Journal articles: 'Proteaceae – South Africa'

1

Rouke, J. P. "PROTEACEAE." Bothalia 35, no. 1 (2005): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v35i1.370.

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Taylor, J. E., P. W. Crous, and M. J. Wingfield. "Batcheloromyces species occurring on Proteaceae in South Africa." Mycological Research 103, no. 11 (1999): 1478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756299008746.

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Cowling, Richard M., and Byron B. Lamont. "On the Nature of Gondwanan Species Flocks: Diversity of Proteaceae in Mediterranean South-western Australia and South Africa." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 4 (1998): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97040.

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The Proteaceae, a Gondwanan family, are richly represented in South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region (CFR) (331 species, 14 genera) and Australia’s South West Botanical Province (SWBP) (682 species, 16 genera). Both of these regions have mediterranean-type climates, infertile soils, similar geomorphic and climatic histories, and show strong convergences in plant form and function. There are many similarities in the patterns and ecological correlates of diversity in the CFR and SWBP Proteaceae. First, both floras are overwhelmingly endemic, with many large genera and correspondingly high species to genus ratios, indicating massive in situ diversification (species flocks). Second, on both continents, high habitat (mainly edaphic) specialisation leads to similar levels of beta diversity. Third, most species are non-sprouters (i.e. killed by fire) and of intermediate size. There are, however, several divergences in these patterns and correlates. First, in the SWBP, Proteaceae invariably emerge as one of the largest families in florulas, whereas they occupy a much lower rank in the CFR. Second, species numbers in the SWBP peak in landscapes having intermediate levels of annual rainfall, whereas CFR Proteaceae diversity peaks in the wettest areas. Third, local diversity is higher in the SWBP where Proteaceae have exploited a wider array of temporal and spatial habitats than in the CFR. Fourth, despite lower environmental heterogeneity in the SWBP, gamma (geographical) diversity is higher there. Fifth, as a result of higher local and gamma diversity, regional richness in the SWBP is more than double that of the CFR. Finally, sprouting, serotiny, bird-pollination and tall stature are proportionally more important traits in the SWBP than the CFR where most species are low, non-sprouting, myrmecochorous, insect-pollinated shrubs. Subtle differences in the historical and contemporary climates of the two regions have resulted in different processes leading to the origin of these species flocks. In the CFR, milder conditions have favoured non-sprouters (short generation times): species have accumulated largely as a result of lineage turnover. Harsher conditions in the SWBP have favoured sprouters: here species have accumulated as a result of both persistence and turnover.

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Prance, Ghillean T., and Vanessa Plana. "The American Proteaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97023.

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The American Proteaceae are outliers from the main centres of diversity of the family in Australia and South Africa. There are about 83 species in eight genera which all belong to the monophyletic subfamily Grevilleoideae. Three genera, Embothrium, Oreocallis and Lomatia, are placed in the tribe Embothrieae (sensu Johnson and Briggs), four Euplassa, Gevuina, Panopsis and Roupala in the Macadamieae and the single genus Orites in the Oriteae. There are five genera endemic to America and three also have species in Australia and New Guinea (Gevuina, Lomatia and Orites). The Proteaceae appear to have arrived in South America via two routes. The larger genera Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala, which are all endemic to America and have a general distribution in northern South America and south-eastern Brazil, are derived from Gondwanaland before it separated from South America. The remaining genera are distributed either in temperate South America or in the high Andes and appear to have arrived more recently via the Australia–Antarctica–South American connection. Three of these genera have species in both regions. The centres of species diversity of Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala fall outside hypothesised forest refugia, indicating that they are not true rainforest species but species of seasonal habitats like those achieved at higher altitudes where they are commonly found. Two genera,Panopsis and Roupala, have reached Central America after the central American land bridge was formed six million years ago. The exact relationship to genera on other continents is still unclear and there is a need for a cladistic biogeographic analysis of the group based on both morphological and molecular data.

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Kluge, R. L., and S. Neser. "Biological control of Hakea sericea (Proteaceae) in South Africa." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 37, no. 1-3 (1991): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(91)90141-j.

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PYE, DANIEL R. L. "A new species of eriophyoid mite (Acari: Eriophyoidea: Eriophyidae) on Leucadendron argenteum (L.) R. Br. from South Africa." Zootaxa 3085, no. 1 (2011): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3085.1.5.

