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Journal articles on the topic 'Protectionism – European Union countries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Chidlir Erisnesia, Newfreedo. "CPC as Indonesia and Malaysia's Response to European Union Protectionism For the 2015 - 2019 Period." Journal of Sosial Science 2, no. 5 (2021): 685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jss.v2i5.197.

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Crude Palm Oil (CPO) or better known as palm oil is the leading export commodity of Indonesia and Malaysia in improving their country's economy, Indonesia and Malaysia are the largest palm oil producers in the world, production reaches 80% and 20% of them are coconut producing countries. another palm. Palm oil gets quite a lot of importers annually, India and the European Union are the biggest consumers of this palm oil, although the European Union is the largest consumer of palm oil, the European Union has its regulations for palm oil, triggering the RED II Renewable Energy Directive regulati

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Langhammer, Rolf J. "EEC Trade Policies towards Asian Developing Countries." Asian Development Review 04, no. 02 (1986): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110586000106.

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In recent years, there has been growing international concern about protectionist tendencies in industrial countries against exports from the developing world. Estimates show that during the early 1980s, protectionist measures covered an increasing extent of the exports of developing countries. The evidence indicates that compared with Japan and the United States, the European Economic Community (EEC) has the highest relative level of manufactured imports facing non-tariff barriers and also the greatest increase of such trade restrictions. This may seem to suggest that the high rates of unempl

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Jacobi, Otto. "Transnational trade union cooperation at global and European level - opportunities and obstacles." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 6, no. 1 (2000): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600104.

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As globalisation of the economy proceeds apace, it is essential for trade unions to co-operate on a transnational basis if global capitalism is to be civilised. This contribution argues that problems with global trade union co-operation stem from the fact that people's social interests differ greatly according to the different stages of economic development reached in the First World, the newly industrialised countries, the transition economies and the countries of the Third World. It suggests that global co-operation amongst trade unions can only be achieved by doing away with protectionism a

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Khadzhynov, I. V., and O. V. Ruzhynskas. "METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF NEO-PROTECTIONISM IN THE ERA OF DIGITALIZATION." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Ekonomìka 11, no. 22 (2021): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2822-2021-11-22-59-67.

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The article is devoted to defining the methodological foundations of neoprotectionism in the era of digitization. It was determined that the current state of global economic development contributes to the transformation of the production paradigm, and it also changes the traditional perception of the foreign economic strategies of the countries in the world. The traditional view of scientists on the policy of protectionism was considered. The consequences of protectionist measures for countries in the long term were highlighted. It was substantiated that in the new conditions of post-industria

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Umarach, Maretha Syawallin. "THE PHENOMENON OF GREEN TRADE PROTECTIONISM: ANALYSIS OF THE EU PALM OIL IMPORT BAN IN THE ASEAN REGION." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Airlangga 31, no. 2 (2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jeba.v31i22021.103-116.

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Introduction: The policy issued by the European Union is the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) that turn creates barriers to palm oil exports from other countries to the European Union. The policy to ban palm oil under the pretext of protecting the environment is considered to be a new obstacle to trade. One of the rejection responses came from the ASEAN region. However, even though it has received a lot of protests and rejections, until 2020 the European Union has not changed its policy regarding the ban on the use of palm oil for biodiesel in the European region.Methods: This article focuses

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Iankova, Elena A., and Atanas G. Tzenev. "Determinants of Sovereign Investment Protectionism: the Case of Bulgaria’s Nuclear Energy Sector." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (2015): 35–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2015.6.2.14221.

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Foreign direct investment (FDI) by entities controlled by foreign governments (especially state-owned enterprises) is a new global phenomenon that is most often linked to the rise of emerging markets such as China and Russia. Host governments have struggled to properly react to this type of investment activity especially in key strategic sectors and critical infrastructure that ultimately raise questions of national security. Academic research on sovereign investment as a factor contributing to the new global protectionist trend is very limited, and predominantly focused on sovereign investors

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Kishore, Pallavi. "The Role of Consumer Protection in the Relations Between Asia and the European Union." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 11/12 (2019): 537–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019066.

