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Journal articles on the topic 'Protective relays'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. "STUDI METODE PENGGANTIAN RELAI MEKANIS MENJADI ELEKTRIS PANEL TEGANGAN MENENGAH PLTU UNIT 4 MUARA KARANG." Energi & Kelistrikan 9, no. 2 (2018): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/energi.v9i2.47.

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Protective Relay is a device that provides alarm and trip / open signals to circuit breakers due to interference with protected equipment. Replacement of protection relay at the switchgear location of PLTU unit 4 Muara karang has been planned since 2010 and realized in December 2016 this coincides with Over Houl Mean Inspection. There are several problems encountered in the replacement of switchgear protection relays. The problem faced in performing this switchgear protective relay replacement is on mechanical relays that are replaced into electrical relays requiring many modifications and wor

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2

Gurevich, Vladimir. "Hybrid reed: Solid-state devices are a new generation of protective relays." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 4, no. 1 (2007): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee0701085g.

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Research and development in the field of electromechanical protective relays has not been conducted for tens of years. Author?s approach allows viewing the problem of re-equipment of relay protection in a new way. In the author?s opinion combination of reed switches with magnetic circuits and semiconductor elements opens new avenues in development of the promising protective relays featuring reliability, simplicity and low cost. Examples of protective relays made with these elements are given below.

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3

Ch Srihari Varma, T Rama Subba Reddy та Ch Sai Babu. "Evolution of protective relays in 1-Φ, 25kV, 50Hz railway traction system". International Journal of Engineering Research Updates 2, № 1 (2022): 039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.2.1.0029.

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This paper presents the evolution of protective relays used for the protection of Power Transformer, Over Head Equipment (OHE) and Shunt Capacitor Bank in Indian Railways Electrical Distribution Systems. Initially during electrification Indian Railways adopted 1-Φ, 25KV, 50Hz AC system and electromagnetic relays (EM Relays) for feeder protection of OHE available at that time. But over the period of time with the drastic growth in traffic and sharp increase in demand for more electrical power to heavy goods trains haulage, the above said protective system doesn’t catered the requirements like s

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4

Mohideen, H., and Merlin I. Anita. "Modern numerical relays in protection of power transformer." i-manager's Journal on Power Systems Engineering 11, no. 4 (2024): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jps.11.4.20841.

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This paper presents various protection schemes and their respective modern numerical protection relays to protect the power transformer. Proper protection is needed for the economical and safe operation of electrical power systems. The power transformer protective relay should block the tripping during an external fault or magnetizing inrush and speedily operate the tripping during internal faults. The objective of this paper is to implement protection during in-zone and outzone faults and to operate the relay with proper selective discrimination. The basic approach is to disconnect the power

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5

Zorin, Yevhenii, and Oleksandr Chepelіuk. "Improvement of microprocessor voltage control relay operation algorithms for single-phase household consumers." Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, no. 1 (9) (June 16, 2023): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2023.1.02.

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This paper pays attention to a single-phase voltage control relays work algorithms that are used for protection of the household consumers of electrical energy from unacceptable voltage deviations within power supply network. An overview, analysis and description of operation algorithms, voltage measurements and thresholds of current voltage control relays, based on microprocessors and microcontrollers have been carried out. The conducted overview and analysis systematizes information on the technical and functional features of the operational design, work algorithms, circuits and components o

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6

Chang, Choong-Koo, and Ahmed Mohamed Elmashtoly. "Protection Coordination Index Assessment Using Fuzzy Logic Controller." Energies 15, no. 4 (2022): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041377.

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This paper proposes the assessment method of the protection coordination index (PCI) for overcurrent protection relay and upstream relay. The protection coordination index is an indicator of how properly the equipment is protected by protective relay. The PCI is used to check the appropriateness of the protection coordination for both the component-wise and pair-wise. The protection index of each protection component of the integrated digital relay is assessed by a fuzzy logic controller. Then the device-level protection index and the composite protection coordination index between up and down

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Kamble, Vijaykumar S., Prabodh Khampariya, and Amol A. Kalage. "A Survey on the Development of Real-Time Overcurrent Relay Coordination Using an Optimization Algorithm." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 5 (2022): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.5.nq22150.

