentes, na organização de processos dos utentes e elaboração dos registos de acompanhamento, na participação de reuniões externas com parceiros formais e informais, na realização de Equipas de rua a locais conotados com a prática da prostituição e na realização de visitas domiciliárias.No âmbito da investigação realizada, cujo objetivo principal foi analisar os percursos de vida de mulheres em contexto de prostituição, as metodologias passaram pela pesquisa bibliográfica, observação, descrição e pela recolha de dados utilizando como instrumentos o questionário e a entrevista em profundidade.
This report describes the activities and research carried out within the scope of the curricular internship for the Master in Social Work at the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Coimbra, held at the Private Institution of Social Solidarity ERGUE-TE.ERGUE-TE is a Social Intervention Team whose main focus is to support people in the context of prostitution, especially women. In this way, the institution has a wide range of aspects that are available to the person, namely in terms of health, social and legal levels.With regard to the activities carried out during the internship, these focused on the collaboration in the implementation of the users' intervention plan, in the referral and monitoring of users to the social responses existing in the community, in conducting screening for problems of social inadequacy, in the establishment support networks for the family and the community, participation in Team meetings, guidance and participation in awareness / training actions aimed at users, organization of user processes and preparation of follow-up records, participation in external meetings with formal and informal partners, in carrying out street teams to places connected with the practice of prostitution and in carrying out home visits.In the scope of the research carried out, whose main objective was to analyze the life paths of women in the context of prostitution, the methodologies included bibliographic research, observation, description and data collection using the questionnaire and in-depth interview as instruments.

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Rego, Verónica Isabel Maravilha. "A problemática do consentimento no crime de tráfico de pessoas para fins de exploração sexual." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90428.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Na presente dissertação, o objeto de estudo é a problemática do consentimento no crime de tráfico de pessoas para fins de exploração sexual. Num primeiro momento, procederemos a uma análise legislativa do crime de tráfico de pessoas no ordenamento jurídico português, debruçando-nos com mais afinco em aspetos que nos pareceram merecer mais atenção, como é o caso do conceito de aproveitamento de especial vulnerabilidade da vítima. O aproveitamento de situação de especial vulnerabilidade configura um dos meios típicos do crime de tráfico de pessoas e a subjetividade que está inerente a este conceito indeterminado, pode levar a uma má aplicação da lei. Por esse motivo, procuraremos adequá-lo da forma que consideramos a mais correta. Procuraremos também distinguir o crime de tráfico de pessoas, de outros crimes conexos, tais como o crime de auxílio à imigração ilegal e o crime de lenocínio, uma vez que a identificação errada do crime leva por vezes a um tratamento completamente diferente da vítima. Posteriormente, será objeto de crítica a opção pelo legislador português de considerar o consentimento da vítima de tráfico sempre irrelevante, pois como pretendemos demonstrar, o consentimento é muito relevante quer como indicador de vitimização, quer como um elemento diferenciador de condutas que podem ou não ser lesivas. Ao estabelecermos um contraponto com o crime de lenocínio simples (art.º 169º nº 1 do CP), perceberemos que existem divergências no que toca ao bem jurídico tutelado por este crime, em que uns consideram ser a liberdade sexual e outros valores essencialmente morais. Devido a estas divergências, surgem dúvidas quanto à constitucionalidade da norma jurídica, o que nos leva a repensar se as condutas do art.º 169º nº 1 do CP poderão continuar a ser inseridas no tipo legal de tráfico de pessoas para fins de exploração sexual.
In the present dissertation, the object of study is the issue of consent to the crime of trafficking in persons for purposes of sexual exploitation. At first, we will proceed to a legislative analysis of the crime of trafficking in persons in the Portuguese legal system, looking more closely at aspects that seem to merit more attention, such as the concept of exploiting the victim's special vulnerability. The exploitation of the special vulnerability configures one of the typical means of the crime of trafficking in persons and the subjectivity that is inherent to this indeterminate concept, may lead to a misapplication of the law. For this reason, we will seek to adapt it in the way we consider the most correct. We will also seek to distinguish between the crime of trafficking in human beings, from other related crimes, such as the people smuggling and the pimple crime, since misidentification of the crime sometimes leads to a completely different treatment of the victim. Subsequently, we will discuss the option of the Portuguese legislator to consider always irrelevant the consent of the victim of trafficking, because as we intend to demonstrate, consent is very relevant both as an indicator of victimization and as a differentiating element of conducts that may or may not be harmful. When we establish a counterpoint with the pimple crime (art. 169 º nº 1), we will realize that there are divergences regarding the legal good protected by this crime, which some consider to be sexual freedom and other values essentially moral. Due to these divergences, doubts arise regarding the constitutionality of the legal norm, which leads to rethinking whether the conducts of art. 169 º nº 1 could continue to be inserted in the legal type of trafficking in human beings for purposes of sexual exploitation.

