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Journal articles on the topic 'Protective chemical molecules and pathways'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Rusanova, Iryna, Laura Martínez-Ruiz, Javier Florido, et al. "Protective Effects of Melatonin on the Skin: Future Perspectives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 19 (2019): 4948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194948.

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When exposed to hostile environments such as radiation, physical injuries, chemicals, pollution, and microorganisms, the skin requires protective chemical molecules and pathways. Melatonin, a highly conserved ancient molecule, plays a crucial role in the maintenance of skin. As human skin has functional melatonin receptors and also acts as a complete system that is capable of producing and regulating melatonin synthesis, melatonin is a promising candidate for its maintenance and protection. Below, we review the studies of new metabolic pathways involved in the protective functions of melatonin

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Tundis, Rosa, Maria C. Tenuta, Monica R. Loizzo, et al. "Vaccinium Species (Ericaceae): From Chemical Composition to Bio-Functional Activities." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (2021): 5655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125655.

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The genus Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) includes more than 450 species, which mainly grow in cooler areas of the northern hemisphere. Vaccinium species have been used in traditional medicine of different cultures and the berries are widely consumed as food. Indeed, Vaccinium supplement-based herbal medicine and functional food, mainly from V. myrtillus and V. macrocarpon, are used in Europe and North America. Biological studies support traditional uses since, for many Vaccinium components, important biological functions have been described, including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antid

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Araki, Tsuyoshi, and Tamao Saito. "Small molecules and cell differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum." International Journal of Developmental Biology 63, no. 8-9-10 (2019): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.190192ts.

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Dictyostelium is a microorganism found in soils that are known as the battle fields of chemical warfare. Genome analysis of Dictyostelium revealed that it has great potential for the production of small molecules, including secondary metabolites such as polyketides and terpenes.Polyketides are a large family of secondary metabolites which have a variety of structures. In accordance with their structural variety, polyketides have a plethora of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitumor activities. Unsurprisingly, they have exceptional medical importance. Polyketid

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Speciale, Antonio, Antonella Saija, Romina Bashllari, et al. "Anthocyanins As Modulators of Cell Redox-Dependent Pathways in Non-Communicable Diseases." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 12 (2020): 1955–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666181112093336.

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: Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs), mostly represented by cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic pulmonary diseases, cancers, and several chronic pathologies, are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, and are mainly related to the occurrence of metabolic risk factors. Anthocyanins (ACNs) possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective and chemopreventive properties, which are able to promote human health. Although ACNs present an apparent low bioavailability, their metabolites may play an important role in the i

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Xie, Zhiyi, Minqiu Lin, Xinglishang He, et al. "Chemical Constitution, Pharmacological Effects and the Underlying Mechanism of Atractylenolides: A Review." Molecules 28, no. 10 (2023): 3987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28103987.

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Atractylenolides, comprising atractylenolide I, II, and III, represent the principal bioactive constituents of Atractylodes macrocephala, a traditional Chinese medicine. These compounds exhibit a diverse array of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and organ-protective effects, underscoring their potential for future research and development. Recent investigations have demonstrated that the anti-cancer activity of the three atractylenolides can be attributed to their influence on the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Additionally, the TLR4/NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and MAP

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Soto-Alarcon, Sandra A., Rodrigo Valenzuela, Alfonso Valenzuela, and Luis A. Videla. "Liver Protective Effects of Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Interaction between Its Chemical Composition and the Cell-signaling Pathways Involved in Protection." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 18, no. 1 (2017): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530317666171114120552.

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Background and Objective: The liver is an organ susceptible to a multitude of injuries that causes liver damage, like steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), presents several protective effects on the liver, reducing hepatic steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, fibrogenesis, preventing lipid peroxidation, among other effects. Due to its high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic acid and phenolic compounds, such as hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, EVOO is able to participate in the a

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Powell, Charles S., Marcienne M. Wright, and Robert M. Jackson. "p38mapk and MEK1/2 inhibition contribute to cellular oxidant injury after hypoxia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 286, no. 4 (2004): L826—L833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00119.2003.

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Lung epithelial cells produce increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) after hypoxia exposure, and they are more susceptible after hypoxia to injury by agents that generate superoxide [[Formula: see text]; e.g., 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ)]. Cellular GSH and MnSOD both decrease in hypoxic lung epithelial cells, altering the redox state. Because ROS participate in signaling pathways involved in cell death or survival, we tested the hypothesis that mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) were involved in a protective response against cellular injury during reoxygenation. Human lung e

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Dinkova-Kostova, Albena T. "The Role of Sulfhydryl Reactivity of Small Molecules for the Activation of the KEAP1/NRF2 Pathway and the Heat Shock Response." Scientifica 2012 (2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/606104.