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This article examines the functioning of the European Union’s (EU’s) consumer protection law in an incident in which the EU banned Asian shrimps in order to protect its consumers and aims to answer the following questions: 1. Are the EU’s actions in compliance with its own law and the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO)? 2. What is the impact of these actions on international trade and on the EU’s trading partners especially if they are developing countries? The most important consequence of this incident is its restrictive impact on international trade and/or the use of consumer protect

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Sardelić, Julija. "The Exclusion of Roma and European Citizenship." Current History 120, no. 824 (2021): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.824.100.

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Some 10-15 million members of the Roma minority live in Europe; an estimated 6 million are citizens of the European Union. It was not until the 1990s that European Union institutions began treating Roma as an ethnic minority deserving of human rights protections. Concerns about mass migration of Roma from Eastern European countries where they face severe discrimination was one of the reasons the EU included protections for Roma among the conditions that candidate countries had to meet to qualify for consideration in its most recent rounds of enlargement. Those EU efforts have overlooked simila

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Sabirov, Nurshat, and Evgenia Vasyuta. "REBUILDING GLOBAL RESILIENCE: REGIONALISATION AND TRADE LIBERALISATION IN A FRAGMENTED ECONOMY." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 3(52) (May 15, 2025): 7–14. https://doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.3(52).2025.7-14.

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Today, the world order is undergoing fundamental change. Globalization, once driven by interdependence, cross-border investments, and consumerism, is fading under repeated shocks: the 2008–2009 financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and Russia’s military operation in Ukraine. These disruptions have forced leaders to rethink the supply chains because they proved to be unreliable during a pandemic, a war, or a financial crisis. To address this, protectionist measures have gained traction, aiming to bolster supply chains against future external shocks. In our article, we analyze

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Nwangwu, Chikodiri, Chukwuemeka Enyiazu, Ejikeme Jombo Nwagwu, and Christian C. Ezeibe. "Regionalism in World Politics: Interrogating the Relevance of the Economic Community of West African States in Global Political Economy." Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 13, no. 2 (2019): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51870/cejiss.a130205.

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Globalisation has promoted the connections among sovereign states in the international political economy. Despite the preponderance of neo-protectionist tendencies in the United States and some European countries, the import of regionalism in global political economy has not waned. While economic regionalism was adopted in the advanced capitalist formations as a logical consequence of and/or the instrument for the universalisation of capitalism, the emergence and/or revival of regional groupings like the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was a reacti

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Maltsev, A. A., and S. V. Chichilimov. "FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF NEO-PROTECTIONISM IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SIXTH INNOVATION WAVE." International Trade and Trade Policy 9, no. 3 (2023): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2023-3-19-35.

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The beginning of the third decade of the 21st century was marked by a sharp escalation of foreign trade wars. In the context of imposition of global challenges such as fragmentation of the world geo-economic space, forced adjustments in the energy transition policy, exacerbation of antagonism between developed and catching them up developing countries, and the prospects of a new wave of innovations, the declining effectiveness of classical defensive foreign trade tools is becoming increasingly clear. Simultaneous weakening of the positions of economic leaders - the United States of America and

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Palm, Oil Agribusiness Strategic Policy Institute. "STRATEGIC OPTIONS FOR THE NATIONAL PALM OIL INDUSTRY IN RESPONSE TO THE EUROPEAN UNION DEFORESTATION-FREE REGULATION (EUDR) POLICY." Journal Analysis of Palm Oil Strategic Issues 4, no. 5 (2023): 767–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13801413.

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The EUDR policy has the potential to hinder the national palm oil industry from entering the globalpalm oil market. It is estimated that the majority of the national oil palm plantation players, especiallysmall-to-medium scale oil palm plantations, will find it difficult to meet the demands of the EUDR.The risk of implementing this policy needs to be mitigated and a strategic solution should be sought,considering the extensive linkages between the palm oil industry and various economic sectors inIndonesia. The first strategy is to reorganize and reorient the national palm oil supply chains to

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13

Varnavskii, V. "Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism of the European Union: a New Tool of Global Governance." World Economy and International Relations 67, no. 1 (2023): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-1-5-15.

