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1
de Souza-Vilela, J., N. R. Andrew, and I. Ruhnke. "Insect protein in animal nutrition." Animal Production Science 59, no. 11 (2019): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19255.
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Global meat consumption per capita is expected to increase ~40% from 2019 to 2050. Over 30% of the total cropland worldwide is currently being used to produce either livestock and poultry feed or silage to meet the demand. One solution to reduce cropland use for animal feed is to increase the production of alternative protein sources. The primary protein sources for animal nutrition, including soybeans, peas and fish meal, are of increasing demand and are subsequently becoming more expensive, making their long-term use unsustainable. Insects such as the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), crickets (Gryllus testaceus Walker) or mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) offer a viable addition to the feed sources and can provide valuable, high-quality energy, protein and fat to an animal’s diet. Here, we review the environmental benefits of insect feedstuff, current research findings related to the use of insects for animal nutrition, and outline additional products that can generate benefits to insect producers.
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te Pas, Marinus F. W., Teun Veldkamp, Yvette de Haas, André Bannink, and Esther D. Ellen. "Adaptation of Livestock to New Diets Using Feed Components without Competition with Human Edible Protein Sources—A Review of the Possibilities and Recommendations." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082293.
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Livestock feed encompasses both human edible and human inedible components. Human edible feed components may become less available for livestock. Especially for proteins, this calls for action. This review focuses on using alternative protein sources in feed and protein efficiency, the expected problems, and how these problems could be solved. Breeding for higher protein efficiency leading to less use of the protein sources may be one strategy. Replacing (part of) the human edible feed components with human inedible components may be another strategy, which could be combined with breeding for livestock that can efficiently digest novel protein feed sources. The potential use of novel protein sources is discussed. We discuss the present knowledge on novel protein sources, including the consequences for animal performance and production costs, and make recommendations for the use and optimization of novel protein sources (1) to improve our knowledge on the inclusion of human inedible protein into the diet of livestock, (2) because cooperation between animal breeders and nutritionists is needed to share knowledge and combine expertise, and (3) to investigate the effect of animal-specific digestibility of protein sources for selective breeding for each protein source and for precision feeding. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics will be important tools.
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Salter, Andrew M., and Carlos Lopez-Viso. "Role of novel protein sources in sustainably meeting future global requirements." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 80, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665121000513.
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Global population growth, increased life expectancy and climate change are all impacting world's food systems. In industrialised countries, many individuals are consuming significantly more protein than needed to maintain health, with the majority being obtained from animal products, including meat, dairy, fish and other aquatic animals. Current animal production systems are responsible for a large proportion of land and fresh-water use, and directly contributing to climate change through the production of greenhouse gases. Overall, approximately 60% of the global protein produced is used for animal and fish feed. Concerns about their impact on both human, and planetary health, have led to calls to dramatically curb our consumption of animal products. Underutilised plants, insects and single-cell organisms are all actively being considered as alternative protein sources. Each present challenges that need to be met before they can become economically viable and safe alternatives for food or feed. Many plant species contain anti-nutritional factors that impair the digestion and absorption of protein and micronutrients. Insects represent a potentially rich source of high-quality protein although, questions remain relating to digestibility, allergenicity and biosecurity. Algae, fungi and bacteria are also a rich source of protein and there is growing interest in the development of ‘cultured meat’ using stem cell technology. For the foreseeable future, it appears likely that the ‘protein-economy’ will remain mixed. The present paper reviews progress and future opportunities in the development of novel protein sources as food and animal feed.
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Luthada-Raswiswi, Rendani, Samson Mukaratirwa, and Gordon O’Brien. "Animal Protein Sources as a Substitute for Fishmeal in Aquaculture Diets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 3854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093854.
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Fishmeal is the main source of dietary protein for most commercially farmed fish species. However, fishmeal prices have been raised even further because of competition with domestic animals, shortage in world fishmeal supply, and increased demand. Increased fishmeal prices have contributed to the quest for alternatives necessary to replace fishmeal as a global research priority. A literature search was conducted using these terms on Google Scholar and EBSCOhost; fishmeal replacement in fish feeds, fishmeal alternatives in fish feeds, animal protein sources in aquaculture, insects in fish feeds, terrestrial by-products, and fishery by-products. To calculate the variation between experiments, a random effect model was used. Results indicated that different fish species, sizes, and inclusion levels were used in the various studies and showed that the use of insects, terrestrial by-products, and fishery by-products has some limitations. Despite these drawbacks, the use of animal protein sources as a replacement for fishmeal in fish diets has had a positive impact on the feed conversion ratio, variable growth rate, final weight, and survival rate of different types of fish species of different size groups. Findings also showed that some animal by-products had not been assessed as a protein source in aquaculture or animal feeds, and future studies are recommended.
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Özcan, Mehmet Akif. "Kanatlı Hayvanların Beslenmesinde Kullanılan Yeni Alternatif Protein Kaynakları." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (February 19, 2014): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v2i2.66-70.43.
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Nowadays, the assessment of oilseed plants, biofuels and human food which is indispensable in the future is used widely in poultry feed, soybean inevitable negative effect on the use of mixed feeds. Therefore, as an alternative to soybean sources to reveal a new requirement arises. In recent years, alternative protein sources to leaves, stems, marine algae, bacteria and insects as well as proteins from sources and for use in animal feeding studies are conducted and their performance in poultry studied. In this review, alternative protein sources and their effects on the health status of poultry in different yield and literature will be presented.
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Kim, Sung Woo, John F. Less, Li Wang, Tianhai Yan, Viswanath Kiron, Sadasivam J. Kaushik, and Xin Gen Lei. "Meeting Global Feed Protein Demand: Challenge, Opportunity, and Strategy." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014838.
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Feed protein supplements are one of the most expensive and limiting feed ingredients. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of how the expected expansion of animal production, driven by the rising world population and living standards for more animal-sourced foods, is creating a global shortage of feed protein supply. Because ruminants, chickens, and pigs contribute to 96% of the global supply of animal protein and aquaculture is growing fast, means of meeting the feed protein requirements of these species are elaborated. Geographic variation and interdependence among China, Europe, and North America in the demand and supply of feed protein are compared. The potential and current state of exploration into alternative feed proteins, including microalgae, insects, single-cell proteins, and coproducts, are highlighted. Strategic innovations are proposed to upgrade feed protein processing and assessment, improve protein digestion by exogenous enzymes, and genetically select feed-efficient livestock breeds. An overall successful and sustainable solution in meeting global feed protein demands will lead to a substantial net gain of human-edible animal protein with a minimal environmental footprint.
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Bay-Larsen, Ingrid, Camilla Risvoll, Ingebjørg Vestrum, and Hilde Bjørkhaug. "Local protein sources in animal feed - Perceptions among arctic sheep farmers." Journal of Rural Studies 59 (April 2018): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.02.004.
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Mohana Devi, S., US Devi, and IH Kim. "Evaluation of dietary sources of protein on growth performance in pigs." Veterinární Medicína 59, No. 5 (July 15, 2014): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7518-vetmed.