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The KEAP1/NRF2 pathway and the heat shock response are two essential cytoprotective mechanisms that allow adaptation and survival under conditions of oxidative, electrophilic, and thermal stress by regulating the expression of elaborate networks of genes with versatile protective functions. The two pathways are independently regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), respectively. The activity of these transcriptional master regulators increases during conditions of stress and also upon encounter of small molecul

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Montejano-Ramírez, Vicente, José Luis Ávila-Oviedo, Francisco Javier Campos-Mendoza, and Eduardo Valencia-Cantero. "Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds: Insights into Plant Defense." Plants 13, no. 15 (2024): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13152013.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are low molecular weight molecules that tend to evaporate easily at room temperature because of their low boiling points. VOCs are emitted by all organisms; therefore, inter- and intra-kingdom interactions have been established, which are fundamental to the structuring of life on our planet. One of the most studied interactions through VOCs is between microorganism VOCs (mVOCs) and plants, including those of agricultural interest. The mVOC interactions generate various advantages for plants, ranging from promoting growth to the activation of defense pathways t

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Shen, Minqian, Jingyi Cao, and Haifei Shi. "Effects of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors on Transcriptomes of HepG2 Cells: A Preliminary Study Using RNA Sequencing." International Journal of Endocrinology 2018 (October 28, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5789127.

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Men have a much higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant form of liver cancer, than women, suggesting that estrogens play a protective role in liver cancer development and progression. To begin to understand the potential mechanisms of estrogens’ inhibitory effects on HCC development, RNA sequencing was used to generate comprehensive global transcriptome profiles of the human HCC-derived HepG2 cell line following treatment of vehicle (control), estradiol (E2), estrogen receptor alpha- (ERα-) specific agonist 1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1H-pyrazole (PPT), or

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Reid, Linzi, Nancy Khammo, and Richard H. Clothier. "An Evaluation of the Effects of Photoactivation of Bithionol, Amiodarone and Chlorpromazine on Human Keratinocytes In Vitro." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 35, no. 5 (2007): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290703500513.

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Human skin is a continual target for chemical toxicity, due to its constant exposure to xenobiotics. The skin possesses a number of protective antioxidant systems, including glutathione and enzymic pathways, which are capable of neutralising reactive oxygen species (ROS). In combination with certain chemicals, the presence of ROS might augment the levels of toxicity, due to photoactivation of the chemical or, alternatively, due to an oxidatively-stressed state in the skin which exisited prior to exposure to the chemical. Bithionol is a phototoxic anti-parasitic compound. The mechanism of its t

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Zang, Zhen-Zhong, Li-Mei Chen, Yuan Liu, et al. "Uncovering the Protective Mechanism of the Volatile Oil of Acorus tatarinowii against Acute Myocardial Ischemia Injury Using Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (June 22, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6630795.

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Acorus tatarinowii is a traditional aromatic resuscitation drug that can be clinically used to prevent cardiovascular diseases. The volatile oil of Acorus tatarinowii (VOA) possesses important medicinal properties, including protection against acute myocardial ischemia (MI) injury. However, the pharmacodynamic material basis and molecular mechanisms underlying this protective effect remain unclear. Using network pharmacology and animal experiments, we studied the mechanisms and pathways implicated in the activity of VOA against acute MI injury. First, VOA was extracted from three batches of Ac

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Wang, Hailiang. "(Invited) Cobalt Phthalocyanine Catalyzed Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction to Methanol: The Role of Carbon Nanotubes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2025-01, no. 10 (2025): 878. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2025-0110878mtgabs.

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Transition to clean energy, mitigation of carbon emissions, and protection of water resources are critical challenges for the world. Solving these challenges requires precise control of many important chemical reactions with sluggish kinetics and myriad possible reaction pathways and associated products. There is a critical need for selective, active, durable and low-cost catalysts. This talk will present our research into the electrocatalysis science of cobalt phthalocyanine molecules supported on graphitic nanocarbon materials. These heterogenized molecular catalyst materials possess advanta

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Claereboudt, Emily J. S., Guillaume Caulier, Corentin Decroo, et al. "Triterpenoids in Echinoderms: Fundamental Differences in Diversity and Biosynthetic Pathways." Marine Drugs 17, no. 6 (2019): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17060352.