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In 2021, the European Union presented unilaterally and without agreement with international community partners a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). It includes a system own monitoring and control of production processes in third country companies in relation to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The article attempts to analyze CBAM as a new, emerging phenomenon of global governance, and offer recommendations for improvement its concept. It is shown that CBAM is a global in its scope, but its legitimacy is in serious doubt. The EU has no legitimate grounds for making requirements for envir

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Natália, Teixeira. "The Impact of New US Tariffs in 2025: Towards a Global Economic Collapse?" ISRG Journal of Economics, Business & Management (ISRGJEBM) III, no. II (2025): 49–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15004075.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> <em>The year 2025 signifies a pivotal juncture in the evolution of US trade policy, marked by the implementation of substantial tariffs not only on China, but also on established trading partners such as Canada, Mexico and the European Union. This opinion piece undertakes an assessment of the prospective economic and geopolitical ramifications of the introduction of these protectionist measures. The analysis posits that the implementation of these tariffs could lead to an escalation in the fragmentation of global trade, resulting in the intensification of inflationary

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Jongwanich, Juthathip, William E. James, Peter J. Minor, and Alexander Greenbaum. "Trade Structure and the Transmission of Economic Distress in the High-Income OECD Countries to Developing Asia." Asian Development Review 26, no. 01 (2009): 48–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110509500036.

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This paper examines the structure and direction of developing Asia’s trade over the past two decades. The impacts of economic slowdown in high-income Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries on developing Asia in 2009–2010 are then projected through a computable general equilibrium model of world trade and production. The paper shows that despite a jump in intraregional trade—which is found to reflect increasing fragmentation of production with trade in intermediate goods and assembly of final products in the People’s Republic of China—the region remains dependen

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Yeung, May T., and Nick Perdikis. "The Battle over the EUs Proposed Humanitarian Trade Preferences for Pakistan: A Case Study in Multifaceted Protectionism." Journal of World Trade 46, Issue 1 (2012): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2012002.

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In the wake of devastating floods in Pakistan in 2010, the European Union (EU) has attempted to use trade policy to provide humanitarian assistance by the temporary lowering of tariffs on select imports from Pakistan. This Proposal, justified on humanitarian grounds, requires a World Trade Organization (WTO) waiver, which so far has not been possible, amidst developing countries' concerns regarding erosion of the value of their preferential access to the EU market. A detailed examination of the EU Proposal indicates marginal benefit to Pakistan at best, given that sensitive import-competing pr

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17

Yakovlev, P. "Russia and Spain in the midst of global trade wars." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-4-58-66.

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In recent years, the world economy has become more unstable and relations between countries in different regions have deteriorated. As a result, we can talk about an international economic confrontation. The main reasons for this situation seem to be traceable: so-called trade wars, neo-protectionism, financial and other sanctions. Many countries around the world, including Russia and Spain, are victims of one or more aspects of the phenomenon. Trade wars are undoubtedly at the heart of economic battles. They have a long history, but the current wave of trade wars has been driven by President

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Claeys, Grégory, Zsolt Darvas, Maria Demertzis, and Guntram B. Wolff. "The Great COVID-19 Divergence: Managing a Sustainable and Equitable Recovery in the EU." Intereconomics 56, no. 4 (2021): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-021-0983-8.

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AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to the biggest global recession since the Second World War. Forecasts show the European Union underperforming economically relative to the United States and China during 2019–2023. Southern European countries have been particularly strongly affected. Some sectors have been hit harder than others. Business insolvencies have, paradoxically, fallen. While total employment has almost recovered, the young and those with low-level qualifications have suffered employment losses. Inequality could rise. The pandemic may lead to lasting changes in the economy, with

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Paixão Casaca, Ana Cristina, and Dimitrios V. Lyridis. "Protectionist vs liberalised maritime cabotage policies: a review." Maritime Business Review 3, no. 3 (2018): 210–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-03-2018-0011.

