Journal articles: 'Protected areas worldwide'

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Achiso, Zewde. "Biodiversity and Human Livelihoods in Protected Areas: Worldwide Perspective-A Review." SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences 6, no. 3 (May 2020): 2565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ssr-iijls.2020.6.3.6.

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Balmford, A., P. Gravestock, N. Hockley, C. J. McClean, and C. M. Roberts. "The worldwide costs of marine protected areas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 26 (June 17, 2004): 9694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403239101.

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Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G., and Nikoleta Jones. "Protected Areas in Forest Conservation: Challenges and Opportunities." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040488.

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Millage, Katherine D., Juan Carlos Villaseñor-Derbez, Darcy Bradley, Matthew G. Burgess, Hunter S. Lenihan, and Christopher Costello. "Self-financed marine protected areas." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 12 (November 17, 2021): 125001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3439.

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Abstract Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an important tool for conservation but can be victims of their own success—higher fish biomass within MPAs create incentives to poach. This insight underpins the finding that fishing persists in most MPAs worldwide, and it raises questions about MPA monitoring and enforcement. We propose a novel institution to enhance MPA design—a ‘Conservation Finance Area (CFA)’—that utilizes leased fishing zones inside of MPAs, fed by spillover, to finance monitoring and enforcement and achieve greater conservation success. Using a bioeconomic model we show that CFAs can fully finance enforcement, deter illegal fishing, and ultimately maximize fish biomass. Moreover, we show that unless a large, exogenous, and perpetual enforcement budget is available, implementing a CFA in a no-take MPA would always result in higher biomass than without. We also explore real-world enabling conditions, providing a plausible funding pathway to improve outcomes for existing and future MPAs.

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Bushell, Robyn, and Kelly Bricker. "Tourism in protected areas: Developing meaningful standards." Tourism and Hospitality Research 17, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358416636173.

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In response to research revealing only 21% of protected areas worldwide have ‘sound’ management practices, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature has introduced The Green List for Protected Areas. A system of certification that has resulted from recognition of the need for global standards for protected area management. While not focused specifically on tourism, visitation and visitor management practices where relevant to the overall management of a park are important components. For many protected areas, tourism is integral, relying on visitors and tourism for financial support. Increasingly, partnerships between conservation and tourism are contributing to changes in attitudes around the issues of biodiversity conservation and environmentally responsible business practices. This paper discusses The Green List concept and a case study of one of the successful pilot sites, Arakwal National Park in Australia. The paper also explores partnerships between conservation and tourism and how these partnerships could unfold through the work of The Green List. The work of the Global Sustainable Tourism Council which encourages such partnerships is also discussed, focused on sustainable tourism criteria.

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Cánovas-Molina, Almudena, and Eduardo García-Frapolli. "Untangling worldwide conflicts in marine protected areas: Five lessons from the five continents." Marine Policy 121 (November 2020): 104185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104185.

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Pettorelli, N., I. J. Gordon, T. Katzner, M. E. Gompper, K. Mock, S. Redpath, T. W. J. Garner, and R. Altwegg. "Protected areas: the challenge of maintaining a strong backbone for conservation strategies worldwide." Animal Conservation 13, no. 4 (June 25, 2010): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00380.x.

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Eugene, Hakizimana, Arturo Lara Rivero, and Ignacio Llamas Huitron. "Social-Ecological System constraints of Protected Areas. A case study of Mexican protected forests." Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2019v8i2.p227-244.

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Protected Areas are worldwide accepted as conservation policy instrument. However, effectiveness of this instrument for sustainability management of protected resources is still problematic. It is in this context this paper investigates Social-Ecological System constraints which lead to unsuccessful situations in protected forests in Mexico. To achieve this objective, a methodology of E. Ostrom SES framework to carry out meta-analysis of case studies of Mexican forests is used. The results show that constraints are imbedded into attributes of governance of these resources by local communities through a set of variables whose patterns of interactions lead to successful or unsuccessful situations. These variables are variables characterizing governance system and variables characterizing actors’ system. The interactions of these variables lead to successful situations in case studies in which local community members highly participate in governance system.

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Jeronymo, Carlos André Luz, Elmo Rodrigues da Silva, and Kenny Tanizaki Fonseca. "The Ideal of Environmental Protection as Protected Areas: a literature review." Ciência e Natura 43 (April 6, 2022): e84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x63107.

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This article analyzes the evolution process of the Protected Areas and the changes in views regarding environmental protection. It is a literature review. In Brazil and other countries, the Protected Areas were created according to international models with different conceptions, mainly the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recommendations. In the IUCN International Protected Areas System, specific categories of strict sense protected areas allow natural resources and human occupation. In others not. The debate on this issue remains controversial worldwide. On the one hand, there are preservationists (strict protection believers) who argue that only sites with the objective of strict preservation should have the status of Protected Areas. Conservationists believe that such sites could maintain this status, even though they are not exclusively focused on strict preservation. The historical trend persists in considering land use and access to natural resources in occupying space, emphasizing issues of their domain and management, causing conflicts of views and interests. As a result, the establishment and maintenance of areas to be protected become more complex, mainly when they are historically occupied and used by man.

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Guetté, Adrien, Laurent Godet, Martin Juigner, and Marc Robin. "Worldwide increase in Artificial Light At Night around protected areas and within biodiversity hotspots." Biological Conservation 223 (July 2018): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.018.

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Abessa, Denis M. S., Heitor C. Albuquerque, Lucas G. Morais, Giuliana S. Araújo, Tainá G. Fonseca, Ana C. F. Cruz, Bruno G. Campos, et al. "Pollution status of marine protected areas worldwide and the consequent toxic effects are unknown." Environmental Pollution 243 (December 2018): 1450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.129.

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Wang, Yeqiao, Zhong Lu, Yongwei Sheng, and Yuyu Zhou. "Remote Sensing Applications in Monitoring of Protected Areas." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (April 26, 2020): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091370.

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Protected areas (PAs) have been established worldwide for achieving long-term goals in the conservation of nature with the associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Globally, 15% of the world’s terrestrial lands and inland waters, excluding Antarctica, are designated as PAs. About 4.12% of the global ocean and 10.2% of coastal and marine areas under national jurisdiction are set as marine protected areas (MPAs). Protected lands and waters serve as the fundamental building blocks of virtually all national and international conservation strategies, supported by governments and international institutions. Some of the PAs are the only places that contain undisturbed landscape, seascape and ecosystems on the planet Earth. With intensified impacts from climate and environmental change, PAs have become more important to serve as indicators of ecosystem status and functions. Earth’s remaining wilderness areas are becoming increasingly important buffers against changing conditions. The development of remote sensing platforms and sensors and the improvement in science and technology provide crucial support for the monitoring and management of PAs across the world. In this editorial paper, we reviewed research developments using state-of-the-art remote sensing technologies, discussed the challenges of remote sensing applications in the inventory, monitoring, management and governance of PAs and summarized the highlights of the articles published in this Special Issue.