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The current work is a survey on the development of real-time overcurrent relay coordination utilizing an optimization approach. Overcurrent relays are a safeguard commonly used in transmission and distribution networks owing to their low cost. Depending on the operating conditions and the location of the faults, load or fault currents in a mesh system may loop in or out of the protective zone of the overcurrent relay. As a result, directional overcurrent relays are employed to determine whether the fault is inside or outside the protective zone. The goal of overcurrent relay coordination is to

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8

Gurevich, Vladimir. "Susceptibility of modern relay protection: Will protection from cyber attacks help?" Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 11, no. 2 (2014): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee131026019g.

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Modern trends in relay protection (RP) based on the substitution of electromechanical protection relays (EMPR) by digital protective relays (DPR) have resulted in the emergence of an absolutely new problem, which was not known before. This problem is the possibility of an intentional remote destructive impact (IRDI) on relay protection in order to put it out of action or make it perform functions that have nothing to do with the current operational mode of protected electric equipment. Traditional and well-known methods ensuring information safety cannot fully prevent unauthorized actions of R

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9

Kim, Joorak, Gyu-Jung Cho, and Jaewon Kim. "Development of Railway Protective Relay Simulator for Real-Time Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010191.

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Electric railways use a single-phase system, with the line comprising a trolley wire (TF) that supplies power to the load with a neutral wire and an autotransformer (AF) feeder to absorb the return current of the rail. Testing the performance of the protective relay that detects the fault of the traction power-supply system (TPSS) and operates the circuit breaker is very important. Until now, the performance test of protective relays for the TPSS has been conducted via a simple-steady test or using an expensive real-time simulator. However, under a fast-moving environment in which the load con

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10

Yadav, Gaurav, Yuan Liao, and Austin D. Burfield. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing for Protective Relays Using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS)." Energies 16, no. 3 (2023): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031039.

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With the increasing size and complexity of power systems, it is crucial to have an effective protection system in place to ensure its reliability. One of the important components of the protection system are relays. It is important for a relay to operate dependably and securely so that any fault can be cleared in time to minimize damages to the power network. However, it is important to test a relay in a realistic environment before commissioning it to the network. Testing a relay in the actual network can be expensive with limited fault scenarios. Hence, Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing is

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11

Radhi Mahmood, Jawad, Ramzy Salim Ali, and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed. "PLC/HMI-Based Implementation of a Real-Time Educational Power System Protective Relays Platform." Electronics 9, no. 1 (2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010118.

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Engineering laboratories are key elements in engineering learning and are essential for a concrete understanding of engineering topics and experiments. These key laboratories are no longer just hardware-dependent, they are a creative combination of programmable hardware and also user-defined driving software. In this work, an educational power system protective relaying laboratory platform was designed and implemented using a programmable logic controller (PLC) and human–machine interface (HMI) in order to introduce engineering students to the operating mechanisms experimentally. It engaged th

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12

Samadinasab, Sajad, Farhad Namdari, and Nader Shojaei. "A Novel Protective Logic for Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent Relays." TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering 16, no. 3 (2015): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/tijee.v16i3.1634.

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Usually coordination of overcurrent relays is done by taking into account the specific structure of the system which does not show the real state of the system. On the other hand, dynamic changes in network can occur due to short circuit conditions, the malfunctioning relays, development, operation and repairs on any part of the power system. Also the most of the new protective schemes are based on a communication channel, which cannot be guaranteed in practice. Therefore, solving the problem of relay coordination is extremely difficult in case of dynamic changes in the network structure and t

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Bougouffa, Lazhar, and Abdelaziz Chaghi. "Optimal Coordination of DOCR for Radial Distribution Systems in Presence of TCSC." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 7, no. 2 (2016): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v7.i2.pp311-321.

