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1
Baines-Pinchen, David Adam. Identification of a stress-related protein in the pea-powdery mildew interaction. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2001.
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2
Testut, Jean-Francois. Evidence for the occurence of a pea chlorplast protein in haustoria of the powdery mildew fungus,erysiphe pisi. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1997.
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3
Leckie, Malcolm Peter. In situ imaging and protein analysis of host subcellular structures during the infection of pea by Erysiphe pisi. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1996.
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5
O'Mullane, Laura. Isolation and characterisation of clones encoding proteins which interact with AT-rich sequences in pea. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.
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6
Cordain, Loren. The Paleo diet for athletes: A nutritional formula for peak athletic performance. Emmaus, Pa: Rodale, 2005.
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7
Cordain, Loren. The paleo diet for athletes: The ancient nutritional formula for peak athletic performance. New York: Rodale, 2012.
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8
Pigg's Peak Protea and Casino (Hotel : Swaziland). Select Committee. Pigg's Peak Protea and Casino Select Committee report. [Lobamba, Swaziland]: Pigg's Peak Protea and Casino Select Committee, 2001.
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9
Foss, Peter J. IPCC guide to community composting: Help fight the war on waste, create an excellent source of free compost, and protect wildlife. Dublin: Irish Peatland Conservation Council, 1997.
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11
Mattelaer, Johan. For this Relief, Much Thanks ... Translated by Ian Connerty. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462987326.
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Even though peeing is something we all do several times a day, it is still a taboo subject. From an early age, we are taught to master our urinary urges and to use decent words for this most necessary physiological activity. This paradox has not gone unnoticed by artists through the ages. For this Relief, Much Thanks! Peeing in Art is a journey through time and space, stopping along the way to look at many different art forms. The reader-viewer will see how peeing figures - men and women, young and old, human and angelic - have been depicted over the centuries. You will be amazed to discover how often, even in famous works of art, you can find a man quietly peeing in a corner or a putto who is 'irrigating' some grassy field. A detail you will never have seen before, but one that you will never forget when confronted with those same art works in future! Artists have portrayed pee-ers in a variety of different ways and for a variety of different reasons: serious, frivolous, humorous, to make a protest, to make a statement... Whatever their purpose, these works of art always intrigue, not least because of their secret messages and symbolic references, which sometimes can only be unravelled by an expert - like the author of this book. The extensive background information about the artists and their work also gives interesting insights into the often complex origins of the different art forms. In short, a fascinating voyage of discovery awaits you!
12
Copsey, Alice. Over-expression and purification of a pea mitochondrial heat-shock protein. 2004.
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13
Global Pea Proteins Market to Reach US$ 44.81 Mn by 2023: Credence Research: Pea Proteins Market. Serena Peter, 2016.
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15
Bender, David A. 3. Protein nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0003.
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About 14 per cent of the human body is protein, so a growing child, or pregnant woman must have protein intake to increase the total amount of protein in the body, or foetus, as it grows. But why does an adult, whose body weight does not change, require protein in the diet? ‘Protein nutrition’ explains that proteins contain the element nitrogen in their constituent amino acids. Nitrogen balance is the difference between the intake of nitrogen-containing compounds in the diet and the excretion of nitrogen-containing compounds from the body. There is a requirement for dietary protein as the continual breakdown of tissue proteins in the body needs replacement by newly synthesized protein.
16
Allaire, Becky Sue. Antisera development against and localization of pea disease resistance proteins. 1993.
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17
Janson, Betty Lowe. Dry Peas and Lentils: Cooking With the Protein Twins. Horizon Publishers & Distributors, 1990.
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18
Boer, Joop de, Harry Aiking, and Johan Vereijken. Sustainable Protein Production and Consumption: Pigs or Peas? Springer, 2008.
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19
Aiking, Harry, Joop Boer, and Johan Vereijken, eds. Sustainable Protein Production and Consumption: Pigs or Peas? Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4842-4.
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20
Soetrisno, Uken Sukaeni Sanusi. Characterization of yellow pea (Pisum sativum L. Miranda) proteins and the proteinate functional properties. 1991.
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21
(Editor), Harry Aiking, Joop de Boer (Editor), and Johan Vereijken (Editor), eds. Sustainable Protein Production and Consumption: Pigs or Peas? (Environment & Policy). Springer, 2006.
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22
Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. Nutritional support in the critically ill. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0334.