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A new vagrant eriophyoid mite species, collected from plant material imported into the United Kingdom, is described and illustrated: Aceria argentae n. sp. found on Leucadendron argenteum (L.) R. Br. (Proteaceae) from South Africa. A review of the eriophyoid mite species known from plants in the Proteaceae is also provided and recent findings of non-native eriophyoid mites in the United Kingdom are discussed.

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Littlejohn, G. M., I. D. van der Walt, G. C. van der Berg, W. G. de Waal, and G. Brits. "âMARKETABLE PRODUCTâ APPROACH TO BREEDING PROTEACEAE IN SOUTH AFRICA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 387 (June 1995): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.387.20.

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Bieleski, R. L., and B. G. Briggs. "Taxonomic patterns in the distribution of polyols within the Proteaceae." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 3 (2005): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04098.

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More than 120 leaf samples from 82 species of Proteaceae, representative of floras in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and South America, were studied for sugar composition. Generally, sucrose was dominant, with one or another polyol being second in importance. Presence of polygalatol (1,5-anhydrosorbitol), bornesitol (O-methyl-myo-inositol) and quebrachitol (O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol) was confirmed, pinitol (O-methyl-L-chiro-inositol) was identified and high levels of myo-inositol were sometimes encountered. Only four species, including Placospermum lacked any polyol other than inositol. High concentrations of polygalatol were characteristic of two South African genera, Protea and Faurea. Pinitol was characteristic of three genera in the Persoonieae and was also found in Petrophile (Australian) and Aulax (African). Most other genera were characterised by bornesitol alone, or by quebrachitol plus smaller amounts of bornesitol and inositol. Other unidentified compounds in the sugar fraction (possibly inositol isomers and glycosides) have potential to provide additional information on relationships. With only two exceptions, the pattern was consistent within a genus as currently defined; however, there was only partial concordance between the polyols and the phylogenetic relationships of genera. The findings support relatively close affinity between Buckinghamia and Grevillea, and between Aulax and Petrophile, as concluded from DNA sequencing. We suggest that the ability to produce the various inositol-based polyols in Proteaceae evolved early in the evolution of this ancient family, and has been retained in a wide range of habitats. Polygalatol has to be synthesised through a different biochemical pathway, which appears to have evolved later.

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O'Brien, C. J., and H. B. Hettasch. "PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION OF PROTEACEAE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND SOUTH AFRICA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1097 (September 2015): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1097.16.

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10

Coetzee, M. P. A., B. D. Wingfield, J. Roux, P. W. Crous, S. Denman, and M. J. Wingfield. "Discovery of two northern hemisphere Armillaria species on Proteaceae in South Africa." Plant Pathology 52, no. 5 (2003): 604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00879.x.

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11

Dyer, C., and D. M. Richardson. "Population genetics of the invasive Australian shrub Hakea sericea (Proteaceae) in South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 58, no. 2 (1992): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(16)30881-x.

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12

Wright, Mark G., and Michael J. Samways. "Biogeography and species richness of endophagous insects associated with Proteaceae in South Africa." African Journal of Ecology 38, no. 1 (2000): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2000.00210.x.

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13

Rourke, J. P., V. R. Clark, and N. P. Barker. "Faurea recondita (Proteaceae): A new species from the Sneeuberg Centre of Endemism, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 87 (July 2013): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.03.009.

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14

Gordon, A. J., and A. Fourie. "Biological Control ofHakea sericeaSchrad. & J.C.Wendl. andHakea gibbosa(Sm.) Cav. (Proteaceae) in South Africa." African Entomology 19, no. 2 (2011): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0205.

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15

Richardson, D. M., B. W. Van Wilgen, and D. T. Mitchell. "Aspects of the reproductive ecology of four australian Hakea species (Proteaceae) in South Africa." Oecologia 71, no. 3 (1987): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00378706.

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16

Moodley, Desika, Sjirk Geerts, Tony Rebelo, David M. Richardson, and John R. U. Wilson. "Site-specific conditions influence plant naturalization: The case of alien Proteaceae in South Africa." Acta Oecologica 59 (August 2014): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2014.05.005.

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17

Rourke, J. P. "A review of the systematics and phylogeny of the African Proteaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97027.

