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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Protecting groups'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

McKnight, Michael Vincent. "Heterocycles as amine protecting groups." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328176.

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2

Korzycka, Karolina Anna. "Two-photon sensitive protecting groups for biological application." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7e895ed2-04a5-4c0b-9105-74461eae8796.

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Caged compounds are a class of photosensitive reagents used to stimulate cells with spatial control down to a sub-cellular level, and millisecond temporal control. They comprise of biologically important molecule which is modified with a photolabile protecting group. In the absence of light, caged compounds are physiologically silent but irradiation with light induces the release of biologically active species. Illumination under two-photon conditions is particularly advantageous as it enables restriction of the photolysis volume to ~1 fL and it provides deeper penetration into scattering samp

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3

Isidro, Llobet Albert. "New Protecting Groups for the Synthesis of Complex Peptides." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2818.

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The increasing importance of peptides as drugs creates the necessity of new methodologies for the synthesis of complex peptides. This PhD thesis has been focused on the development of new protecting groups (including new linkers) for peptide synthesis. The work done has solved several problems in peptide synthesis making it more versatile. These are some of the results obtained:<br/><br/>- The removal conditions of the pNZ group as α-amino and Orn and Lys side chain protector have been optimized. These optimized conditions make pNZ orthogonal to the most used protecting groups in the Fmoc

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4

An, Huiying, and 安慧颖. "Time-resolved spectroscopic studies of selected photoremovable protecting groups." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44891672.

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5

Lineros, Rosa Mauricio. "Photoremovable protecting groups for carbonyl compounds of biological interest." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/167764.

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[ES] El espectro de la luz solar está compuesto por una amplia gama de radiaciones electromagnéticas las cuales tienen diferentes impactos sobre la vida en la tierra. Entre ellas, las pertenecientes a la región ultravioleta toman un papel principal cuando nos referimos a la fotobiología, ya que pueden interactuar con las biomoléculas por medio de procesos tanto directos como fotosensibilizados. Como resultado, estas biomoléculas pueden sufrir modificaciones que no siempre tienen efectos beneficiosos. En este contexto, los daños fotoinducidos al ADN son de gran relevancia ya que están estrecham

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6

Riseborough, Jane. "Methoxytrityl protecting groups and the synthesis of '1'5N-labelled nucleosides." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285688.

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7

Longstaff, Peter A. "Novel side chain protecting groups for solid phase peptide synthesis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15232.

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8

Zhou, Yang. "DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOACTIVATABLE NITROXYL (HNO) DONOR MOLECULES USING PHOTOLABILE PROTECTING GROUPS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1501350106636151.

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9

MacLeod, William Robertson. "Novel photocleavable surfactants and other photolabile materials." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275149.

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10

Yan, Hongbin. "Studies in oligonucleotide synthesis (a) ; New protecting groups for 1,2-diol systems (b)." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/studies-in-oligonucleotide-synthesis--b-new-protecting-groups-for-12diol-systems(4a72ea08-c1d4-4361-b1e2-32a8b2fef47a).html.

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11

Booth, Rebecca. "Development of a new synthetic biology tool : synthetic sub-cellular compartments." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/development-of-a-new-synthetic-biology-tool-synthetic-subcellular-compartments(47b90b77-0c64-40f4-965a-e1e2c3d7fb2f).html.

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Methods for the remotely triggered release of biologically active molecules has been an area of intense research in recent years, as it would allow hard-to-obtain biomolecules to be tested in cell-like environments.1 The removal of polar functional groups from hydrophilic structures upon the application of an external stimulus would generate unfunctionalised molecules, which could then participate in amphiphilic self-assembly. This could be used in the release of bioactive molecules and therefore in the in vitro investigation of drug activity. In this PhD project, diazene chemistry was identif

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12

Wu, Taifeng. "Studies on the chemical synthesis of natural and novel oligoribonucleotides using alkylsilyl protecting groups." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74341.