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Major injury evokes a constellation of reproducible hormonal, metabolic, and haemodynamic responses which are collectively termed ‘the adaptive stress response’. The purpose of the adaptive stress response is to facilitate tissue repair and restore normal homeostasis. If critical illness is prolonged, the adaptive stress response may become maladaptive, in essence exerting a parasitic effect leaching away structural proteins and impairing host immunity. Primarily therapy should be directed towards the underlying illness, as nutritional support per se will not reverse the stress response and its sequelae. Nonetheless, adequate nutritional support in the early stages of critical illness may attenuate protein catabolism and its adverse effects. This chapter covers nutritional assessment; detection of malnutrition; energy and protein requirements; monitoring the effectiveness of nutritional replacements; nutritional delivery; complications; and refeeding syndrome.
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Hughes, Jeremy. Proteinuria as a direct cause of progression. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0137.
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Proximal tubular cells reabsorb any filtered proteins during health via cell surface receptors such as megalin and cubulin so that very low levels of protein are present in the excreted urine. Significant proteinuria is a common finding in patients with many renal diseases. Proteinuria is a marker of glomerular damage and podocyte loss and injury in particular. The degree of proteinuria at presentation or during the course of the disease correlates with long-term outcome in many renal diseases. Proteinuria per se may be nephrotoxic and thus directly relevant to the progression of renal disease rather than simply acting as a marker of the severity of glomerular injury and podocytes loss. Seminal studies used the atypical renal anatomy of the axolotl to instill proteins directly into the tubular lumen without requiring passage through the glomerulus. This indicated that tubular protein could be cytotoxic and induce interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in the peritubular region. Cell culture studies demonstrate that exposure to proteins results in proximal tubular cell activation and the production of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators. Proximal tubular cell death occurred in some studies reinforcing the potential of protein to exert cytotoxic effects via oxidative stress or endoplasmic reticulum stress. Analysis of renal biopsy material from both experimental studies using models of proteinuric disease or patients with various proteinuric diseases provided evidence of activation of transcription factors and production of chemokines and pro-inflammatory mediators by proximal tubular cells. These data strongly suggest that although proteinuria is the result of glomerular disease it also represents an important cause of progression in patients with chronic kidney disease associated with proteinuria.
25
Bevacqua, Robert Francis. Mineral nutrition, pyruvate kinase activity, and protein concentration in 'd'Anjou' pear fruit affected by cork spot. 1989.
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26
Motjope, Lipalesa. Protein efficiency of soybean meal, corn gluten meal and cull peas fed to lambs: Methods of determining forage intake and digestibility by grazing lambs. 1986.
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27
L, Masters Colin, and Colloque médecine et recherche (9th : 1993 : Lyon, France), eds. Amyloid protein precursor in development, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994.
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28
F, McNamara L., Gentile L. C, and U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory. Space Physics Division, eds. Peak-flux-density spectra of large solar radio bursts and proton emission from flares. Hanscom AFB, MA: Space Physics Division, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985.
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29
F, McNamara L., Gentile L. C, and U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory. Space Physics Division, eds. Peak-flux-density spectra of large solar radio bursts and proton emission from flares. Hanscom AFB, MA: Space Physics Division, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985.
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30
Bender, David A. 5. Diet and health. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0005.
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‘Diet and Health’ is concerned with the epidemiological evidence that diet is a factor in the development of chronic non-communicable diseases—especially atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, type II diabetes, and cancer—and how we can use these findings to produce guidelines for a prudent diet and to promote healthy eating. A diet that is associated with reduced risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases provides 30 per cent of energy from fat, with only one-third of the fat as saturated fat and 6 to 10 per cent of the fat as polyunsaturated fat, 55 per cent of energy from carbohydrates (mainly starch, with only 10 per cent of energy from sugars), and 15 per cent of energy from protein.
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Kellaway, Roy, and Tim Harrington. Feeding Concentrates. CSIRO Publishing, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643091047.
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This book presents strategies for feeding energy and protein supplements to pasture-fed dairy cows and examines the potential economic benefits.
Effective supplementary feeding of concentrates is critical to the success of all dairy farms. This book is a substantially revised edition of 'Feeding Concentrates: Supplements for Dairy Cows' DRDC 1993. It focuses on feeding concentrates to pasture fed cows to achieve high milk production per cow per hectare, and will assist farmers to decide which supplements give the best results in their particular situation.