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Purpose The development of the current European economic area maritime cabotage market occurred when, at a policy level, the European Union forced the opening of its member-states cabotage markets to Community shipowners and extended this openness, in 1997, to the european free trade area countries. A two-tier cabotage market emerged, where a European economic area legislative framework co-exists with the legislative acts of each member-state. With such a unique background, this paper aims to investigate both the European economic area member-states and the rest of the world cabotage regimes a

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Güleç Uğur, Dilek, and Tayyibe Altunel. "An Assessment of Forestry Policy in The European Union, Turkey and Various Countries." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 12, no. 4 (2024): 714–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i4.714-725.6700.

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In many parts of the world, forests have been seen only as an economic value and forestry policies have been in this direction. Later, when forests started to disappear, the protectionist period started and forest policies were shaped in this direction. In this study, the reflections of sustainable foresty policy and environmental and forest protection in the Eurpoion Union (EU), Turkey and a few other countries are examined and the protection measures and recommendations of the countries are analyzed. The aim of the study is to reveal the devolopment process of forestry policies and to reveal

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Balabanova, N., M. Muravskyi, and V. Shastun. "INTERSTATE TRADE DISPUTES AS A MANIFESTATION OF MODERN PROTECTIONISM." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu Serìâ Ekonomìka 14, no. 28 (2024): 53–61. https://doi.org/10.34079/2226-2822-2024-14-28-53-61.

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The article examines interstate trade disputes as one of the manifestations of modern protectionism, which is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of global economic transformations. The main focus is on analyzing the causes, mechanisms of emergence, and consequences of trade conflicts for the global economy. Key trends in the development of international trade have been identified, including the growth of e-commerce, changes in the geographical and commodity structure of trade, the formation of regional trade blocs, and the strengthening of protectionist measures. Special attention i

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Перегуда, Ю.А. "ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ВЕКТОРА ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ УКРАЇНИ: НАПРЯМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ". Наукові записки Львівського університету бізнесу та права. Серія економічна. Серія юридична, № 30 (30 вересня 2021): 111–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5809062.

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The development of national socio-economic systems is a multidimensional and multilevel process that contains destabilizing factors, which leads to periodic recurrence of crisis phenomena in the economy. An effective way to protect national socio-economic systems from global instability is to create regional integration systems that regulate public relations in the international political and economic arena. Ukraine, as a developing economy, is objectively interested in developing mutually beneficial economic relations with partner countries. The European Union is a union of independent states

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Iwanowski, Zbiegnew. "Political Shifts in Latin America and Problems of Relations of the Region with the European Union." Contemporary Europe, no. 100 (December 31, 2020): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope72020162172.

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The article examines the deteriorating economic and social situation in Latin America after the "golden decade" (2003 – 2013) and political shifts in the region. During the last electoral cycle, there was a reformatting of the political landscape, including the "right drift" on one hand and the strengthening of the positions of the left forces on the other. At the same time, political polarization at the national and regional levels sharply increased, integration blocks have disintegrated or are in a state of crisis. As a result, the region is no longer a "unity in diversity". Based on an anal

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Dantas, Adriana. "The Role of WTO Rules to Discipline Climate Change-Related Agriculture Policies." Journal of World Trade 45, Issue 2 (2011): 283–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2011010.

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As countries around the globe introduce new strategies to address the effects of climate change on the agriculture sector, greater international coordination and discipline of these policies are increasingly important. Policies to boost renewable energy from agriculture feedstocks, for example, are widespread in the United States and the European Union (EU), despite the uncertainties concerning their impacts on commodity demand, trade flows, water use, and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. This article argues that there is a relationship between market-distorting farm policies and the re

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Costa, Cinthia Cabral da, Heloisa Lee Burnquist, and Joaquim José Martins Guilhoto. "Special safeguard tariff impacts on the Brazilian sugar exports." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 14, no. 2 (2015): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-05-2015-0010.