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Keilová, Simona. "Důsledky legalizace prostituce ve Spolkové republice Německo." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353323.

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The goal of this master's thesis is to understand the link between legalization of prostitution and human trafficking. The thesis is divided into three major sections. The theoretical part defines major terms, such as human trafficking and prostitution. This section also describes the issue of human trafficking and prostitution in the context of the Czech Republic and in the context of Germany. The empirical part/section is based on interviews with a number of social workers in Germany, and its primary goal is to elicit whether legalization of prostitution in Germany caused an increase in the number of victims of human trafficking. Lastly, the final part, the discussion, compares findings of interviewed social workers with findings in scientific articles. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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DUCHÁČKOVÁ, Lucie. "Informovanost mládeže o obchodu s lidmi - prevence obchodu s lidmi na středním odborném učilišti a středních školách v Českých Budějovicích." Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-49014.

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The thesis deals with problems of trafficking in human beings, especially concerning prevention. The theoretical part characterizes forms of trafficking in human beings and their appearance in the Czech Republic. Further the impact of trafficking in human beings on the trafficked subjects and the specificity of social work in the sphere of trafficking in human beings are described. In the end of the theoretical part organizations engaged in prevention of trafficking in human beings in the Czech Republic are introduced. The aim of the diploma thesis was to map České Budějovice youth's knowledge of trafficking in human beings. The subaim of the diploma thesis was to prepare and carry out lectures on prevention of trafficking in human beings at secondary schools and secondary educational establishment and subsequently to map if studentś information about trafficking in human beings increases after the lectures. In the practical part this research used quantitative investigation, method of questioning, questionnaire technology. Youth's information about trafficking in human beings in České Budějovice was not better than the hypothesis, which arose pursuant to the results of the pilot research, assumed. By means of following questioning, which ran at intervals from 3 to 6 months after the lecture, it was found out, that students´ knowledge of trafficking in human beings increased however the partial hypothesis was not confirmed. The lecture on prevention of trafficking in human beings with special intention on working migration abroad and prevention of its risk, done by the author, is stated in the part Apendices.

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Alvim, Filipa. "“Só Muda a Moeda”: representações sobre tráfico de seres humanos e trabalho sexual em Portugal." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/7128.

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O tráfico de seres humanos (TSH) é representado como escravatura moderna, exploração, exclusão, discriminação e violência. Existe dentro de grupos sociais nas margens. Só atribuindo igualdade e cidadania às margens é possível eliminar a exploração. A prostituta encontra-se nas margens. Mas é o ser mais consequente e perfeito do capitalismo: maximiza os recursos a troco de rendimento. O glamour do trabalho sexual é um falso glamour. O trabalho é árduo, jamais “fácil”, mesmo que o dinheiro seja adquirido de forma rápida. A marginalidade gera exclusão e empurra “os marginais” cada vez mais para a clandestinidade e o silenciamento. A única forma de chegar ao tráfico é trabalhar com as populações onde se encontram as suas vítimas. Estas populações são “escondidas” ou de “difícil acesso”: prostitutas e/ou imigrantes, a maioria em situação irregular. Compreendendo a realidade global, o crime de tráfico de pessoas, tal como definido pelo Protocolo relativo à prevenção, repressão e punição do tráfico de pessoas, em especial de Mulheres e Crianças, mais conhecido como o Protocolo de Palermo (2000) da ONU, torna-se uma forma cuidada dos Estados Europeus e Ocidentais escamotearem a verdadeira dimensão do problema, que passa incontornavelmente pela necessidade de as pessoas que estão fora dessas fronteiras migrarem para o seu interior e, por outro lado, pela necessidade laboral migrante intrafronteiras. O tráfico de pessoas é um crime hediondo, mas é apenas uma das dimensões dos maiores problemas em que está inserido: a globalização, a imigração, o género, os direitos de todos os migrantes em geral, e das pessoas trabalhadoras do sexo em particular
Trafficking in Human Beings (THB) is represented as modern slavery, exploitation, exclusion, discrimination and violence. It exists within social groups at the margins. Only assigning equal rights and citizenship to the margins can eliminate exploitation. The prostitute is in the margins. But it is the most consistent and perfect capitalism being: maximizes resources in exchange for income. The glamor of sex work is a false glamor. The work is hard, never “easy”, even if the money is acquired quickly. The exclusion and marginalization pushes “marginal” increasingly to underground and silence. The only way to get to the traffic is to work with the populations where they are its victims. These populations are “hidden” or “inaccessible”: prostitutes and/or immigrants, mostly undocumented. By understanding the global reality, the crime of trafficking in persons, as defined by the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, better known as the Palermo Protocol (2000) of the UN, becomes a careful form of European and Western States to dodge the true scale of the problem, which unavoidably passes through the need of people who fall outside these boundaries to migrate to it´s interior on one hand and, on the other hand, the need of migrant labor within these frontiers. Human trafficking is a hideous crime, but it is just one dimension of the biggest problems in which it appears: globalization, immigration, gender, the rights of all migrants in general, and of sex workers in particular.