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A 6-week trial was conducted to investigate the effects of animal skin protein sources from swine and cattle on growth performance, body condition and blood characteristics in growing pigs. A total of 96 pigs (23.50 ± 0.61 kg) were randomly allotted into four dietary treatment groups as follows: (1) basal diet (BD); (2) basal diet with 1.5% hydrolysed render meal (HRM); (3) basal diet with 1.5% swine skin meal (SSM); (4) basal diet with 1.5% cattle hide meal (CHM). There were six replicate pens per treatment with four pigs per pen. The average daily gain (ADG) was improved in response to SSM treatment compared with other treatments (P < 0.05). Pigs fed with HRM, SSM and CHM diets showed increases in average daily feed intake (ADFI) and decreased gain-to-feed (G : F) ratios compared with pigs fed with BD (P < 0.05). There were no differences in dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and energy (E) digestibility among treatments. The backfat thickness and lean percentage of pigs was unaffected by the treatments. Similarly, there was no difference in blood characteristics among treatments. In conclusion, the supplementation of SSM in growing pig diets improved the growth rate and Feed Intake (FI), but its usage in swine diets is limited by the poor protein quality.
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Patsios, Sotiris I., Anna Dedousi, Evangelia Ν. Sossidou, and Antonios Zdragas. "Sustainable Animal Feed Protein through the Cultivation of YARROWIA Lipolytica on Agro-Industrial Wastes and by-Products." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041398.
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Proteins are essential constituents of animal feeds, which comprise mainly vegetable protein (e.g., soybean meal), which is produced and transported globally. The decoupling of protein-production and livestock-growth areas results in protein deficiencies in certain parts of the world, and in significant environmental stress. Alternative, more sustainable protein feeds are necessary to meet the increasing needs, and to decrease the environmental footprint of animal products. Yeast Single Cell Proteins (SCP), produced locally using various agro-industrial by-product streams, have significant potential as alternative animal feed protein. Particularly, Yarrowia lipolytica, an oleaginous, non-pathogenic microorganism has been characterized as a “workhorse” in biotechnological studies, drawing the attention of many researchers. The present review summarizes available resources on critical issues concerning the applicability and commercialization of Yarrowia lipolytica as an environment-friendly protein source for animal feed. It discusses the sustainability of the yeast SCP production process, it presents the recent advances concerning Yarrowia lipolytica cultivation on low-cost agro-industrial by-products, and it stresses the effects on the health and welfare of productive animals due to the inclusion of Yarrowia lipolytica in their diet. The data presented in this study should facilitate relative research advancement and the commercialization of Yarrowia lipolytica’s use as an alternative protein source/supplement for animal feeds.
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Iegorov, В., A. Makarynska, and N. Vorona. "QUALITY EVALUATION OF PROTEIN FEED ADDITIVE AND TURKEY COMPOUND FEED." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 20, no. 3 (October 21, 2020): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v20i3.1848.
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The article describes that there is a problem of providing the population of the planet with a complete protein in the world today. It is proved that its lack can lead to significant pathologies. This issue becomes very acute with the rapid increase in the number of people on Earth. In this situation the challenge is complicated for compound feed producers because it is necessary to provide protein feeds to farm animals and poultry to meet people's needs for animal protein products. However, feed manufacturers should not use protein raw materials that can be consumed as food. Based on cooperation with compound feed producers, the task of finding alternative sources of protein raw materials, preferably of vegetable origin, is set. The optimal composition of protein feed additive (PFA) for soybean meal replacement in compound feeds for farm animals and poultry has been developed. PFA can be manufactured at a feed mill with portion technology by weighing portions of components and mixing in a paddle periodic action mixer. PFA can be used as a part of compound feeds for poultry farms and livestock complexes, feed concentrates for poultry and livestock farms, feed mills with advanced technology, inter-farm or mini-feed mills. We have developed compound feed recipes for heavy type turkeys using PFA to determine the cost-effectiveness of using PFA in compound feed. Turkeys have been chosen as a poultry because they are the most demanding birds to the quality and quantity of protein in the ration. The experimental samples of PFA were made in accordance with the developed recipes. We determined their physical properties and chemical composition. The PFA experimental samples match the quality of soybean meal according to the physical properties and chemical composition. In accordance with the developed recipes of mixed feeds for heavy type turkeys experimental samples of starter and grower feeds were made. Research of the physical properties and chemical composition of compound feeds has shown that the replacement of soybean meal with PFA in their composition does not affect the nutritional value and technological properties of the final product.
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Choi, Jae-Suk. "Patents on Insect-based Feeds for Animals Including Companion Animals, and Terrestrial and Aquatic Livestock in Korea." Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture 11, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212798410666190617160844.
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The demand for alternative protein sources by the livestock industry has increased substantially. Therefore, insects are being promoted as a novel nutrient source in animal feed. As detailed in this review, eleven patents related to feeding insects to terrestrial animals including livestock and companion animals have been commercially applied. Six and eight of the patents have been used to produce poultry and fish, and crustacean feed, respectively. The most promising species for industrial feed production was the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), and the two-spotted cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus). Regarding research areas of the patents reviewed here, studies on the composition and optimal mixing ratio of feeds and on insect rearing, harvesting, and post-harvest technologies were mainly performed for the industrial mass production of safe and functional animal feeds containing insects. Continuous scientific innovations and improved processing technologies will aid further advancements in this field. Therefore, this review offers insights to identify directions of future research and provides information on different insect-based feedstuffs for animals including terrestrial livestock, fish and shellfish, and companion animals, as also discussed in various patents.
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Cavalli, Ronaldo Olivera, Sérgio Zimmermann, and Roger Crippa Speck. "Growth and feed utilization of the shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis fed diets containing different marine protein sources." Ciência Rural 34, no. 3 (June 2004): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782004000300036.
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Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing different protein sources (fish, squid and mussel meals and their combinations at the proportions of 40, 30 and 30% or 60, 20 and 20%) were fed for 28 days to Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Growth performance and feed utilization of shrimp fed the fish meal-based diet was comparatively inferior to those fed other protein sources or their combinations. This indicates that fish meal may not be the best protein source for F. paulensis. Feeds containing a mixture of protein sources are better utilized by F. paulensis and therefore result in significantly higher growth than those containing a single protein source.
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Mohammadabadi, Tahereh, Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran, and Morteza Chaji. "In situ dry matter and crude protein degradation kinetics of sunflower meal." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620002072x.
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The use of by-product in animal nutrition is necessary since it may increase the availability of feed for animal and avoid accumulation that contributes to environmental problems. Sunflower meal is a source of supplemental protein for livestock feeding. The amount of hull or fibre in sunflower meal is the major source of variation in nutrient content of this feed. Methionin concentration in sunflower meal is high compared with other protein sources such as cottonseed meal. Sunflower meal without hulls has high degradability than sunflower meal with hull. This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and in situ dry matter (DM)and crude protein (CP) degradability of three different sources of sunflower meal (high, medium and low fat).
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Симонов, Gennadiy Simonov, Зотеев, Vladimir Zoteev, Писарев, and Evgeniy Pisarev. "NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF PROTEIN EFFICIENCY IN COMBIFEEDS FOR LACTING COWS." Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 1, no. 2 (May 5, 2016): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19064.