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Keppeler, Friedrich Wolfgang, Gustavo Hallwass, and Renato Azevedo Matias Silvano. "Influence of protected areas on fish assemblages and fisheries in a large tropical river." Oryx 51, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000247.

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AbstractProtected areas are one of the main tools for biological conservation worldwide. Although they have contributed to an increase in fish abundance and alleviated the impacts of fishing on marine ecosystems, the impacts of fishing and of protected areas in freshwater ecosystems are less well known. We compared fishing productivity and fish assemblage descriptors of two distinct protected areas designated for sustainable use of natural resources and an unprotected area in the Tapajós River, in the Brazilian Amazon. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) fishers from protected areas have higher catch per unit effort than those from unprotected areas; and (2) fish assemblages in protected areas have higher biomass, abundance, presence of target species, species richness, fish size and mean trophic level than those in unprotected areas. A total of 2,013 fish landings were recorded and two surveys were undertaken to sample fishes. Eleven environmental parameters were quantified to distinguish between effects of environmental heterogeneity and protected areas. The catch per unit effort of fishers was higher within protected areas than in unprotected areas, suggesting that protected areas reduce the levels of fishing pressure and increase fishing productivity. However, the fish assemblage descriptors were correlated more with environmental variables than with protected areas, indicating a relatively weak effect of protected areas on fish communities in lakes. The results highlight the importance of considering the influence of environmental heterogeneity in fish conservation programmes, and the positive effect of protected areas on fishing productivity in freshwater environments.

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Chape, S., J. Harrison, M. Spalding, and I. Lysenko. "Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1454 (February 28, 2005): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1592.

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There are now over 100 000 protected areas worldwide, covering over 12% of the Earth's land surface. These areas represent one of the most significant human resource use allocations on the planet. The importance of protected areas is reflected in their widely accepted role as an indicator for global targets and environmental assessments. However, measuring the number and extent of protected areas only provides a unidimensional indicator of political commitment to biodiversity conservation. Data on the geographic location and spatial extent of protected areas will not provide information on a key determinant for meeting global biodiversity targets: ‘effectiveness’ in conserving biodiversity. Although tools are being devised to assess management effectiveness, there is no globally accepted metric. Nevertheless, the numerical, spatial and geographic attributes of protected areas can be further enhanced by investigation of the biodiversity coverage of these protected areas, using species, habitats or biogeographic classifications. This paper reviews the current global extent of protected areas in terms of geopolitical and habitat coverage, and considers their value as a global indicator of conservation action or response. The paper discusses the role of the World Database on Protected Areas and collection and quality control issues, and identifies areas for improvement, including how conservation effectiveness indicators may be included in the database to improve the value of protected areas data as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets.

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Chen, Hungyen, Satoshi Nagai, and Hirohisa Kishino. "Assessment of the network of protected areas for birds in Taiwan with regard to functional and phylogenetic diversity." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 1 (2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15046.

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In Taiwan, conserved areas represent more than 20% of the current jurisdiction, which is about twice that of the proportion of protected land worldwide. In this study, we explored the spatial distribution of bird assemblages in Taiwan. By analysing functional and phylogenetic diversity relative to elevational gradient, we assessed the network of bird protected areas. Hotspots of species richness were located at the coastal areas of northern and western Taiwan, although hotspots for protected bird species were located in the mountain areas. We found that phylogenetically close birds have similar trait values, and the protected species were evenly distributed in the functional and phylogenetic trees. The assemblages in higher-elevation areas were more phylogenetically clumped than those in lower-elevation areas, indicating that, in addition to elevational gradient, phylogenetic constraint may be a crucial factor that influences bird distribution in Taiwan. However, the current bird protected areas in Taiwan may overly depend on species richness and overlook the importance of the overall phylogenetic diversity.

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CROUZEILLES, RENATO, MARIANA M. VALE, RUI CERQUEIRA, and CARLOS E. V. GRELLE. "Increasing strict protection through protected areas on Brazilian private lands." Environmental Conservation 40, no. 3 (November 29, 2012): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000367.

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SUMMARYA key strategy to reduce habitat loss and fragmentation involves the establishment of protected areas (PAs). Worldwide, c. 13% of land lies within PAs, but only 6% is subject to the more restrictive International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories I-IV. Private PAs may contribute to this figure, but require general guidance principles for their management. The Brazilian ‘Private Natural Heritage Reserves’ (RPPNs) constitute an example of good PA management, employing seven principles that should guide the creation of all private PAs. RPPNs have legal status and long-term security, allow only for indirect human uses, and provide a strategic conservation role in highly fragmented landscapes by improving connectivity. However, RPPNs are virtually absent from the World Database on Protected Areas, and given Brazil's continental size, and the considerable and increasing number of RPPNs in Brazil, this omission has the potential to skew accurate quantification of the area of land subject to strict protection. The RPPN model can make an important contribution to the discussion of the role of private PAs in conservation, especially in the tropics.

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Pitman, Nigel C. A., Corine F. Vriesendorp, Diana Alvira Reyes, Debra K. Moskovits, Nicholas Kotlinski, Richard C. Smith, Michelle E. Thompson, et al. "Applied science facilitates the large-scale expansion of protected areas in an Amazonian hot spot." Science Advances 7, no. 31 (July 2021): eabe2998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe2998.

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Meeting international commitments to protect 17% of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide will require >3 million square kilometers of new protected areas and strategies to create those areas in a way that respects local communities and land use. In 2000–2016, biological and social scientists worked to increase the protected proportion of Peru’s largest department via 14 interdisciplinary inventories covering >9 million hectares of this megadiverse corner of the Amazon basin. In each landscape, the strategy was the same: convene diverse partners, identify biological and sociocultural assets, document residents’ use of natural resources, and tailor the findings to the needs of decision-makers. Nine of the 14 landscapes have since been protected (5.7 million hectares of new protected areas), contributing to a quadrupling of conservation coverage in Loreto (from 6 to 23%). We outline the methods and enabling conditions most crucial for successfully applying similar campaigns elsewhere on Earth.

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Mao, Lijun, Mingshi Li, and Wenjuan Shen. "Remote Sensing Applications for Monitoring Terrestrial Protected Areas: Progress in the Last Decade." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 5016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125016.