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Echinoderms form a remarkable phylum of marine invertebrates that present specific chemical signatures unique in the animal kingdom. It is particularly the case for essential triterpenoids that evolved separately in each of the five echinoderm classes. Indeed, while most animals have Δ5-sterols, sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) and sea stars (Asteroidea) also possess Δ7 and Δ9(11)-sterols, a characteristic not shared with brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), sea urchins (Echinoidea), and crinoids (Crinoidea). These particular Δ7 and Δ9(11) sterols emerged as a self-protection against membranolytic saponi

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Briones-Valdivieso, Camilo, Felipe Briones, Sofía Orellana-Urzúa, Silvia Chichiarelli, Luciano Saso, and Ramón Rodrigo. "Novel Multi-Antioxidant Approach for Ischemic Stroke Therapy Targeting the Role of Oxidative Stress." Biomedicines 12, no. 3 (2024): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030501.

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Stroke is a major contributor to global mortality and disability. While reperfusion is essential for preventing neuronal death in the penumbra, it also triggers cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, a paradoxical injury primarily caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood–brain barrier disruption. An oxidative burst inflicts marked cellular damage, ranging from alterations in mitochondrial function to lipid peroxidation and the activation of intricate signalling pathways that can even lead to cell death. Thus, given the pivotal role of oxidative stress in the mechanisms of cerebral is

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Edwards, Robert, Daniele Del Buono, Michael Fordham, et al. "Differential Induction of Glutathione Transferases and Glucosyltransferases in Wheat, Maize and Arabidopsis thaliana by Herbicide Safeners." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, no. 3-4 (2005): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-3-416.

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Abstract By learning lessons from weed science we have adopted three approaches to make plants more effective in phytoremediation: 1. The application of functional genomics to identify key components involved in the detoxification of, or tolerance to, xenobiotics for use in subsequent genetic engineering/breeding programmes. 2. The rational metabolic engineering of plants through the use of forced evolution of protective enzymes, or alternatively transgenesis of detoxification pathways. 3. The use of chemical treatments which protect plants from herbicide injury. In this paper we examine the r

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Zhang, Jianing, Junjun Zhang, Lidan Zhang, Yuhong Xue, and Ke Zhang. "Mechanistic Insights into Vegetable Color Stability: Discoloration Pathways and Emerging Protective Strategies." Foods 14, no. 13 (2025): 2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14132222.

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During processing and storage, vegetables often experience undesirable color changes, including fading, lightening, or yellowing and softening, due to browning (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and chlorophyll degradation. These changes diminish commercial and nutritional value. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain vegetable color and improve the quality of vegetable-based dishes. To address these issues, it is a scientific and practical necessity to summarize and discuss existing strategies and innovative techniques. This review first highlights the mechanisms of vegetable browning. This review

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Hill, Thomas, John Rooney, Jaleh Abedini, Hisham El-Masri, Charles E. Wood, and J. Christopher Corton. "Gene Expression Thresholds Derived From Short-term Exposures Identify Rat Liver Tumorigens." Toxicological Sciences 177, no. 1 (2020): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfaa102.

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Abstract Traditional methods for cancer risk assessment are resource-intensive, retrospective, and not feasible for the vast majority of environmental chemicals. In this study, we investigated whether quantitative genomic data from short-term studies may be used to set protective thresholds for potential tumorigenic effects. We hypothesized that gene expression biomarkers measuring activation of the key early events in established pathways for rodent liver cancer exhibit cross-chemical thresholds for tumorigenesis predictive for liver cancer risk. We defined biomarker thresholds for 6 major li

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Stefano, George B., Richard M. Kream, and Tobias Esch. "Mobility Coupled with Motivation Promotes Survival: The Evolution of Cognition as an Adaptive Strategy." Biology 12, no. 1 (2023): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010080.

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Morphine plays a critical regulatory role in both simple and complex plant species. Dopamine is a critical chemical intermediate in the morphine biosynthetic pathway and may have served as a primordial agonist in developing catecholamine signaling pathways. While dopamine remains the preeminent catecholamine in invertebrate neural systems, epinephrine is the major product of catecholamine synthetic pathways in vertebrate species. Given that the enzymatic steps leading to the generation of morphine are similar to those constraining the evolutionary adaptation of the biosynthesis of catecholamin

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Ren, Changjie, Peiran Zhou, Mingliang Zhang, et al. "Molecular Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress Relief by CAPE in ARPE−19 Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (2023): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043565.