The benefits that arise from supplementary feeding include higher stocking rates, promotion of growth in heifers and young cows; better body condition score and increased lactation length when pasture is less available; improved pasture use; reduced cost per tonne of pasture eaten; flexibility to increase milk production when milk prices are high; and increased milk protein content when the energy content in pasture is low.
This edition has thoroughly reviewed the issues and clearly documents the results of research particularly for grains supplementation.
The summaries and recommendations in each chapter will be particularly helpful to dairy farmers in making best management decisions relating to concentrate feeding.
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Herrington, William G., Aron Chakera, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Nephrotic syndrome. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0161.
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Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome of heavy proteinuria (greater than 3.5 g per 24 hours), oedema, and hypoalbuminaemia, which is associated with hyperlipidaemia and a procoagulant state. Causes of nephrotic syndrome are traditionally classified by their histopathological descriptions. In most cases, the histological picture can have a primary (idiopathic) or secondary cause. Minimal change, membranous nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis account for over 60% of cases. Diabetic nephropathy and renal amyloidosis are common secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic-range proteinuria will show up as at least 3+ protein on urinalysis. The diagnosis is confirmed by a urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio over 300 mg/mmol, and hypalbuminaemia. In adults, renal biopsy is the diagnostic test. This chapter addresses the causes, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome in adults.
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Sklar, Larry A., ed. Flow Cytometry for Biotechnology. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195183146.001.0001.
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Flow cytometry is a sensitive and quantitative platform for the measurement of particle fluorescence. In flow cytometry, the particles in a sample flow in single file through a focused laser beam at rates of hundreds to thousands of particles per second. During the time each particle is in the laser beam, on the order of ten microseconds, one or more fluorescent dyes associated with that particle are excited. The fluorescence emitted from each particle is collected through a microscope objective, spectrally filtered, and detected with photomultiplier tubes. Flow cytometry is uniquely capable of the precise and quantitative molecular analysis of genomic sequence information, interactions between purified biomolecules and cellular function. Combined with automated sample handling for increased sample throughput, these features make flow cytometry a versatile platform with applications at many stages of drug discovery. Traditionally, the particles studied are cells, especially blood cells; flow cytometry is used extensively in immunology. This volume shows how flow cytometry is integrated into modern biotechnology, dealing with issues of throughput, content, sensitivity, and high throughput informatics with applications in genomics, proteomics and protein-protein interactions, drug discovery, vaccine development, plant and reproductive biology, pharmacology and toxicology, cell-cell interactions and protein engineering.
34
O’Neill, Brian P., Jeffrey Allen, Mitchell S. Berger, and Rolf-Dieter Kortmann. Astrocytic tumours: pilocytic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0002.
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Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) (World Health Organization (WHO) grade I). A relatively circumscribed, slow-growing, often cystic astrocytoma occurring in children and young adults, histologically characterized by a biphasic pattern with varying proportions of compacted bipolar cells associated with Rosenthal fibres and loose-textured multipolar cells associated with microcysts and eosinophilic granular bodies. Most PAs are localized, macrocystic, and only marginally infiltrative. However some PAs, such as those arising in the optic pathways, are rarely cystic and may have an extensive infiltrative pattern but within a neuroanatomic pathway. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) (WHO grade II). An astrocytic neoplasm with a relatively favourable prognosis, typically encountered in children and young adults, with superficial location in the cerebral hemispheres and involvement of the meninges; characteristic histological features include pleomorphic and lipidized cells expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein and often surrounded by a reticulin network as well as eosinophilic granular bodies. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) (WHO grade I). A benign, slow-growing tumour typically arising in the wall of the lateral ventricles and composed of large ganglioid astrocytes. It is the most common CNS neoplasm in patients with tuberous sclerosis.
35
Bender, David A. 6. Under-nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0006.
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Severe under-nutrition is generally associated with developing countries where food is in short supply, affecting some 162 million people world-wide, but malnutrition is also seen in about 2 per cent of the population of developed countries. ‘Under-nutrition’ highlights the three conditions classified as protein-energy malnutrition: marasmus, which affects adults and children; kwashiorkor, which affects young children; and cachexia, which is associated with advanced cancer and other chronic diseases, and involves increased metabolic rate as well as reduced food intake. Malnutrition leads to impaired immune responses, predisposing to infection, and muscle loss resulting in increased fatiguability, inability to work, and falls.
36
Sedel, Frédéric. Krabbe Disease in Adults. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0051.