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The purpose of research is improving the efficiency of use of feed concentrates for lactating cows newly calved by use in their feed the rapeseed meal and camelina meal. The feasibility of using protein components obtained from the seeds of cruciferous crops – canola and winter camelina has been determined in two trials for Hoilstein cows of Black-Motley breed. In the first trial it has been found that the inclusion of 5.0-10.0% rapeseed meal in animal feed provides the 1.4-3.4% increase in protein milk yield. Introduction into the feed 10.0-15.0% of camelina meal provides the 2.8-4.2%. Increase of milk production within the animal of experimentsl groups (in terms of milk 4% fat). The best indicators of cost per 1 kg of 4% fat milk have been found to be in the 2nd and 3d experimental groups: 8.53-8,57 MJ OE; 135-137 crude protein; 343-348 g of combifeed. Replacing of sunflower meal by 15.0% Camelina sativa in the combifeed-concentrate has raised nutrient digestibility of feed ration compounds. Profitability level of milk production has been 7.5 abs.% higher than the control.
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Passos, Larissa Souza, Éryka Costa Almeida, Claudio Martin Pereira de Pereira, Alessandro Alberto Casazza, Attilio Converti, and Ernani Pinto. "Chemical Characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa for Feed and Energy Uses." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 23, 2021): 3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113013.
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Cyanobacterial blooms and strains absorb carbon dioxide, drawing attention to its use as feed for animals and renewable energy sources. However, cyanobacteria can produce toxins and have a low heating value. Herein, we studied a cyanobacterial strain harvested during a bloom event and analyzed it to use as animal feed and a source of energy supply. The thermal properties and the contents of total nitrogen, protein, carbohydrate, fatty acids, lipid, and the presence of cyanotoxins were investigated in the Microcystis aeruginosa LTPNA 01 strain and in a bloom material. Microcystins (hepatotoxins) were not detected in this strain nor in the bloom material by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that degradation reactions (devolatilization) initiated at around 180 °C, dropping from approximately 90% to 20% of the samples’ mass. Our work showed that despite presenting a low heating value, both biomass and non-toxic M. aeruginosa LTPNA 01 could be used as energy sources either by burning or producing biofuels. Both can be considered a protein and carbohydrate source similar to some microalgae species as well as biomass fuel. It could also be used as additive for animal feed; however, its safety and potential adverse health effects should be further investigated.
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OKAH, U., G. C. OKEKE, A. I. UKANWOKO, and T. B. ADEWOLE. "EVALUATION OF TWO ANIMAL PROTEIN SOURCES IN SINGLE PHASE FEEDING OF BROILER CHICKENS." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 18, no. 1 (November 7, 2019): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v18i1.1922.
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A study was carried out to compare the use of blood meal and fish meal as protein sources in single phase feeding of broiler chickens. Three isonitrogenious and isocaloric diets containing between 20.5 to 21.1 % CP and 3440 to 3454 kcal/kg ME were formulated. The control diet contained none of the animal protein sources while the other two diets contained blood meal and fish meal at 6%, respectively. After six weeks of straight feeding, data were collected on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio was calculated. Carcass characteristics and cost benefit were also calculated. The results indicated that birds fed fish meal based diet consumed more feed (p< 0.05) than those on control diet, while intake of those on blood meal based diet was an interphase between the control and fish meal based diet groups. The birds fed fish meal based diet also recorded higher (p< 0.05) daily weight gain than those on control and blood meal based diets. Feed conversion ratio was better in the group fed fish meal based diet than those fed the control diet, but similar (p> 0.05) to the group fed the blood meal based diet. The dressing percentage of the birds was similar (p>0.05) in the control and blood meal based diet groups, but they were higher (p<0.05) than the fish meal based diet group. The neck, back, drumstick and head were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the control group than in the groups containing animal protein. Cost benefit analysis showed that feed cost and cost per kg weight gain were higher (p< 0.05) in fish meal based diet group than in control and blood meal based diet groups. Revenue per bird and gross margin were higher (p< 0.05) in the blood meal based diet group than in the control diet and fish meal based diet groups. In conclusion, fast growing broiler chickens for eatery houses can be better reared with a single diet of 21 % CP and 3440 kcal/kg ME using blood meal as a protein source.
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Lam, Pei Yee, Nurul Syaza Abdul Latif, Kumara Thevan, Paspuleti Visweswara Rao, and Wan Zahari Wan Muhamed. "Nutrient composition of Blaptica dubia (Order: Blattodea) as an alternative protein source." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 6, no. 2 (July 17, 2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v6i2.568.
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Blaptica dubia is a cockroach that used as feed for most reptiles and amphibians because of itnutritive value. Its alternative protein sources can replace the current high priced imported animalfeed such as fishmeal, soybeans and meat. It has potential as an animal feed and minimize highlivestock farming cost of the farmers. A study was conducted to determine the nutritionalcomposition (moisture, ash, crude protein, chitin and fat) of B. dubia in different growth stages.Moisture and ash determine using AOAC protocol, protein using Kjeldahl method, chitin usingchemical treatment and fat analysis using soxhlet extraction method. The proximate analysis ofadults and nymph of B. dubia contained 59.06-62.70% moisture, 2.47-4.17% ash, 47.50-54.32%crude protein, 3.83-5.58 % chitin and 35.49-44.22% fat on dry weight. Thus, the tested feed pelletscould be an alternative protein source as the animal feed especially in pet industry.
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Tomičić, Zorica, Nedeljka Spasevski, Sanja Popović, Vojislav Banjac, Olivera Đuragić, and Ružica Tomičić. "By-products of the oil industry as sources of amino acids in feed." Food and Feed Research 47, no. 2 (2020): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ffr47-28435.
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A global increase in the demand for livestock products suggests that there will be a consequent rise in demand for feed, not only of cereals but of other feeds and particularly proteins. In the present study, oil industry by-products such as soybean meal, soybean cake and sunflower meal were analysed as sources of amino acids in animal nutrition. From among oilseed byproducts, the soybean meal content the most of crude protein up to 44% and the best of amino acid composition, while content of crude cellulose (about 6%) is lower in comparison to other oilseed meals. The results showed that the total amino acids in the examined samples ranged from 31.87 to 41.01%, and the total essential and nonessential amino acids varied from 13.41 to 17.38% and from 18.46 to 23.76%, respectively. Generally, the protein contained in soybean meal and cake was rich in essential amino acids. However, because of the lowest amino acid score, methionine was considered as a limiting amino acid in both soybean by-products. On the other hand, soya's meal contained higher level of lysine than other protein-based vegetable alternative to soya like sunflower meals examined in this study. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and valine were the most abundant amino acids in all tested by-products of the oil industry. Therefore, partial substitution of protein sources in feeds with proteins from the oil industry by-products may improve feed quality.
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Hong, Jinsu, Taehee Han, and Yoo Yong Kim. "Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor Larvae) as an Alternative Protein Source for Monogastric Animal: A Review." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 2068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112068.