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Williams, Véronique. "La lutte contre la traite des personnes à des fins d'exploitation sexuelle au Canada: une étude à la lumière du droit international." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22859.

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Rogado, Mariana Carvalho. "O Outro lado das Migrações - Tráfico e exploração de mulheres : O caso Português." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/58108.

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Trafficking in human beings is an age-old phenomenon that has taken hold since the 1990s, prompting the United Nations to adopt a Protocol to prevent, combat, and punish it in 2000. According to UNODC estimates, trafficking in human beings is the third most profitable business on the world scale following drug and arms trafficking. This is a crime that is difficult to detect and reaches the most vulnerable sections of society. Most of the victims are women and children, being trafficked for forced labor and sexual exploitation. Trafficking for sexual exploitation is more prevalent in Europe, Central Asia and the Americas. Combined with prostitution, sexual exploitation constitutes a serious crime against human dignity. Within the activity it is difficult to see which women do it voluntarily and those who act under duress. In Portugal, the O Ninho Association seeks to know the environment and help women in situations of prostitution, whether voluntary or involuntary. Located in Lisbon, the institution offers psychological support, workshops to work and a home where they can live and eat. These services are essential to prepare women for a "normal" life, that is, it is a training for integration in society and in the labor market. In addition to these services, both the prostitutional intervention team and the call center act directly in the places where the women are. The present report is the result of the internship held at the O Ninho Association to study the phenomenon of trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in Portugal: This stage allowed to know the prostitution in the region of Lisbon the main nationalities in the streets and apartments, to identify the routes of tracing the profile of the victims and knowing the work developed by the institution.
O tráfico de seres humanos é um fenómeno antigo que ganhou expressão a partir dos anos 90 do século XX, o que levou as Nações Unidas a adotar em 2000 um Protocolo para o prevenir, combater e punir. Segundo estimativas da UNODC (2016), o tráfico de seres humanos representa o terceiro negócio mais rentável à escala mundial, a seguir ao tráfico de droga e de armas. Este é um crime difícil de detetar e que atinge as camadas mais vulneráveis da sociedade. A maior parte das vítimas são mulheres e crianças, sendo traficadas para trabalho forçado e exploração sexual. O tráfico para exploração sexual é mais frequente na Europa, Ásia Central e Américas. Aliada à prostituição, a exploração sexual constitui um grave crime contra a dignidade humana. Dentro da atividade é difícil perceber quais as mulheres que o fazem voluntariamente e as que agem sob coação. Em Portugal, a Associação O Ninho procura conhecer o meio e ajudar mulheres em situações de prostituição, voluntária ou involuntária. Localizada em Lisboa, a instituição oferece apoio psicológico, oficinas de treino ao trabalho e um lar onde podem habitar e fazer as refeições. Estes serviços são fundamentais para preparar as mulheres para uma vida “normal”, ou seja, é um treino para a integração na sociedade e no mercado de trabalho. Para além destes serviços, tanto a equipa de intervenção em meio prostitucional como o centro de atendimento atuam diretamente nos locais onde estão as mulheres. O presente relatório resulta do estágio realizado na Associação O Ninho com o objetivo de estudar o fenómeno do tráfico de mulheres para exploração sexual em Portugal: Este estágio permitiu conhecer o meio prostitucional na região de Lisboa as principais nacionalidades nas ruas e apartamentos, identificar as rotas de tráfico, traçar o perfil das vítimas e conhecer o trabalho desenvolvido pela instituição.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prostitution ; human trafficking ; Cyprus'

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