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Terrestrial protected areas (PAs) play an essential role in maintaining biodiversity and ecological processes worldwide, and the monitoring of PAs is a useful tool in assessing the effectiveness of PA management. Advanced remote sensing technologies have been increasingly used for mapping and monitoring the dynamics of PAs. We review the advances in remote sensing-based approaches for monitoring terrestrial PAs in the last decade and identify four types of studies in this field: land use & land cover and vegetation community classification, vegetation structure quantification, natural disturbance monitoring, and land use & land cover and vegetation dynamic analysis. We systematically discuss the satellite data and methods used for monitoring PAs for the four research objectives. Moreover, we summarize the approaches used in the different types of studies. The following suggestions are provided for future studies: (1) development of remote sensing frameworks for local PA monitoring worldwide; (2) comprehensive utilization of multisource remote sensing data; (3) improving methods to investigate the details of PA dynamics; (4) discovering the driving forces and providing measures for PA management. Overall, the integration of remote sensing data and advanced processing methods can support PA management and decision-making procedures.

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Olmos-Martínez, Elizabeth, Heidi Leticia Romero-Schmidt, María del Carmen Blázquez, Camilo Arias-González, and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio. "Human Communities in Protected Natural Areas and Biodiversity Conservation." Diversity 14, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060441.

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Using socioecological concepts and within a historical biodiversity conservation context, this research study reviews the main interactions between human communities and protected natural areas (PNAs) to describe their different stages over time and assess the implications arising from climate change. The review suggests that both society and governments have raised awareness and interest regarding the importance of biodiversity conservation. The interactions of human communities in these areas have had different effects on biodiversity use, management, and conservation. Local communities have historically developed traditional uses of natural resources that allow them to remain over time and conserve them. Thus, the interest in PNAs as a conservation instrument has increased worldwide. Regarding climate change, this study found evidence indicating that PNAs may act as buffer barriers to prevent biodiversity loss and mitigate the impacts of extreme events; nevertheless, a great variation can be expected. The magnitude of the impacts on human communities, levels of vulnerability, and resilience capacity of PNAs facing climate change (CC) rely on many factors, such as location, extent, composition, management, and ecology of a given protected area. Therefore, the new scenarios that CC may bring are challenging current systematic conservation planning and traditional management methods of the natural resources that are vital for people. Finally, the authors suggest that society is increasingly aware of PNAs as one of the best tools humans have to prevent biodiversity loss, and potentially buffer the effects of CC. These increases in social awareness of biodiversity conservation importance and PNAs are gratifying and spread optimism about the future that next generations may face.

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Rojo, Irene, Julio Sánchez-Meca, and José A. García-Charton. "Small-sized and well-enforced Marine Protected Areas provide ecological benefits for piscivorous fish populations worldwide." Marine Environmental Research 149 (August 2019): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.06.005.

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Gay, S. Parker. "The effects of cathodically protected pipelines on aeromagnetic surveys." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 8 (August 1986): 1671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442216.

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Many types of cultural noise are found in present‐day high‐resolution aeromagnetic data, and such noise must be removed if surveys flown in areas of existing cultural features are to be interpreted properly—particularly areas of oil and gas production. One of the worst causes of cultural noise in such areas is the dc electrical current passed through pipelines to prevent corrosion. This practice is called “cathodic protection,” and it is in common use worldwide; however, there is little or no discussion of the resulting magnetic anomalies in the geophysical literature. Cathodically protected pipeline (CPP) anomalies are particularly troublesome at the level of airborne surveys because they fall off slowly as the first power of the distance, rather than as the square or cube of the distance as in most sources of random cultural noise. However, the curve shapes of CPP anomalies are readily calculable: they depend upon the strike directions of the pipeline and the aeromagnetic profile, and on the inclination and declination of the Earth’s magnetic field. The amplitude of CPP anomalies depends upon the height of the magnetometer above the pipeline and the strength of the current in the line. Standard curves were plotted for several CPP anomalies due to long, straight, horizontal pipelines, worldwide, and were used to verify the existence of CPP anomalies in production survey lines and tie lines for an aeromagnetic survey at the magnetic latitude of Oklahoma, USA.

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Chow, Alice S. Y., Anson T. H. Ma, Gwendolyn K. L. Wong, Theresa W. L. Lam, and Lewis T. O. Cheung. "The Impacts of Place Attachment on Environmentally Responsible Behavioral Intention and Satisfaction of Chinese Nature-Based Tourists." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 5585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205585.

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Increasing visits to protected areas in China have drawn public attention on the negative impacts on ecologically sensitive areas. Understanding potential determinants of the environmentally responsible behavioral intention of nature-based tourists has become a common focus in tourism studies. Scholars seek to explore potential determinants of visitors’ behavior, and the findings can be referenced by the managers of protected areas to formulate visitor management strategies. On the basis of a sample of 402 questionnaires collected in protected areas in South China, namely, Nanling National Forest Park and Dinghu Mountain National Nature Reserve, we explore the association between visitors’ place attachment and their satisfaction and environmentally responsible behavioral intention. The results show that place dependence and place identity are positively correlated with the satisfaction and environmentally responsible behavioral intention of visitors; thus, our results differ from those of previous studies on Western visitors. The lack of significant results regarding place social bonding revealed the shortcomings associated with visitor management in China’s protected areas. Chinese culture has a great influence on various findings in this study. All of the findings provide significant insights for management and policy-making regarding protected areas worldwide to accommodate the rising number of nature-based visitors to China.

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Dureuil, Manuel, Kristina Boerder, Kirsti A. Burnett, Rainer Froese, and Boris Worm. "Elevated trawling inside protected areas undermines conservation outcomes in a global fishing hot spot." Science 362, no. 6421 (December 20, 2018): 1403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau0561.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly used as a primary tool to conserve biodiversity. This is particularly relevant in heavily exploited fisheries hot spots such as Europe, where MPAs now cover 29% of territorial waters, with unknown effects on fishing pressure and conservation outcomes. We investigated industrial trawl fishing and sensitive indicator species in and around 727 MPAs designated by the European Union. We found that 59% of MPAs are commercially trawled, and average trawling intensity across MPAs is at least 1.4-fold higher as compared with nonprotected areas. Abundance of sensitive species (sharks, rays, and skates) decreased by 69% in heavily trawled areas. The widespread industrial exploitation of MPAs undermines global biodiversity conservation targets, elevating recent concerns about growing human pressures on protected areas worldwide.