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Edible insects have been used as an alternative protein source for food and animal feed, and the market size for edible insects has increased. Tenebrio molitor larvae, also known as mealworm and yellow mealworm, are considered a good protein source with nutritional value, digestibility, flavor, and a functional ability. Additionally, they are easy to breed and feed for having a stable protein content, regardless of their diets. Therefore, T. molitor larvae have been produced industrially as feed for pets, zoo animals, and even for production animals. To maintain the nutrient composition and safety of T. molitor larvae, slaughtering (heating or freezing) and post-slaughtering (drying and grinding) procedures should be improved for animal feed. T. molitor larvae are also processed with defatting or hydrolysis before grinding. They have a high quality and quantity of protein and amino acid profile, so are considered a highly sustainable protein source for replacing soybean meal or fishmeal. T. molitor has a chitin in its cuticle, which is an indigestible fiber with positive effects on the immune system. In studies of poultry, the supplementation of T. molitor larvae improved the growth performance of broiler chickens, without having negative effects on carcass traits, whereas some studies have reported that there were no significant differences in the growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. In studies of swine, the supplementation of T. molitor larvae improved the growth performance and protein utilization of weaning pigs. Furthermore, 10% of T. molitor larvae showed greater amino acid digestibility than conventional animal proteins in growing pigs. However, there are some challenges regarding the biosafety, consumer’s acceptance, and price for the use of T. moiltor larvae in animal feed. Consequently, T. molitor larvae could be used as an alternative or sustainable protein source in monogastric animal feed with a consideration of the nutritional values, biosafety, consumer’s acceptance, and market price of T. molitor larvae products.
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Koutsos, Liz, Alejandra McComb, and Mark Finke. "Insect Composition and Uses in Animal Feeding Applications: A Brief Review." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, no. 6 (September 11, 2019): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz033.
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Abstract Interest in the use of insects for animal feed applications is increasing due to the potential for more efficient production of protein and other nutrients compared to other more traditional sources. This review provides a brief overview of the potential of insects to provide efficient, sustainable nutrition for animal species, from commercially farmed animals, to pets and to exotic animals housed for conservation efforts.
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FANIMO, A. O. "RESPONSE OF EARLY WEANED PIGS TO FULL-FAT SOYBEAN DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT ANIMAL PROTEIN SOURCES." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 23, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v23i1.2145.
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24 Large White X Landrace pigs weaned at 28 about 10% of the total feed is said to offer days with initial liveweight of 5.27±0.23 kg were valuable additional micro-nutrients such as fed four animal protein concentrates (fish meal However, almost all the fish (FM), Chicken offal meal (COM), fresh blood meal (FBM) and parboiled blood meal (PBM) diets based on full-fat soybean (FFSB) for 8 prices weeks to test different animal protein sources of protein and for early weaned pig. The diets contained 23% crude protein and 3100 Kcal ME/kg diet. Blood meal slightly reduced weight gain and feed intake but compared favourably with fish meal and chicken offal meal in efficiency of feed utilization. Parboiling of the blood slightly (P>0.05) depressed the performance of the pigs;even when the pigs had the same feed intake.. Fish meal increased (P<0.05) serum total protein and serum albumin levels.This study indicated that early weaned pigs fed soybean based diets supplemented with chicken offal meal and blood meal gave similar performance to those fed diet supplemented with fish meal.
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Balnave, D., and J. Brake. "Different responses of broilers at low, high, or cyclic moderate-high temperatures to dietary sodium bicarbonate supplementation due to differences in dietary formulation." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 6 (2001): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00136.
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0es; temperature and NaHCO 3 cant NaHCO 3 ificant overall effect on production parameters but significant NaHCO 3 × temperature and NaHCO 3 × diet interactions were observed for BWG. Sodium bicarbonate improved BWG at constant 31high (25°derate—high (25°—35cyclic moderate—high (25°—35°C) temperature regimens. Dietary formulations using typical Australian feed ingredients and varying in protein sources were used with one diet containing only animal-source protein ingredients (Diet 1) and the other diet containing predominantly plant-source protein ingredients (Diet 2). Feed intake and bodyweight gain (BWG) of broilers exposed to constant high or diurnal cyclic temperature regimens were similar and significantly poorer than those of broilers exposed to low temperatures. Dietary supplementation with NaHCO 3 had no significant overall effect on production parameters but significant NaHCO 3×temperature and NaHCO 3×diet interactions were observed for BWG. Sodium bicarbonate improved BWG at constant 31°C, but not at constant 20NaHCO 3 × temperature and NaHCO 3 cant NaHCO 3 ificant overall effect on production parameters but significant NaHCO 3 × temperature and NaHCO 3 × diet interactions were observed for BWG. Sodium bicarbonate improved BWG at constant 31high (25°derate—high (25°—35cyclic moderate—high (25°—35°C) temperature regimens. Dietary formulations using typical Australian feed ingredients and varying in protein sources were used with one diet containing only animal-source protein ingredients (Diet 1) and the other diet containing predominantly plant-source protein ingredients (Diet 2). Feed intake and bodyweight gain (BWG) of broilers exposed to constant high or diurnal cyclic temperature regimens were similar and significantly poorer than those of broilers exposed to low temperatures. Dietary supplementation with NaHCO 3 had no significant overall effect on production parameters but significant NaHCO 3×temperature and NaHCO 3×diet interactions were observed for BWG. Sodium bicarbonate improved BWG at constant 31°C, but not at constant 20°C, or in the diurnal cyclic temperature regimen. Sodium bicarbonate significantly improved BWG with Diet 2 (plant-source proteins), which contained an arginine : lysine ratio of 1.31 but not with Diet 1 (animal-source proteins), which contained an arginine : lysine ratio of 1.01.
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Samadi, Samadi, Mira Delima, Zuraida Hanum, and Muhammad Akmal. "Pengaruh Level Subtitusi Protein Sel Tunggal (Cj Prosin) Pada Pakan Komersial Terhadap Performan Ayam Broiler." Jurnal Agripet 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v12i1.263.
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The effect of level substitution of single cell protein (CJ Prosin) by commercial feed on broiler performanceABSTRACT. A research to find out the effect of the substitution level of single cell protein in commercial feed on Broiler’s performance was conducted from June to December 2011. The purpose of this experiment is to find out alternative protein sources for animal feedstuff that can be used as protein substitution in animal feed on body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency. The experiment is considered as preliminary experiment to observe the response of single cell protein on broiler performance. This research was carried out at experimental farm, Animal Husbandry Department, Syiah Kuala University. Totally, 250 DOC of Cobb breed with the average body weight 36,78±2,32 gr. used in this experiment. Completely Randomized Design was applied in this experiment with 5 treatments; P0 (commercial feed), P1(commercial feed substituted with 6% SCP), P2 (commercial feed substituted with 12% SCP) dan P3 (commercial feed substituted with 18%CSP). Each treatment consist of 5 replications with total of 20 treatment’s units. Feed was formulated with isoprotein and isoenergy based on NRC requirement ( 23% protein ; 3200 kcal ME/kg at the age of 1-2 week and 20 % protein ; 3200 kcal ME/kg at the age of 4-7 week). Data was analyzed by using SPSS program SPSS (Window 2008). Differences between treatment were stated by Duncan’s multiple range test. The results of the experiment showed that commercial feed substituted with the level of SCP was not significantly difference (P0.05) on body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio. On the other hand, administration of SCP as substituted feed commercial on the level of 12 % and 16 % influenced significantly (P0.05) on body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, but not on feed consumption at the level of 12% SCP. As a conclusion, the use of SCP as animal feed sources in commercial feed only could be tolerated at the level of 6%.