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In Africa the Proteaceae are represented by 16 genera of which two (Dilobeia Thouars. and Malagasia L.Johnson and B.Briggs) are endemic to Madagascar and one (Faurea Harv.) is common to both Madagascar and Africa where it is widespread in forest and savannah woodland from the southern Cape to Eritrea. The remaining 13 genera are Cape-centred (10 are endemic to the western Cape) and with the exception of the monotypic riverine Brabejum L. (Grevilleoideae), are confined to fynbos (heathland) communities on oligotrophic soils. These 12 Cape heathland genera currently assigned to two subtribes (Proteinae and Aulacinae) within the subfamily Proteoideae have all been recently revised or are in the final stages of revision. Preliminary cladistic studies now suggest that they could be arranged in several new subtribes within the subfamily Proteoideae to reflect more accurately their phylogenetic relationships. Using morphological characters in a cladistic analysis, the South African Proteoideae (tribe Proteeae) resolve into two broad groups; Aulax Berg., Faurea Harv. and Protea L. form a weakly supported group while the second, large, well-supported group resolves into two clades in which the heterogeneous Leucadendron R.Br. stands apart while the other clade underpinned by Vexatorella Rourke resolves into two further groups, the ‘Leucospermum group’ and the ‘Serruria group’. The dioecious genera Leucadendron and Aulax previously united in the subtribe Aulacinae have been shown to differ markedly and should probably be placed in separate subtribes. Selection pressure, especially from fire and pollinators, has resulted in major morphological modifications in the 12 fynbos genera from the western Cape.

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18

Bourgoin, Th, and I. Pajor. "A new Hilda species (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Tettigometridae) onProtea sp. (Proteaceae) from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 47, no. 1 (2000): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470104.

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19

Davies, Gregory B. P., Raymond M. Miller, and Burgert S. Muller. "A New Genus of Lauxaniid Fly from South Africa (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lauxaniidae), Associated with Proteas (Proteaceae)." African Invertebrates 53, no. 2 (2012): 615–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5733/afin.053.0201.

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20

Steenhuisen, Sandy-Lynn, Alice Balmer, Kim Zoeller, et al. "Carnivorous mammals feed on nectar ofProteaspecies (Proteaceae) in South Africa and likely contribute to their pollination." African Journal of Ecology 53, no. 4 (2015): 602–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.12225.

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21

RICHARDSON, D. M., and P. T. MANDERS. "Predicting pathogen-induced mortality in Hakea sericea (Proteaceae), an aggressive alien plant invader in South Africa." Annals of Applied Biology 106, no. 2 (1985): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1985.tb03114.x.

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22

Hawkins, Heidi-J., Hans Hettasch, Adam G. West, and Michael D. Cramer. "Hydraulic redistribution by Protea 'Sylvia' (Proteaceae) facilitates soil water replenishment and water acquisition by an understorey grass and shrub." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 8 (2009): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09046.

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Proteaceae of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, transpire throughout the summer drought, implying access to deep water. Hydraulic redistribution by Protea ‘Sylvia’ [P. susannae E. Phillips × P. exima (Salisb. Ex Knight) Fource; Proteaceae] was investigated in overnight pot and field experiments, where it was hypothesised that (1) Proteaceae replenish water in upper soil layers, (2) hydraulic redistribution facilitates nutrient uptake and (3) shallow-rooted understorey plants ‘parasitise’ water from proteas. Potted Sylvias redistributed ~17% of the tritiated water supplied, equating to 34 ± 1.2 mL plant−1. Shallow-rooted Cyanodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae), plants growing in the same pots as Sylvia contained amounts of labelled water similar to those found in Sylvia, indicting water parasitism. In the field, Sylvia plants growing in aeolian sands took up the deuterated water applied at 1.2 m depth as indicated by increased δ2H of plant xylem water from –38 ± 0.8 to 334 ± 157‰. This deuterated water was then redistributed to the upper soil layer (0.2 and 0.4 m), as indicated by increased δ2H of soil water from –24.5 ± 0.7 to –8.0 ± 3.0‰ and soil moisture from 0.48 to 0.89%. Lithium, as a K-analogue, was taken up equally by plants watered with deep water and those not watered, probably since both had access to naturally-occurring deep water. Water in stems of the shallow-rooted understorey shrub, Leysera gnaphalodes (L.) L. (Asteraceae) had similar δ2H values to stems of Sylvia (P = 0.939), again indicating water parasitism was tightly coupled to the protea. We conclude that hydraulic redistribution by Proteaceae plays an important role in soil water replenishment, water supply to shallow-rooted plants, and, thus, ecosystem structure and function during the summer drought of the Cape Floristic Region.