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Veldhuis, Michiel P., Mark E. Ritchie, Joseph O. Ogutu, Thomas A. Morrison, Colin M. Beale, Anna B. Estes, William Mwakilema, et al. "Cross-boundary human impacts compromise the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem." Science 363, no. 6434 (March 28, 2019): 1424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0564.

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Protected areas provide major benefits for humans in the form of ecosystem services, but landscape degradation by human activity at their edges may compromise their ecological functioning. Using multiple lines of evidence from 40 years of research in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem, we find that such edge degradation has effectively “squeezed” wildlife into the core protected area and has altered the ecosystem’s dynamics even within this 40,000-square-kilometer ecosystem. This spatial cascade reduced resilience in the core and was mediated by the movement of grazers, which reduced grass fuel and fires, weakened the capacity of soils to sequester nutrients and carbon, and decreased the responsiveness of primary production to rainfall. Similar effects in other protected ecosystems worldwide may require rethinking of natural resource management outside protected areas.

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Chaves, D. O., and О. N. Nikolaeva. "Assessment of the Tourism Carrying Capacity of Ecopaths In Protected Areas." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 4 (May 18, 2022): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-4-272-280.

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The article deals with organization of ecological tourism - one of the topical types of domestic tourism in modern Russia. Features of the organization of tourism in protected areas open to the public (national and natural parks) are considered. The role of ecological paths (ecopaths) as the main means of tourists’ exploration of protected areas is emphasized. A necessity of preliminary assessment of the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) of ecopaths of protected areas is stated, since they experience a higher level of anthropogenic stress than the other territory. The absence of a conventional method for such an assessment, and a wide variety of author's methods, is noted. The methodological apparatus for assessing the TCC of ecopaths, proposed by the scientist M. Cifuentos (Costa Rica), is considered in detail. Despite the fact that this methodology was developed in a Latin America, its main postulates are based on taking into account the geographical and infrastructural features of protected areas that are typical for such objects worldwide, so it can also be used to assess Russia's ecopaths. The main stages of assessing the geographical, climatic and infrastructural characteristics of ecopaths, formulas and an example of calculation are presented. Conclusions are made about the need to use GIS for a wider study of the structure of the territory occupied by ecotrails.

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Cordero, Sebastián, Gabriel J. Castaño-Villa, and Francisco E. Fontúrbel. "The Best Bang for the Bucks: Rethinking Global Investment in Biodiversity Conservation." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 9252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219252.

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Biodiversity loss is a central issue in conservation biology, with protected areas being the primary approach to stop biodiversity loss. However, education has been identified as an important factor in this regard. Based on a database of threatened species and socio-economic features for 138 countries, we tested whether more protected areas or more education investment is associated with a lower proportion of threatened species (for different groups of vertebrates and plants). For this, we fitted generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMM) to assess the relative importance of socio-economic variables on the proportion of threatened species. We found that education investment was negatively associated with the proportion of threatened species in 2007 and 2017, as well as with their change rates. Conversely, the percentage of protected land was significant for reptiles but showed weak relationships with other groups. Our results suggest that only increasing protected areas will not stop or reduce biodiversity loss, as the context and people’s attitudes towards wildlife also play major roles here. Therefore, investing in education, in addition to protected areas, would have the missing positive effect on achieving effective species conservation actions worldwide.

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Perry, Nicola, and Josephine Gillespie. "Restricting spatial lives? The gendered implications of conservation in Cambodia’s protected wetlands." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 2, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619827736.

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Environmental conservation through the creation of protected areas is recognised as a key tactic in the fight against degrading ecosystems worldwide. Understanding the implications of protected area regimes on both places and people is an important part of the protection agenda. In this context and in this paper, we build on the work of feminist legal geographers and feminist political ecologists to enhance our understanding of the constitution of localised socio-legal-environmental interactions in and around protected areas. Our approach looks to developments in feminist and legal geographic thought to examine the interactions between identities, law and the environment in a Ramsar protected wetland on the Tonle Sap, Cambodia. We bring together legal geography perspectives regarding the spatiality of law with insights from feminist political ecology examining gendered roles and exclusions. We found that conservation areas interact in complex ways with local pre-existing norms prescribing female weakness and vulnerability which, ultimately, restrict women’s spatial lives.

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Tanneberger, Franziska, Asbjørn Moen, Alexandra Barthelmes, Edward Lewis, Lera Miles, Andrey Sirin, Cosima Tegetmeyer, and Hans Joosten. "Mires in Europe—Regional Diversity, Condition and Protection." Diversity 13, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080381.

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In spite of the worldwide largest proportional loss of mires, Europe is a continent with important mire diversity. This article analyses the condition and protection status of European mire ecosystems. The overview is based on the system of European mire regions, representing regional variety and ecosystem biodiversity. We combined peatland distribution data with land cover maps of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service as well as with the World Database on Protected Areas to assess the extent of degraded peatlands and the proportion of peatlands located in protected areas in each European mire region. The total proportion of degraded peatlands in Europe is 25%; within the EU it is 50% (120,000 km2). The proportion of degradation clearly increases from north to south, as does the proportion of peatlands located within protected areas. In more than half of Europe’s mire regions, the target of at least 17% of the area located in protected areas is not met with respect to peatlands. Data quality is discussed and the lessons learned from Europe for peatland conservation are presented.

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Klausmeyer, Kirk R., and M. Rebecca Shaw. "Climate Change, Habitat Loss, Protected Areas and the Climate Adaptation Potential of Species in Mediterranean Ecosystems Worldwide." PLoS ONE 4, no. 7 (July 29, 2009): e6392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006392.

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Jiménez-Alvarado, Juan S., Catalina Moreno-Díaz, Gina Olarte, Diego Zárrate-Charry, I. Mauricio Vela-Vargas, Alexandra Pineda-Guerrero, and José F. José F. González-Maya. "Inventory of flying, medium and large mammals from Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Magdalena, Colombia." Mammalogy Notes 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47603/manovol2n1.36-39.

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Mammals are among the most important species for ecosystems dynamics and functioning (Sinclair 2003, Schipper et al. 2008). However, they are currently threatened worldwide, with nearly 25% of all species under risk (Schipper et al. 2008). Protected areas are critical for conserving biodiversity (Chape et al. 2005), and are the last stronghold for preserving a complete representation of the world´s ecosystems (Powell et al. 2000, Rodrigues et al. 2004, Forero-Medina & Joppa 2010). Despite their importance in conserving biodiversity, still basic information is lacking for its effective management (Chape et al. 2005, Knight et al. 2008). Previous analyses have assessed the degree of effectiveness of protected areas from a macroecological perspective (Chape et al. 2005, Ceballos 2007, González-Maya et al. 2015), but for most Latin American countries, still basic information regarding basic biodiversity inventories, and especially from mammals is lacking;undermining effective and efficient protected areas management. For Colombia this is especially critical, since most protected areas still lack the most basic mammal information, from inventories to most other ecological management-relevant information. Here we present the most updated inventory of flying, medium and large mammals from Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Magdalena, Colombia.