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Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the lysosomal galactocerebrosidase (galactosyl ceramidase) gene. Krabbe disease usually presents as a severe leukodystrophy in early infancy and childhood. In contrast, adult patients usually present with progressive spastic paraparesis. Other signs of the disease include peripheral neuropathy, dysarthria, cerebellar ataxia, pes cavus deep sensory signs, tongue atrophy, optic neuropathy, cognitive decline. Cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration is moderately increased in adults. High signals of cortico-spinal tracts on brain MRI are highly suggestive and this typical aspect may be associated with hyper-intensities of optic radiations, and of the posterior part of the corpus callosum.
37
Mease, Philip. Biologic treatments for psoriatic arthritis apart from TNF inhibition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0030.
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Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an immunologically mediated inflammatory disease characterized by arthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis, spondylitis, and psoriasis. Prior to the introduction of targeted biologic medications, such as TNF inhibitors, the ability to control disease activity was limited, with only modest effects noted with traditional oral medications such as methotrexate and sulfasalazine. The introduction of TNF inhibitors substantially changed the outlook of PsA patients, yielding significant response in all relevant clinical domains and demonstrating the ability to inhibit progressive structural damage of joints. However, not all patients responded to these agents and many patients displayed initial response which waned over time, partly due to immunogenicity (development of antibodies which blocked full therapeutic effect of the biologic protein), or because of tolerability and side effect issues. Thus, it has been important to develop new medicines which target other key cytokines and immunologic pathways. Several medicines with a different mechanism of action have been approved or are in development for the treatment of PsA. Ustekinumab inhibits both IL12 and IL23 and thus is felt to work in both the TH1 and TH7 pathways of inflammation. The oral medicine apremilast inhibits phosphodiesterase 4, thus modulating the cyclic AMP pathway in immunologic cells, yielding an anti-inflammatory effect. Both of these medicines have been approved for the treatment of PsA as well as psoriasis. An emerging group of therapies, the IL17 inhibitors, has demonstrated significant effectiveness in psoriasis and PsA and one of these, Secukinumab, has been approved for psoriasis, PsA, and AS. Other medicines in development include the co-stimulatory blockade agent, abatacept, oral Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors, and an emerging group of therapies which inhibit IL23. As modulators of immune cell function, these agents have the potential to increase risk for infection, as well as other side effects. These must be discussed with the patient and considered when determining overall risk benefit analysis regarding their use. The emergence of medicines with a different mechanism of action than TNF inhibition has broadened and strengthened our ability to effectively treat PsA.
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Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Chronic diarrhoea. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0029.
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Four to five per cent of the Western population suffers from chronic diarrhoea (defined as the passage of >3 stools per day, for >4 weeks), with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) being the commonest cause in 20–40-year-old patients. It is the commonest reason for referral to secondary care gastroenterology clinics. The list of possible causes of chronic diarrhoea is long but, in the absence of rectal bleeding, loss of weight, or abnormal blood tests, it is unlikely to be due to a serious illness. Laboratory investigations should include serum glucose, electrolytes, renal and liver tests, full blood count, thyroid tests, a coeliac antibody test, C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement to check for systemic inflammation, faecal fat and elastase estimation to check pancreatic exocrine function, faecal microscopy, and culture, although this is insensitive for giardiasis. In young patients with typical features of IBS, these laboratory investigations can be abbreviated to include only glucose, electrolytes, the coeliac antibody test, CRP measurement, and thyroid tests. Endoscopic examination of the large and small intestines is generally only required where there is a suspicion of coeliac disease, chronic giardiasis, microscopic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or colorectal cancer. A therapeutic trial of metronidazole for giardiasis is justified where this seems a likely diagnosis.
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Wilson, Deanna. Hepatitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0035.
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Hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) viruses are spread via the fecal-oral route. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposure is via occupational or recreational activities. Hepatitis D virus (HDV; also spread parentally) can only coinfect or superinfect those with chronic HBV. Hepatitis C (HCV) transmission is predominantly parenteral; the highest risk group is injection drug users. Prodromal-period patients with acute hepatitis present with vague constitutional symptoms when serum transaminases peak, with elevated serum bilirubin and varying levels of hepatic protein synthesis impairment; during the icteric phase, patients develop abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, and jaundice. Acute hepatitis has limited therapy; treatment is predominantly supportive. However, most adults with acute phase HAV, HBV, HDV, and HEV spontaneously clear the virus. Most individuals with HCV develop chronic hepatitis. Patients with known HAV, HBV, or HEV exposures may be eligible for post-exposure prophylaxis to reduce their risk of infection.
