Journal articles: 'Protein energy malnutrition in young children'

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Meyer, Rosan, Carina Venter, Adam T. Fox, and Neil Shah. "Practical dietary management of protein energy malnutrition in young children with cow’s milk protein allergy." Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 23, no. 4 (March 22, 2012): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2012.01265.x.

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JEYASEELAN, L., and M. LAKSHMAN. "RISK FACTORS FOR MALNUTRITION IN SOUTH INDIAN CHILDREN." Journal of Biosocial Science 29, no. 1 (January 1997): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193209700093x.

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Protein energy malnutrition is a major health problem in India and it affects the growth and development of young children. This study investigated the impact of hygiene, housing and sociodemographic variables on acute malnutrition in children aged 5–7, living in urban and rural areas. Ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that the overall prevalence of severe malnutrition was 8·2%. Older age, male sex, mother's poor education, lower family income, higher birth order of the child, use of dung or fire wood as fuel and defecation within the premises were significantly associated with malnutrition. Appropriate intervention programmes should be formulated to educate and support these families.

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Semba, Richard D. "The Rise and Fall of Protein Malnutrition in Global Health." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 69, no. 2 (2016): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000449175.

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Background: From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, United Nations (UN) agencies were focused on protein malnutrition as the major worldwide nutritional problem. The goal of this review is to examine this era of protein malnutrition, the reasons for its demise, and the aftermath. Summary: The UN Protein Advisory Group was established in 1955. International conferences were largely concerned about protein malnutrition in children. By the early 1970s, UN agencies were ringing the alarm about a ‘protein gap'. In The Lancet in 1974, Donald McLaren branded these efforts as ‘The Great Protein Fiasco', declaring that the ‘protein gap' was a fallacy. The following year, John Waterlow, the scientist who led most of the efforts on protein malnutrition, admitted that a ‘protein gap' did not exist and that young children in developing countries only needed sufficient energy intake. The emphasis on protein malnutrition waned. It is recently apparent that quality protein and essential amino acids are missing in the diet and may have adverse consequences for child growth and the reduction of child stunting. Key Messages: It may be time to re-include protein and return protein malnutrition in the global health agenda using a balanced approach that includes all protective nutrients.

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Grantham-McGregor, S. M., C. Powell M. Stewart, and W. N. Schofield. "Longitudinal Study of Growth and Development of Young Jamaican Children Recovering from Severe Protein-energy Malnutrition." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 24, no. 4 (November 12, 2008): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1982.tb13624.x.

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Makame, James, Tanita Cronje, Naushad M. Emmambux, and Henriette De Kock. "Dynamic Oral Texture Properties of Selected Indigenous Complementary Porridges Used in African Communities." Foods 8, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8060221.

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Child malnutrition remains a major public health problem in low-income African communities, caused by factors including the low nutritional value of indigenous/local complementary porridges (CP) fed to infants and young children. Most African children subsist on locally available starchy foods, whose oral texture is not well-characterized in relation to their sensorimotor readiness. The sensory quality of CP affects oral processing (OP) abilities in infants and young children. Unsuitable oral texture limits nutrient intake, leading to protein-energy malnutrition. The perception of the oral texture of selected African CPs (n = 13, Maize, Sorghum, Cassava, Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP), Cowpea, and Bambara) was investigated by a trained temporal-check-all-that-apply (TCATA) panel (n = 10), alongside selected commercial porridges (n = 19). A simulated OP method (Up-Down mouth movements- munching) and a control method (lateral mouth movements- normal adult-like chewing) were used. TCATA results showed that Maize, Cassava, and Sorghum porridges were initially too thick, sticky, slimy, and pasty, and also at the end not easy to swallow even at low solids content—especially by the Up-Down method. These attributes make CPs difficult to ingest for infants given their limited OP abilities, thus, leading to limited nutrient intake, and this can contribute to malnutrition. Methods to improve the texture properties of indigenous CPs are needed to optimize infant nutrient intake.

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Kachondam, Yongyout, and Sakorn Dhanamitta. "Country Report: Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition Status in Mongolia." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 14, no. 4 (December 1992): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659201400415.

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Information on the health and nutrition status of mothers and children in Mongolia was gathered during a recent consultancy supported by UNICEF in collaboration with WHO and the Mongolian Ministry of Health. Data were collected from published and unpublished documents, interviews with Mongolian nutrition and health specialists and UNICEF country representatives, and observations using rapid assessment procedures. The four main nutrition problems found were protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, iodine-deficiency disorders, and irondeficiency anaemia. Also of great concern is an extremely high level of acute respiratory infection among young children, which may be attributable in part to the Mongolian lifestyle.

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Michaelsen, Kim F., Camilla Hoppe, Nanna Roos, Pernille Kaestel, Maria Stougaard, Lotte Lauritzen, Christian Mølgaard, Tsinuel Girma, and Henrik Friis. "Choice of Foods and Ingredients for Moderately Malnourished Children 6 Months to 5 Years of Age." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 30, no. 3_suppl3 (September 2009): S343—S404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265090303s303.

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There is consensus on how to treat severe malnutrition, but there is no agreement on the most cost-effective way to treat infants and young children with moderate malnutrition who consume cereal-dominated diets. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the nutritional qualities of relevant foods and ingredients in relation to the nutritional needs of children with moderate malnutrition and to identify research needs. The following general aspects are covered: energy density, macronutrient content and quality, minerals and vitamins, bioactive substances, antinutritional factors, and food processing. The nutritional values of the main food groups—cereals, legumes, pulses, roots, vegetables, fruits, and animal foods—are discussed. The special beneficial qualities of animal-source foods, which contain high levels of minerals important for growth, high-quality protein, and no antinutrients or fibers, are emphasized. In cereal-dominated diets, the plant foods should be processed to reduce the contents of antinutrients and fibers. Provision of a high fat content to increase energy density is emphasized; however, the content of micronutrients should also be increased to maintain nutrient density. The source of fat should be selected to supply optimal amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially n-3 fatty acids. Among multiple research needs, the following are highlighted: to identify the minimum quantity of animal foods needed to support acceptable child growth and development, to examine the nutritional gains of reducing contents of antinutrients and fibers in cereal- and legume-based diets, and to examine the role of fat quality, especially PUFA content and ratios, in children with moderate malnutrition.