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The phenoxyacetyl group was investigated as a base protecting group in oligoribonucleotide synthesis using the phosphoramidite coupling procedure. The N-phenoxyacetyl protected ribonucleoside methylphosphoramidites were prepared and they were evaluated in the synthesis of a number of oligoribonucleotides, including a 75-unit-long molecule whose base sequence is related to the yeast formylmethionine initiator tRNA.<br>A side reaction leading to some cleavage of the assembled oligoribonucleotide chain was observed in oligoribonucleotide synthesis, following the standard procedure. The nature of

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13

Sundararajan, Chitra. "N-methyl-4-picolinium esters as photoremovable protecting groups based on photoinduced electron transfer." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2467.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.<br>Thesis research directed by: Chemistry. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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14

Kerr, Ruairidh Duncan. "Design and synthesis of novel protecting groups for the solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12359.

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Four different compounds have been investigated for their usefulness as protecting groups for the solid phase synthesis of RNA and DNA, covering both 5' and 2' protection. First is a 5' hydroxyl protecting group containing the highly hydrophobic Tbf (Tetrabenzo[a,c,g,i]fluorene) moiety and based on the trityl protecting group. This new group has been successfully incorporated into the synthesis of oligonucleotides pre-attached to the final nucleotide. The high hydrophobicity of the Tbf moiety is then utilised to purify the sequence and is cleaved using existing protocols intended for dimethoxy

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15

Reinfelds, Matiss [Verfasser], Alexander [Gutachter] Heckel, and Jens [Gutachter] Bredenbeck. "Design and synthesis of new photolabile protecting groups / Matiss Reinfelds ; Gutachter: Alexander Heckel, Jens Bredenbeck." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172500576/34.

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Reinfelds, Matīss [Verfasser], Alexander [Gutachter] Heckel, and Jens [Gutachter] Bredenbeck. "Design and synthesis of new photolabile protecting groups / Matiss Reinfelds ; Gutachter: Alexander Heckel, Jens Bredenbeck." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172500576/34.

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17

HAUN, MICHELE A. "SYNTHESIS OF A DIMETHOXYBENZOIN PROTECTED DIHYDROPHENANTHRODIOXIN PHOTONUCLEASE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1029502256.

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18

Wild, Peter Gareth. "The use of immobilised crown ethers as in-situ protecting groups for organic synthesis within flow reactors." Thesis, University of Hull, 2008. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:1180.

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Organic synthesis often requires one functional group of a bifunctionalised compound to be rendered temporarily inert to allow the selective reaction of another moiety. While protecting groups are used to remove the problem of the functional group incompatibility, they also raise other issues such as increasing the length of the synthetic pathway (by at least two steps – protection and deprotection), generally leading to an increase in cost and a decrease in yield. The protecting group is often selected based upon the deprotection conditions, leading to the requirement for orthogonal protectin

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19

Evans, David John. "The development of novel carboxyl and amino protecting groups for the solid-phase synthesis of atypical peptides." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336941.

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20

Thenna, Hewa Kosala R. S. "Applications Focused Synthetic Modification on Photoremovable Protecting Groups (PRPG) & Photochemical Analysis on Organic Azides and Isoxazoles." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1511858669354976.

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21

Sobieski, Julian Witold. "Assessing steric bulk of protecting groups via a computational determination of exact cone angle and exact solid cone angle." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1528385706530151.

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22

Kulikov, Anton V. "DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOCLEAVABLE LINKER GROUPS FOR APPLICATION TO PHOTOCLEAVAGE OF LIPOSOMES AND OF CAGING ALCOHOLS AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1150729530.

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23

Elacqua, Elizabeth. "Supramolecular chemistry of molecular concepts: tautomers, chirality, protecting groups, trisubstituted olefins, cyclophanes, and their impact on the organic solid state." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3447.

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The research presented in this thesis is founded upon the ability to mimic Nature by using highly directional forces to influence self-assembly, while achieving the formation of desired supramolecular structures. The successful engineering of such solids relies upon a full comprehension of supramolecular synthons, so as to apply them to design complex architectures. We have studied synthon formation in multifunctional pharmaceutical solids. Through the formation of salts and co-crystals, we uncovered a role of tautomers in the salt – co-crystal continuum. From a solid-state perspective, one ca

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24

Ihara, Hideki. "Directed Catalytic C-H Functionalization of Organoboronic Acids Utilizing Removable Directing Groups on the Boron Atom." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188545.