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<p>Protective relays coordination is the process of determining the exact relay settings such that the relay closes to the fault would operates faster than other relays. The operating time of each relay depends on two independent variables called Pickup current (Ip) and Time Dial Setting (TDS). In this paper, a PSO algorithm has been presented to determine the coordination of Directional Over-Current Relays (DOCRs) in presence of multi-system FACTS devises. From the simulation result and analysis, the impact of TCSC location in the in 33-bus distribution system on Directional Over-Curren

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14

Shoaib, Shaikh, Shaikh Samha, Muhammad Soomar Arsalan, and Hadi Hussain Shah Syed. "Coordination of protective relays in the substation." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems 14, no. 3 (2023): 1471~1478. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i3.pp1471-1478.

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To make an electrical system reliable and cost-effective, its protection coordination is crucial. Protection coordination is a study to determine the trip settings of protective devices. This research proposes protection coordination for Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh. This study includes the coordination of relays connected at each department to the main relay connected with the main vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) by using the time characteristic curves (TCC) and time delay setting of relays using ETAP software. This method is used for the trip of a particular

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15

Mohamed, Nancy, and Magdy M. A. Salama. "Data Mining-Based Cyber-Physical Attack Detection Tool for Attack-Resilient Adaptive Protective Relays." Energies 15, no. 12 (2022): 4328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124328.

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Maintaining proper operation of adaptive protection schemes is one of the main challenges that must be considered for smart grid deployment. The use of reliable cyber detection and protection systems boosts the preparedness potential of the network as required by National Infrastructure Protection Plans (NIPPS). In an effort to enhance grid cyber-physical resilience, this paper proposes a tool to enable attack detection in protective relays to tackle the problem of compromising their online settings by cyber attackers. Implementing the tool first involves an offline phase in which Monte Carlo

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16

ganji, Srikant, J. Namratha Manohar, G. Yesuratnam, and R. Naveena Bhargavi. "Review: Relay coordination in DGs with Electric Vehicle." E3S Web of Conferences 472 (2024): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447203010.

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This research offers a comprehensive examination of the most effective approach to synchronize overcurrent relays within a protective system alongside protective relay. Every effort has been made to encompass all potential strategies for achieving optimal coordination among overcurrent relays. Both modern approaches, like Harris hawk optimisation, and more traditional ones, such ground-based circuit breakers, are included in this category of overcurrent protection with Electric Vehicle. The operation of a Smart Grid [1] is characterized by varying load demands, generation levels from DGs, and

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Shaikh, Shoaib, Samha Shaikh, Arsalan Muhammad Soomar, and Syed Hadi Hussain Shah. "Coordination of protective relays in the substation." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, no. 3 (2023): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i3.pp1471-1478.

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<p class="IEEEAbtract"><span lang="EN-US">To make an electrical system reliable and cost-effective, its protection coordination is crucial. Protection coordination is a study to determine the trip settings of protective devices. This research proposes protection coordination for Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh. This study includes the coordination of relays connected at each department to the main relay connected with the main vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) by using the time characteristic curves (TCC) and time delay setting of relays using ETAP soft

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18

Hameed, Ali Abdulsattar, Ahmed Jasim Sultan, and Mehdi F. Booneya. "Design and Implementation of Multifunction Relay Based on Microcontroller." Journal of Techniques 3, no. 3 (2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51173/jt.v3i3.353.

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The power systems are exposed to many abnormal conditions, so an advanced protection system must be provided to stand up to these challenges. Protection devices evolved continuously with the development of power systems. The accuracy, high response, reliability, and speed of fault detection are required in the operating mode of multi-function protective relays. A Multifunction Relay has been designed and implemented, which consists of three types of relays: over current relay OCR, over/under voltage relay OVR/UVR, and differential relay DFR. The relays OCR, OVR/UVR, and DFR are designed accord

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19

Yusifov Samad İmamali, Cafarzadeh Turana Akbar, Yusifov Samad İmamali, Cafarzadeh Turana Akbar. "DEVELOPMENT OF MICROCONTROLLER PROTECTION SYSTEM OF POWER TRANSFORMERS." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 52, no. 04-02 (2025): 22–28. https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-22.