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Duckworth, Gregory Duncan, and Res Altwegg. "Why a landscape view is important: nearby urban and agricultural land affects bird abundances in protected areas." PeerJ 9 (July 28, 2021): e10719. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10719.

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Protected areas are one of the primary conservation tools used worldwide. However, they are often embedded in a landscape that is intensely used by people, such as for agriculture or urban development. The proximity of these land-use types to protected areas can potentially affect the ecological effectiveness (or conservation effectiveness) of protected areas. In this article, we examine to what degree adjacent agricultural and urban land uses affect the ecological effectiveness of protected areas over the greater Gauteng region of South Africa. We selected 198 common, resident bird species, and analysed detection/non-detection data for these species collected over regular grid cells (approximately 61 km2 in area). For each species, we estimated abundance per grid cell with the Royle-Nichols model in relation to the proportion of protected area as a covariate. Our study focused on how this relationship between proportion of protected area and abundance (which we term the ‘protection–abundance relationship’) changed as a function of other land-use types in the grid cell. Specifically, we examined the interaction effects between protected area and both urban and agricultural land-use type per grid cell on bird abundance. We assigned each species to one of seven guilds, namely: frugivores, gleaners, granivores, ground-feeders, hawkers, predators and vegivores, and examined how the protection–abundance relationship varied across guilds in relation to agriculture and urban area. As urban area within a grid cell increased, the protection–abundance relationship became more positive for 58% of all species. At the level of guilds, the protection–abundance relationship became more positive for two guilds (granivores and ground-feeders), more negative for frugivores, and remained unchanged for the other four guilds (gleaners, hawkers, predators and vegivores). As agricultural area within a grid cell increased, the protection–abundance relationship became more positive for 49% of all species. At the guild level, the protection–abundance relationship became more positive for six guilds (frugivores, gleaners, ground-feeders, hawkers, predators and vegivores) and remained unchanged for the granivores. Our results show land-use type near protected areas modified the effect protected areas had on bird abundances, and hence the ecological effectiveness of protected areas. Our results suggest that protected areas should be viewed as constituents within the landscape, rather than islands of protection.

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Rizzo, L. Y., and D. Schulte. "A review of humpback whales' migration patterns worldwide and their consequences to gene flow." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 5 (July 2, 2009): 995–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000332.

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Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) have a worldwide distribution in the oceans and are known for their very long migratory potential. Their migration routes consist of productive feeding areas located in high-latitudes and to low-latitude areas used as breeding and calving grounds. Genetic studies in humpback whale populations consist mainly of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. In general, these studies provide similar results to estimates of gene flow, but some discrepancies may be caused by gender-biased migration to breeding grounds and further dispersion by males. There is little evidence of trans-equatorial and inter-oceanic migrations, but those movements have been confirmed by both analysis of photo-ID of naturally marked individuals and also genetic analysis. The combination of migratory and genetic analyses suggest an overlapping of breeding grounds in low-latitude areas, where the gene flow among those oceanic populations is more likely to happen, despite the opposite seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres. These results have important implications in the conservation perspective, especially for the determination of protected areas and for development of international agreements.

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Walentowitz, Anna J., Severin D. H. Irl, Aurelio Jesús Acevedo Rodríguez, Ángel Palomares-Martínez, Vanessa Vetter, Barbara Zennaro, Félix M. Medina, and Carl Beierkuhnlein. "Graminoid Invasion in an Insular Endemism Hotspot and Its Protected Areas." Diversity 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11100192.

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Invasive plant species are increasingly altering species composition and the functioning of ecosystems from a local to a global scale. The grass species Pennisetum setaceum has recently raised concerns as an invader on different archipelagos worldwide. Among these affected archipelagos are the Canary Islands, which are a hotspot of endemism. Consequently, conservation managers and stakeholders are interested in the potential spreading of this species in the archipelago. We identify the current extent of the suitable habitat for P. setaceum on the island of La Palma to assess how it affects island ecosystems, protected areas (PAs), and endemic plant species richness. We recorded in situ occurrences of P. setaceum from 2010 to 2018 and compiled additional ones from databases at a 500 m × 500 m resolution. To assess the current suitable habitat and possible distribution patterns of P. setaceum on the island, we built an ensemble model. We projected habitat suitability for island ecosystems and PAs and identified risks for total as well as endemic plant species richness. The suitable habitat for P. setaceum is calculated to cover 34.7% of the surface of La Palma. In open ecosystems at low to mid elevations, where native ecosystems are already under pressure by land use and human activities, the spread of the invader will likely lead to additional threats to endemic plant species. Forest ecosystems (e.g., broadleaved evergreen and coniferous forests) are not likely to be affected by the spread of P. setaceum because of its heliophilous nature. Our projection of suitable habitat of P. setaceum within ecosystems and PAs on La Palma supports conservationists and policymakers in prioritizing management and control measures and acts as an example for the potential threat of this graminoid invader on other islands.

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Cortes-Vazquez, Jose A. "A natural life: neo-rurals and the power of everyday practices in protected areas." Journal of Political Ecology 21, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v21i1.21148.

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The worldwide expansion of nature conservation initiatives has attracted a great deal of attention among political ecologists. Concerned about the effects on people and the environment, critical scholars have attempted to identify the drivers of conservation, and how power operates. Conservation policies, practices and conflicts have generated a large literature about the role of states, expert bureaucracies, private corporations, NGOs and technologies of government. In this article I aim to extend this literature by paying attention to a largely neglected field of power relations, defined by the efforts made by new inhabitants of natural protected areas, who have moved to these new locations and have strived to construct and maintain an idyll wherein they can enjoy a new, 'natural life.' Using Bourdieu's notions of cultural capital and habitus, I demonstrate that, in certain places, it is in the everyday practices of making a natural protected area a new home where power relations unfold more subtly, although no less intensely. I illustrate this empirically with a particular case study: the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park in southeastern Spain. I examine the role played by neo-rurals in the establishment of this protected area, present an ethnographic account of their everyday practices, and link them to the conflicts that have emerged with other social groups, with whom they compete for the right to use and access local resources.Key words: Conservation, political ecology, protected areas, neo-rurals, power, Europe

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Arias, Adrian, Robert L. Pressey, Rhondda E. Jones, Jorge G. Álvarez-Romero, and Joshua E. Cinner. "Optimizing enforcement and compliance in offshore marine protected areas: a case study from Cocos Island, Costa Rica." Oryx 50, no. 1 (August 4, 2014): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000337.