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25

Johnson, Tony. "Ultra-high load solid (gel) phase peptide synthesis using a combination of acid labile and base labile N-terminal protecting groups." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328036.

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26

Wahlström, Karolina. "Development and characterisation of protecting groups that enhance the solubility of synthetic peptides : methods to improve the aqueous solubility of hydrophobic peptides /." Stockholm : Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-27202.

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27

Konosonoks, Armands. "Release of Alcohols Through Photoenolization." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1132334815.

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28

Switzer, Jackson Reeves. "Three applications of green chemistry in engineering: (1) silylamines as reversible ionic liquids for carbon dioxide capture; (2) carbon dioxide as protecting group in chemical syntheses; (3) mitigating the thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52173.

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Green chemistry principles served as a guide for three industrially-relevant projects. In the first project, silylamines were applied as reversible ionic liquids for carbon dioxide capture from post-combustion flue gas streams. The effect of silylamine structure was thoroughly researched to develop a comprehensive library of silylamines and an accompanying set of structure-property relationships. The proposed solvent systems have the potential to present significant energy savings, as design has focused on their use in a non-aqueous, solvent-free environment. The second project also dealt exte

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29

Dombray, Thomas. "Catalyse par les métaux de la monnaie : applications à la synthèse de molécules d'intérêt biologique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF060.

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Au cours de la dernière décennie, l’utilisation de la catalyse à l’or a connu un essor important en synthèse organique. Les complexes d’or permettent de générer des molécules complexes hautement fonctionnalisées à partir de substrats simples de manière efficace et dans des conditions réactionnelles douces. Les propriétés de cet élément découlent des effets relativistes et confèrent aux complexes d’or un caractère à la fois carbophile et oxophile. Cette dualité a été exploitée au laboratoire à travers de nombreuses réactions, notamment des réarrangements d’alcynyloxiranes en furanes ou en divin

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30

Scott, Tianeka S. "Understanding Hydrogen Bonding in Photoenolization." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1378196534.

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31

Valverde, Ibai. "La multi-ligation triazole : développement de nouveaux outils pour la synthèse de mimes de protéines par cycloadditions successives." Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE2010.

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Ce travail est consacré au développement d’une nouvelle méthode de synthèse d’analogues bioactifs de protéinesen utilisant des réactions successives de cycloaddition entre les alcynes terminaux et les azotures (CuAAC).Pour pouvoir effectuer des cycloadditions itératives, nous avons étudié la stabilité et les conditions de coupure dedifférents groupements masquants des alcynes terminaux. Cette étude a été valorisée par le développement d’unestratégie originale pour réaliser un triple cycloaddition successive une même molécule basée sur la protectiontemporaire de la fonction alcyne.La méthode a

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32

Abou, Nakad Elie. "Synthèse de groupements protecteurs photolabiles pro-fluorescents sensibles à l’excitation bi-photonique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF039/document.

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Les groupes protecteurs photolabile (GPP) ont été largement utilisés en synthèse organique et pour des applications biologiques. Parmi la grande diversité de ces groupes, les groupement o-nitrobenzyl sont les plus utilisés. En particulier, ils ont été abondamment employés dans la préparation de nombreux précurseurs photolabiles d’effecteurs biologiques. Ce qui permet d’utiliser une réaction photochimique afin de transformer un composé biologiquement inerte en composé actif avec formation d’un sous-produit de photolyse. Afin de pouvoir quantifier le saut de concentration de l’effecteur biologiq

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33

Naulet, Guillaume. "Techniques de protection pour la synthèse de larges arènes polycycliques par réaction de Perkin." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0188/document.