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SHANE, MICHAEL W., MICHAEL D. CRAMER, and HANS LAMBERS. "Root of edaphically controlled Proteaceae turnover on the Agulhas Plain, South Africa: phosphate uptake regulation and growth." Plant, Cell & Environment 31, no. 12 (2008): 1825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01889.x.

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24

Smith, L., and A. J. Gordon. "A Need for an Additional Biological Control Agent onHakea sericeaSchrad. & J.C. Wendl. (Proteaceae) in South Africa." African Entomology 17, no. 2 (2009): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4001/003.017.0210.

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Tansley, S. A. "The status of threatened proteaceae in the Cape Flora, South Africa, and the implications for their conservation." Biological Conservation 43, no. 3 (1988): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(88)90115-2.

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Qongqo, A., S. Geerts, and F. Nchu. "The role of phytopathogenic fungi in limiting plant invasions: The case of Australian Banksia (Proteaceae) in South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 109 (March 2017): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.01.163.

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Gordon, A. J., and C. L. Lyons. "Current Status ofCarposina autologa(Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), a Biological Control Agent of Silky Hakea,Hakea sericea(Proteaceae) and Rock Hakea,Hakea gibbosa(Proteaceae) in the Western Cape, South Africa." African Entomology 25, no. 1 (2017): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4001/003.025.0250.

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Carlson, Jane E., Kent E. Holsinger, and Rachel Prunier. "PLANT RESPONSES TO CLIMATE IN THE CAPE FLORISTIC REGION OF SOUTH AFRICA: EVIDENCE FOR ADAPTIVE DIFFERENTIATION IN THE PROTEACEAE." Evolution 65, no. 1 (2010): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01131.x.

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29

Schoeman, P. S., and I. M. Millar. "First Report ofEriococcus ironsideiWilliams (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae) on Macadamia (Macadamia integrifoliaMaiden & Betche andMacadamia tetraphyllaJohnson: Proteaceae) in South Africa." African Entomology 26, no. 1 (2018): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4001/003.026.0247.

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30

Privett, S. D. J., R. M. Cowling, and H. C. Taylor. "Thirty years of change in the fynbos vegetation of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, South Africa." Bothalia 31, no. 1 (2001): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v31i1.509.

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This study used permanently marked 50 m: sites, surveyed at a 30 year interval, to provide a descriptive account of the temporal change in the fynbos vegetation of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve. South Africa. Management records were used to examine the role of post-fire age. fire frequency and intensity, as well as biotic interactions (competition from overstorey proteoids and alien plants) in influencing vegetation composition over this time period. The mean similarity in species composition of sites between surveys was 62%, indicating an average of nearly 40% turnover in species over the 30 year period. The main causes of this change included differences resulting from different stages in the post-fire succession as well as the impact of differential fire regimes (especially frequency effects). Competition from serotinous Proteaceae. which proved highly mobile after fire, as well as invasive Australian acacias also impacted on the composition of the vegetation over time. The study demonstrated that fynbos communities are temporally dynamic and that the changes over time in species composition are caused by a variety of processes. The study also provided evidence for the role of temporal diversity in contributing to the high species diversity in fynbos systems.

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31

de Vega, Clara, Beatriz Guzmán, Marc-André Lachance, Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen, Steven D. Johnson, and Carlos M. Herrera. "Metschnikowia proteae sp. nov., a nectarivorous insect-associated yeast species from Africa." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 62, Pt_10 (2012): 2538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.040790-0.