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Purpose – This paper aims to present a critical analysis of special safeguards (SSGs) and a simulation of their effects on Brazilian sugar exports to countries such as the US and the European Union (EU) bloc. Design/methodology/approach – The first stage involved the identification of tariff lines for the EU and the US sugar imports from Brazil between 1995 and 2013. Next, notifications of World Trade Organization about SSGs were examined to identify the years when the measure was applied on the sugar trade by these countries. For the years when SSGs were applied, the values of these additiona

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González Garibay, Montserrat. "The Trade-Labour Linkage from the Eyes of the Developing Countries: A Euphemism for Protectionist Practices?" European Foreign Affairs Review 14, Issue 5 (2009): 763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2009052.

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This article assesses the perception of the European Union’s trade-labour linkage policy by the developing countries at the bilateral level. While the normative foci of the policy are on human rights, social justice and regulation, it is uncertain whether the developing countries view the linkage in those terms. Drawing on a constructivist theoretical background, the developing countries’ perceptions are assessed, taking into account the discussions that, at the multilateral level, have preceded the European Union’s incorporation of labour-oriented provisions to preferential trade agreements.

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Biryukova, O. V. "Barriers to the EU Single Services Market." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(41) (April 28, 2015): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-2-41-186-195.

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The EU has the most developed liberalization mechanism in services trade within the framework of an economic bloc. The system of supranational institutions, which decisions are binding upon member states, contributes to a high level of liberalization of trade in services in the EU. However, the creation of a single market for services hasn't completed at all. The reasons are following: not all basic principles for single market are fully applied, and a service is a very specific object for international trade. Financial-economic crisis caused a new wave of protectionism in different countries,

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Svoboda, Ondrej. "EU Reform Agenda in Defence of the Judicialization of International Economic Law." European Foreign Affairs Review 25, Issue 2 (2020): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2020018.

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A widely-recognized ‘backlash against globalization’ has taken many forms in recent years, particularly in the resurgence of nationalism and protectionism. Following the rise of a legitimacy crisis in the international regime for the protection of investments, the Trumpanian attack on the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body undermines a crucial function of this organization. In this context, the European Union has traditionally been seen as an advocate of the rule of law at an international level. Currently, it leads the way to maintain rules-based global economic governance by submi

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Luboš, Smutka, Maitah Mansoor, and Svatoš Miroslav. "Changes in the Czech agrarian foreign trade competitiveness – different groups of partners’ specifics." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 9 (2018): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/399/2016-agricecon.

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The territorial and commodity structure of the Czech agrarian foreign trade underwent significant changes over the last fifteen years. These changes affected not only the structure, but also the value, volume, unit prices and competitiveness. The presented paper provides the basic overview of the individual significant changes. The main goal of the paper is to specify changes in the area of the Czech agrarian foreign trade competitiveness. This competitiveness is analysed not only in relation to global markets, but it is also analysed in relation to different groups of countries. Differences i

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Wang, James. "The Best Data Plan Is to Have a Game Plan: Obstacles and Solutions to Reaching International Data Privacy Agreements." Michigan Technology Law Review, no. 28.2 (2022): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.36645/mtlr.28.2.best.

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The modern digital world relies on the instantaneous transfer of data. This digital highway is essential for the growth of the modern digital economy and contributes to the rise of globalization. In order to facilitate these data transfers, ground rules must first be put into place. To date, there are few, if any, binding international data privacy agreements. This is in part due to practical considerations, such as high administrability costs, inadequate enforcement agencies, and complex jurisdictional procedures. More fundamentally, however, this is due to competing incentive structures, as

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Miao, Wang. "Analysis of the Impact of Carbon Tariffs on China's Trade." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 79, no. 1 (2024): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/79/20241866.

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As the impact of the financial crisis deepened, on March 17, 2009, US Energy Secretary Steven Chu prepared to impose carbon tariffs on imported goods to avoid unfair competition in the US manufacturing industry. Meanwhile, in recent years, some developed countries or regions, such as the United States and the European Union, have proposed punitive tariffs on imported products from developing countries such as China and India based on carbon content under the pretext of addressing climate change. This measure has sparked widespread international discussion. Therefore, this article takes carbon

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Ndong, Jean-Sylvain Ndo. "The Differentiation of Products and Opportunity for Intra-Industry Exchange." International Business Research 13, no. 9 (2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n9p88.