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The protection of power transformers is a highly intricate issue in the transmission network of the power system. As minimizing the frequency and duration of unwanted interruptions is crucial, there is a significant demand on the protective relays of power transformers. Different protection principles have been suggested and implemented to safeguard transformers from various fault types. Relays that operate based on overcurrent, overcurrent, and overheat principles protect transformers from overloads and external conditions. Differential relays provide protection against internal transformer f

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20

Vijaykumar Kamble. "Analysis of Relay Coordination in Electrical Distribution Networks with Optimally Positioned Distributed Generation Units." Panamerican Mathematical Journal 34, no. 3 (2024): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/pmj.v34.i3.1787.

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As power demand increases and transmission and distribution capacity is limited, Distributed Generation (DG) units are gradually being incorporated into electrical power distribution networks. However, this integration may result in a significant impact on the coordination of protective relays, potentially generating issues such as blindness of protection and false tripping of overcurrent relays. To overcome these issues, an adaptive protection method is presented that adjusts relay sensitivity in response to changes in network design. The suggested technique dynamically modifies relay setting

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21

Vafadar, Ali, Maryam A. Hejazi, Hamed Hashemi-Dezaki, and Negin Mohagheghi. "Optimal Protection Coordination of Active Distribution Networks Using Smart Selection of Short Circuit Voltage-Based Relay Characteristics." Energies 16, no. 14 (2023): 5301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145301.

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Much attention has been paid to the optimized protection of microgrids (MGs) and active distribution networks (ADNs). However, the literature shows a research gap in proposing a hybrid scheme, utilizing the voltage-based and overcurrent-based relays, while the voltage relay characteristics are smartly selected. This study aims to address such a research gap. This article presents an optimal hybrid protection coordination method for ADNs and MGs. Considering that any system fault is associated with a voltage drop, a new protection method is formulated from voltage analysis under fault condition

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Kirby, Richard, and Ronald Schwartz. "Microprocessor-based protective relays." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 15, no. 5 (2009): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2009.933405.

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23

Shao, Ning, Qing Chen, Chengao Yu, Dan Xie, and Ye Sun. "Fault Tracing Method for Relay Protection System–Circuit Breaker Based on Improved Random Forest." Electronics 13, no. 3 (2024): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030582.

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The incorrect operation of protective relays and circuit breakers will significantly compromise the safety and stability of power systems. To promptly detect the faults of the relay protection system and the circuit breakers in time and to ensure the operational reliability of these protective devices, this paper proposes a fault tracing method for a relay protection system–circuit breaker based on improved Random Forest. Firstly, an analysis is conducted to identify the causes of incorrect operation of the protective relay and the circuit breaker. The fault types and corresponding alarm messa

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Boutora, Saliha, and Lina Dellili. "Smart grid reliability improvement using smart sensors." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 3 (2024): e12374. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n3-010.

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This study investigates the enhancement of reliability in smart grids through the implementation of a novel protective device, a relay-based smart sensor. The smart grid introduces unique challenges for security systems, such as bidirectional energy flow, variable fault currents, and increased vulnerability due to distributed generation. Traditional protective relays, while essential in legacy systems, often fall short in addressing these complexities. Smart sensors, on the other hand, offer advanced capabilities by integrating sensing devices, signal processors, and microprocessors into a sin

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Setiawan, Eko, Septin Puji Astuti, and Handoko Handoko. "REDUCING THE LIKELIHOOD OF ELECTRICAL POWER-RELATED DISASTERS: A FUZZY MCDM APPROACH." Simetris: Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Ilmu Komputer 9, no. 1 (2018): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/simet.v9i1.1761.

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Many of disasters are related to electrical power systems. They affect human life and economy. In order to reduce the negative impacts caused by the failure of electricity power system due to disasters and to create a robust electrical power system, selecting the best relay of electricity power is a must. This study identified the best protective relay of electrical power systems of PLN in Surakarta region by applying analytic hierarchy process (AHP), one of MCDM approaches, combined with fuzzy logic. Extent analysis approach was implemented to derive priorities of various criteria, sub-criter

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Thida, Win, Nandar Maung Hnin, and Min Hein Ye. "Differential Protection of Power Transformer in Substation." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 5 (2019): 2164–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3591175.