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A collection of yeasts isolated from nectar of flowers of Protea caffra (Proteaceae) and associated scarab beetles (Atrichelaphinis tigrina, Cyrtothyrea marginalis, Trichostetha fascicularis and Heterochelus sp.) and drosophilid flies in South Africa, contained 28 isolates that could not be assigned to known species. Comparisons of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene demonstrated the existence of three separate phylotypes with an affinity to the genus Metschnikowia and more specifically to the beetle-associated large-spored Metschnikowia clade. Twenty-six strains that had similar D1/D2 sequences were mixed in all pairwise combinations. They were found to mate and give rise to large asci typical of those in the clade. The name Metschnikowia proteae sp. nov. (type strain EBDT1Y1T = CBS 12522T = NRRL Y-48784T; allotype strain EBDC2Y2 = CBS 12521 = NRRL Y-48785) is proposed to accommodate this novel species. The ecology of this novel yeast species is discussed in relation to its potential plant and insect host species. The additional two single strains isolated from Heterochelus sp. represent two novel undescribed species (Candida sp. 1 EBDM2Y3 and Candida sp. 2 EBDM8Y1). As these single strains are probably haploid mating types of Metschnikowia species, their description is deferred until the species are sufficiently well sampled to permit meaningful descriptions.

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Neumann, F. H., L. Scott, and M. K. Bamford. "Climate change and human disturbance of fynbos vegetation during the late Holocene at Princess Vlei, Western Cape, South Africa." Holocene 21, no. 7 (2011): 1137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611400461.

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Pollen analysis of a core in Princess Vlei in the Fynbos Biome near Cape Town gives a 4150 year record of vegetation and climate changes followed by disturbance by colonial settlers since c. 300 years ago. Their impact replaced climate as a major factor in changing the vegetation. The chronology is based on eight radiocarbon dates. Pollen types such as Restionaceae, Ericaceae, and Proteaceae reflect changes in fynbos. Pollen indicators at the bottom of the core suggest drier conditions followed by an increase in Morella, Cyperaceae and Carpacoce pollen, which might indicate moist conditions c. 3400–2600 cal. yr BP. Drier conditions prevail c. 2600–1900 cal. yr BP. Apparent light disturbance after c. 2000 cal. yr BP might be attributed to Khoi herders. Deeper water and damp surroundings are indicated c. 1900–1000 cal. yr BP. The top of the core shows an increase of Poaceae while Restionaceae decrease with anthropogenic disturbance, including the introduction of neophytes such as Pinus ( c. 300 years ago) and Zea mays. Charcoal percentages point to intense fires after the arrival of the Europeans. Water between 105 and 75 cm indicates the development of a floating mat resulting from changes in the hydrological system possibly connected to disturbances by settlers.

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Laubscher, C. P., R. R. Koehorst, and P. A. Ndakidemi. "A REVIEW: FARMER'S PERCEPTIONS ON ENDANGERED PROTEACEAE SPECIES OF THE AGULHAS PLAIN, SOUTH AFRICA AND THE POTENTIAL FOR THEIR PROPAGATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 937 (September 2012): 783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.937.96.

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HEELEMANN, STEFFEN, ŞERBAN PROCHEŞ, ANTHONY G. REBELO, BRIAN W. van WILGEN, STEFAN POREMBSKI, and RICHARD M. COWLING. "Fire season effects on the recruitment of non-sprouting serotinous Proteaceae in the eastern (bimodal rainfall) fynbos biome, South Africa." Austral Ecology 33, no. 2 (2008): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01797.x.

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35

Skelton, Robert P., Adam G. West, Todd E. Dawson, and Jenny M. Leonard. "External heat-pulse method allows comparative sapflow measurements in diverse functional types in a Mediterranean-type shrubland in South Africa." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 10 (2013): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12379.

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There has been limited application of sapflow technology to small-stemmed species and across co-existing functional types, restricting its use in diverse floras such as the Mediterranean-type shrubland in South Africa. Our main objective was to test whether sapflow may provide an alternative to traditional gas-exchange measurements, which would permit comparative evaluation of transpiration at a previously unattained temporal resolution. We tested miniature external heat ratio method (HRM) sapflow gauges on three co-occurring functional types with contrasting stem or culm anatomies and examined the relationship between sapflow and shoot- and leaf-level water loss in both a controlled and field environment. Our sapflow gauges captured dynamic patterns of transpiration in both settings for all three functional types. In a controlled environment the relationship between sapflow and transpiration was linear in all three species with r2 values ranging from 0.78 for Cannomois congesta Mast. (Restionaceae) to 0.96 for Protea repens (L.) L. (Proteaceae) and Erica monsoniana L.f. (Ericaceae). In the field, r2 values were lower, ranging from 0.59 for C. congesta to 0.74 for P. repens. We discuss the efficacy and potential of this methodology to cast light on patterns of community ecology in functionally diverse shrublands by capturing continuous variation in transpiration.