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Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE) is an antioxidative agent originally derived from propolis. Oxidative stress is a significant pathogenic factor in most retinal diseases. Our previous study revealed that CAPE suppresses mitochondrial ROS production in ARPE−19 cells by regulating UCP2. The present study explores the ability of CAPE to provide longer-term protection to RPE cells and the underlying signal pathways involved. ARPE−19 cells were given CAPE pretreatment followed by t-BHP stimulation. We used in situ live cell staining with CellROX and MitoSOX to measure ROS accumulation; Annexin

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Srikanth, Perumalla, Ann Maxton, Sam A. Masih, Adriano Sofo, and Nafees A. Khan. "Isoprene: An Antioxidant to Guard Plants against Stress." International Journal of Plant Biology 15, no. 1 (2024): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15010013.

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Isoprene, a lipophilic and unstable compound with the chemical formula C5H8, is transported to plant chloroplasts via the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, which relies on photosynthesis. Although only about 20% of terrestrial plants can synthesize isoprene, those that emit it are more adaptable to oxidative and thermal stresses. To shed light on the still-elusive protective mechanism of isoprene, numerous investigations have been conducted. Isoprene has been shown to react with and quench various reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (1O2). Its reduced state an

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Salvatori, Luisa, Francesco Spallotta, Carlo Gaetano, and Barbara Illi. "Pillars and Gaps of S-Nitrosylation-Dependent Epigenetic Regulation in Physiology and Cancer." Life 11, no. 12 (2021): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11121424.

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Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible signaling molecule produced by three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase, which release NO during the metabolism of the amino acid arginine. NO participates in pathophysiological responses of many different tissues, inducing concentration-dependent effect. Indeed, while low NO levels generally have protective effects, higher NO concentrations induce cytotoxic/cytostatic actions. In recent years, evidences have been accumulated unveiling S-nitrosylation as a major NO-dependent post-translational mechanism ruling gene expression. S-nitrosylation is a reversible, h

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Brücher, Björn L. D. M., and Ijaz S. Jamall. "Eicosanoids in carcinogenesis." 4open 2 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2018008.

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Inflammation is the body's reaction to pathogenic (biological or chemical) stimuli and covers a burgeoning list of compounds and pathways that act in concert to maintain the health of the organism. Eicosanoids and related fatty acid derivatives can be formed from arachidonic acid and other polyenoic fatty acids via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways generating a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, resolvins and others. The cytochrome P450 pathway leads to the formation of hydroxy fatty acids, such as 20-hydroxyeicosatetraen

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Abreu, Maria T., Elizabeth T. Arnold, Jimmy Y. C. Chow, and Kim E. Barrett. "Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent Pathways Oppose Fas-induced Apoptosis and Limit Chloride Secretion in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells." Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, no. 50 (2001): 47563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m106226200.

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The epithelial lining of the intestine serves as a barrier to lumenal bacteria and can be compromised by pathologic Fas-mediated epithelial apoptosis. Phosphatidylinositol (PI)3-kinase signaling has been described to limit apoptosis in other systems. We hypothesized that PI3-kinase-dependent pathways regulate Fas-mediated apoptosis and barrier function in intestiynal epithelial cells (IEC). IEC lines (HT-29 and T84) were exposed to agonist anti-Fas antibody in the presence or absence of chemical inhibitors of PI3-kinase (LY294002 and wortmannin). Apoptosis, barrier function, changes in short c

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Gao, Dan, Chong-Woon Cho, Zemin Yang, Xiwen Li, and Jong-Seong Kang. "Identification and Quantitation of the Bioactive Components in Wasted Aralia elata Leaves Extract with Endothelial Protective Activity." Molecules 28, no. 15 (2023): 5907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155907.

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Aralia elata, a renowned medicinal plant with a rich history in traditional medicine, has gained attention for its potential therapeutic applications. However, the leaves of this plant have been largely overlooked and discarded due to limited knowledge of their biological activity and chemical composition. To bridge this gap, a comprehensive study was conducted to explore the therapeutic potential of the 70% ethanol extract derived from Aralia elata leaves (LAE) for the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Initially, the cytotoxic effects of LAE on human umbilical vein endothelial cells

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Deng, JiaLi, Na Li, Liyuan Hao, et al. "Transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 plays a critical role in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) by regulating ferroptosis." PeerJ 12 (July 30, 2024): e17692. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17692.