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Protection scheme required for the protection of power system components against abnormal conditions such as faults etc., and that essentially consists of protective relaying and circuit breaker. Protective relay senses the fault and determines the location of fault. Then, protective relay sends the tripping command to the circuit breaker. Therefore, proper care should be taken in designing and selecting an appropriate relay which is reliable, efficient and fast in operation. The voltage transformer and current transformer continuously measure the voltage and current of an electrical system an

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Bhemasenarao, Arathi Pothakanahalli, and Shankaralingappa Channappa Byalihal. "Optimal coordination of directional over current relays for distribution systems using hybrid GWO-CSA." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 15, no. 2 (2024): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i2.pp1276-1289.

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Coordination of protective relays is a critical aspect of electrical distribution systems, ensuring effective and reliable protection against faults. In modern power systems, the integration of distributed generation (DG) sources adds complexity to the coordination task. The dynamic nature of DG systems requires adaptive relay settings that can swiftly detect and isolate faults while minimizing potential damage and downtime. The purpose of this research is to improve the coordination of directional over current relays in electrical distribution systems, particularly in DG systems. An optimizat

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Bheemasenarao, Arathi Pothakanahalli, and Shankaralingappa Channappa Byalihal. "Optimal coordination of directional over current relays for distribution systems using hybrid GWO-CSA." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 15, no. 2 (2024): 1276–89. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i2.pp1276-1289.

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Coordination of protective relays is a critical aspect of electrical distribution systems, ensuring effective and reliable protection against faults. In modern power systems, the integration of distributed generation (DG) sources adds complexity to the coordination task. The dynamic nature of DG systems requires adaptive relay settings that can swiftly detect and isolate faults while minimizing potential damage and downtime. The purpose of this research is to improve the coordination of directional over current relays in electrical distribution systems, particularly in DG systems. An optimizat

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29

Lee, Liang Cheng, and Ying Lu. "A Study of Eliminating the Protective Coordination Curve Intersection of Electromechanical Overcurrent Relays in Subtransmission Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2450–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2450.

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This paper presents a practical new method to quickly and effectively eliminate coordination curve intersection problems in subtransmission systems resulting from improper protective coordination settings in electromechanical overcurrent relays. Firstly, a database representing the relay operating characteristics was constructed based on the electromechanical overcurrent relay characteristic curves published by the manufacturer. Then, combining with this database, a fixed-point coordination curve adjustment procedure dedicated to electromechanical overcurrent relays was proposed to tackle the

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Piesciorovsky, Emilio C., Raymond Borges Hink, Aaron Werth, Gary Hahn, Annabelle Lee, and Yarom Polsky. "Assessment and Commissioning of Electrical Substation Grid Testbed with a Real-Time Simulator and Protective Relays/Power Meters in the Loop." Energies 16, no. 11 (2023): 4407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16114407.

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Electrical utility substations are wired with intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), such as protective relays, power meters, and communication switches. Substation engineers commission these IEDs to assess the appropriate measurements for monitoring, control, power system protection, and communication applications. Like real electrical utility substations, complex electrical substation grid testbeds (ESGTs) need to be assessed for measuring current and voltage signals in monitoring, power system protection, control (synchro check), and communication applications that are limited by small-meas

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Kuliński, Krzysztof, and Adam Heyduk. "Ground Fault in Medium-Voltage Power Networks with an Isolated Neutral Point: Spectral and Wavelet Analysis of Selected Cases in an Example Industrial Network Modeled in the ATP-EMTP Package." Energies 17, no. 7 (2024): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17071532.

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The paper presents some case spectral analysis of zero-sequence voltages and currents in an example industrial power distribution network. The network layout is based on typical power delivery networks in underground coal mines. Ground fault simulations have been made using an ATP/EMTP program. Due to the high environmental risks, the reliability of the protection relay operation related to their selectivity plays an important role. This paper tries to find the reasons for nonselective operation and unnecessary tripping in extensive mine cable networks, particularly with large power sources of

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Onah, Aniagboso John. "Investigating Phase Over-Current (OC) Protection in Medium-Voltage networks." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 6 (2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.6.1307.