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AbstractIllegal exploitation of resources is a cause of environmental degradation worldwide. The effectiveness of conservation initiatives such as marine protected areas relies on users' compliance with regulations. Although compliance can be motivated by social norms (e.g. peer pressure and legitimacy), some enforcement is commonly necessary. Enforcement is expensive, particularly in areas far from land, but costs can be reduced by optimizing enforcement. We present a case study of how enforcement could be optimized at Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica, an offshore protected area and World Heritage Site. By analysing patrol records we determined the spatial and temporal distribution of illegal fishing and its relationship to patrol effort. Illegal fishing was concentrated on a seamount within the Park and peaked during the third year-quarter, probably as a result of oceanographic conditions. The lunar cycle in conjunction with the time of year significantly influenced the occurrence of incursions. The predictability of illegal fishing in space and time facilitates the optimization of patrol effort. Repeat offenders are common in the Park and we suggest that unenforced regulations and weak governance are partly to blame. We provide recommendations for efficient distribution of patrol effort in space and time, establishing adequate governance and policy, and designing marine protected areas to improve compliance. Our methods and recommendations are applicable to other protected areas and managed natural resources.

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Zanón-Martínez, Juan I., Marcella J. Kelly, J. Bernardo Mesa-Cruz, José H. Sarasola, Clark DeHart, and Alejandro Travaini. "Density and activity patterns of pumas in hunted and non-hunted areas in central Argentina." Wildlife Research 43, no. 6 (2016): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16056.

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Context Hunting has demographic effects on large and medium carnivores, causing population reductions and even extinctions worldwide. Yet, there is little information on carnivore demographic parameters and spatial and temporal land-use patterns in areas experiencing sport hunting, thus hindering effective conservation plans for such areas. Aims We estimated densities and determined activity patterns of pumas (Puma concolor) from camera-trapping surveys in a protected area and in a game reserve with sport hunting, in the Caldén forest of central Argentina. Methods We used both non-spatial and spatial mark–resight techniques to estimate and compare puma densities and we used kernel-density estimation (KDE) techniques to analyse and compare puma activity patterns between study sites. Key results Puma densities estimated from spatial models were lower than densities estimated from non-spatial mark–resight techniques. However, estimated density of pumas in the protected area was always higher (range = 4.89–9.32 per 100 km2) than in the game reserve (range = 0.52–1.98 per 100 km2), regardless of the estimation technique used. Trapping rates for large mammal prey were similar across sites. Pumas exhibited more nocturnal behaviour and high activity peaks at 0600 hours and 1100 hours in the hunted game reserve, whereas puma activity was spread more evenly around the clock in the protected area. Conclusions The higher puma densities in the protected area reflect the potential for such areas to function as refugia in a human-dominated landscape. However, the game reserve had a lower puma density than the protected area despite high trap rates of large prey, indicating that these areas may function as attractive sinks. Implications Our results could indicate that puma sport hunting in the Caldén forest should be managed at a metapopulation, regional level, and include both no-hunting areas (protected area, as potential sources) and hunting areas (game reserves, as potential sinks). Considering that our study areas were small and that this was an unreplicated study, we urge more research to be conducted, so as to determine whether sport hunting is compatible with puma conservation in the region.

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Vieira, Luís Russo, José Guilherme Vieira, Isabel Marques da Silva, Edison Barbieri, and Fernando Morgado. "GIS Models for Vulnerability of Coastal Erosion Assessment in a Tropical Protected Area." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090598.

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Coastal erosion is considered a major worldwide challenge. The vulnerability assessment of coastal areas, in relation to climate change, is a key topic of worldwide increasing interest. The integration of methodologies supported by Remote Sensing, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and in situ monitoring has allowed a viable identification of vulnerable areas to erosion. In the present study, a model was proposed to the assessment of the estuarine system of Cananéia-Iguape (Brazil), by applying the evaluation and prediction of vulnerability models for the conservation and preservation of mangroves. Approximately 1221 Km2 were classified, with 16% of the total presenting high and very high vulnerability to erosion. Other relevant aspects, were the identification and georeferencing sites that showed strong evidence of erosion and, thus, having a huge influence on the final vulnerability scores. The obtained results led to the development of a multidisciplinary approach through the application of a prediction and description model that resulted from the adaptation of the study system from a set of implemented models for coastal regions, in order to contribute to the erosion vulnerability assessment in the mangroves ecosystems (and associated localities, municipalities and communities).

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Child, Matthew F., Michael J. S. Peel, Izak P. J. Smit, and William J. Sutherland. "Quantifying the effects of diverse private protected area management systems on ecosystem properties in a savannah biome, South Africa." Oryx 47, no. 1 (January 2013): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312000038.

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AbstractThe effects of management on ecosystem diversity, structure and function must be understood for the sustainable integration of conservation and development. A potential source of experimentation and learning in ecosystem management is the array of private protected areas worldwide. Autonomous management systems can be seen as natural experiments, presenting an opportunity to explore the consequences of manipulating ecosystem properties. By quantifying management diversity and developing an index of management intensity we assessed the ecological correlates of private protected area management within the savannah biome in South Africa. Management intensity is positively correlated with herbivore density, predator density and ecotourism lodge density and negatively with herbivore community heterogeneity, reintroduction success and primary productivity at the local protected area scale. However, these trade-offs are tantamount to functional diversity as different management systems play unique roles in the regional socio-ecological and socio-economic systems, which range from animal production centres high in commercial value to low density areas that may sustain landscape processes. Furthermore, fenced private protected areas are necessary to safeguard rare species that cannot sustain viable populations in altered ecosystems. Thus, when considered at the regional scale, a private protected area network that constitutes a patchwork of management systems will create a coincident conservation and production landscape. We suggest that maintaining management heterogeneity will provide net benefits to biodiversity and potentially galvanize locally sustainable, wildlife-based economies.

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Grigorescu, Ines, Gheorghe Kucsicsa, Monica Dumitraşcu, and Mihai Doroftei. "Invasive terrestrial plant species in the Romanian protected areas. A review of the geographical aspects." Folia Oecologica 47, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2020-0020.