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Blaney, Sonia, Lylia Menasria, Barbara Main, Chhea Chhorvann, Lenin Vong, Lucie Chiasson, Vannary Hun, and David Raminashvili. "Determinants of Undernutrition among Young Children Living in Soth Nikum District, Siem Reap, Cambodia." Nutrients 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2019): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11030685.

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Background: Child undernutrition is of public concern in Cambodia. An understanding of factors influencing child nutritional status is essential to design programs that will reduce undernutrition. Using the UNICEF conceptual framework of causes of malnutrition, our research investigates the relationship between nutritional status of children aged 6–23 months and its immediate and underlying determinants. Methods: Baseline data from a cluster-randomized controlled trial aiming to assess the impact of the promotion of optimal feeding practices combined or not with the provision of local foods among 360 children 6–23 months of age were used. Anthropometry and biochemical measurements were performed at baseline. Data on each determinant of undernutrition were collected through interviews and direct observations. Results: Our results show that the degree of satisfaction of proteins and zinc requirements as well as the access to improved water sources and sanitation were positively associated with length-for-age, while having a better health status and a higher degree of satisfaction of energy, protein, zinc, and iron requirements were associated to an improved weight-for-length. Only child health status was associated to ferritin. Conclusion: Our results reiterate the importance of improving child diet and health status, but also the access to a healthy environment to ensure an optimal nutritional status.

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Uauy, Ricardo, and Juliana Kain. "The epidemiological transition: need to incorporate obesity prevention into nutrition programmes." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 1a (February 2002): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001297.

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AbstractBackground:Trends in the nutritional status for developing countries that are undergoing rapid economic growth indicate a decrease in protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) with an associated rise in obesity prevalence.Objective:This paper analyses how supplementary feeding programmes may contribute to rising obesity trends, what factors may explain this phenomenon, and potential strategies to avoid obesity in malnutrition prevention efforts.Design and setting: This is a descriptive study of changes in nutritional status of infants and young children in Chile and the possible impact of supplementary feeding programmes on the rise in prevalence of obesity. We explored the changes in anthropometric indices before and after receiving food programme benefits and the use of targeting strategies as a way to combine the need to promote optimal growth while preventing obesity.Results:Evaluation of the change in nutritional status from participants in Chilean supplementary feeding programmes has shown that targeting strategies have been inadequate as children mainly modify their weight-for-age and weight-for-height, while their length-for-age remains practically unchanged.Conclusions:Monitoring length-for-age as well as weight-for-length is necessary to permit the identification of stunted overweight and obese children, as they should not be given excess energy. Energy supplementation should be adjusted according to activity level, securing adequate micronutrient density. PEM prevention programmes need periodic evaluation, including targeting of beneficiaries, definition of real needs and possible effect on obesity.

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Darnton-Hill, I., and ET Coyne. "Feast and famine: Socioeconomic disparities in global nutrition and health." Public Health Nutrition 1, no. 1 (March 1998): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn19980005.

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AbstractObjective:To review current information on under- and over-malnutrition and the consequences of socioeconomic disparities on global nutrition and health.Design:Malnutrition, both under and over, can no longer be addressed without considering global food insecurity, socioeconomic disparity, both globally and nationally, and global cultural, social and epidemiological transitions.Setting:The economic gap between the more and less affluent nations is growing. At the same time income disparity is growing within most countries, both developed and developing. Concurrently, epidemiological, demographic and nutrition transitions are taking place in many countries.Results:Fully one-third of young children in the world's low-income countries are stunted because of malnutrition. One-half of all deaths among young children are, in part, a consequence of malnutrition. Forty per cent of women in the developing world suffer from iron deficiency anaemia, a major cause of maternal mortality and low birth weight infants. Despite such worrying trends, there have been significant increases in life expectancy in nearly all countries of the world, and continuing improvements in infant mortality rates. The proportion of children malnourished has generally decreased, although actual numbers have not in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Inequalities are increasing between the richest developed countries and the poorest developing countries. Social inequality is an important factor in differential mortality in both developed and developing countries. Many countries have significant pockets of malnutrition and increased mortality of children, while obesity and non-communicable disease (NCDs) prevalences are increasing. Not infrequently it is the poor and relatively disadvantaged sectors of the population who are suffering both. In the industrialized countries. cardiovascular disease incidence has declined, but less so in the poorer socioeconomic strata.conclusions:The apparent contradicitions found represent a particular point in time (population responses generally lag behind social and environmental transitions). They do also show encouraging evidence that interventions can have a positive impact, sometimes despite disadvantageous circumstances. However, it seems increasingly unlikely that food production will continue to keep up with population growth. It is also unlikely present goals for reducing protein-energy malnutrition prevalence will be reached. The coexistence of diseases of undernutrition and NCDs will have an impact on allocation of resources. Action needs to be continued and maintained at the international, national and individual level.

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Kamau, Elijah H., Charlotte A. Serrem, and Florence W. Wamunga. "Rat Bioassay for Evaluation of Protein Quality of Soy-Fortified Complementary Foods." Journal of Food Research 6, no. 6 (October 11, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v6n6p35.

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Compositing complementary flours with legumes of high protein quality such as soy can be effective in abating Protein Energy Malnutrition. Soy-fortified complementary flours were developed using locally available foods from Western Kenya and used to determine the fortification effect on protein nutritional quality, growth, and rehabilitation. Ten isonitrogenous diets containing 10% protein and one containing 20% protein were formulated from six foods; maize, pearl millet, finger millet, sorghum, cassava, and banana at ratios of 70:30 flour and soy with milk powder as control and fed to weanling male albino rats. Another group was fed on a protein free diet. Banana: Soy diet had significantly superior protein nutritional quality while Maize: soy had 70% Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score. True Protein Digestibility of the fortified diets lay within the acceptable margin for cereal: bean mixtures. Fortification with soy improved protein quality indices of flours in rats, and by extrapolation could support growth of young children if used as complementary foods.

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Habicht, Jean-Pierre, and Reynaldo Martorell. "Objectives, Research Design, and Implementation of the Incap Longitudinal Study." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 14, no. 3 (September 1992): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659201400319.