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The financial crisis of the late 2000s gave rise to protectionist hints which called into question the consensus on the liberalization of world trade since the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. This trend towards protectionism has taken on new magnitude with the arrival of Donald Trump as President of the United States of America. In fact, since the beginning of 2018, the American administration has carried out its threats by imposing customs duties on imports of the various products from China and the European Union. In retaliation, the countries concerned responded with

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Christodoulidis, Emilios. "The European Court of Justice and “Total Market” Thinking." German Law Journal 14, no. 10 (2013): 2005–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002613.

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The controversial decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the quartet of cases that are grouped under its “Laval/Viking jurisprudence” are rapidly becoming entrenched as a key dimension of the European Union (EU) constitutional imaginary. This comes with a certain “immunization” against challenge as they become much harder to treat as mistakes. In their elevated status they have aligned stances and expectational structures. They have also had significant impact on the “Nordic” models; Charles Woolfson shows, for example, how subsequent to the European Court of Justice

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Dawar, Kamala. "The EU 2022 International Procurement Regulation Enters in to Force Reciprocity." Journal of World Trade 57, Issue 1 (2023): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2023005.

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After ten years in the making, in 2022, the European Union adopted an International Procurement Instrument (IPI). This article examines how the 2022 IPI seeks to regulate the access of third-country economic operators, goods and services to the Union’s public procurement markets, as well as how it intends to support negotiations on access of Union economic operators, goods and services to the public procurement markets of third countries. After setting out the background to the IPI proposal, the article identifies the main features in terms of its’ scope and coverage, procedures and obligation

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Konovalova, Yulia A. "U.S. in the global FDI’ flows: repatriation of foreign earning by U.S. from EU members as the new global trend." RUDN Journal of Economics 28, no. 1 (2020): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-1-172-183.

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Scientific investigation covers the questions of U.S.’ involvedness into the international economic relations and into the international trade of goods and services and international movement of FDI as well. The fact that USA is the larger importer and the second exporter of goods in the world (2018), and the largest exporter and importer of commercial services (2018), the biggest host economy of FDI, and the largest investor (till 2017) the investigation of the American investment cooperation is the rather important affair, that can show the tough dependence of U.S.’ economy of foreign countr

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KNUDSEN, JETTE STEEN. "Integrating Western and Eastern European Markets." Comparative Political Studies 31, no. 2 (1998): 188–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031002003.

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Although general trade theories are useful for specifying which groups support or oppose trade, these frameworks see preferences as static and do not explain how they change over time. Instead, this article proposes a dynamic perspective that considers how economic adjustment and liberal trade policies alter trade preferences. The article examines why the traditionally protectionist German textile and apparel sectors accept the recent trade agreements with Eastern Europe. Producers can exploit technological and product changes by gaining access to export markets. Furthermore, to take advantage

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Osipov, Vladimir S. "Economic Ideology of Sanction Policy: Fundamentals for Unfair Competition." Journal of Modern Competition 18, no. 5 (2024): 5–15. https://doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2024-18-5-5-15.

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More and more new restrictions are being introduced against the Russian Federation – sectoral and financial sanctions, personal restrictions, new packages of sanctions are being prepared. The article attempts to show the hidden goals of the sanctions policy through a political and economic analysis of the states that initiated the sanctions policy. The analysis proves that the purpose of the sanctions is not only to weaken the Russian Federation economically, but also to poor the allies of the United States, as the initiator of the sanctions, in full accordance with the sanctions paradox of D.

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Kuznetsov, A. V. "Disintegration of the World Trade System: Reasons and Consequences." Finance: Theory and Practice 23, no. 5 (2019): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2019-23-5-50-61.