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NRF2 is an important transcription factor that regulates redox homeostasis in vivo and exerts its anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory response by binding to the ARE to activate and regulate the transcription of downstream protective protein genes, reducing the release of reactive oxygen species. Ferroptosis is a novel iron-dependent, lipid peroxidation-driven cell death mode, and recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely associated with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). NRF2 is able to regulate ferroptosis through the regulation of the transc

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Bazzani, Veronica, Mara Equisoain Redin, Joshua McHale, Lorena Perrone, and Carlo Vascotto. "Mitochondrial DNA Repair in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Ageing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (2022): 11391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911391.

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Mitochondria are the only organelles, along with the nucleus, that have their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a double-stranded circular molecule of ~16.5 kbp that can exist in multiple copies within the organelle. Both strands are translated and encode for 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and 13 proteins. mtDNA molecules are anchored to the inner mitochondrial membrane and, in association with proteins, form a structure called nucleoid, which exerts a structural and protective function. Indeed, mitochondria have evolved mechanisms necessary to protect their DNA from chemical and physical lesions such

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Ju, Kou-San, and Rebecca E. Parales. "Nitroaromatic Compounds, from Synthesis to Biodegradation." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 74, no. 2 (2010): 250–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00006-10.

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SUMMARY Nitroaromatic compounds are relatively rare in nature and have been introduced into the environment mainly by human activities. This important class of industrial chemicals is widely used in the synthesis of many diverse products, including dyes, polymers, pesticides, and explosives. Unfortunately, their extensive use has led to environmental contamination of soil and groundwater. The nitro group, which provides chemical and functional diversity in these molecules, also contributes to the recalcitrance of these compounds to biodegradation. The electron-withdrawing nature of the nitro g

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Singh, KalpanaVirendra. "MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS, A GREEN PROTOCOL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NEW AND ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, A REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3126.

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Medicinal Chemistry community is considering new chemical processes, which are environmentally benign. Environmentally benign synthetic protocols have become the primary concern during complex drug discovery processes. Green chemistry is providing algorithms for protecting the environment, not by cleaning it, but by inventing new chemical processes that fuel the Economy and lifestyles, without causing any damage to the environment. Microwave assisted techniques has opened up new opportunities to the synthetic chemists in the form of new improved reaction pathways, that are not otherwise feasib

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Kalpana, Virendra Singh. "MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS, A GREEN PROTOCOL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NEW AND ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, A REVIEW." International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9 (Special Edition) (2017): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.852213.

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Medicinal Chemistry community is considering new chemical processes, which are environmentally benign. Environmentally benign synthetic protocols have become the primary concern during complex drug discovery processes. Green chemistry is providing algorithms for protecting the environment, not by cleaning it, but by inventing new chemical processes that fuel the Economy and lifestyles, without causing any damage to the environment. Microwave assisted techniques has opened up new opportunities to the synthetic chemists in the form of new improved reaction pathways, that are not otherwise feasib

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Konstantinou, Evangelia K., Athanasios A. Panagiotopoulos, Konstantina Argyri, George I. Panoutsopoulos, Maria Dimitriou, and Aristea Gioxari. "Molecular Pathways of Rosmarinic Acid Anticancer Activity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells: A Literature Review." Nutrients 16, no. 1 (2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16010002.

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Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in women. Oncogenic transcription factors promote the overproduction of cellular adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines during cancer development. Cancer cells exhibit significant upregulation of antiapoptotic proteins, resulting in increased cell survival, tumor growth, and metastasis. Research on the cell cycle-mediated apoptosis pathway for drug discovery and therapy has shown promising results. In fact, dietary phytoconstituents have been extensively researched for anticancer activity, providing indirect protection by activating endo

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Zhao, Di, Xin Jiang, Xinxin Meng, et al. "Low-Dose Radiation Reduces Doxorubicin-Induced Myocardial Injury Through Mitochondrial Pathways." Dose-Response 21, no. 1 (2023): 155932582311557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15593258231155789.

