Academic literature on the topic 'Protein bait insecticide'

Abstract Insecticides mixed in sugar-protein baits or insecticides alone have been used to control tephritid fruit flies for many years. Here, effects of cyantraniliprole, spinetoram, and the biopesticide Chromobacterium subtsugae extract in sucrose-yeast extract bait or alone on kill and oviposition of western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), were evaluated in the laboratory. Flies were exposed to dry insecticide bait or insecticide alone in the presence or absence of a nontoxic food strip. Spinetoram alone caused greater mortality than cyantraniliprole alone, while cyantraniliprole in bait caused mortality as high as spinetoram bait and greater mortality than cyantraniliprole alone. Chromobacterium subtsugae extract alone but not in bait caused significant mortality compared with controls, but was much less effective than cyantraniliprole and spinetoram. Spinetoram alone reduced oviposition more than cyantraniliprole alone. However, cyantraniliprole bait reduced oviposition as much or more than spinetoram alone or spinetoram bait. Cyantraniliprole and spinetoram baits caused greater mortality when a nontoxic food strip was absent than present, but there was no corresponding reduction in oviposition. Chromobacterium subtsugae extract did not significantly reduce oviposition compared with controls. Potential benefits of using cyantraniliprole baits as an additional or alternative method to using more toxic spinosyn insecticides for controlling R. indifferens warrant study.

AbstractPublished studies have shown inconsistent effects of proteinaceous bait sprays against apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Explanations of inconsistency could involve the presence of natural food such as bird droppings competing with bait sprays for attraction of flies. Under field, semi-field, or laboratory conditions, we found that: (1) aqueous solutions of 10% proteinaceous bait (Nulure) were significantly more attractive than water to protein-denied but not to protein-provided apple maggot flies; (2) addition of 2% toxicant (malathion 50 EC) did not affect attractiveness of Nulure droplets but did significantly deter feeding by arriving protein-provided flies (though not protein-denied flies); (3) droppings collected from barn swallows, chickens, and unidentified birds on apple trees were significantly more attractive than solutions or droplets of Nulure to protein-denied flies; (4) droppings that were freshly deposited or fresh from cold storage were significantly less attractive than droppings held under ambient conditions for 1 or 2 days; (5) droppings allowed to dry for 1 day at 25 °C, 60% RH were no less attractive than droppings that received water to simulate dew or rainfall; and (6) droppings treated with antibiotics were significantly less attractive than droppings not treated with antibiotics, indicating that bacteria may be involved in generating attractive volatiles. Together, these findings suggest that in situations where natural sources of protein such as bird droppings or insect honeydew are abundant, apple maggot flies may be relatively unaffected by addition of proteinaceous bait to insecticide sprays.

The yellow crazy ant, Anopholepis gracilipes is an invasive species on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean whose population needs to be controlled before there is irrevocable environmental damage. The insecticide, pyriproxyfen, a compound which mimics juvenile hormone of insects, has been proposed to do this. Before it can be used in the field, its effects on non target species such as the endemic red crab, Gecarcoidea natalis, need to be investigated. Land crabs, like all decapods, may utilise a similar hormone called methyl farnesoate which is thought to be involved in controlling early ovary development. Pyriproxyfen may also mimic methyl farnesoate and thus disrupt this process. The effect of pyriproxyfen on early ovary synthesis in G. natalis was investigated by feeding crabs a mixture of leaf litter and bait containing 0.5% pyriproxyfen (experimental groups) or a mixture of leaf litter and bait containing no pyriproxyfen (control groups) at simulated baiting doses (2 kg ha–1 and 4 kg ha–1). Two additional groups of crabs were fed ad libitum, either bait containing 0.5% pyriproxyfen or the control bait. Experiments were conducted from July to September of 2007. Red crabs synthesise their ovaries annually over two months (July to September) in the dry season. This situation of high nitrogen demand is funded from small excesses of nitrogen assimilated from a mainly leaf litter diet. Pyriproxyfen affected early ovary development. Ovaries from crabs in the experimental groups at all baiting levels had a higher total nitrogen content and dry mass than that of the control animals. The ovaries from the experimental animals were also more mature; they contained more previtellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes, of a larger diameter, than ovaries of the control animals. Significant amounts of pyriproxyfen were accumulated in the target tissues, the midgut gland and ovary. Minor amounts of pyriproxyfen were accumulated in muscle, a non-target tissue. By mimicking methyl farnesoate, pyriproxyfen may have caused endocrine disruption in G. natalis. In particular it may have stimulated early ovary development and synthesis of yolk protein.

ABSTRACT Vegetative insecticidal protein (Vip3A) is synthesized as an extracellular insecticidal toxin by certain strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Vip3A is active against several lepidopteran pests of crops. Polyphagous pest, Spodoptera frugiperda, and its cell line Sf21 are sensitive for lyses to Vip3A. Screening of cDNA library prepared from Sf21 cells through yeast two-hybrid system with Vip3A as bait identified ribosomal protein S2 as a toxicity-mediating interacting partner protein. The Vip3A-ribosomal-S2 protein interaction was validated by in vitro pulldown assays and by RNA interference-induced knockdown experiments. Knockdown of expression of S2 protein in Sf21 cells resulted in reduced toxicity of the Vip3A protein. These observations were further extended to adult fifth-instar larvae of Spodoptera litura. Knockdown of S2 expression by injecting corresponding double-stranded RNA resulted in reduced mortality of larvae to Vip3A toxin. Intracellular visualization of S2 protein and Vip3A through confocal microscopy revealed their interaction and localization in cytoplasm and surface of Sf21 cells.