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The INCAP longitudinal study (1969–1977) was carried out in four Guatemalan villages to assess the effects of intra-uterine and preschool malnutrition on growth and mental development. To achieve this, food supplements were provided to pregnant women and young children. Two villages were given a high-protein, high-energy drink and two a no-protein, low-energy drink. Both supplements contained vitamins and minerals. The key features of the final study design implemented in 1969 are noted, together with its strengths and weaknesses. The selection of the study villages is described in detail, and the nature of the randomized nutritional intervention and that of the medical care programme offered to all the villages are presented. The methods of data collection and quality-control procedures are also detailed. The information should be of interest to those wishing to use and understand the INCAP/Cornell data set.

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Mak, Tsz-Ning, Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa, Marie Tassy, Mario V. Capanzana, and Elizabeth A. Offord. "Contribution of Milk Beverages to Nutrient Adequacy of Young Children and Preschool Children in the Philippines." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020392.

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Malnutrition is a major public health concern in the Philippines. Milk and dairy products are important sources of energy, protein, and micronutrients for normal growth and development in children. This study aims to assess the contribution of different types of milk to nutrient intakes and nutrient adequacy among young and preschool children in the Philippines. Filipino children aged one to four years (n = 2992) were analysed while using dietary intake data from the 8th National Nutrition Survey 2013. Children were stratified by age (one to two years and three to four years) and by milk beverage consumption type: young children milk (YCM) and preschool children milk (PCM), other milks (mostly powdered milk with different degrees of fortification of micronutrients), and non-dairy consumers (no milks or dairy products). The mean nutrient intakes and the odds of meeting nutrient adequacy by consumer groups were compared, percentage of children with inadequate intakes were calculated. Half (51%) of Filipino children (all ages) did not consume any dairy on a given day, 15% consumed YCM or PCM, and 34% consumed other milks. Among children one to two years, those who consumed YCM had higher mean intakes of iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc, B vitamins, folate, and vitamins C, D, and E (all p < 0.001) when compared to other milk consumers. Non-dairy consumers had mean intakes of energy, total fat, fibre, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, zinc, folate, and vitamins D and E that were far below the recommendations. Children who consumed YCM or PCM had the highest odds in meeting adequacy of iron, zinc, thiamin, vitamin B6, folate, and vitamins C, D, and E as compared to other milks or non-dairy consumers, after adjusting for covariates. This study supports the hypothesis that dairy consumers had higher intakes of micronutrients and higher nutrient adequacy than children who consumed no milk or dairy products. Secondly, YCM or PCM have demonstrated to be good dairy options to achieve nutrient adequacy in Filipino children.

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Holla, Radha. "The malnutrition bazaar: the case of RUTF." World Nutrition 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.2021122104-118.

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Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children is life-threatening. Its causes range from lack of access to balanced food, to incorrect feeding practices, lack of access to an efficient health system, to clean potable water and sanitation. However, the present approach to managing SAM is fortified packaged food – a paste made with peanuts or other protein rich food such as chickpeas, milk and sugar, to which micronutrients are added. Currently, a version of the paste with less energy levels is also being recommended for treating even moderate forms of malnutrition, as well as for prevention of malnutrition (World Health Organization (WHO), 2012; WHO/UNICEF/WFP, 2014; WFP/UNICEF/USAID, undated). The large number of malnourished children around the globe furnish the food and pharmaceutical industries with an immense potential market for these fortified food packages. That the market for ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) is rapidly expanding is primarily due to its endorsement by the World Health Organisation (WHO, the World Food Programme, the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition[1] (UNSCN) and UNICEF for treating SAM (World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition and the United Nations Children’s Fund. (2007).). Non state actors like Action Against Hunger (Action Contre La Faim) and Médecins Sans Frontières have also been working to introduce RUTF treatment in countries such as Ethiopia, Nigeria, Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, Malawi, Yemen, India and Pakistan. In addition, several of the new manufacturers use unethical marketing practices to increase their share of sales. The long-term sustainable solution to reducing undernutrition has to be based on policies that manage conflict, inequity, gender imbalance, food sovereignty and security, infant and young child feeding, basic health services and provision of safe drinking water and sanitation. [1] In 2020, the UN Network for SUN (UNN) merged with the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN) to form a new entity, called UN Nutrition. As of 1 January 2021, the UN Nutrition Secretariat, hosted by FAO headquarters, became operational.

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Bromage, Sabri, Tahmeed Ahmed, and Wafaie W. Fawzi. "Calcium Deficiency in Bangladesh." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 37, no. 4 (July 8, 2016): 475–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572116652748.

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Background: Bangladesh incurs among the highest prevalence of stunting and micronutrient deficiencies in the world, despite efforts against diarrheal disease, respiratory infections, and protein-energy malnutrition which have led to substantial and continuous reductions in child mortality over the past 35 years. Although programs have generally paid more attention to other micronutrients, the local importance of calcium to health has been less recognized. Objective: To synthesize available information on calcium deficiency in Bangladesh in order to inform the design of an effective national calcium program. Methods: We searched 3 online databases and a multitude of survey reports to conduct a narrative review of calcium epidemiology in Bangladesh, including population intake, determinants and consequences of deficiency, and tested interventions, with particular reference to young children and women of childbearing age. This was supplemented with secondary analysis of a national household survey in order to map the relative extent of calcium adequacy among different demographics. Results: Intake of calcium is low in the general population of Bangladesh, with potentially serious and persistent effects on public health. These effects are especially pertinent to young children and reproductive-age women, by virtue of increased physiologic needs, disproportionately poor access to dietary calcium sources, and a confluence of other local determinants of calcium status in these groups. Conclusion: A tablet supplementation program for pregnant women is an appealing approach for the reduction in preeclampsia and preterm birth. Further research is warranted to address the comparative benefit of different promising approaches in children for the prevention of rickets.

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Agengo, Fredrick B., Arnold N. Onyango, Charlotte A. Serrem, and Judith Okoth. "Effect of Fortification with Snail Meat Powder on Physicochemical Properties and Shelf-life of Sorghum-wheat Buns." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 5 (July 14, 2020): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401315666190719162012.