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Pyke, Christopher R., Sandy J. Andelman, and Guy Midgley. "Identifying priority areas for bioclimatic representation under climate change: a case study for Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa." Biological Conservation 125, no. 1 (2005): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.08.004.

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Mustart, P. J., and R. M. Cowling. "Effects of soil and seed characteristics on seed germination and their possible roles in determining field emergence patterns of four Agulhas Plain (South Africa) Proteaceae." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 10 (1993): 1363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-162.

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Seedling emergence patterns of Protea susannae, Leucadendron coniferum, Protea obtusifolia, and Leucadendron meridianum were investigated in the field. Possible factors contributing to these patterns were investigated in laboratory experiments. In the field all species had less complete, more intermittent emergence in colluvial sands (poorer water-retention properties) than in the adjacent limestone (greater water retention) soil type. Protea susannae had the highest emergence percentage in both soils. In the colluvial sands both Protea spp. showed less scattered emergence than the Leucadendron spp. In the laboratory, imbibed seeds of all species lost less water after a drying treatment when planted in limestone soil than in colluvial sands, indicating that the former soil acts as a better buffer. Protea susannae showed superior ability to imbibe, and to retain water after drying, in both soils. These results corroborated the field emergence patterns. Imbibed seeds of each of the Protea spp. (higher pericarp to embryo ratios) retained more water than the Leucadendron spp. (lower ratios) after subsequent drying in air, suggesting that the thicker pericarps help minimise water loss. Germination success following wetting–drying cycles (on filter paper in Petri dishes) led to higher percent germination of P. susannae than L. coniferum seeds, further helping explain the field emergence patterns. Key words: field seedling emergence, germination ecology, seed morphology, seed wetting–drying, soil moisture properties, South African fynbos Proteaceae.

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Bomhard, Bastian, David M. Richardson, John S. Donaldson, et al. "Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa." Global Change Biology 11, no. 9 (2005): 1452–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00997.x.

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Pagel, Jörn, Martina Treurnicht, William J. Bond, et al. "Mismatches between demographic niches and geographic distributions are strongest in poorly dispersed and highly persistent plant species." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 7 (2020): 3663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908684117.

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The ecological niche of a species describes the variation in population growth rates along environmental gradients that drives geographic range dynamics. Niches are thus central for understanding and forecasting species’ geographic distributions. However, theory predicts that migration limitation, source–sink dynamics, and time-lagged local extinction can cause mismatches between niches and geographic distributions. It is still unclear how relevant these niche–distribution mismatches are for biodiversity dynamics and how they depend on species life-history traits. This is mainly due to a lack of the comprehensive, range-wide demographic data needed to directly infer ecological niches for multiple species. Here we quantify niches from extensive demographic measurements along environmental gradients across the geographic ranges of 26 plant species (Proteaceae; South Africa). We then test whether life history explains variation in species’ niches and niche–distribution mismatches. Niches are generally wider for species with high seed dispersal or persistence abilities. Life-history traits also explain the considerable interspecific variation in niche–distribution mismatches: poorer dispersers are absent from larger parts of their potential geographic ranges, whereas species with higher persistence ability more frequently occupy environments outside their ecological niche. Our study thus identifies major demographic and functional determinants of species’ niches and geographic distributions. It highlights that the inference of ecological niches from geographical distributions is most problematic for poorly dispersed and highly persistent species. We conclude that the direct quantification of ecological niches from demographic responses to environmental variation is a crucial step toward a better predictive understanding of biodiversity dynamics under environmental change.

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Kraaij, Tineke, Richard M. Cowling, Brian W. van Wilgen, Diba R. Rikhotso, and Mark Difford. "Vegetation responses to season of fire in an aseasonal, fire-prone fynbos shrubland." PeerJ 5 (August 10, 2017): e3591. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3591.