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La variante « glyoxylique » de la réaction de Perkin permet de lier entre eux deux fragments aromatiques par un pont maléique. La rigidification de cet intermédiaire flexible mène à des systèmes aromatiques polycycliques étendus par création des liaisons carbone-carbone manquantes. Cette stratégie requiert l'utilisation d'acides arylacétiques et arylglyoxyliques, et l’utilisation d'unités bifonctionnelles a auparavant permis la synthèse de cibles variées allant des phénacènes plans aux (poly)hélicènes très distordus, mais aussi des macrocycles conjugués. Afin d'étendre la taille et la variété

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34

Anzicek, Nika. "Studies towards a second-generation synthesis of the aplyronines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267831.

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The aplyronines are a family of 24-membered macrolides of polyketide origin, isolated from the Japanese sea hare Aplysia kurodai. They exhibit an exceptional biological activity profile, acting through an actin and tubulin dual-targeting mechanism, with subnanomolar growth inhibitory potency against a diverse range of cancer cell lines. These characteristics render the aplyronines ideal payloads for antibody-drug conjugates but their prohibitively low natural abundance calls for an efficient total synthesis to overcome the supply issue. This dissertation describes the efforts towards developin

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35

Dubois, Victor. "Nouveaux outils moléculaires photo-activables pour la délivrance contrôlée de principes actifs : De la conception aux applications biologiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0029.

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Les groupements protecteurs photolabiles (GPPs) sont de petits chromophores organiques capables de libérer des molécules bioactives à la suite d’une irradiation lumineuse. L’utilisation de ces outils attire depuis une quarantaine d’années un intérêt croissant en biologie pour des applications telles que la thérapie ou la physiologie. Bien que performants en excitation à 1-photon, l’élaboration de GPPs performants en excitation à 2- photon (E2P) dans le proche IR reste encore à ce jour un défi de taille. Dans ces travaux, nous choisissons d’adopter deux approches différentes afin d

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36

Georgi, Ulrike. "Synthese photoreaktiver Polymere zur optischen Strukturierung dünner Schichten." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-143989.

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Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese neuer photoreaktiver Polymere, die bei Bestrahlung mit Licht (Hg-Dampflampe, fs-gepulster Ti:Sa-Laser) definierte Reaktionen durchlaufen. Mittels kontrolliert-radikalischer Polymerisation und anschließender polymeranaloger Reaktion wurden verschiedene Azobenzen-Derivate, Arylazosulfonat-Derivate und photolabil geschützte Aminogruppen (Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl, Nvoc) in Methacrylat-Polymere eingeführt. Diese Strukturen wurden ausführlich hinsichtlich ihrer Struktur und vor allem ihrer photochemischen Eigenschaften (Extinktionskoeffizienten, Zerfall

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37

Messerschmidt, Martin. "Partiell geschützte Blockcopolymere zur Darstellung von Polymerfilmen mit strukturierbarer und modifizierbarer Morphologie." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1164976535005-04944.

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Gemäß der Zielstellung der Dissertation wurden verschiedene partiell tert.-Butyl- (TBU) und tert.-Butyloxycarbonyl- (Boc) geschützte Blockcopolymere auf der Basis von Poly(4-hydroxystyrol) mit engen Molmassenverteilungen sowie mit verschiedenen Blockzusammensetzungen dargestellt. Die Synthese dieser partiell TBU- und Boc-geschützten Blockcopolymere umfasste drei wesentliche Schritte: 1) Darstellung von Makroinitiatoren mittels NMRP, 2) Synthese von orthogonal geschützten Precursor-Blockcopolymeren durch Reinitiierung der Makroinitiatoren in Gegenwart eines weiteren orthogonal geschützten Monom

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38

Chouikhi, Dalila. "Synthesis of modified peptide nucleic acids." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAF003.

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Les Acides Peptido-nucléiques (PNA) sont des analogues synthétiques d’oligonucleotides naturels, ils sont constitués d’une répétition d’unités N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine reliées par une liaison peptidique. Leur stabilité chimique et biologique en font une alternative intéressante pour les assemblages supramoléculaires ayant une application biologique tels que l’encodage de chimiothèques combinatoires de petites molécules et des réactions engendrées par hybridation. Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif la synthèse d’acides peptido-nucléiques modifiés dans le but d’améliorer leur hybridation, l

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39

Turner, Gillian. "A new protecting group strategy for oligonucleotide synthesis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13149.