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Sońta, Marcin, Anna Rekiel, Justyna Więcek, Martyna Batorska, and Kamila Puppel. "Alternative Protein Sources vs. GM Soybean Meal as Feedstuff for Pigs—Meat Quality and Health-Promoting Indicators." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010177.
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This study aimed to explain the possibility of partial replacement of genetically-modified soybean meal (SBM GM) with pea seeds and rapeseed meal (RSM) in complete feed mixtures for growing-finishing pigs and to determine its impact on meat quality and health-promoting indices. The pigs (n = 50) were randomly divided into five groups, 10 animals each (gilts and barrows, 1:1, 3-breed: ♀ (landrace × yorkshire) × ♂ duroc), including the control group (C) and four experimental groups (E1, E2, E3, E4), and fed complete feed mixtures. The SBM GM was the only protein source in feed mixtures for control pigs. In feed mixtures for E1–E4 groups, it was partially replaced with pea seed doses of 5.0%, 10.0%, 15.0%, and 17.5% in groups E1, E2, E3, and E4, respectively. The feed mixtures were iso-energetic and iso-protein. After completed fattening, the animals were slaughtered. M. longissimus lumborum was sampled for analyses of the chemical and physical traits. The fatty acid profile determined in intramuscular fat (IMF) was used to compute the values of the health-promoting indices. The chemical and physical characteristics of meat were comparable in all groups. The study showed a dietetically-beneficial decrease in the values of atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), and saturation (S/P) in the meat of the experimental pigs vs. control group. The values of most of the analyzed quality attributes of pork justify using alternative protein sources as partial SBM GM replacers in diets for growing-finishing pigs in sustainable animal production.
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Nutautaitė, Monika, Vilma Vilienė, Asta Racevičiūtė-Stupelienė, Saulius Bliznikas, Jūratė Karosienė, and Judita Koreivienė. "Freshwater Cladophora glomerata Biomass as Promising Protein and Other Essential Nutrients Source for High Quality and More Sustainable Feed Production." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070582.
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A scientific justification, focused on the development of the sustainability of feed ingredients and farm animals’ ecosystems, is required. Thus, it is crucial to search for alternative feed materials from natural sources for potential applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prospective utilization of freshwater Cladophora glomerata (C. glomerata) as an alternative source of protein and other essential nutrients in animals’ feed. For this purpose, chemical analysis was performed on collected biomass samples from the Lithuanian rivers, Dubysa (B1), Šventoji (B2), Nevėžis (B3), and Jūra (B4). Microelements (Ca > K > N > P > Mg), trace elements (Zn > Cu), and heavy metals (Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd) have not exceeded permissible levels. The crude protein content of C. glomerata biomass ranged from 16% to 21.5% DM. The essential amino acid profile excelled, with the highest total amino acid amount of 140.99 g/kg in B4. The highest total presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (11.71%) as well as the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (0.22) was observed in B1. The lowest ratio of omega-6/omega-3 was in B1 (1.30). As a result of bioaccumulation, C. glomerata could serve as a source of proteins, as well as amino and fatty acids, implying that biomass could be an alternative and a beneficial component of animal feed.
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Martín-Pedrosa, Mercedes, Alejandro Varela, Eva Guillamon, Blanca Cabellos, Carmen Burbano, Jose Gomez-Fernandez, Eduardo De Mercado, Emilio Gomez-Izquierdo, Carmen Cuadrado, and Mercedes Muzquiz. "Biochemical characterization of legume seeds as ingredients in animal feed." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 14, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): e0901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2016141-7450.
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The current European protein deficit is estimated as high as 70% of present needs. Because of the high protein content of their seeds, grain legumes are attractive candidates for lowering the deficiency in plant protein production. The objective of this work was to identify new sources of vegetable protein that would reduce our high dependence of soy, the main source of protein in the manufacture of feedstuffs. To achieve this goal, we determined the proximate composition, the bioactive components, as well as the antinutritional factors present in the studied seeds. In general, the protein, fat and carbohydrates content of legume seeds studied were within the limits found in the literature. The bioactive compounds detected in all the seeds were α-galactosides, myoinositol phosphates, protease inhibitors and phenols. IP<sub>6 </sub>(phytic acid) was the main inositol phosphate form in all the samples. The highest protease inhibitors content was detected in both <em>Lathyrus cicera</em> cultivars. <em>Vicia ervilia</em> and <em>L. cicera</em> cultivars showed low haemagglutinating activity (20.4 HU/g). The γ-glutamyl-S-ethenyl-cysteine content in <em>Vicia narbonensis </em>was around 16.0 mg/g. Both <em>L. cicera </em>varieties presented similar β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid content (0.80 mg/g). The two <em>V. ervilia </em>varieties showed high canavanine concentration (1.93-5.28 mg/g). Vicine was only detected in <em>V. narbonensis </em>cultivars (0.3 mg/g). The biochemical characterization carried out in this study allows us to know the limits of inclusion of these minor crop seeds in feed formulations in order to replace the soybean.
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Susanti, Emmy, Ali Agus, Yuni Suraningdyah, and FM Suhartati. "Quality Evaluation of Complete Feed with Ramie Waste Added With Different Protein Source in Nutrient Composition and Ensilage Parameter." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 17, no. 1 (January 24, 2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.anprod.2015.17.1.480.
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Abstract. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of ensilage technology (with and without ensilage) and protein sources (plant and animal) in complete feed with ramie-waste on nutrient composition and ensilage parameter. Ensilage process decreased significantly dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), but it increased ensilage parameter i.e. acetate acid (C2), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4), lactic acid (LA), and decreased pH. It also had non-significant effect on crude fibre (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and ammonia (NH3-N). Animal protein source in silage making decreased nutrient composition i.e. OM and CP and ensilage parameter i.e. C2, but it increased NH3-N. Interaction between ensilage treatment and protein sources affected CP and pH also ensilage parameter of C2 and C3. In conclusion, plant protein used in silage of complete feed with ramie waste was better than animal protein, despite that both ensilage were not better due to pH over 4.5. Key words: ramie, ensilage technology, protein source, nutrient composition, ensilage parameter Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh teknologi ensilage (dengan dan tanpa ensilage) dan sumber protein (nabati dan hewani) pada complete feed menggunakan limbah rami terhadap komposisi nutrien dan parameter ensilage. Perlakuan teknologi ensilage menurunkan komposisi nutrien pada bahan kering (BK), bahan organik (BO) dan neutral detergent fiber (NDF, meningkatkan kuantitas parameter ensilage pada asam asetat (C2), asam propionat (C3), asam butirat (C4) dan asam laktat (LA) dan menurunkan pH serta tidak nyata pada protein kasar (PK), acid detergent fiber (ADF) dan ammonia (NH3-N). Perlakuan sumber protein menurunkan nutrien BO dan PK dan C2 serta meningkatkan konsentrasi NH3-N secara sangat nyata pada complete feed dengan protein hewani. Interaksi kedua perlakuan berpengaruh pada PK dan pH serta C2 dan C3. Kesimpulannya adalah penggunaan protein nabati pada silage complete feed menggunakan limbah rami lebih baik dari pada yang menggunakan protein hewani meskipun kedua jenis silage tidak lebih baik karena pH lebih dari 4,5. Kata kunci: rami, teknologi ensilage, sumber protein, komposisi nutrien, parameter ensilage
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Kulshreshtha, Garima, Maxwell T. Hincke, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj, and Alan Critchley. "A Review of the Varied Uses of Macroalgae as Dietary Supplements in Selected Poultry with Special Reference to Laying Hen and Broiler Chickens." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070536.