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Season of fire has marked effects on floristic composition in fire-prone Mediterranean-climate shrublands. In these winter-rainfall systems, summer-autumn fires lead to optimal recruitment of overstorey proteoid shrubs (non-sprouting, slow-maturing, serotinous Proteaceae) which are important to the conservation of floral diversity. We explored whether fire season has similar effects on early establishment of five proteoid species in the eastern coastal part of the Cape Floral Kingdom (South Africa) where rainfall occurs year-round and where weather conducive to fire and the actual incidence of fire are largely aseasonal. We surveyed recruitment success (ratio of post-fire recruits to pre-fire parents) of proteoids after fires in different seasons. We also planted proteoid seeds into exclosures, designed to prevent predation by small mammals and birds, in cleared (intended to simulate fire) fynbos shrublands at different sites in each of four seasons and monitored their germination and survival to one year post-planting (hereafter termed ‘recruitment’). Factors (in decreasing order of importance) affecting recruitment success in the post-fire surveys were species, pre-fire parent density, post-fire age of the vegetation at the time of assessment, and fire season, whereas rainfall (for six months post-fire) and fire return interval (>7 years) had little effect. In the seed-planting experiment, germination occurred during the cooler months and mostly within two months of planting, except for summer-plantings, which took 2–3 months longer to germinate. Although recruitment success differed significantly among planting seasons, sites and species, significant interactions occurred among the experimental factors. In both the post-fire surveys and seed planting experiment, recruitment success in relation to fire- or planting season varied greatly within and among species and sites. Results of these two datasets were furthermore inconsistent, suggesting that proteoid recruitment responses are not related to the season of fire. Germination appeared less rainfall-dependent than in winter-rainfall shrublands, suggesting that summer drought-avoiding dormancy is limited and has less influence on variation in recruitment success among fire seasons. The varied response of proteoid recruitment to fire season (or its simulation) implies that burning does not have to be restricted to particular seasons in eastern coastal fynbos, affording more flexibility for fire management than in shrublands associated with winter rainfall.

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Daru, B. H. "Analysis of climate change on flowering phenology of South African Protea (Proteaceae)." South African Journal of Botany 98 (May 2015): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.03.031.

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Nicolson, Susan W., and Ben-Erik Van Wyk. "Nectar Sugars in Proteaceae: Patterns and Processes." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 4 (1998): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97039.

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The nectar sugar composition is presented for 147 species from 16 genera of South African and Australian Proteaceae. Patterns associated with flower age, different plants and populations, plant phylogeny and pollination have been examined. In addition to the usual three nectar sugars (sucrose, fructose and glucose), the nectar of Protea and Faurea contains the pentose sugar xylose at concentrations of up to 39% of total sugar. Xylose has not previously been reported from floral nectar and is absent from the nectar of Adenanthos, Banksia, Brabejum, Dryandra, Grevillea, Hakea, Lambertia, Leucospermum, Macadamia, Mimetes, Orothamnus, Paranomus, Stenocarpus and Telopea. Most genera and species have hexose-dominant nectar, but within the large genera Banksia, Grevillea, Leucospermum and Protea some of the seemingly more derived species have sucrose-dominant nectar. This interesting dichotomy of low versus high sucrose is of diagnostic value at the species level and indicative of phylogenetic relationships within the larger genera. At the generic level, the presence of xylose is a convincing synapomorphy for Protea and Faurea. Studies of physiological processes (e.g. enzyme activities) and ecological processes (e.g. pollination) may help to explain some of the conservative and taxonomically interesting nectar sugar patterns.

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Hoot, Sara B., and Andrew W. Douglas. "Phylogeny of the Proteaceae based on atpB and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer region sequences." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb98027.