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The use of doxorubicin (DOX) as an anthraquinone antineoplastic agent is limited due to its cardiotoxicity. Our previous study suggested that low-dose radiation (LDR) could mitigate the cardiotoxicity induced by DOX via suppressing oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. However, the molecular targets and protective mechanism of LDR are not understood. In the present study, we sought to investigate the mechanisms underlying LDR’s cardioprotection. Balb/c mice were randomly divided into four groups: Control group (no treatment), DOX group, LDR group (75 mGy), and LDR-72 h-DOX group (LDR pretreatme

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Peng, Haiyan, Xiaowen Jiang, Linna Cui, Yali Zhu, Zhikui Ye, and Zhiming Zhang. "Mechanistic Investigation of Curcuma Protection against Oral Submucous Fibrosis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (August 9, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3891598.

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Objective. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, fibrotic disease that affects the oral cavity, showing a high rate of malignant transformation. Curcuma exerts therapeutic potentials in many diseases including OSMF. However, the potential targets and pathways to explain the therapeutic effects of curcuma on OSMF are outside the scope of present knowledge. Herein we intend to reveal the predictive targets and potential pathways of curcuma against OSMF by a network pharmacology-based approach followed by molecular docking technology. Methods. We searched the SymMap, GeneCards, and OMIM da

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Peters, Karsten, David Dahlgren, Hans Lennernäs, and Markus Sjöblom. "Melatonin-Activated Receptor Signaling Pathways Mediate Protective Effects on Surfactant-Induced Increase in Jejunal Mucosal Permeability in Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19 (2021): 10762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910762.

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A well-functional intestinal mucosal barrier can be compromised as a result of various diseases, chemotherapy, radiation, and chemical exposures including surfactants. Currently, there are no approved drugs targeting a dysfunctional intestinal barrier, which emphasizes a significant medical need. One candidate drug reported to regulate intestinal mucosal permeability is melatonin. However, it is still unclear if its effect is primarily receptor mediated or antioxidative, and if it is associated with enteric neural pathways. The aim of this rat intestinal perfusion study was to investigate the

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Merecz-Sadowska, Anna, Przemysław Sitarek, Karolina Zajdel, Ewa Kucharska, Tomasz Kowalczyk, and Radosław Zajdel. "The Modulatory Influence of Plant-Derived Compounds on Human Keratinocyte Function." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (2021): 12488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212488.

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The plant kingdom is a rich source of secondary metabolites with numerous properties, including the potential to modify keratinocyte biology. Keratinocytes are important epithelial cells that play a protective role against various chemical, physical and biological stimuli, and participate in reactive oxygen scavenging and inflammation and wound healing processes. The epidermal cell response may be modulated by phytochemicals via changes in signal transduction pathways. Plant extracts and single secondary compounds can possess a high antioxidant capacity and may suppress reactive oxygen species

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Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya, Oxana V., Arkady S. Abdurashitov, Elena I. Saranceva, Eketerina G. Borisova, Alexander A. Shirokov, and Nikita V. Navolokin. "Blood–brain barrier and laser technology for drug brain delivery." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 10, no. 05 (2017): 1730011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545817300117.

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Here, we discuss an important problem in medicine as development of effective strategies for brain drug delivery. This problem is related to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which is a “customs” controlling the entrance of different molecules from blood into the brain protecting the normal function of central nervous system (CNS). We show three interfaces of anatomical side of BBB and two functional types of BBB — physical and transporter barriers. Although this protective mechanism is essential for health of CNS, it also creates a hindrance to the entry of drugs into the brain. The BBB was disc

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De Ceunynck, Karen E. P., Christian G. Peters, Sharjeel A. Chaudhry, et al. "A Chemical APC Mimetic Protects Endothelium from Thromboinflammatory Injury." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 3835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3835.3835.

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Abstract Stimulation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) on endothelium by activated protein C (APC) is protective in animal models of inflammation and APC has been used clinically in sepsis and wound healing. Clinical use of APC in sepsis, however, was terminated as it was compromised by APC's anticoagulant activity, which is associated with bleeding and limits its dosing in patients. We used a small molecule approach to circumvent this problem. With support from the Molecular Libraries Program, we screened 302,457 compounds to identify small molecules that modulated PAR1-mediated platele

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Moustafa-Farag, Mohamed, Abdulwareth Almoneafy, Ahmed Mahmoud, et al. "Melatonin and Its Protective Role against Biotic Stress Impacts on Plants." Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010054.