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Background: Formulation of composite flours from wheat and non-wheat flours has been proposed as the most desirable way to improve the nutritional quality in diets, promote food security and lower the cost of baked products. Objective: This study evaluated the effect of fortification with snail meat powder on physicochemical properties and shelf-life of sorghum-wheat buns. Methods: Buns were prepared by replacing a part of sorghum-wheat flour with 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of snail meat powder. Physical properties including volume, density, baking loss, yield, weight, hardness and colour, the proximate analyses including moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and ash and mineral composition of iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and copper were analyzed for the buns. In vitro protein digestibility was determined by pepsin digestion. Plate count agar and potato dextrose agar were respectively used for enumeration of bacterial and fungal flora in the buns during storage. Shelf-life determination was based on the number of days before the production of off flavours and fungal infestation. Results: Compositing sorghum-wheat flour with snail meat powder progressively improved the density, baking loss, yield, weight and texture of the buns. Protein, fat, ash, energy, iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and copper contents were also increased. Fortification of buns at 5% and 25% with SMP improved in vitro protein digestibility by 16% and 22%, respectively. Maximum bacterial count in buns was below the International Microbiological Standard recommended units for dry and ready to eat foods of 103 cfu/g. Conclusion: Buns composited with snail meat powder showed a considerable potential to be used as protein rich foods in preventing protein energy malnutrition among young children.

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Kokoreva, S. P., V. B. Kotlova, A. V. Makarova, O. A. Razuvaev, and Ya D. Moreplavtseva. "Respiratory syncytial viral infection in a child with genetic pathology." Voprosy praktičeskoj pediatrii 16, no. 2 (2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1817-7646-2021-2-61-67.

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The relevance of respiratory syncytial virus infection is due to its widespread, severity of the course in young children with a predominant lesion of the lower respiratory tract with acute respiratory failure and absence of etiotropic therapy with proven efficacy. The risk group for severe course and mortality is made up of premature babies, children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. In addition, according to individual indications, by the decision of the council, specific prophylaxis is carried out for newborns and premature infants with severe neuromuscular pathology, CNS injury with impaired respiratory function, patients with congenital anomalies and genetic pathology of the respiratory system, as well as congenital immunodeficiency. The article presents a description and analysis of the severe course of respiratory syncytial infection with the development of obstructive bronchitis with respiratory failure of the 2nd degree in a child aged 1 year 4 months with Charge syndrome – a severe genetic pathology, including combined congenital heart disease, choanal artesia, protein-energy malnutrition, congenital immunodeficiency. The child had bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic paralytic laryngeal stenosis. The disease required oxygen support and the patient's stay in the intensive care unit. The described clinical example demonstrates a severe course of respiratory syncytial virus infection with the damage of the lower respiratory tract in a child over one year old from the risk group. Key words: respiratory syncytial virus infection, children, obstructive bronchitis, bronchiolitis

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Oladejo Thomas, ADEPOJU, and AJAYI Kayode. "Nutrient Composition and Adequacy of two Locally Formulated Winged Termite (Macrotermes Bellicosus) Enriched Complementary Foods." Journal of Food Research 5, no. 4 (July 13, 2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n4p79.

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The period from birth to two years of age constitute critical window of opportunity for promoting optimal growth and development of a child. Inadequate food intake and poor feeding practices are causes of malnutrition among Nigerian children, as many locally formulated complementary foods are deficient in protein and micronutrients. Roasted Macrotermes bellicosus (MB) is nutritious and relished as snack by people living the traditional lifestyle. This study was carried out to investigate possible use of MB in formulating nutrient-dense complementary foods from maize and sorghum. Macrotermes bellicosus was collected in Ibadan, Nigeria during their swarming, roasted, de-winged, powdered and added to fermented corn (CF) and sorghum (SF) flour in the ratio 100%flour, 90%flour+10%MB, 85%flour+15%MB, and 80%flour+20%MB to give eight complementary foods, which were analysed for proximate, mineral, vitamin and antinutrient composition using AOAC methods.Hundred grammes of CF and SF contained 11.7g, 10.6g moisture, 8.9g, 9.7g crude protein, 3.1g, 2.8g fat, 74.3g, 74.8g total carbohydrates, 6.67mg, 26.60mg calcium, 295.50mg, 325.43mg phosphorus, 2.61mg, 7.61mg iron, 3.19mg, 2.41mg zinc, and yielded 353.9kcal, 358.6kcal energy respectively. Significant reduction occurred in moisture and carbohydrate content of MB-incorporated complementary foods while their crude protein, ash, fat, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamins B3, B6 B12 and beta-carotene content increased significantly as the level of inclusion of MB increased (p<0.05). Level of atinutritional factors were insignificantly low in the blends, and cannot pose any health risk. Macrotermes bellicosus can be used in enriching cereal-based complementary foods as means of reducing infant and young child malnutrition in Nigeria.

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Jackson, Alan A., J. Doherty, M. H. de Benoist, J. Hibbert, and C. Persaud. "The effect of the level of dietary protein, carbohydrate and fat on urea kinetics in young children during rapid catch-up weight gain." British Journal of Nutrition 64, no. 2 (September 1990): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19900039.

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The kinetics of urea metabolism were measured in children recovering from severe malnutrition. For a period of up to 10 d they received one of four diets which provided 711 kJ (170 kcal)/kg per d. Two groups received a diet with a high protein: energy (P:E) ratio of 10.6% (HP), enriched with either fat (HP/F) or maize starch and sucrose (HP/C). Two groups received a diet with a low P:E ratio of 8.8% (LP), enriched with either fat (LP/F) or maize starch and sucrose (LP/C). The rate of weight gain on the HP diets was significantly greater than on the LP diets. There was no difference in urea production between any of the four diets: HP/F 1.23 (SE 0.12), HP/C 1.37 (SE 0.14), LP/F 1.64 (SE 0.22), LP/C 1.15 (SE 0.15) mmol nitrogen/kg per h. On the HP diets urea excretion was 0.77 (SE 0.07) mmol N/kg per h. 61 % of production. There was significantly less urea excreted in the urine on diet LP/C than on LP/F (0.36 (SE 0.05) and 0.64 (SE 0.04) mmol N/kg per h respectively). A significantly greater percentage of the urea production was hydrolysed on the LP diets (61 %) compared with the HP diets (39 %), with the consequence that 50% of urea-N produced was available for synthetic activity on the LP diets compared with 30% on the HP diets. The increase in the urea hydrolysed on the LP diets was equivalent in magnitude to the decreased intake of N, so that overall intake plus hydrolysis did not differ between the LP and the HP diets. Crude N balance was similar on diets HP/F, HP/C and LP/C, but was significantly reduced on diet LP/F. These results show that there is an accommodation in urea kinetics during rapid catch-up weight gain, which becomes evident when the P:E ratio of the diet falls to 8.8%. It is proposed that, for a P:E ratio of 8.8%, protein is limiting for catch-up growth. When the intake has a P:E ratio of 8.8% the pattern of urea kinetics can be modified by the relative proportions of fat and carbohydrate in the diet. The measurement of urea kinetics provides a useful approach to the definition of the adequacy of the protein in the diet.