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Overcurrent protection is protection against excessive currents or current beyond the acceptable current rating of equipment. It generally operates instantly. Short circuit is a type of overcurrent. Magnetic circuit breakers, fuses and overcurrent relays are commonly used to provide overcurrent protection. There is always a need to protect expensive power equipment. Protective relaying is a very important part of any electric power system that comes into play during trouble, fault or abnormal condition. The purpose is to isolate unhealthy part of electrical power system while the rest continue

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Onah, Aniagboso John. "Investigating Phase Over-Current (OC) Protection in Medium-Voltage networks." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 6 (2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.6.1307.

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Overcurrent protection is protection against excessive currents or current beyond the acceptable current rating of equipment. It generally operates instantly. Short circuit is a type of overcurrent. Magnetic circuit breakers, fuses and overcurrent relays are commonly used to provide overcurrent protection. There is always a need to protect expensive power equipment. Protective relaying is a very important part of any electric power system that comes into play during trouble, fault or abnormal condition. The purpose is to isolate unhealthy part of electrical power system while the rest continue

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Vakili, Ramin, and Mojdeh Khorsand. "A Machine Learning-Based Method for Identifying Critical Distance Relays for Transient Stability Studies." Energies 15, no. 23 (2022): 8841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238841.

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Protective relays play a crucial role in defining the dynamic responses of power systems during and after faults. Therefore, modeling protective relays in stability studies is crucial for enhancing the accuracy of these studies. Modeling all the relays in a bulk power system is a challenging task due to the limitations of stability software and the difficulties of keeping track of the changes in the setting information of these relays. Distance relays are one of the most important protective relays that are not properly modeled in current practices of stability studies. Hence, using the Random

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Kumar, Akshay, Gaurav Mishra, Nandini Asthana, and Atul Kumar Yadav. "Microcontroller Based Under/Over Frequency Relay for Power System Protection." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2, no. 1 (2014): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.211412.

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This paper investigates the frequency fluctuation in power system and protect the power system from its harmful effects. Therefore we design a Microcontroller Based Under/Over Frequency Relay. In this paper we use microcontroller AT89S52 for protecting the power system from the problem of frequency fluctuation. When frequency goes below or above from desired value then electromagnetic relay trip and isolate our power system from its harmful effect. Electromechanical protective relays operate by either magnetic attraction, or magnetic induction. Frequency Variation also decrease the life of the

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R, Sampath. "Cybersecurity Enhancement of Transformer Differential Protection." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (2023): 1928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51963.

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Abstract: The increasing use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the operational environments of power grids has been essential for operators to improve the monitoring, maintenance, and control of power generation, transmission, and distribution; however, this has come at the expense of increasing the grid's exposure to cyber threats. This paper looks at cyberattack scenarios that target protective relays in substations, which can be the most important part of protecting power systems from abnormal conditions. The overall performance of the power grid could suffer significan

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Namdari, Farhad, Sajad Samadinasab, Nader Shojaei, and Mohammad Bakhshipour. "Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent and Distance Relays Using Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm." TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering 16, no. 3 (2015): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/tijee.v16i3.1628.

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The duty of protective systems is the timely detection of fault and removing it from the power network. The accuracy of the results and reducing the execution time of the optimizing algorithm are two crucial elements in selecting optimizing algorithms in protective functions. The most important protective elements that are used in power networks are distance and overcurrent relays. In this article, a new algorithm is presented to solve the optimization problem of coordination of overcurrent and distance relays by using Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm which considers the non-linear model overcurr

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Mitani, Izumi. "Automatic Supervision Function in Protective Relays." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 110, no. 5 (1990): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.110.5_381.

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Sorrentino, Elmer. "Practical Rules to Adjust the Numerical Overcurrent Functions of Protective Relays to Avoid Maloperation due to Inrush Currents of Downstream Distribution Transformers." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (November 9, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7650741.