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Seaweeds comprise ca. 12,000 species. Global annual harvest is ca. 30.13 million metric tonnes, (valued ca. $11.7 billion USD in 2016) for various commercial applications. The growing scope of seaweed-based applications in food, agricultural fertilizers, animal feed additives, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care is expected to boost market demand. Agriculture and animal feed applications held the second largest seaweed market share in 2017, and the combined market is anticipated to reach much higher values by 2024 due to the impacts of current research and development targeting enhanced animal health and productivity. In general, seaweeds have been utilized in animal feed as a rich source of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins and dietary fibers with relatively well-balanced amino acid profiles and a unique blend of bioactive compounds. Worldwide, the animal nutrition market is largely driven by rising demand for poultry feeds, which represents ca. 47% of the total consumption for all animal nutrition. This review provides an overview of the utilization of specific seaweeds as sustainable feed sources for poultry production, including a detailed survey of seaweed-supplemented diets on growth, performance, gastrointestinal flora, disease, immunity and overall health of laying/broiler hens. Anti-microbial effects of seaweeds are also discussed.
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van der Heide, Marleen Elise, Lene Stødkilde, Jan Værum Nørgaard, and Merete Studnitz. "The Potential of Locally-Sourced European Protein Sources for Organic Monogastric Production: A Review of Forage Crop Extracts, Seaweed, Starfish, Mussel, and Insects." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042303.
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Organic monogastric agriculture is challenged because of a limited availability of regional and organic protein-rich ingredients to fulfill the amino acid requirements. The development of novel feed ingredients is therefore essential. The use of starfish (Asterias rubens), mussel (Mytilus edilus), insect, green and brown seaweed, and forage crop extracts exhibits different approaches to increase protein availability in a sustainable manner through improving the protein quality of existing ingredients, better use of under- or unutilized material, or development of circular bioeconomy. This review assessed limitations and opportunities of producing, processing, and using these novel ingredients in feed. The use of non-renewable resources and the effect on the environment of production and processing the feed ingredients are described. Protein concentration and amino acid quality of the feed ingredients are evaluated to understand their substitution potential compared with protein-rich soya bean and fishmeal. Feedstuffs’ effect on digestibility and animal performance is summarized. With the exception of seaweed, all novel ingredients show potential to partly substitute fishmeal or soya bean fulfilling part of the protein requirement in organic monogastric production. However, improvements during production and processing can be made to enhance protein quality, sustainability of the novel ingredients, and nutrient utilization of novel feed ingredients.
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Ravindran, V., and R. Blair. "Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. III. Animal protein sources." World's Poultry Science Journal 49, no. 3 (November 1, 1993): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/wps19930020.
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Bolshakova, Larisa, and Dmitry Lukin. "Absorption of iodotyrosine from iodized milk protein in animals." Foods and Raw Materials 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-60-66.
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Introduction. One of the ways to the solve iodine deficiency problem is the addition of iodine to farm animal feed. It allows producing iodized livestock products. Promising sources of organic iodine are iodotyrosine-containing iodized milk proteins. Organic iodine accumulation in organs and tissues has not been sufficiently studied.
Study objects and methods. We determined iodotyrosine content in rat blood plasma and in pig muscle tissue. For this purpose, high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and cathodic stripping voltammetry were used.
Results and discussion. At the first stage of the study, we examined iodotyrosines in rat blood plasma after a single administration of iodized milk protein or potassium iodide (30 μg I/kg weight) at specific time intervals. A significant increase in the concentration of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine was recorded 4 and 24 h after the administration. At the second stage, we studied the accumulation of iodotyrosines in the muscle tissue of pigs during their fattening period (104 days). The diet of the control animal group included potassium iodide (0.6 mg I/kg of feed). The experimental groups A and B got iodized milk protein (0.3 and 0.6 mg I/kg of feed, respectively). Monoiodotyrosin content in the muscle tissue of pigs of the experimental groups was 3.0 and 5.2 times higher than that in the control group. Diiodotyrosine content was 4.9 and 8.2 times higher. In the experimental group A, iodine content in muscle tissues was 26% higher than that in the control group, in the experimental group B it was 72% higher. Calculations of iodine intake balance and its accumulation in muscle tissues showed that in animals whose diet included iodized milk protein, the iodine assimilation was much higher (0.70 and 0.53%) than in the control group (0.21%).
Conclusion. Iodotyrosines from iodized milk protein are absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract in an unchanged form and accumulate in muscle tissues. The findings give more clear understanding of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of organic iodine absorption in animals.
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DiGiacomo, K., H. Akit, and B. J. Leury. "Insects: a novel animal-feed protein source for the Australian market." Animal Production Science 59, no. 11 (2019): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19301.
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The increasing demands on natural resources to provide food and feed has led to increased global initiatives to improve production sustainability and efficiency. The use of insects as an alternate source of protein for human food and production-animal feed is one such avenue gaining attention. With there being a large variety of insect species endemic to each region, there is likely to be an ideal candidate for each specific production system and region. Insects require less land and water than do terrestrial animals, have high feed-conversion efficiency (FCE) and emit low levels of greenhouse gases (GHG). Insect species currently investigated for mass production include black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), mealworms and crickets. In western societies, it is less likely that wide-scale adoption of insects as a food source will occur, although speciality products with ‘hidden’ insects, such as cricket flour, are commercially available. It is likely to be more achievable for insects to be included into the diets of production and companion animals. While there has been significant investment in research and development of large-scale insect-production systems, such facilities are yet to start producing at a significant scale. The safety and efficacy of insects as a food or feed must be established in conjunction with the development of mass rearing facilities and the optimisation of insect-rearing substrates. Insects also have nutraceutical properties that may have beneficial impacts on animal health and growth, with scope for these properties to be exploited as feed or food additives. The present review will explore the following question: ‘are insects a future livestock industry for Australia?’.
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Stankovic, Marko, Zorka Dulic, and Zoran Markovic. "Protein sources and their significance in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) nutrition." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 56, no. 1 (2011): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1101075s.