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Guthold, Regina, Emily White Johansson, Colin Douglas Mathers, and David A. Ross. "Global and regional levels and trends of child and adolescent morbidity from 2000 to 2016: an analysis of years lost due to disability (YLDs)." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 3 (March 2021): e004996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-004996.

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IntroductionNon-fatal health loss makes a substantial contribution to the total disease burden among children and adolescents. An analysis of these morbidity patterns is essential to plan interventions that improve the health and well-being of children and adolescents. Our objective was to describe current levels and trends in the non-fatal disease burden from 2000 to 2016 among children and adolescents aged 0–19 years.MethodsWe used years lost due to disability (YLD) estimates in WHO’s Global Health Estimates to describe the non-fatal disease burden from 2000 to 2016 for the age groups 0–27 days, 28 days–11 months, 1–4 years, 5–9 years, 10–14 years and 15–19 years globally and by modified WHO region. To describe causes of YLDs, we used 18 broad cause groups and 54 specific cause categories.ResultsIn 2016, the total number of YLDs globally among those aged 0–19 years was about 130 million, or 51 per 1000 population, ranging from 30 among neonates aged 0–27 days to 67 among older adolescents aged 15–19 years. Global progress since 2000 in reducing the non-fatal disease burden has been limited (53 per 1000 in 2000 for children and adolescents aged 0–19 years). The most important causes of YLDs included iron-deficiency anaemia and skin diseases for both sexes, across age groups and regions. For young children under 5 years of age, congenital anomalies, protein–energy malnutrition and diarrhoeal diseases were important causes of YLDs, while childhood behavioural disorders, asthma, anxiety disorders and depressive disorders were important causes for older children and adolescents. We found important variations between sexes and between regions, particularly among adolescents, that need to be addressed context-specifically.ConclusionThe disappointingly slow progress in reducing the global non-fatal disease burden among children and adolescents contrasts starkly with the major reductions in mortality over the first 17 years of this century. More effective action is needed to reduce the non-fatal disease burden among children and adolescents, with interventions tailored for each age group, sex and world region.

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Mohammed, Z. K., B. B. Petrol, and U. Ahmad. "Formulation and nutritional evaluation of a complementary food blend made from fermented yellow maize (Improved variety), soybean and African cat fish meal." Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology 38, no. 1 (July 28, 2021): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njb.v38i1.12.

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Fermented cereal-based gruels with poor nutritional value form a major component of the diet of infants during the transition phase of childhood. With the recent security challenges affecting people in the north- east region of Nigeria, food security is at stake, malnutrition is common among infants and young children while reliance on UNICEF for supplies of ready- to- use therapeutic foods is not a long-term solution. A complementary food blend was prepared following the guideline of WHO/FAO on infants’ nutritional requirements in a 60:20:20 ratio from fermented yellow maize (improved variety), roasted soybean and fishmeal respectively. All the sample materials were pre-processed by either fermentation, drying or roasting prior to food blend formulation. Standard methods (AOAC) were used to evaluate the nutritional values of the raw and processed materials and the formulated complementary food blend. Water absorption capacity of the fermented yellow maize significantly decreased (P< 0.05) with decrease in pH and increase in titratable acidity from 20% - 51% (0 – 72h). The carbohydrate (64.35±0.03%) and protein contents (14.55±0.03% and energy value (351.64±0.03 Kcal/100g) of the complementary food blend was closely comparable to the commercial complementary food blend cerelac® (Carbohydrate 69.00%, Protein 15.0%, and energy 426.00 Kcal/100g) and satisfied the needs of infants. The low moisture content (3.1±0.02%) exhibited by the complementary food blend might give a good storage stability. The iron level of the complementary food blend (40.33± 0.03%) was higher than that of the commercial complementary food blend celerac® (10.0%), though the levels of potassium, zinc and calcium were lower. Microbial analysis showed no contamination with pathogenic organisms in the formulated food blend. The formulated complementary food blend met the WHO estimated requirements of infant 6 – 23 months in terms of nutritional quality and may therefore be a good substitute to the imported, expensive alternatives.

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Tadesse, Abebe Yimer, Ali Mohammed Ibrahim, Sirawdink Fikreyesus Forsido, and Haile Tesfaye Duguma. "Nutritional and sensory quality of complementary foods developed from bulla, pumpkin and germinated amaranth flours." Nutrition & Food Science 49, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-01-2018-0001.

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Purpose Traditionally prepared enset-based products like bulla are characterised by low protein and vitamin contents and are highly viscous; this causes protein-energy malnutrition especially in infants and young children. This paper aims to improve the nutritional and sensory qualities of enset-based food with pumpkin and amaranth. Design/methodology/approach Sixteen formulations of composite flour were generated using a D-optimal constrained mixture design with a range of 50-80 per cent bulla, 10-25 per cent pumpkin and 10-40 per cent amaranth flour. Nutritional and sensory qualities of the formulations were investigated using standard methods. Findings Ash, fat and protein contents increased from 1.1-2.8 g/100 g (p < 0.001), 1.7-3.9 g/100 g (p < 0.001) and 6.1-9.0 g/100 g (p < 0.001) respectively with the increased amaranth flour. Crude fibre content increased with increasing percentage of the amaranth and pumpkin flours. On the other hand, carbohydrate content increased from 78.2 to 84.3 per cent (p < 0.001) with an increase of bulla flour. A significant increase in Fe, Zn and Ca from 6.8-10.5 (p < 0.01), 1.5-3.0 (p = 0.022) and 1.8-148.5 mg/g (p < 0.001) respectively was achieved with an increase in amaranth ratio in flour. The total carotenoid content increased with increase in the percentage of pumpkin flour. The best sensory attributes of the developed product were around the centre point of the three ingredients. Originality/value The study showed that a product with good nutritional value and sensory acceptability could be prepared from enset-based ingredients and the optimal product was obtained by blending 57.8 per cent bulla, 18.9 per cent pumpkin and 23.3 per cent amaranth flour. The enriched flour can have application for snack food preparation.