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This article shows practical rules which were developed for the adjustment of Numerical Overcurrent Functions (NOCF) of microprocessor-based protective relays in order to avoid their maloperation due to Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Currents (TMIC). The TMIC waveforms are decaying and nonsinusoidal, and their effects are different on instantaneous, definite-time, or inverse-time NOCF; thus, specific rules are necessary for each type of NOCF. Experimental methods, specifically developed to perform tests of NOCF with TMIC, were applied to four commercial relays from different manufacturers. As

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Kheshti, Mostafa, and Xiaoning Kang. "Optimal overcurrent relay coordination in distribution network based on Lightning Flash Algorithm." Engineering Computations 35, no. 3 (2018): 1140–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-01-2017-0003.

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Purpose Distribution network protection is a complicated problem and mal-operation of the protective relays due to false settings make the operation of the network unreliable. Besides, obtaining proper settings could be very complicated. This paper aims to discuss an innovative evolutionary Lightning Flash Algorithm (LFA) which is developed for solving the relay coordination problems in distribution networks. The proposed method is inspired from the movements of cloud to ground lightning strikes in a thunderstorm phenomenon. LFA is applied on three case study systems including ring, interconne

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Morozov, Sergey, and Andrey Morozov. "INFLUENCE OF THE REMNANT MAGNETIZATION OF THE CURRENT TRANSFORMER CORES UPON THE COMPLIANCE OF THEIR TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR MICROPROCESSOR TYPE PROTECTIVE RELAYS." Automation and modeling in design and management 2021, no. 3-4 (2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2658-6436-2021-3-4-77-84.

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Work objective is finding rational technical and economic solutions for examining current transformers for techspecs compliance satisfying the requirements of reinstalled microprocessor type protective relays and automation devices manufactured by NP EKRA LLC, taking into account DC component. Research methods: analytical methods for calculating the time of remnant magnetization in the core of a current transformer. Research results and novelty: it is understood that the saturation time of current transformers of the basic and backup protections, according to the results of the analytical meth

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Fernao Pires, V., L. Sousa Martins, Tito G. Amaral, Rui Marcal, Ricardo Rodrigues, and Manuel M. Crisostomo. "Distance-Learning Power-System Protection Based on Testing Protective Relays." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 55, no. 6 (2008): 2433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2008.920647.

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Ahmad, Azniza, Mohammad Lufti Othman, Kurreemun Khudsiya Bibi Zainab, and Hashim Hizam. "Adaptive ANN based differential protective relay for reliable power transformer protection operation during energisation." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 8, no. 4 (2019): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v8.i4.pp307-316.

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Power transformer is the most expensive equipment in electrical power system that needs continuous monitoring and fast protection response. Differential relay is usually used in power transformer protection scheme. This protection compares the difference of currents between transformer primary and secondary sides, with which a tripping signal to the circuit breaker is asserted. However, when power transformers are energized, the magnetizing inrush current is present and due to its high magnitude, the relay mal-operates. To prevent mal-operation, methods revolving around the fact that the relay

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Azniza, Ahmad, Lufti Othman Mohammad, Khudsiya Bibi Zainab Kurreemun, Hizam Hashim, and Azis Norhafiz. "Adaptive ANN based differential protective relay for reliable power transformer protection operation during energisation." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 8, no. 4 (2019): 307–16. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v8.i4.pp307-316.

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file:///C:/Irvan/IJAI/2019/Desiminasi/v8i4%20Dec%202019/01%202Power transformer is the most expensive equipment in electrical power system that needs continuous monitoring and fast protection response. Differential relay is usually used in power transformer protection scheme. This protection compares the difference of currents between transformer primary and secondary sides, with which a tripping signal to the circuit breaker is asserted. However, when power transformers are energized, the magnetizing inrush current is present and due to its high magnitude, the relay mal-operates. To prevent m

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Obied, Yamur M., and Thamir M. Abdul Wahhab. "Protection Coordination of 33/11 kV Power Distribution Substation in Iraq." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 5A (2021): 723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i5a.1790.