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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most widely cultured fish species in the world. It is predominantly cultivated in the Balkans in the semiintensive system that is based on the utilization of natural food from the fish pond and supplemental feed (cereals, pelleted and extruded feed). Currently, an intensified type of semi-intensive production is starting to be more present in Serbia, where cereals, as the most common supplemental feed, are replaced by concentrated feed that fill in the lack of proteins from carps? natural food in periods of its decreased production. The nutritional requirements for growth, reproduction and normal physiological functions of fish are similar to other animals, but generally fish need more proteins in their diet. Due to this, the efficiency in the use and utilization of proteins is more significant for fish than for other animals. The selection of supplemental feed in semi-intensive system of fish culture depends on the natural potential of the fish pond, culturing period, fish category, price and quality of feed.
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Gorgulu, M., L. Baykal, H. R. Kutlu, and C. Atasoglu. "Determination of nitrogen degradability of some different protein sources by in situ techniques." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002477.
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The rate and extent of protein degradation in the rumen is very crucial, as it determines the availability of nitrogen to microorganisms and amino acids in the small intestine to the host animals. The protein consumed by the animal should be partly degradable in the rumen, as peptides and amino acids derived from proteolysis are thought to stimulate microbial growth and rumen fermentation under certain conditions. It is, therefore, very important to determine the degradability of different feed ingredients which are grown and used in different regions of the world. The present study was undertaken to assess the degradation characteristics of different protein sources grown and used in Turkey.
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Józefiak, Damian, Agata Józefiak, Bartosz Kierończyk, Mateusz Rawski, Sylwester Świątkiewicz, Jakub Długosz, and Ricarda Margarete Engberg. "1. Insects – A Natural Nutrient Source for Poultry – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0010.
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Abstract The consumption of poultry meat and eggs is expected to increase considerably in the nearest future, which creates the demand for new poultry feed ingredients in order to support sustainable intensive production. Moreover, the constant improvement of the genetic potential of poultry has resulted in an increased nutrient density in poultry feeds, which limits the possibility to include low quality feed ingredients. Therefore, the feed industry needs new sources of highly digestible protein with a desirable amino acid composition to substitute other valuable but limited protein sources of animal origin, such as fishmeal. With estimated 1.5 to 3 million species, the class of insects harbours the largest species variety in the world including species providing a high protein and sulphur amino acids content, which can be successfully exploited as feed for poultry. The aim of this paper is to review the present state of knowledge concerning the use of insect protein in poultry nutrition and the possibilities of mass production of insects for the feed industry. There is no doubt that insects have an enormous potential as a source of nutrients (protein) and active substances (polyunsaturated fatty acids, antimicrobial peptides) for poultry. It can be concluded, based on many experimental results, that meals from insects being members of the orders Diptera (black soldier fly, housefly), Coleoptera (mealworms) and Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locust, crickets and katylids), may be successfully used as feed material in poultry diets. However, legislation barriers in the European Union, as well as relatively high costs and limited quantity of produced insects are restrictions in the large-scale use of insect meals in poultry nutrition.
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Rumpold, B. A., H. Speckmann, O. Schlüter, W. Kloas, and A. Prochnow. "Potentials of a biogenic residue-based production of Hermetia illucens as fish meal replacement in aquafeed for Oncorhynchus mykiss in Germany." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2016.0060.
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Owing to an increasing world population and a rising demand in protein for food and feed, alternative protein sources are needed. In addition, existing food and protein supplies such as wild and farmed fish need to be secured. Insects and more specifically the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae, are discussed as an alternative animal protein source and a potential fish meal (FM) replacer in aquaculture. They can be sustainably reared on biogenic residues. In a literature study, the technical potential of occurring biogenic residues in Germany for the production of BSF larvae is estimated and their suitability as a FM replacement in aquafeed for the production of rainbow trout is evaluated. According to literature, up to 50% of FM can be substituted by BSF larvae meal in the feed of rainbow trout. For the annual German rainbow trout production of 8,466 t, 2,699 t BSF larvae meal (40.7% protein d.m.) is required to replace 1,556 t FM (70.9% protein d.m.). The demand for biogenic residues to feed the BSF larvae amounts to 22,942 t (d.m.). A large amount of biogenic residues occurring in Germany, such as forestry residues, animal excrements, straw and the biogenic fraction of municipal waste, have too poor nutrient contents or are inapplicable due to legal restrictions as feed for farmed animals. However, an alternative utilisation of approximately 1.26 Mt (d.m.) of biogenic industrial residues by far exceeds the demand for BSF larvae feed. Further investigations are needed on the environmental impact and profitability of using biogenic residues for BSF larvae production and competing utilisation pathways as well as of using resulting BSF larvae meal as FM replacement in feed for rainbow trout.
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BEDFORD, M. R., and J. D. SUMMERS. "EFFECT OF ALTERING THE SOURCE OF NONESSENTIAL NITROGEN ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF THE BROILER CHICK." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 1097–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-120.
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Male broilers were fed diets containing 14, 18 or 22% crude protein (CP) and 10.88, 12.13 or 13.39 MJ kg−1 metabolizable energy (ME) to 3 wk of age. For each level of CP and ME, three diets were formulated so that excess nitrogen arose mainly from nonessential amino acids (NEAA), essential amino acids (EAA) or both. The source of nitrogen excess had no effect on any of the parameters measured in birds fed the 18 and 22% CP diets. However, at 14% CP and over all energy levels, excess nitrogen in the form of EAA gave rise to superior results with regard to weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and carcass protein when compared to those diets where the excess nitrogen arose mainly from NEAA sources. Increasing dietary energy reduced the effect that source of nonessential nitrogen had on weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and carcass protein deposition at 14% CP. Key words: Amino acids, energy, protein, broilers
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Śmiglak-Krajewska, Magdalena. "DETERMINANTS OF THE SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS USED IN ANIMAL FEED PRODUCTION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 2 (May 12, 2020): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1380.
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The main purpose of this paper was to identify the factors affecting the selection of raw materials used by feed operators in feed production. An attempt was also made to indicate the barriers to increasing the use of native protein plants by feed operators in feed production. Today, many EU countries (including Poland) primarily rely on vegetable protein derived from genetically modified soya bean meal (mainly imported from South America and the U.S.) in addressing their needs for protein raw material used in animal feed. For many years now, Poland has taken steps to increase the production and use of native protein raw material to partially replace soya bean meal imports. The use of mixes of diverse domestic protein sources derived from grain legumes (peas, field beans, lupine) can provide an advantageous alternative to compound feeding stuff based on imported post-extraction soya bean meal. To meet the objective defined above, this paper relied on the results of a 2018 survey conducted with a sample of 29 feed operators located across the country. More than half (55%) of the enterprises surveyed did not use legumes in feed production; the use of legumes was above 10% in only 3% of respondents. When asked about the key factors affecting the selection of raw materials used in production processes, the respondents declared to be interested in buying large batches of homogeneous raw materials that meet specific quality parameters (33% replied “rather yes” and 67% replied “definitely yes”). The protein content of plant seeds used in feed production was identified as another aspect of extreme importance (55% replied “rather yes” and 24% replied “definitely yes”).
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Kolpakova, Valentina, Denis Kulikov, Rusalia Ulanova, and Ludmila Chumikina. "Food and Feed Protein Preparations from Peas and Chickpeas: Production, Properties, Application." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 51, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2021-2-333-348.