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Soja, S. L., and N. Udaya Kiran. "Protein Energy Malnutrition among Children." International Journal of Nursing Education 8, no. 2 (2016): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-9357.2016.00063.5.

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Riga, O., N. Orlova, and T. Ishchenko. "NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF BRAIN IN UKRAINE: SINGLE-CENTER OBSERVATIONAL DESCRIPTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY." Inter Collegas 7, no. 2 (July 5, 2020): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.35339/ic.7.2.94-101.

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NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF BRAIN IN UKRAINE: SINGLE-CENTER OBSERVATIONAL DESCRIPTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Riga O., Orlova N., Ishchenko T. In Ukraine, as one of low income and middle income countries (LMICs), PEM is detected and diagnosed not quite actively especially in children with neurologic impairment. Methods: Nutritive status and energy consumption was evaluated in 17 young and preschool children with congenital malformations of brain by anthropometry, 24-hour dietary recall and questionnaire of caregivers. Results: The study demonstrate nutritional disorders: Z-score BW for age in total cohort was -3.2, H/L for age was -2.7. The moderate PEM was diagnosed in 2/17 children, severe PEM in 12/17. The late appointment of nutritional support to such children has been demonstrated, its effect on increasing growth and body weight. Conclusion. The importance of drawing up individual plans for the energetic consumption of the children with congenital malformations of brain with training of caregivers and rehabilitative and palliative team was shown. Keywords: children, protein-energy malnutrition, congenital malformations of brain, LMICs. Резюме. ХАРЧОВИЙ СТАТУС І ХАРЧОВА ПІДТРИМКА ДІТЕЙ З ВРОДЖЕНИМИ ВАДАМИ РОЗВИТКУ МОЗКУ В УКРАЇНІ: ОДНОЦЕНТРОВЕ НАОЧНО-ОПИСОВЕ КРОС-СЕКЦІЙНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ Ріга О.О., Орлова Н.В., Іщенко Т.Б. В Україні, як одна із країн з низьким рівнем доходу та середнього доходу (LMICs), БЕН виявляється та діагностується не досить активно, особливо у дітей з порушеннями неврології. Методи: Харчовий статус та споживання енергії було оцінено у 17 дітей молодшого та дошкільного віку з вродженими вадами розвитку головного мозку за допомогою антропометрії, цілодобової дієти та анкетування опікунів. Результати: Дослідження демонструє харчові розлади: показник Z-score BW за віком у загальній когорті становив -3,2, H/L для віку -2,7. Помірну БЕН було діагностовано у 2/17 дітей, тяжку БЕН у 12/17. Продемонстровано несвоєчасне призначення харчової підтримки таким дітям, його вплив на збільшення росту та маси тіла. Висновки. Показано важливість складання індивідуальних планів енергетичного споживання дітей з вродженими вадами розвитку мозку під час навчання опікунів та реабілітаційно-паліативного колективу. Ключові слова: діти, білково-енергетична недостатність, вроджені вади розвитку мозку, LMICs. Резюме. ПИЩЕВОЙ СТАТУС И ПИЩЕВАЯ ПОДДЕРЖКА ДЕТЕЙ С ВРОЖДЕННЫМИ ПОРОКАМИ РАЗВИТИЯ МОЗГА В УКРАИНЕ: ОДНОЦЕНТРОВОЕ НАГЛЯДНО-ОПИСАТЕЛЬНОЕ КРОСС-СЕКЦИОННОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ Рига Е.А., Орлова Н.В., Ищенко Т.Б. В Украине, как одна из стран с низким уровнем дохода и среднего дохода (LMICs), БЄН оказывается и диагностируется недостаточно активно, особенно у детей с нарушениями неврологии. Методы: Пищевой статус и потребления энергии было оценено у 17 детей младшего и дошкольного возраста с врожденными пороками развития головного мозга с помощью антропометрии, круглосуточной диеты и анкетирования опекунов. Результаты: Исследование демонстрирует пищевые расстройства: показатель Z-score BW по возрасту в общей когорте составил -3,2, H/L для возраста -2,7. Умеренную БЄН было диагностировано у 2/17 детей, тяжелую БЄН у 12/17. Продемонстрировано несвоевременное назначение пищевой поддержки таким детям, его влияние на увеличение роста и массы тела. Выводы. Показана важность составления индивидуальных планов энергетического потребления детей с врожденными пороками развития мозга во время обучения опекунов и реабилитационно-паллиативного коллектива. Ключевые слова: дети, белково-энергетическая недостаточность, врожденные пороки развития мозга, LMICs.

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Ambica, C., Viruben H. Bhudia, shashikala J. Maheshwari, and Kiran A. Raval. "Prevalence of protein energy malnutrition among underfive children." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 9, no. 10 (2018): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2018.01359.1.

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Sitnikova, E. P., I. A. Leont’ev, and N. G. Safonova. "Protein-energy malnutrition in children with cerebral palsy." Voprosy detskoj dietologii 14, no. 2 (2016): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1727-5784-2016-2-24-28.

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Sauerwein, R. W., J. A. Mulder, L. Mulder, B. Lowe, N. Peshu, P. N. Demacker, J. W. van der Meer, and K. Marsh. "Inflammatory mediators in children with protein-energy malnutrition." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 1534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1534.

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BERKOWITZ, FRANK E. "Infections in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 11, no. 9 (September 1992): 750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199209000-00015.

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SINGLA, P. N., J. S. KASHYAP, O. P. MISHRA, and B. DUBE. "Haemostatic Status of Children with Protein-Energy Malnutrition." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 44, no. 1 (1998): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/44.1.53.