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This thesis describes the development of the various methods available for the synthesis of deoxyoligoribonucleotides. The use of the 2,2-bis (4-nitro-phenyl)ethyl group was investigated, mainly as a 5'-hydroxyl protecting group on 2'-deoxyribonucleotides, but also as a base protecting group for the O4-function of thymidinc and the Nc-exocyclic amine of adenosine. The deprotection conditions required for the removal of this group and its subsequent use in the synthesis of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides utilising phosphoramidite methodology arc described. An investigation, by 81P n.m.r., of the coupli

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40

Proud, Andrew D. "Development of a protecting group for sulfate esters." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12804.

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This work describes the development of a protecting group for sulfate monoesters in carbohydrates. After initial trial studies, the trifluoroethyl ester was selected as a suitable protecting group. The ester was formed from the sulfate by treatment with trifluoro diazoethane. This protection method is shown to be compatible with other common protecting groups used in carbohydrate chemistry. The protecting group is proven to be stable to the manipulations of many other protecting groups. The utility of monosaccharides incorporating protected sulfate esters in synthesis has been examined. It has

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41

Peytral, Pierre Olivier. "Entre libre-échange et protection : la politique commerciale d'ouverture sélective : une interprétation en termes d'économie politique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENE011.

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La dichotomie « libre-échange versus protection » structure l'analyse de la politique commerciale dans les manuels de la théorie du commerce international. En analysant les impacts respectifs de la politique libre-échangiste et de la politique protectionniste sur l'allocation des ressources et le bien-être, les modèles standard, au premier rang desquels figure le modèle HOS, concluent à l'optimalité parétienne du libre-échange. La prescription normative est alors que tous les pays devraient appliquer une politique de libre-échange qui préserve les prix justes. Cependant, les analyses empirique

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42

Wang, Jun. "Towards protecting-group-free total synthesis cardiobutanolide in water." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92361.

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A green stereoselective total synthesis of cardiobutanolide is proposed, starting from 1,6-dibromohexa-2,4-diene. The synthetic route consists of only 7 steps in total, where each step is performed in aqueous media, and no protecting groups are used. One of the key steps in the synthesis involves a combination of cyanide substitution and intramolecular Pinner reaction in one pot. Studies dealing with reaction process monitoring, tests of catalysts, and condition optimization are reported. A "no purification" process for the sequence of the first four steps of the synthesis is described.

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43

Kamdzhilov, Yavor. "A new photoremovable protecting group : synthesis and reaction mechanism /." Basel : [s.n.], 2006. http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_7677.

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44

Barrow, William S. "The Synthesis of Haplomyrtin Utilizing The Triisopropylsilyl Protecting Group." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1377101696.

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45

Connelly, Rickki L. "Protecting group free approaches to the synthesis of stemona alkaloids." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.653083.

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46

Groussier, Marianne Francoise Andree. "A new orthogonal protecting-group strategy for lanthionine-containing peptides." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325663.

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47

Adams, John A. S. "A protecting group strategy for the synthesis of C-glycosides." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400120.

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<i>C</i>-Glycosides are carbohydrate analogues in which a carbon atom substitutes the glycosidic oxygen. This relatively minor structural change results in significant chemical property changes without affecting the physical properties to a great extent. Consequently, they found applications in many areas of biological and medicinal chemistry, including enzyme inhibition and intercellular recognition events, making them highly valued agents for anti-cancer, anti-tumour and anti-viral drugs. Many of the <i>C</i>-glycoside forming a reactions produce more than one stereoisomer, and usually on

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48

Ho, Po-ying Amy. "Interest groups and the policy process a study of environmental protection policies in Hong Kong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1988. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31975380.

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Kumbale, Murali. "Bulk transmission system reliability analysis of protection and control groups." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13840.

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Saetti, Estelle. "La protection de l'adhérent dans les assurances de groupe." Paris 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA020043.

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