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AbstractGeographical factors play an essential role in the occurrence and spread of invasive species worldwide, and their particular analysis at regional and local scales becomes important in understanding species development patterns. The present paper discusses the relationships between some key geographical factors and the Invasive Terrestrial Plant Species (ITPS) distribution, and their environmental implications in a few protected areas in Romania. The authors focused their attention on three of the foremost invaders (i.e. Amorpha fruticosa, Ailanthus altissima and Fallopia japonica) making use of the information provided by the scientific literature and some illustrative examples developed in the framework of the FP7 enviroGRIDS project. The study is aimed to increase the knowledge of the ITPS and, specifically, to contribute to the geographical understanding of the role played by the driving factors in their distribution and spread in various habitats and ecosystems. The results will further support the control efforts in protected areas where, often, valuable native species are at risk of being replaced by non-native species.

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García-Bañuelos, Paulina, Sean M. Rovito, and Eduardo Pineda. "Representation of Threatened Biodiversity in Protected Areas and Identification of Complementary Areas for Their Conservation: Plethodontid Salamanders in Mexico." Tropical Conservation Science 12 (January 2019): 194008291983415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082919834156.

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Protected areas (PAs) have been the most important conservation instrument worldwide and are reaching the coverage percentage suggested internationally (17%), but with the risk of not being ecologically representative, which is particularly concerning for threatened species. Using a database of records from museums, literature, and our fieldwork, we evaluated the representation of 132 plethodontid salamander species, a highly threatened group, in the PAs of Mexico. We assessed the importance of PAs, according to the type of governance, to represent the salamander species diversity, estimating the proportion of suitable habitat within PAs where salamanders occur and detecting potential areas to protect threatened species that are outside of PAs. Approximately 40% of plethodontid species, including threatened species, have not been recorded in PAs. A set of federal PAs harbor the greatest number of species, while state, community, and private PAs have different species composition and a high complementariness to federal areas. In 82% of PAs with plethodontid records, suitable habitat covers more than half of their extent. To protect the 36 threatened plethodontid species that have not been recorded in any PA, we detected 26 potential sites, as well as 12 close and suitable established PAs, to complement the protection of threatened species. Different types of governance of PAs are highly complementary to protect threatened species, but not all PAs seem to have the proper conditions for their survival.

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Saayman, Melville, and Andrea Saayman. "Are there economic benefits from marine protected areas? An analysis of scuba diver expenditure." European Journal of Tourism Research 19 (July 1, 2018): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v19i.323.

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In 1998, the Italian authorities declared the marine area around the Peninsula of Portofino, Liguria, a Marine Protected Area (MPA) covering 13 km of coastline on the north-western coast of Italy. Thus, many feared decreased local tourism and resultant economic loss due to limitations on activities within the MPA. The MPA has, however, led to an increase in scuba in the area. This research evaluates the importance of scuba divers as a source of tourism and income for the local economies surrounding the Portofino MPA. Research indicates that spending is a better criterion for analysis than numbers of visitors to an attraction or area. Therefore, understanding spending behaviour is important in influencing the benefits derived from scuba diving tourism. While scuba diving is a popular activity worldwide and a drawcard for many destinations, little research analysing their spending behaviour is available. This research was conducted at the Portofino MPA, Italy, where more than 700 questionnaires were completed during June/July 2016 with the assistance of eight of approximately 20 diving operators in the area. The results provide dive operators and the destination marketing organisation with information on specific market segments and insight into the spending behaviour of divers.

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Li, Jiwei, and Gregory P. Asner. "Global analysis of benthic complexity in shallow coral reefs." Environmental Research Letters 18, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 024038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acb3e6.

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Abstract Three-dimensional shallow benthic complexity (also known as benthic rugosity) reflects the physical conditions of shallow coral reefs environments and can be used to estimate fish biomass and coral cover on reefs. Spatially explicit data on benthic complexity could offer critical information for coral reef conservation and management. However, benthic complexity has not yet been mapped at a global scale. We mapped global shallow water benthic complexity to 20 m depth at a spatial resolution of 10 m using 22 000 Sentinel-2 satellite images and a globally applicable underwater algorithm. We quantified geographic variation of benthic complexity in shallow coral reef areas from individual reef to ocean basin scales. We found that shallow benthic complexity is unevenly distributed worldwide, with high benthic complexity regions found in areas known to have high levels of benthic biodiversity such as the Coral Triangle, Coral Sea, and Great Barrier Reef. Yet nearly 60% of detected coral reef regions (size = 61 156 km2) are not listed as protected under current marine protected plans. These unprotected regions include substantial reef areas of high benthic complexity that may harbor high levels of biodiversity. Our global coral reef benthic complexity map supports plans to improve marine protected areas, reef conservation, and management.

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De Pourcq, Kobe, Evert Thomas, Marlene Elias, and Patrick Van Damme. "Exploring Park–People Conflicts in Colombia through a Social Lens." Environmental Conservation 46, no. 2 (November 29, 2018): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892918000413.

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SummaryNatural resource-related conflicts between local communities and nation states can be extremely destructive. Worldwide, interest is growing in gaining a better understanding of why and how these conflicts originate, particularly in protected areas inhabited by local communities. The literature on local attitudes towards and perceptions of park conservation and park–people conflicts is quite extensive. Studies have examined the socioeconomic and geographical determinants of attitudes to protected areas. However, the role of such determinants in the experience of park–people conflicts has received considerably less attention. Drawing on 601 interviews with people living in or near 15 Colombian national protected areas (NPAs), we examine the socioeconomic and geographical variables that are most influential in people’s experience of conflict related to restricted access to natural resources. We find that the experience of this type of conflict is largely explained by the NPA where a person resides, pursuit of productive activities within the NPA, previous employment in NPA administration, gender and ethnicity. We recommend implementing socially inclusive conservation strategies for conflict prevention and resolution in Colombia’s NPAs, whereby both women and men from different ethnic groups are engaged in design and implementation.

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Herrera-Feijoo, Robinson J., Bolier Torres, Rolando López-Tobar, Cristhian Tipán-Torres, Theofilos Toulkeridis, Marco Heredia-R, and Rubén G. Mateo. "Modelling Climatically Suitable Areas for Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) and Their Shifts across Neotropics: The Role of Protected Areas." Forests 14, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020385.