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Biotic stress causes immense damage to agricultural products worldwide and raises the risk of hunger in many areas. Plants themselves tolerate biotic stresses via several pathways, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which trigger immunity and plant resistance (R) proteins. On the other hand, humans use several non-ecofriendly methods to control biotic stresses, such as chemical applications. Compared with chemical control, melatonin is an ecofriendly compound that is an economical alternative strategy which can be used to protect animals and plants from attacks via patho

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Wang, Xinning, Tao Hu, Yuliang Jiang, et al. "Jingzhi Guanxin Oral Liquids Attenuate Atherosclerotic Coronary Heart Disease via Modulating Lipid Metabolism and PPAR-Related Targets." Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 6 (2024): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph17060784.

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Jingzhi Guanxin Oral Liquids (JZGX), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation prepared from the decoction of five herbs, has been utilized to relieve chest pain with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the chemical composition and therapeutic mechanisms of JZGX remain obscured. In this research, the potential targets and pathways of JZGX against CAD were anticipated through network pharmacology based on analyzing its chemical constituents using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. One hundred seven ingredients in JZGX were identified. The 39 active chemicals and 37 key targets were screened, and CAD-relate

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Bae, Chang-Hwan, Hee-Young Kim, Ji Eun Seo, Hanul Lee, and Seungtae Kim. "In Silico Analysis of Pyeongwi-San Involved in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment Using Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics." Biomolecules 13, no. 9 (2023): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13091322.

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Backgound: Pyeongwi-san (PWS) is a widely used formula for treating digestive disorders in Korea and China. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by progressive inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Emerging evidence supports the protective effect of PWS against IBD, but specific mechanisms are still elusive. Methods: Active compounds of PWS were screened from the medicinal materials and chemical compounds in Northeast Asian traditional medicine (TM-MC) in the consideration of drug-likeness and oral bioavailability. Target candidates of active compounds were predicted using t

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Rahman, Md Mominur, Md Saidur Rahaman, Md Rezaul Islam, et al. "Role of Phenolic Compounds in Human Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects." Molecules 27, no. 1 (2021): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010233.

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Inflammation is a natural protective mechanism that occurs when the body’s tissue homeostatic mechanisms are disrupted by biotic, physical, or chemical agents. The immune response generates pro-inflammatory mediators, but excessive output, such as chronic inflammation, contributes to many persistent diseases. Some phenolic compounds work in tandem with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators’ activity or gene expression, including cyclooxygenase (COX). Various phenolic compounds can also act on transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)

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Merecz-Sadowska, Anna, Arkadiusz Sadowski, Hanna Zielińska-Bliźniewska, Karolina Zajdel, and Radosław Zajdel. "Network Pharmacology as a Tool to Investigate the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Plant Secondary Metabolites—A Review and Perspectives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 14 (2025): 6678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146678.

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Plant secondary metabolites possess significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but their complex polypharmacological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Network pharmacology has emerged as a powerful systems-level approach for investigating multi-target interactions of natural products. This review systematically analyzes network pharmacology applications in elucidating the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of plant metabolites, evaluating concordance between computational predictions and experimental validation. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across

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D. Sujana, S. A. Sumiwi, N. M. Saptarini, and J. Levita. "ADMET PREDICTION AND MOLECULAR DOCKING SIMULATION OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IN Boesenbergia rotunda RHIZOME WITH THE EFFECTOR CASPASES TO UNDERSTAND THEIR PROTECTIVE EFFECTS." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 04 (2022): 2401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1547011.

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Acute kidney injury is a condition when kidney function decreased abruptly, characterized by e.g. a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. This condition is due to the activation of various signaling pathways, such as effector caspases, and thus can reverse kidney damage by interacting with these proteins, and eventually inhibiting the apoptotic process. This study aims to determine the molecular interactions of eight phytoconstituents in B. rotunda rhizome with the active binding pocket of caspase-3 and-7 and to predict the ADMET profile of these ligands. Results indicated that all ligan

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Lee, In-Gyun, and Bong-Jin Lee. "How Bacterial Redox Sensors Transmit Redox Signals via Structural Changes." Antioxidants 10, no. 4 (2021): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040502.

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Bacteria, like humans, face diverse kinds of stress during life. Oxidative stress, which is produced by cellular metabolism and environmental factors, can significantly damage cellular macromolecules, ultimately negatively affecting the normal growth of the cell. Therefore, bacteria have evolved a number of protective strategies to defend themselves and respond to imposed stress by changing the expression pattern of genes whose products are required to convert harmful oxidants into harmless products. Structural biology combined with biochemical studies has revealed the mechanisms by which vari

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Khan, Shahanshah, and Hasan Zaki. "NOD2 suppresses chronic intestinal inflammation through dampening TLR4 signaling." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (2020): 226.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.226.9.