40
von Bernstorff, Jochen. “Community Interests” and the Role of International Law in the Creation of a Global Market for Agricultural Land. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825210.003.0015.
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The chapter explores the notion of “community interests” with regard to the global “land-grab” phenomenon. Over the last decade, a dramatic increase of foreign investment in agricultural land could be observed. Bilateral investment treaties protect around 75 per cent of these large-scale land acquisitions, many of which came with associated social problems, such as displaced local populations and negative consequences for food security in Third World countries receiving these large-scale foreign investments. Hence, two potentially conflicting areas of international law are relevant in this context: Economic, social, and cultural rights and the principles of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and “food sovereignty” challenging large-scale investments on the one hand, and specific norms of international economic law stabilizing them on the other. The contribution discusses the usefulness of the concept of “community interests” in cases where the two colliding sets of norms are both considered to protect such interests.
41
Botts, Tina. The Concept of Race and Equal Protection Law. Edited by Naomi Zack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.23.
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As equal protection law develops, the Supreme Court’s concept of race moves from sociocultural/sociohistorical to biological. Concurrently, (1) the academic concept of race moves in the opposite direction, (2) the Court’s understanding of why racial discrimination is problematic changes from how racial discrimination reinforces the badges of slavery to the idea that racial discrimination is problematic per se, and (3) whites begin to become successful at using equal protection law to protect them from “racial discrimination.” One explanation is that this is another example of the divestiture of the rights of blacks since the end of the civil rights movement.
42
Abraham, Bisrat K., Inti Flores, and Roy M. Gulick. Routine Testing for HIV Infection and Pre-Exposure and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0031.
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Substantial progress has been made in the fight against HIV/AIDS, and newer therapies are enabling individuals to live longer and healthier lives. Furthermore, the concept of treatment as prevention is now well solidified and has increased the urgency to identify and treat all HIV-infected individuals. As such, revised guidelines for HIV testing have shifted from a model of “targeted testing” to a more universal approach whereby all individuals have routine testing for HIV as part of medical care. Despite this approach, the number of incident HIV cases has remained stable in the United States. In addition to behavioral interventions and counseling, preventative strategies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) are being used to help protect at-risk individuals.
43
Smith, Nigel. Legal Agency as Literature in the English Revolution. Edited by Lorna Hutson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660889.013.45.
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The literary canon of the mid-seventeenth century has always included works of argument in various spheres—religious, political, philosophical, and juridical—that make up the polemic of the civil wars and the experiment with non-monarchical government that followed. This very large body of usually printed literature was often in the form of a legal plea. One area in which law was reconceived in the name of the common people and exemplified in public and courtroom protest, on the printed page and in the internal politics of the New Model Army, was the Leveller movement, most famously exemplified in the career and expression of John Lilburne. The broader impact of Leveller revisions to legal understanding is exemplified in the activities of the 1650s popular republican and Restoration law publisher John Streater.
44
Heidet, Laurence, Bertrand Knebelmann, and Marie Claire Gubler. Alport syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0323.
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The diagnosis of Alport syndrome is suspected from the clinical features and confirmed by identifying the almost pathognomonic ultrastructural changes to the basement membrane in a family member with early disease (so that glomeruli are not too sclerosed), or in modern times by identifying a causative mutation in one or more of the three implicated COL4 genes. Genetic testing is becoming simpler and cheaper, but is still out of the reach of many. Eighty-five per cent of cases are caused by COL4A5 mutations and 10–15% by autosomal recessive disease. A significant proportion of morbidity in X-linked disease occurs in female ‘carriers’ heterozygous for the disease. Changes by light microscopy are non-specific, and can be misleading unless accompanied by electron microscopy. Immunohistology can be helpful but may not be definitive as some causative mutations are not associated with absence of protein product. As COL4A5 is expressed in skin, skin studies are theoretically useful, but they are technically challenging and only a definite negative result is helpful. It is important to distinguish other disorders causing renal disease with deafness, and other causes of glomerular haematuria. Two rare syndromes are caused by extended deletions beyond the COL4A5 gene: X-linked Alport syndrome with diffuse oesophageal leiomyomatosis in which smooth muscle leoimyomas is transmitted in a dominant fashion, and X-linked Alport syndrome with mental retardation.