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The coordination between protective devices is the process of determining the most appropriate timing of power interruption during abnormal conditions in the power system. The aim of this work is to coordinate the protection of the 33/11 kV power distribution substation in Iraq using the CYME 7.1 software package. In this paper overcurrent and earth fault relays are simulated in two cases, with time delay setting and instantaneous setting, to obtain the Time Current Characteristics (TCC) curves for each Circuit Breaker (CB) relay of Al-Karama substation (2×31.5 MVA, 33/11 kV) in Babil distribu

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Raza, S. A., T. Mahmood, and S. B. A. Bukhari. "OPTIMUM OVERCURRENT RELAY COORDINATION: A REVIEW." Nucleus 51, no. 1 (2014): 37–49. https://doi.org/10.71330/thenucleus.2014.721.

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In power system the protective relays are coordinated optimally to ensure that only the faulted zone of the system will be detached when the abnormal operating state will occur. The interconnected system as well as deregulated environment and increase in user demand force the utilities to implement optimally coordinated protection scheme to increase reliability of the system. In this paper an overview of overcurrent relay coordination techniques is presented. Deterministic, heuristic, hybrid and trial and error optimization techniques, have been reviewed to understand their method of implement

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Abd Almuhsen, Tahseen Ali, and Ahmed Jasim Sultan. "Coordination of directional overcurrent and distance relays based on nonlinear multivariable optimization." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 3 (2020): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i3.pp1194-1205.

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To ensure stability, security, and protection of electrical equipment from the damage the suitable coordination must be made in interconnected networks. In this paper, the nonlinear multivariable optimization techniques have been used with different performance indexes: Sequential quadratic programming (SQP), Sequential quadratic programming legacy (SQP-Legacy), Interior-Point and Active-Set for IEEE- 8 bus test system. This system consists of twenty-eight protective relays divided into fourteen directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) and fourteen distance relays (DR). It has been tested in the

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Tahseen, Ali Abd Almuhsen, and Jasim Sultan Ahmed. "Coordination of directional overcurrent and distance relays based on nonlinear multivariable optimization." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS) 17, no. 3 (2020): 1194–205. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i3.pp1194-1205.

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To ensure stability, security, and protection of electrical equipment from the damage the suitable coordination must be made in interconnected networks. In this paper, the nonlinear multivariable optimization techniques have been used with different performance indexes: Sequential quadratic programming (SQP), Sequential quadratic programming legacy (SQP-Legacy), Interior-Point and Active-Set for IEEE- 8 bus test system. This system consists of twenty-eight protective relays divided into fourteen directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) and fourteen distance relays (DR). It has been tested in the

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Arathi, Pothakanahalli Bheemasenarao, and C. Byalihal Shankaralingappa. "Optimal protective relaying scheme of distributed generation connected distribution network using particle swarm optimization-gravitational search algorithm technique." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 3 (2023): 2568–78. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2568-2578.

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This paper develops particle swarm optimization integrated with gravitational search algorithm (PSO-GSA) to coordinate the relays in a distribution system with distributed generation (DG) connectivity. This algorithm combines PSO and GSA to improve the performance of the relay protection system. To prevent relay malfunctions following DG penetration, a suitable primary and backup relay is chosen. The PSO-GSA is coded using MATLAB software and tested on an IEEE 4-bus system simulated in Simulink. Results indicate that, when compared to using regular PSO and GSA procedures individually, the PSO-

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Bheemasenarao, Arathi Pothakanahalli, and Shankaralingappa C. Byalihal. "Optimal protective relaying scheme of distributed generation connected distribution network using particle swarm optimization-gravitational search algorithm technique." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 3 (2023): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2568-2578.

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<span lang="EN-US">This paper develops particle swarm optimization integrated with gravitational search algorithm (PSO-GSA) to coordinate the relays in a distribution system with distributed generation (DG) connectivity. This algorithm combines PSO and GSA to improve the performance of the relay protection system. To prevent relay malfunctions following DG penetration, a suitable primary and backup relay is chosen. The PSO-GSA is coded using MATLAB software and tested on an IEEE 4-bus system simulated in Simulink. Results indicate that, when compared to using regular PSO and GSA procedur

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