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30

Hone, N. M., and J. K. Fermor. "High-Energy Feeding for Protein-Calorie Malnutrition." Tropical Doctor 17, no. 4 (October 1987): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558701700410.

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The efficacy of high-energy feeding regimens in the nutritional resuscitation of severely malnourished children is established, but most reports come from specialist units, We devised a high-energy feeding mixture using locally available ingredients and applied it in service conditions on 275 unse1ected children. After an initial stabilization period, children were fed 150 kcal/kg/day and protein 4 g/kg/day. The weight gain achieved for the whole series was 8.93 g/kg/day. For the different diagnostic categories the weight gains were: 12.11 g/kg/day for children with marasmic kwashiorkor; 10.01 g/kg/day for children with kwashiorkor; 7.49 g/kg/day for children with marasmus; and 6.39 g/kg/day for children who were underweight. The hospital case fatality was 4.4%. These figures show that rural hospitals can devise and apply high-energy feeding regimens and obtain results as good as those obtained in specialist units

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31

K. R., Venkatesha, and R. Ravikumar Naik. "Prevalence of protein energy malnutrition among children: a cross sectional study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190679.

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Background: In the world, hunger and malnutrition are most significant threat. Malnutrition is global risk factor for significant death among infants and pregnant woman. malnutrition increases the chances of several infections.Methods: A cross sectional study was undertaken in children age group of 1 to 18 years, suffering from protein energy malnutrition, attending Department of Paediatrics, tertiary care hospital, Bangalore during the period January 2016 to December 2016. Results: In the present study, maximum number of cases (44) belongs to age group of 1-5 years, followed by 32 cases belongs to 6-12-year age group and 24 cases belong to 13-18-year age group. Maximum cases (59) belongs to female with male female ratio is 1:1.4. In the present study out of 100 cases, 81 cases came positive for protein energy malnutrition. Out of 81 cases positive for PEM, 34 cases belong to grade I followed by 24 cases belongs to grade II, 13 cases belong to grade III and 1o cases belongs to grade IV protein-energy malnutrition (PEM).Conclusions: Malnutrition is like an iceberg, most people in the developing countries live under the burden of malnutrition.

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Soliman, Ashraf T. M., Abd El-Hadi I. Hassan, Mohamed K. Aref, and Alan D. Rogol. "Serum Cortisol Concentrations in Children with Protein-Energy Malnutrition." Annals of Saudi Medicine 9, no. 6 (November 1989): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.1989.533.

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Aydoğdu, Selime. "Serum transferrin levels in children with protein-energy malnutrition." Dicle Medical Journal / Dicle Tıp Dergisi 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2013.01.0220.

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Kumar, Vinod, Kavitha Patil, and Karishma Munoli. "Evaluation of dental age in protein energy malnutrition children." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 7, no. 6 (2015): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.163543.

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Subramanian, Mangala, and Subrahmanyam G. "DETERMINANTS OF PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION AMONG RURAL PRESCHOOL CHILDREN." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental sciences 2, no. 47 (November 20, 2013): 9157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/1588.

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Olumese, P. "Protein energy malnutrition and cerebral malaria in Nigerian children." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 43, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/43.4.217.

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Adegbenro, S. A., O. A. Dada, D. M. Olanrewaju, and M. A. Fafunso. "Glycosylated haemoglobin levels in children with protein-energy malnutrition." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 11, no. 4 (January 1991): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1991.11747525.

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Kar, Bhoomika R., Shobini L. Rao, and B. A. Chandramouli. "Cognitive development in children with chronic protein energy malnutrition." Behavioral and Brain Functions 4, no. 1 (2008): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-4-31.

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Odabaş, Dursun, Hüseyin Çaksen, Şakir Şar, Özkan Ünal, Ogˇuz Tuncer, Bülent Ataş, and Cahide Yilmaz. "Cranial MRI findings in children with protein energy malnutrition." International Journal of Neuroscience 115, no. 6 (January 2005): 829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207450590882082.

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Odabaş, Dursun, Hüseyin Çaksen, Şakir Şar, Temel Tombul, Mesude Kisli, Oğuz Tuncer, Köksal Yuca, and Cahide Yılmaz. "Auditory brainstem potentials in children with protein energy malnutrition." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 69, no. 7 (July 2005): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.01.034.

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Gillam, S. J. "Mortality Risk Factors in Acute Protein-Energy Malnutrition." Tropical Doctor 19, no. 2 (April 1989): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558901900214.

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The records of 45 children admitted to the Save The Children Fund (UK) Clinic, Dhankuta, East Nepal for nutritional rehabilitation, and who subsequently died, were compared with those of 200 survivors admitted during the same period. Children who died were more likely to have attended the clinic previously (P<0.02), and tended to be younger and lighter than controls. A poor outcome was associated with oedema (P< 0.02), hepatomegaly (P<0.01), suspected tuberculosis (P<0.001) and various socioeconomic factors: children who died came from larger families, ‘single parent’ families (P< 0.01), and were more likely to have lost a sibling (P< 0.01). The irrigated landholdings of dying children's families were on average approximately half the size of those of survivors' families. These socioeconomic factors were associated with more severe malnutrition at presentation. The identification of factors associated with a poor prognosis can help to focus admission criteria and to monitor especially high-risk children where services for the acutely malnourished are limited.

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Voronkova, A. Yu, Yu L. Melyanovskaya, N. V. Petrova, T. A. Adyan, E. K. Zhekaite, S. A. Krasovskiy, and E. L. Amelina. "Clinical and genetic characteristics of rare pathogenic variants of the CFTR gene in Russian patients with cystic fibrosis." PULMONOLOGIYA 31, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-2-148-158.