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Abstract The cytosolic NOD-like receptor (NLR) family protein NOD2 activates NF-kB and MAPK pathways in response to MDP. 15–20% of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients carry mutations in NOD2. However, the mechanism of NOD2-mediated suppression of colitis is poorly understood. We recently showed that Nod2−/− mice are highly susceptible to chemical-induced acute colitis. Further, we observed that NOD2 suppresses NF-kB and MAPK pathways in LPS stimulated macrophages. However, it is not known whether such as a crosstalk between NOD2 and TLR4, sensor for LPS, occurs during chronic inflammatio

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Le, Jingyang, Xiao Xiao, Difan Zhang, et al. "Neuroprotective Effects of an Edible Pigment Brilliant Blue FCF against Behavioral Abnormity in MCAO Rats." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 8 (2022): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15081018.

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Ischemic stroke leads to hypoxia-induced neuronal death and behavioral abnormity, and is a major cause of death in the modern society. However, the treatments of this disease are limited. Brilliant Blue FCF (BBF) is an edible pigment used in the food industry that with multiple aromatic rings and sulfonic acid groups in its structure. BBF and its derivatives were proved to cross the blood-brain barrier and have advantages on the therapy of neuropsychiatric diseases. In this study, BBF, but not its derivatives, significantly ameliorated chemical hypoxia-induced cell death in HT22 hippocampal ne

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Tu, Can, Guirui Huang, Chuang Li, et al. "Exploring Mechanisms by Which Danggui Buxue Decoction Regulates Inflammation and Improves Renal Anemia Based on Network Pharmacology." Natural Product Communications 17, no. 5 (2022): 1934578X2210939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x221093905.

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Background: Renal anemia occurs frequently in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is related to chronic inflammation. Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBD) can treat anemia and improve the chronic inflammation. However, whether DBD treatment attenuates anemia by regulating inflammation in CKD patients with renal anemia is unknown. Therefore, this study explored inflammation-related network targets of DBD in renal anemia therapy and verified the interaction between DBD active ingredients and inflammatory proteins by molecular docking. Methods: The main effective components and targets of DBD

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KININGHAM, Kelley K., Yong XU, Chotiros DAOSUKHO, Bilyana POPOVA та Daret K. ST CLAIR. "Nuclear factor κB-dependent mechanisms coordinate the synergistic effect of PMA and cytokines on the induction of superoxide dismutase 2". Biochemical Journal 353, № 1 (2000): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3530147.

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Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) serves a protective role under conditions of oxidative stress mediated by such diverse agents as adriamycin, radiation, chemical hypoxia and ischaemia and might act as a newly recognized type of tumour-suppressor. MnSOD is an inducible enzyme; however, the signalling molecules and pathways involved in its induction have not been fully elucidated. Recently we reported the identification of a 342bp enhancer within the second intron (I2E) of the human gene encoding MnSOD (SOD2), which contains sites for binding nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), CCAAT-enhancer-bindi

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Zanella, Lorenzo, and Fabio Vianello. "Potential of Microalgae as Functional Foods Applied to Mitochondria Protection and Healthy Aging Promotion." Nutraceuticals 3, no. 1 (2023): 119–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals3010010.

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The rapid aging of the Western countries’ populations makes increasingly necessary the promotion of healthy lifestyles in order to prevent/delay the onset of age-related diseases. The use of functional foods can significantly help to achieve this aim, thanks to the contribution of biologically active compounds suitable to protect cellular and metabolic homeostasis from damage caused by stress factors. Indeed, the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), favored by incorrect eating and behavioral habits, are considered causal elements of oxidative stress, which in turn favors tiss

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Dončević, Lucija, Ema Svetličić, Amela Hozić, et al. "NanoUPLC-QTOF-MS/MS Determination of Major Rosuvastatin Degradation Products Generated by Gamma Radiation in Aqueous Solution." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 11 (2021): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14111160.

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Rosuvastatin, a member of the statin family of drugs, is used to regulate high cholesterol levels in the human body. Moreover, rosuvastatin and other statins demonstrate a protective role against free radical-induced oxidative stress. Our research aimed to investigate the end-products of free radical-induced degradation of rosuvastatin. To induce the radical degradation, an aqueous solution of rosuvastatin was irradiated using different doses of gamma radiation (50–1000 Gy) under oxidative conditions. Rosuvastatin and related degradation products were separated on nanoC18 column under gradient

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