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The article presents the study results of the world trade stagnation issues associated with the WTO systemic crisis. The aim of the article is to summarize the main reasons for the world trade system disintegration and to identify feasible directions for the world economic order transformation. The G20 trade-restricting measures were analyzed based on the statistical databases of the WTO and the non-governmental organization Global Trade Alert (GTA). The views of leading domestic and foreign experts on the consequences of liberalization of the world trade in goods and services were summarized.

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Jastisia, Mentari. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM HAK ASASI MANUSIA INTERNASIONAL TERHADAP IMIGRAN SURIAH." Yustitia 7, no. 2 (2021): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31943/yustitia.v7i2.142.

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Immigrants are people who have fled from their country to other countries where they can be referred to as refugees or asylum seekers. There are legal instruments that regulate and provide protection for them. Arrangements for asylum seekers are contained in the 1967 Declaration of Territorial Asylum, State practice, humanitarian issues, Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Meanwhile, the arrangements for refugees are contained in the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951, Protocol relating to the status of Refugees 1967, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

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Burgoon, Brian. "The Distinct Politics of the European Union’s ‘Fair Trade’ Linkage to Labour Standards." European Foreign Affairs Review 14, Issue 5 (2009): 643–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2009046.

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European Union (EU) social actors, governments and EU level representatives have been divided over fair trade linkage, where trade access is made conditional upon protection of labour standards. This division is partly an artefact of sharp disagreement and confusion over the nature of such linkage: supporters usually defend fair trade linkage as humanizing rather than shutting-down globalization, while opponents construe such linkage as a back door to protectionism or worry that other countries will construe linkage as such. This article analyses whether and in what ways EU fair trade protecti

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Tymoshchuk, Yaroslav, Inna Suray, Halyna Hrebeniuk, Viacheslav Zadoia, and Sergii Selishchev. "Government strategy for enhancing the infrastructure of international freight railway corridors: Economic and strategic considerations." Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology 9, no. 2 (2025): 374–83. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4491.

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The article examines the state strategy for developing the infrastructure of international freight railway corridors in the European and Asia-Pacific regions from 2022 to 2023. It considers the impact of public investment on the formation of infrastructure projects through macroeconomic analysis. It describes programs that help optimize freight transport and stimulate trade development between continents. Public investment in the infrastructure of railway corridors in the EU has increased by 12% over the past five years, indicating a strategic interest in their further development. The article

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Fedorchak, Tetiana. "The Czech Right-Wing Party “Freedom and Direct Democracy” and Its Response to the Russian-Ukrainian War." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 15 (December 20, 2024): 271–87. https://doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2024.15.271-287.

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The Czech Republic, since the beginning of the undeclared war of the Russian Federation against our state, has become one of the strongest supporters of Ukraine among the countries of the European Union. However, not all of Czech society and not all Czech political institutions, primarily political parties, adhere to this position. There are significant discursive opportunities for populist right-wing radical actors on the political landscape. The author analyzed the policies of the populist right-wing radical party "Freedom and Direct Democracy" (сzech: Svoboda a přímá demokracie – SPD), focu

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Elikbaev, K. N., and G. V. Podbiralina. "Buy national campaigns promotionin the EU and EAEU countries." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 4 (2022): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-41-54.

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It is determined in the article that the promotion of the “Buy National” policy is of a protectionist nature and often may not comply with international trade rules, including within the framework of integration associations. It was determined that this approach of the states participating in integration associations (the EAEU is no exception) is a certain brake on the development of integration processes. As a result of the analysis of studies on this issue, it was revealed that consumers in certain countries support the policy “Buy national, but their purchasing habits are not fundamentally

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Saltybayev, Yerzhan. "Global Risks for Eurasia in 2019." Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 10, no. 1-3 (2018): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974910118824421.

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The Rating of Global Risks for Eurasia in 2019 is the first analytical project to assess global risks for the Eurasian macroregion. The risk rating was released as part of the Astana Club international meeting and is based on a survey of over 1,000 professional respondents from 60 countries and detailed opinions of 30 prominent international experts. The world’s vulnerability to global risks will grow – the overwhelming majority of experts who participated in the project are sure of this. Pessimism seems to be associated with a new round of tension in the Middle East, crises around Iran and Uk

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Maksym, V., V. Chemerys, V. Dushka, O. Dadak, I. Beker, and V. Khomyk. "Price competitiveness of Ukrainian enterprises producing edible chicken eggs on the European Union market." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 26, no. 104 (2024): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e10414.