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Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) is a species with great economic interest worldwide and is classified as vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN. Deforestation and climate change are the main hazards to this species. Therefore, it is vital to describe possible changes in distribution patterns under current and future climatic conditions, as they are important for their monitoring, conservation, and use. In the current study, we predict, for the very first time, the potential distribution of Mahogany based on data that reflect the total distribution of the species, climatic and edaphic variables, and a consensus model that combines the results of three statistical techniques. The obtained model was projected to future climatic conditions considering two general circulation models (GCM), under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP245 and SSP585) for 2070. Predictions under current climatic conditions indicated wide adequate areas in Central American countries such as Mexico and demonstrated a coverage of up to 28.5% within the limits of the protected areas. Under future scenarios, drastic reductions were observed in different regions, particularly in Venezuela, Perú, and Ecuador, with losses of up to 56.0%. On the other hand, an increase in suitable areas for the species within protected areas was also detected. The results of this study are certainly useful for identifying currently unrecorded populations of Mahogany, as well as for identifying locations that are likely to be suitable both now and in the future for conservation management planning. The methodology proposed in this work is able to be used for other forest species in tropical zones as a tool for conducting dynamic conservation and restoration strategies that consider the effects of climate change.

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Turrini, Alessandra, and Manuela Giovannetti. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in national parks, nature reserves and protected areas worldwide: a strategic perspective for their in situ conservation." Mycorrhiza 22, no. 2 (November 11, 2011): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0419-6.

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EĞİ, Yunus. "YOLO V7 and Computer Vision-Based Mask-Wearing Warning System for Congested Public Areas." Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21597/jist.1243233.

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The impact of Covid 19 cases is increasing worldwide due to not complying with social distancing and mask-wearing rules in congested areas such as hospitals, schools, and malls where people have to be together. Although the authorities have taken various precautions to prevent not wearing masks, it is challenging to inspect masks in crowded areas. People who do not wear masks can be unnoticed by visual inspections, which is a critical factor in the increase of the epidemic. This study aims to create an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based mask inspection system with the YOLO V7 deep learning method to ensure that overcrowded public areas are protected from the Covid-19 epidemic.

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Orihuela Romero, Carlos Enrique, Carlos Alberto Minaya, Waldemar Mercado, Luis Alberto Jiménez, Milagros Estrada, and Harriet Jazmine Gómez. "Efecto distancia en la disposición a pagar por la conservación de la biodiversidad: el caso de un área protegida megadiversa." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2020.01.08.

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This research addresses the case of Manu National Park (PNM) in Peru, one of the most biodiverse protected areas worldwide. Applying the choice experiments (CE) method, based on 1.164 surveys in this country, the positive decay effect on the willingness to pay (WTP) was determined for the conservation of the PNM, at least for most of the attributes analyzed. This suggests that in cases of megadiverse areas, WTP for conservation may not be inversely related to the interviewee’s distance since the effect of biodiversity conservation interest would exceed the effect of disinterest associated with distance.

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Roque, Mariane, José Ferreira Neto, André Faria, Fernanda Ferreira, Thais Teixeira, and Lívia Coelho. "Effectiveness of Arguments Used in the Creation of Protected Areas of Sustainable Use in Brazil: A Case Study from the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061700.

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Studies on the effectiveness of the discourse motivating the creation of protected areas (PAs) and their empirical reality are scarce. The lack of knowledge in this area affects programs and policies on the maintenance and creation of protected areas. Thus, we investigated this matter using the case study of the Nascente Geraizeiras Sustainable Development Reserve (NGSDR) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The reserve comprises a transition area between Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest, two critical biomes in the world of biodiversity and the only two hotspots in Brazil. Changes in land use were identified over a period of 30 years, from 1987 to 2017, based on a compilation of the arguments associated with the creation of the PA, geographic information system (GIS) techniques, remote sensing (RS) data, and landscape ecology indices. Seven types of land use were identified using Random Forest classifier R software: native forest, silviculture, pasture, bare soil, rocky outcrop, watercourses, and agriculture. The overall mean accuracy of the classification was 90% for all five periods. The results demonstrated that the creation of protected areas is supported by contexts of land use still based on traditional. The case study showed the discourse served as a fundamental strategy in the beginning of the mobilization that culminated in the creation of the NGSDR, in the containment of forestry, in an increase in native forest areas, and in reduced fragmentation, leading to an improvement in the conservation status of the landscape. The present study encourages future researchers to apply the evaluated approach and demonstrates its potential in assessing the formulation of programs and policies on protected areas worldwide, providing valid indicators for the improvement of ecosystem services.

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Beckley, Lynnath E., and Amanda T. Lombard. "A systematic evaluation of the incremental protection of broad-scale habitats at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 1 (2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11074.

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Incremental increases to marine conservation areas in response to changing goals, policy, threats or new information are common practice worldwide. Ningaloo Reef, in north-western Australia, is protected by the Ningaloo Marine Park (state waters), which was expanded incrementally in 2004 so that 34% of the park now comprises ‘no-take’ sanctuary zones. To test the hypothesis that all habitats (benthic cover types) at Ningaloo are actually protected at this 34% level, a systematic conservation planning exercise was conducted using existing broad-scale habitat data (as a surrogate for marine biodiversity) and C-Plan decision-support software. Although subtidal and intertidal coral communities were found to be adequately protected, other habitats, particularly those in deeper waters seaward of the reef, did not attain the 34% target. Efficient incremental additions to the sanctuary zones to allow increased representation of these under-represented habitats were explored with C-Plan. It is recommended that systematic conservation planning incorporating new biodiversity and social information (now becoming available) be undertaken for the next iteration of the Ningaloo Marine Park management plan. This analysis at Ningaloo Reef serves as a useful example of a post hoc systematic approach to guide incremental expansion of existing marine protected areas in other parts of the world.

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FERREIRA, MARIANA NAPOLITANO E., and NATÁLIA COSTA FREIRE. "Community perceptions of four protected areas in the Northern portion of the Cerrado hotspot, Brazil." Environmental Conservation 36, no. 2 (June 2009): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892909990166.

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SUMMARYEstablishing effective networks of protected areas (PAs) is one of the major goals of conservation strategies worldwide. However, the success of PAs in promoting biodiversity conservation depends on their integration to local and regional contexts, reducing and mitigating human impacts originating from buffer zones. Community perceptions affect interactions between residents and PAs, and thereby conservation effectiveness. Research at Tocantins state (northern Brazilian Cerrado), aimed to analyse local community perceptions of four PAs, discussing how different factors may influence these. Perceptions were assessed through standardized interviews applied to PA employees and 275 local inhabitants. There was modest community participation in PA establishment and management. Residents were aware of the PAs’ existence, but were unfamiliar with their goals. Length of residency and occupation of inhabitants influenced their PA perceptions, shaping different people-park relations in each of the four studied PAs. Involvement of local residents in PA planning and management represents a central strategy to strengthen local support for PAs over the long term. In those areas that still have settlements inside their boundaries, community relocation should follow a careful participatory process to avoid significant changes in local perceptions and attitudes towards these PAs, crucial for conserving Brazilian biodiversity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Protected areas worldwide'

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