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Cohen, Robert. When the Old Left Was Young. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195060997.001.0001.
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The Depression era saw the first mass student movement in American history. The crusade, led in large part by young Communists, was both an anti-war campaign and a movement championing a broader and more egalitarian vision of the welfare state than that of the New Dealers. The movement arose from a massive political awakening on campus, caused by the economic crisis of the 1930s, the escalating international tensions, and threat of world war wrought by fascism. At its peak, in the late 1930s, the movement mobilized at least a half million collegians in annual strikes against war. Never before, and not again until the 1960s, were so many undergraduates mobilized for political protest in the United States. The movement lost nearly all its momentum in 1939, when the signing of the Hitler-Stalin pact served to discredit the student Communist leaders. Adding to the emerging portrait of political life in the 1930s, this book is the result of an extraordinary amount of research, has fascinating individual stories to tell, and offers the first comprehensive history of this student insurgency.
46
Gerke, Barbara. Buddhist Healing and Taming in Tibet. Edited by Michael Jerryson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199362387.013.38.
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This chapter centers on Tibetan Buddhist patterns and themes of healing and addresses the inter-relationship of medicine and religion in the practice of Tibetan medicine, also called Sowa Rigpa (gso ba rig pa), the “science of healing,” and how Buddhist rituals are employed to enhance the potency of medicines and to protect the pharmacy and the people working in it from accidents and obstacles during difficult manufacturing processes. Examples focus on the refinement of mercury in mercury sulphide ash for use in “precious pills” (rin chen ril bu). The chapter establishes an argument for a parallel between Buddhist ideas of “taming” demons into becoming protectors of the religious teachings and the pharmacological transformation of poisonous substances, especially the pharmacological practices of “taming” mercury into a potent elixir, and what this tells us about Tibetan medical approaches to what is considered “beneficial” and “harmful.”
47
Lundgren, Britta, and Martin Holmberg. Pandemic flus and vaccination policies in Sweden. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526110886.003.0011.
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During 2010 an increasing incidence of narcolepsy in children and adolescents was reported in Sweden and Finland, associated with the pandemic vaccine Pandemrix. Vaccination has since the 1940s been seen as a magic bullet to protect from flu. During past influenza pandemics in Sweden, the vaccine was, however, either absent or in short supply. Since the pandemic 2009-10 – caused by the Influenza A(H1N1) virus – production increased and mass vaccination campaigns were launched in many countries. Sweden was the most successful, with over sixty per cent coverage in what became the largest public health intervention in Swedish history. Facing the A(H1N1) pandemic, Swedish mass vaccination efforts were preceded by consensual decision-making relying on historically successful vaccination campaigns. Paradoxically, both the efficiency of the response as well as the approach to consensual decision-making may have harmed instead of strengthened public trust. The aim is to discuss pandemic influenza as an old and a contemporary problem and place it within the framework of national and international flu vaccination practices, pandemic preparedness, and nation building. This work is built on research on flu pandemics, on public documents and on interviews with parents of children suffering vaccination-induced narcolepsy and with officials working on pandemic preparedness.
48
Guarneri, Michael. Vampires in Italian Cinema, 1956-1975. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474458115.001.0001.
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The book takes as its subject a corpus of thirty-three vampire movies made, distributed and exhibited during the peak years of film production in Italy, and certified to be of Italian nationality by state institutions such as the Italian Show Business Bureau and the Italian Film Censorship Office. Positioning itself at the intersection of Italian film history, horror studies and cultural studies, the book asks: why, and how, is the protean, transnational and transmedial figure of the vampire appropriated by Italian cinema practitioners between 1956 and 1975? Or, more concisely, what do the vampires of post-war Italian cinema mean? The aim is to show that – in spite of Italian vampire cinema’s imported and derivative nature, and its great reliance on profits coming from distribution on the international market – Italian cinematic vampires reflect their national zeitgeist from the economic miracle of the late 1950s to the mid-1970s austerity, twenty years of large political and socio-economic change in which gender politics were also in relative flux. The result of an original research into film production data, film censorship files, screenplays, trade papers, film magazines and vampire-themed paraliterature, the book leaves the well-trod track of award-winning art films to shed light on some of the so-called ‘lower forms’ of cinematic culture, looking for the economic backbone and cultural instrumentality of post-war Italian cinema in the run-of-the-mill genre movies rushed through a cheap production and into domestic and international distribution to parasitically (vampirically?) exploit a given commercially successful film.