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Parsimony analyses were conducted for 46 genera representing all subfamilies and tribes within Proteaceae using two chloroplast sequences: the gene atpB and the noncoding spacer region between atpB and rbcL. The spacer region was more variable than atpB and provided insertion and deletion data as well as nucleotide substitutions. The atpB and spacer region data sets were highly congruent (as indicated by the partition homogeneity test) and were analysed separately and combined. Both unweighted and weighted character states (3 : 1 correction for transition bias) for the atpB data resulted in very similar strict consensus trees. In addition, the large subfamilies Proteoideae and Grevilleoideae were analysed separately, using appropriate outgroups determined by the analyses with complete sampling. The results from the combination of data were better resolved and supported than the results from each separate data set, although the Grevilleoideae were highly unresolved in all analyses. Most subfamilies in the Proteaceae were essentially monophyletic, but most tribes and subtribes were not. Bellendena is weakly supported as the sister group to all remaining members of the Proteaceae. Monotypic Eidotheoideae is well supported as a member of Proteoideae. Carnarvonioideae and Sphalmioideae are strongly supported as closely allied to the Grevilleoideae, but their positions in relation to this subfamily are unresolved. Other unusual alliances supported by our molecular data are: Isopogon–Adenanthos–Leucadendron–Protea, Petrophile–Aulax, Cardwellia–Euplassa–Gevuina, and Opisthiolepis–Buckinghamia–Grevillea. The tree resulting from the combined data showed limited congruence with morphological characters (flower pairs, stylar pollen presentation, and ovule number). Congruence with chromosome number was minimal, but our tree does support previous hypotheses of multiple aneuploidy and chromosome doubling events. The African and South American genera included in our analysis are dispersed among various clades with taxa from Australia and Asia, suggesting a former Gondwanian distribution for Proteaceae.

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Sarmento Cabral, Juliano, Florian Jeltsch, Wilfried Thuiller, et al. "Impacts of past habitat loss and future climate change on the range dynamics of South African Proteaceae." Diversity and Distributions 19, no. 4 (2012): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12011.

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Newton, Rosemary J., Berin D. E. Mackenzie, Byron B. Lamont, Pablo Gomez-Barreiro, Richard M. Cowling, and Tianhua He. "Fire-mediated germination syndromes in Leucadendron (Proteaceae) and their functional correlates." Oecologia 196, no. 2 (2021): 589–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04947-2.

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AbstractA mechanistic understanding of fire-driven seedling recruitment is essential for effective conservation management of fire-prone vegetation, such as South African fynbos, especially with rare and threatened taxa. The genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae) is an ideal candidate for comparative germination studies, comprising 85 species with a mixture of contrasting life-history traits (killed by fire vs able to resprout; serotinous vs geosporous) and seed morphologies (nutlets vs winged achenes). Individual and combined effects of heat and smoke on seed germination of 40 species were quantified in the laboratory, and Bayesian inference applied to distinguish biologically meaningful treatment effects from non-zero, but biologically trivial, effects. Three germination syndromes were identified based on whether germination was dependent on, enhanced by, or independent of direct fire cues (heat and smoke). Seed storage location was the most reliable predictor of germination syndromes, with soil-stored seeds c. 80% more likely to respond to direct fire cues (primarily smoke) than canopy-stored seeds. Notable exceptions were L. linifolium, with an absolute requirement for smoke to germinate (the third serotinous species so reported), and two other serotinous species with smoke-enhanced germination. Nutlet-bearing species, whether serotinous or geosporous, were c. 70% more likely to respond to fire cues than winged seeds, but there was no evidence for an effect of phylogeny or persistence strategy on germination. This comprehensive account of seed germination characteristics and identification of germination syndromes and their predictors, supports propagation, conservation and restoration initiatives in this iconic fynbos genus and other fire-prone shrubs with canopy or soil-stored seeds.

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Arnolds, Judith L., Charles F. Musil, Anthony G. Rebelo, and Gert H. J. Krüger. "Experimental climate warming enforces seed dormancy in South African Proteaceae but seedling drought resilience exceeds summer drought periods." Oecologia 177, no. 4 (2014): 1103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-3173-6.

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Prunier, Rachel, Melis Akman, Colin T. Kremer, et al. "Isolation by distance and isolation by environment contribute to population differentiation in Protea repens (Proteaceae L.), a widespread South African species." American Journal of Botany 104, no. 5 (2017): 674–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1600232.

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Stock, W. D., J. S. Pate, and J. Delfs. "Influence of Seed Size and Quality on Seedling Development Under Low Nutrient Conditions in Five Australian and South African Members of the Proteaceae." Journal of Ecology 78, no. 4 (1990): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260949.

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Rourke, J. P. "PROTEACEAE." Bothalia 29, no. 2 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v29i2.600.

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Inácio, C. A. "Viegasia faureae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 158 (August 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401580.

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Abstract A description is provided for Viegasia faureae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Parasitic on living leaves. HOSTS: Faurea macnaughtonii (Proteaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: South Africa. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by airborne ascospores.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Proteaceae – South Africa'

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