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of toxic baits and attractants for fruit flies on the biology of its parasitoid Fopius arisanus. We tested two food-based attractants; hydrolysed corn protein (Biofruit® 3%) and sugarcane molasses (7%), their mixtures with spinosad and malathion-based insecticides, and a ready-to-use commercial bait (Success 0.02 CB®). Malathion-based lures were used as references for mortality (i.e., positive control), while negative control was honey. The formulations Biofruit® + malathion (T1), molasses + malathion (T2), and spinosad + molasses (T3) were toxic to F. arisanus, being classified as harmful (class 4). In addition, toxic baits composed of Biofruit + spinosad (T4) reduced parasitism by 97.99%, being rated as moderately harmful (class 3). Yet, Success 0.02 CB® (T7) was considered slightly toxic (class 2), causing a 64.55% reduction in parasitism. Regarding the biological parameters of F. arisanus, offspring number and parasitoid longevity were significantly reduced by using hydrolysed protein attractants when compared to the control (honey). However, sugarcane molasses improved parasitoid reproduction and longevity, as did the honey. Lastly, ingestion tests showed the major role of attractants in toxic-bait formulations against F. arisanus.

Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), is one of the most important pests of citrus. The pest is more problematic in the eastern part of the country, Nepal. Because of the difficulties associated with the control of this pest by chemical insecticides, farmers had experienced great losses in Sweet Orange. Therefore, a participatory field survey was conducted under farmer field conditions to assess losses and measure the efficacy of different local and recommended management options to address the problem of this pest. Study consisted of two major parts: monitoring of pest population and farmer’s survey. For monitoring three orchards were selected located at different altitude i.e. 1200 masl, 1300 masl and 1400 masl. Great Fruit fly Bait (25% protein hydrolysate and 0.1% abamectin) in McPhail traps were used for monitoring. Monitoring was done in every 7 days interval and lures were changed in every 15 days for the effectiveness. Only 18.3% farmers were using protein bait for the management of fruit fly. B. minax had peak population intensity at May and was found decreasing after June so the management practices should be adopted before June to prevent the loss by fruit fly. However, for best effective control attention for monitoring and management procedures has to take place throughout the life cycle of the insect.

This thesis examines the effects of malathion, chlorpyrifos, fipronil and spinosad mixed in fruit fly protein bait on attraction, feeding and mortality of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt). The effects of weathering of the protein bait-insecticide mixtures on the mortality of B. tryoni were also measured along with attraction, feeding response and toxicity of the protein bait sprays on important arthropod natural enemies particularly the red scale parasitic wasps, Aphytis lingnanensis (Compere) and Comperiella bifasciata (Howard), the green lace wing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and the mealy bug predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant). In field cage experiments, protein-starved male B. tryoni showed the same level of attraction to protein baits mixed with malathion, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, spinosad and protein alone used as the control. However, protein-starved females elicited a difference in attraction with protein baits containing chlorpyrifos and spinosad. Traps with spinosad bait mixtures captured significantly more females compared to traps containing chlorpyrifos bait mixtures. Laboratory feeding experiments on protein-starved female flies demonstrated that baits containing malathion and chlorpyrifos deterred flies from feeding on them. In contrast, no such deterrence was detected with baits containing spinosad, fipronil and protein alone. These results demonstrated that the type of toxicant mixed with protein bait sprays can influence the attraction and feeding responses of B. tryoni. Therefore the process of screening toxicants for use in protein bait mixtures is important and should entail field and laboratory tests. In terms of toxicity, protein baits mixed with malathion and chlorpyrifos caused significantly higher fly mortality and demonstrated a more rapid fly knock down than did spinosad, fipronil and protein alone as the control. Spinosad however was a slow acting toxicant, causing a gradual increase in fly mortality over time. Fly mortality obtained with protein bait mixtures containing malathion, chlorpyrifos and fipronil, applied on citrus leaves, and weathered out doors for up to 6 days did not vary significantly from freshly applied baits. However, the residual effectiveness of bait mixed with spinosad waned significantly after 3 days of out door weathering. Fly mortality caused by 3 day aged spinosad bait mixture was significantly lower than fresh bait mixtures, suggesting a rapid break down of spinosad under field conditions. The parasitism rates of the two most important parasitoids of red scales, A. lingnanensis and C. bifasciata, measured before and after commencement of fruit fly bait spraying in two commercial citrus orchards, did not show any significant negative trend. Aphytis were not attracted to Pinnacle protein, the most commonly used fruit fly protein lure in Australia. A significantly higher number of Aphytis were attracted to honey solution and protein bait mixed with 20% sugar, compared to protein bait alone. A no-choice test further confirmed this result, demonstrating no difference in attraction between protein and water. Protein bait containing malathion, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, and spinosad, fresh and weathered for up to 12 days, caused high mortality in Aphytis. In contrast protein bait mixed with spinosad caused a lower Aphytis mortality after 12 days out door weathering, compared to chlorpyrifos bait mixture. However, for other weathering periods, no such differences in mortality between the treatments were observed. In addition, the parasitizing capacity of Aphytis, after being exposed to these weathered residues, was reduced. Except for the control, aged bait mixtures significantly reduced the fecundity of Aphytis. Therefore, while integrating chemical based field control along with bio-control agents, appropriate measures should be in place to reduce the negative impacts of toxic residues. Overall, the findings from this study indicate that spinosad is a suitable alternative to the older toxicants, for incorporation into fruit fly protein baits. Moreover, fruit fly protein baits in the field are less likely to disrupt the activites of important natural enemies. However, chemical-based control of insect pests in a cropping system should be designed carefully with the objective to prevent potential harm to susceptible biological control agents such as Aphytis.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
Griffith School of Environment
Faculty of Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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