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The variety of clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis is driven by the diversity of the CFTR gene nucleotide sequence. Descriptions of the clinical manifestations in patients with the newly identified genetic variants are of particular interest.The aim of this study was to describe clinical manifestations of the disease with the newly identified genetic variants.Methods. Data from Registry of patients with cystic fibrosis in the Russian Federation (2018) were used. The data review included three steps — the search for frequent mutations, Sanger sequencing, and the search for extensive rearrangements by MLPA. 38 pathogenic variants were identified that were not previously described in the international CFTR2 database. We selected and analyzed full case histories of 15 patients with 10 of those 38 pathogenic variants: p.Tyr84*, G1047S, 3321delG, c.583delC, CFTRdele13,14del18, CFTRdele19-22, c.2619+1G>A, c.743+2T>A, p.Glu1433Gly, and CFTRdel4-8del10-11.Results. A nonsense variant p.Tyr84* was found in 5 patients (0.08 %). Two missense variants c.3139G>A were found in 2 siblings (0.03 %). The c.4298A>G was found in 1 patient. Other variants were detected in a single patient (0.02 %) each. They included two variants of a deletion with a shift of the reading frame 3321delG and c.583delC, two splicing disorders c.2619+1G>A and c.743+2T>A, three extended rearrangements CFTRdele19-22, CFTRdele13,14del18, and CFTRdel4-8del10-11. The last two variants include 2 rearrangements on one allele, which cause the severe course in two young children. 8 of the 10 variants are accompanied by pancreatic insufficiency (PI). Among patients with p.Tyr84*, one had ABPA, one had liver transplantation, and all had Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Nasal polyps were diagnosed in 2 patients with p.Tyr84*, 1 with G1047S, 1 with CFTRdel4-8del10-11, and 1 patient with 3321delG, who also had osteoporosis and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD). 2 patients with PI with 3321delG and CFTRdel4-8del10-11 genetic variants, and 1 with PI with p.Glu1433Gly genetic variant had severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM).Conclusion. Clinical manifestations of previously undescribed CFTR genetic variants were described. 5/10 genetic variants should be attributed to class I, 3/10 – to class 7 of the function classification of pathogenic CFTR gene variants associated with transcription and translation disruptions. Class of the identified missense variants c.3139G>A and c.4298A>G has not been established and requires further functional, cultural, and molecular genetic studies.

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Satapathy, Ayusi, Ansuman Satapathy, Dwity Sundar Rout, Ajay Kumar Prusty, and Sandeep Rout. "Prevalence of Protein Energy Malnutrition among Underfive children in Odisha: A Review." Journal of Phytopharmacology 10, no. 4 (July 12, 2021): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2021.10410.

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As the most vulnerable segment of the population, children under the age of five serve as a critical indicator of community health and nutrition. They are usually impacted by PEM as a result of a lack of nutrients to meet their needs. Malnutrition affects children under the age of five, primarily in disadvantaged settings. Kwashiorkor generally affects children between the ages of one and three, while marasmus primarily affects children under the age of two. Despite slight progress over the years, India has the highest rate of stunting, according to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4(2015-16). In India, 38.4 percent, 35.8 percent, and 21% of children were found to be stunted, underweight, or wasting in 2015-16, respectively, but in Odisha, the percentages were 38.2 percent, 34.4 percent, and 18.3 percent. Malnutrition is caused by a lack of access to highly nutritious foods, poor feeding practices such as non-exclusive breast feeding, poor environmental conditions, large family size, poor maternal health, premature babies, negative cultural practices related to child rearing and weaning, delay in introducing supplementary feeding, and high female illiteracy. Malnutrition is exacerbated by frequent diseases such as diarrhea, respiratory infections, measles, and intestinal worms [1]. Malnutrition is responsible for more than a third of all child fatalities. Malnutrition causes long-term impairments such as lower labour ability, growth retardation, and poor social and mental development in later life. Malnutrition causes mortality, disability, stunting, and mental and physical development retardation in children. A systematic review of published publications was conducted primarily using secondary sources of literature from internet databases such as Research Gate and Google Scholar. The articles were picked based on important subjects such as assessing various forms of malnutrition and the variables that influence it. The goal of the research, titled "Prevalence of Protein Energy Malnutrition among Under-five Children in Odisha" was to learn more about the prevalence of malnutrition and the variables that influence it

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Altinkaynak, Sevin, Mukadder A. Selimoglu, Vildan Ertekin, and Buket Kilicarslan. "Serum ghrelin levels in children with primary protein-energy malnutrition." Pediatrics International 50, no. 4 (August 2008): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.2008.02606.x.

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Yiğit, Hakan, Mukadder Ayşe Selimoğlu, and Sevin Altinkaynak. "Sweat Test Results in Children with Primary Protein Energy Malnutrition." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 37, no. 3 (September 2003): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200309000-00007.

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de Sousa, J. Salazar. "Sweat Test Results in Children With Primary Protein Energy Malnutrition." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 38, no. 4 (April 2004): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200404000-00018.

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González, P. Ferrer, A. Pereda Pérez, and J. Ferrer Calvete. "Sweat Test Results in Children With Primary Protein Energy Malnutrition." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 38, no. 4 (April 2004): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200404000-00019.

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Soja, SL, and David Saldanha Anand. "Effect of Nutritional Intervention among Children with Protein Energy Malnutrition." International Journal of Nursing Education 7, no. 4 (2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-9357.2015.00190.7.

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Jinadu, M. K., E. O. Ojofeitimi, and E. O. Osifor. "Feeding Patterns of Children with Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Nigeria." Tropical Doctor 16, no. 2 (April 1986): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558601600215.

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The feeding patterns of 115 consecutive cases of children suffering from protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) seen at Ile-Ife University Teaching Hospital, were investigated. The majority of the children were from Ile-Ife township and nearly all their mothers were working outside their respective homes. The survey shows an earlier mean age (27 months) of onset of kwashiorkor compared with Naismith's (1973) study. About two-thirds of the mothers had stopped breastfeeding their children by the age of 17 months. Artificial milk was introduced briefly, in token quantity, and was replaced by “corn-pap” and other starchy foods such as “yam” and “hard-pap”. Over 80% of mothers would not feed their children on meat and fish because they believed these foods would cause worms which, in turn, would cause abdominal pain and loss of weight. Cow's milk, groundnut and cowpeas were said to cause diarrhoea by about two-thirds of the mothers. Our study shows that cessation of breastfeeding, inadequate feeding on artificial milk, and cultural beliefs about appropriate weaning diets for the infants were the major causes of PEM in this part of the world.

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Caballero, Benjamin, Noel W. Solomons, Benjamin Torun, and Oscar Pineda. "Calcium Metabolism in Children Recovering from Severe Protein-Energy Malnutrition." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 5, no. 5 (September 1986): 740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198609000-00013.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Protein energy malnutrition in young children'

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