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In the context of the European integration of Ukraine, the need to study the competitiveness of Ukrainian agricultural products in the European Union's markets is becoming increasingly common. Ukraine has significant export potential in the farming sector, which is possible if it exits and strengthens its position in promising international markets. Industrial poultry farming of the egg production area is one of the most export-oriented areas of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, which determines the relevance of research on the competitiveness of Ukrainian enterprises for the production of e

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Arezina, Sanja. "New relations of the European Union and China: Friends or frenemies?" Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 173 (2020): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn2073077a.

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After the promotion of ?Made in China 2025? initiative and the beginning of US President Donald Trump?s tenure in power, in US and whole world there has been a rising negative attitude towards Chinese presence. The launch of a US-China ?trade war? and the closure of the US market for Chinese direct investment and product coincided with growing discontent of EU member states over the treatment that European companies have had at the Chinese market. As a result, there has been a change of the positive perception of the PR China by the EU member states, that was created mainly by strong inflow of

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Ibrayev, A. S., A. A. Mukasheva, and N. O. Ybyray. "International experience in animal rights protection." BULLETIN OF L.N. GUMILYOV EURASIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY LAW SERIES 150, no. 1 (2025): 207–18. https://doi.org/10.32523/2616-6844-2025-150-1-207-218.

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The authors of this article have conducted an analysis of the advanced practices of foreign countries concerning the protection of animal rights. The research purpose is to explore the regulation of interactions with animals, responsible treatment, legislative measures for the protection of animal rights, and the positioning of animals within the framework of legal relationships. To achieve this objective, the authors have examined the legislation of selected developed countries in Europe and Asia, as well as the overall regulatory framework of the European Union, within a single article. Acco

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BARBOSA, NATÁLIA, MARIA HELENA GUIMARÃES, and ANA PAULA FARIA. "SINGLE MARKET NON-COMPLIANCE: HOW RELEVANT IS THE INSTITUTIONAL SETTING?" Singapore Economic Review 62, no. 05 (2017): 1115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500861.

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This paper investigates the role of the national institutional setting in explaining Single Market non-compliance regarding non-tariff barriers in intra-European Union (EU) trade. Using data on infringements to Single Market law we show that the quality of domestic institutional characteristics is relevant to explain non-compliance among EU countries. While government independence from political pressures and higher levels of representativeness and accountability reduce the propensity of member states to infringe upon Single Market laws, better regulatory quality increases the probability of n

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Malikova, Olga I., and Dmitry O. Surikov. "Current State and Prospects for Developing Carbon Integration in the Eurasian Space." Public Administration. E-journal (Russia), no. 103, 2024 (April 30, 2024): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu2070-1381-103-2024-71-80.

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The processes of decarbonisation of the world economy, expressed among other things in the increasing use by states of carbon pricing mechanisms and the strengthening of the role of green protectionism in international trade, create certain challenges for the competitiveness of the economies of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries, setting them the task of harmonizing national approaches within the framework of the climate agenda and subsequent carbon integration. This article, based on a comprehensive analysis of the economic and legal aspects of national and supranational climate reg

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Bastaubaeva, Sh O., V. V. Grigoruk, and N. D. Slyamova. "Methods of non-financial stimulation of organic farming." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2023-3.2708-9991.16.

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The goal is to study the best world practices of legislative and public support for organic farming for use in domestic conditions for the formation and development of the organic sector. Widely practiced methods analysis and synthesis of international competencies, mainly from the countries of the European Union, scientific abstraction in substantiating the most important aspects of promoting organic agriculture were used. The analogy method was used to compare global statistical indicators of the organic segment in the EU, Europe and the world. Results – it is confirmed that the best legisla

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