49
Taking Stock of Global Democratic Trends Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.66.
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This GSoD In Focus provides a brief overview of the global state of democracy at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy globally in 2020. Key findings include: • To address the COVID-19 pandemic, starting in March 2020, more than half the countries in the world (59 per cent) had declared a national state of emergency (SoE), enabling them to take drastic temporary (and in most cases necessary) measures to fight the pandemic. These measures have included in most cases temporarily curbing basic civil liberties, such as freedom of assembly and movement, and in some cases postponing elections. • International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights finds that more than half the countries in the world (61 per cent) had, by the end of November 2020, implemented measures to curb COVID-19 that were concerning from a democracy and human rights perspective. These violated democratic standards because they were either disproportionate, illegal, indefinite or unnecessary in relation to the health threat. • Concerning developments have been more common in countries that were already non-democratic prior to the pandemic (90 per cent) and less common, although still quite widespread, in democracies (43 per cent). • The democracies that have implemented democratically concerning measures are those that were already ailing before the pandemic. More than two-thirds were democracies that were either backsliding, eroding or weak prior to the pandemic. • Almost a year since the first outbreak of COVID-19, the pandemic seems to have deepened autocratization in most of the countries that were already non-democratic. However, in at least 3 of those countries (Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand), the pandemic has also tapped into existing simmering citizen discontent and may have been the tipping point in unleashing massive protest waves demanding democratic reform. The pandemic has also seemingly deepened democratic backsliding processes and exposed the democratic weakness and fragility of new or re-transitioned democracies (Malaysia, Mali, Myanmar, Sri Lanka). In a few cases, the pandemic has also exposed countries that showed no apparent sign of democratically ailing prior to the pandemic, but where concerning democratic developments have occurred during the pandemic and which risk seeing a significant deterioration in their democratic quality as a result (i.e. Argentina, El Salvador). • The aspects of democracy that have seen the most concerning developments during the pandemic are freedom of expression, media integrity, and personal integrity and security. However, the freedoms that have been restricted across most countries are freedom of movement and assembly. Another core democratic process that has been heavily affected by the pandemic is the electoral, with half the elections scheduled between February and December 2020 postponed due to the pandemic. • The pandemic has also shown democracy’s resilience and capacity for renovation. Innovation through accelerated digitalization has occurred across most regions of the world. And democratic institutions, such as parliaments, courts, electoral commissions, political parties, media and civil society actors, have fought back against attempts at executive overreach and democratic trampling or collaborated to ensure effective responses to the pandemic. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.
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Daudon, Michel, and Paul Jungers. Uric acid stones. Edited by Mark E. De Broe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0202_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Uric acid (UA) stones are typically red-orange and often appear as sand/ gravel though they may be large. They are totally radiolucent. They account for about 10% of all kidney stones in most countries, and up to 20% in some populations. It is twice as frequent in males, prevalence increases with age, and it is two to three times higher in patients with type 2 diabetes or with features of the metabolic syndrome. Factors that induce the formation of UA stones are a low urine volume, hyperuricosuria, and, more importantly, a permanently low urine pH (< 5). Indeed, below its pKa of 5.35 at 37°C, UA is in non-dissociated form, whose solubility is at best 100 mg/L, whereas urinary UA excretion normally exceeds 600 mg/day and may exceed 1g/day.Because UA solubility increases up to approximately 500 mg/L at urine pH > 6, urine alkalinization, with a target pH of 6.5–7, is the cornerstone of medical treatment. This most often allows dissolution of existing stones and prevention of recurrent stone formation so that urological intervention is infrequently needed. The preferred agent for alkalinization is potassium citrate (30–60 mEq/day in divided doses), because potassium urate is twice more soluble than sodium urate. However, in patients with poor gastric tolerance to potassium citrate or contraindication to potassium supplements, sodium bicarbonate is an acceptable alternative. Limitation of animal proteins, purine-rich foods (including beer), alcoholic drinks and acidified beverages (sodas) are useful measures, together with large fluid intake (> 2–2.5 L/day). Allopurinol may be indicated in cases of symptomatic hyperuricaemia. Regular observance of alkalinisation, with periodic controls of urine pH by the patient, is needed to prevent the rapid formation of UA stones. Patients affected by UANL, especially if overweight, should be evaluated for type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance and managed accordingly.