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Introduction. New legume-based protein preparations are an excellent alternative to polymers of animal origin and can eliminate the protein deficiency in the diet of humans and animals. In this respect, the raw material base of common leguminous crops has to be thoroughly analyzed in order to develop new technological schemes for novel protein formulations.
Study objects and methods. The present research compared modern trends in the production, properties, and safety of food and feed protein preparations based on peas and chickpeas. It involved such standard methods as data systematization and analysis of literary sources.
Results and discussion. The leguminous agriculture in Russia is stable enough to produce food and feed protein preparations from peas and chickpeas with the maximum preservation of biological value, composition, and properties. Peas and chickpeas have a high biological value and are rich in polypeptides, fiber, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, etc., which are lost during processing. By-products of protein production can be processed using biosynthetic transformation with various types of fungal and/or bacterial enzymes, as well as physical and/or physicochemical methods, to obtain feed or food products with an appropriate yield. A synthesis with enzymes or microorganisms can result in functional foods and feeds fortified with minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and antioxidants.
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DUFF, G. C., A. L. GOETSCH, K. M. LANDIS, A. C. HARDIN, S. R. STOKES, Z. B. JOHNSON, and K. L. HALL. "MIXING OR ALTERNATING DIETARY CRUDE PROTEIN SOURCES AND PERFORMANCE OF WETHER LAMBS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-065.
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Effects of mixing or daily alternation of dietary cottonseed (CS), corn gluten (CG) and soybean (SB) meals on wether performance were determined. Feed intake tended to be lowest for CG fed continuously. Daily gain (g) was 260, 342 and 327 for CG, CS and SB, 335, 329 and 317 for CG-CS, CG-SB and CS-SB mixes, and 269, 312 and 342 for CG then CS, CG then SB and CS then SB on alternate days, respectively. Feed:gain ratios did not differ among treatments. Key words: Sheep, performance, protein sources, feeding method
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Snokhous, Payton W., Stanley Kelley, Marcy Beverly, and Mark Anderson. "12 Animal acceptability trail of olive pomace on Gallus gallus domesticus." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.024.
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Abstract In any livestock production system, feed is the most costly production input. The goal of any producer is to find a feed source or combination of sources that provide a balance of nutrients that meet the requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing to favorable carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry which can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). This by-product has potential as a supplemental source of energy and other essential nutrients to be blended into livestock rations. The objective of this study was to conduct an animal acceptability trial using a mixture of olive pomace and commercial poultry feed to determine which blend of feed and pomace would be most acceptable or most desired to broilers. Two pens, consisting of 20 broilers 34 days of age when put on trial, the broilers were provided three mixtures of feed in separate feeders. Feeders were filled with either a 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1 olive pomace to commercial broiler feed mixture (O:C). Daily consumption rates were used to determine ration preference. The troughs were rotated, twice daily, within each pen to eliminate location preference. The broilers found the 1:3 ratio to be the most preferred, (P < .001) while the 3:1, and 1:1 ratio of O:C. did not differentiate (P < .39) continuation of this study will be to feed a control group a commercial broiler feed, along with a 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 O:C to determine the effect on performance and carcass attributes of each group.
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Snokhous, Payton W., Stanley Kelley, Marcy Beverly, and Mark Anderson. "91 Animal acceptability trail of olive pomace on Gallus gallus domesticus." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.064.
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Abstract In any livestock production system, feed is the most costly production input. The goal of any producer is to find a feed source or combination of sources that provide a balance of nutrients that meet the requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing to favorable carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry which can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). This by-product has potential as a supplemental source of energy and other essential nutrients to be blended into livestock rations. The objective of this study was to conduct an animal acceptability trial using a mixture of olive pomace and commercial poultry feed to determine which blend of feed and pomace would be most acceptable or most desired to broilers. Two pens, consisting of 20 broilers 34 days of age when put on trial, the broilers were provided three mixtures of feed in separate feeders. Feeders were filled with either a 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1 olive pomace to commercial broiler feed mixture (O:C). Daily consumption rates were used to determine ration preference. The troughs were rotated, twice daily, within each pen to eliminate location preference. The broilers found the 1:3 ratio to be the most preferred, (P < .001) while the 3:1, and 1:1 ratio of O:C. did not differentiate (P < .39) continuation of this study will be to feed a control group a commercial broiler feed, along with a 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 O:C to determine the effect on performance and carcass attributes of each group.
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Bratosin, Bogdan Constantin, Sorina Darjan, and Dan Cristian Vodnar. "Single Cell Protein: A Potential Substitute in Human and Animal Nutrition." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 9284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169284.
Full textAbstract:
Single cell protein (SCP) is the first product of the fermentation process and has proven to be a good protein alternative. Food competition is becoming more intense as the world’s population continues to grow. Soon, SCP may be able to compensate for a protein deficit. Various global businesses are focusing on SCP production, and the scope of its application is expanding as time and knowledge increases. High quantities of SCP can be produced by microorganisms, such as algae, yeast, fungi and bacteria, due to their fast development rate and the significant level of protein in their chemical structure. Beside proteins, SCP contains carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, minerals, vitamins and several important amino acids. SCP has been an effective substitute for more expensive protein sources such as fish and soybean products. In conclusion, SCP can easily replace traditional protein sources in human and animal feed without detrimental effects. Potential substrate candidates and optimization strategies for SCP production have been extensively studied. This review article focuses on the various aspects of SCP, from its production, using different substrates, player microorganisms and nutritional benefits, to its economic aspects.
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Chegini, R., M. Kazemi-Bonchenari, A. H. Khaltabadi-Farahani, M. Khodaei-Motlagh, and A. Z. M. Salem. "Effects of liquid protein feed on growth performance and ruminal metabolism of growing lambs fed low-quality forage and compared to conventional protein sources." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 03 (April 2019): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000595.
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AbstractThe present study was conducted to assess the inclusion of liquid protein feed (maize steep liquor; MSL) in growing lambs fed low-quality forage (400 g/kg wheat straw, dry mater basis) compared with two protein sources (soybean meal; SBM, and cottonseed meal; CSM). Eighteen male Farahani lambs, average body weight 36 ± 3.3 kg, were allocated to individual pens for 9 weeks. Three protein sources were: (1) MSL; (2) SBM and (3) CSM. Feed intakes did not differ among treatments. Growth rate and feed conversion ratio were improved in SBM-fed lambs. Nitrogen efficiency was improved in MSL v. CSM-fed lambs. Digestibility of fibre was enhanced in lambs fed SBM diet. Ruminal short chain fatty acid was highest in lambs fed SMB and lowest in lambs fed CSM. The urinary allantoin concentration was greater in SBM-fed lambs, with improved microbial crude protein synthesis. Blood urea nitrogen tended to be reduced in SBM-fed lambs. Dressing percentage improved in SBM-fed lambs. Lambs fed with SBM also grew faster and more efficiently than lambs fed either of the other two diets. However, regardless of the positive effects of SBM on the performance and ruminal fermentation profile observed in the current study, the MSL diet could be a profitable protein source in comparison to CSM in growing lambs fed low-quality forage. In conclusion, the present study indicates a positive outlook for feeding a liquid protein source to growing lambs fed low-quality forage such as wheat straw.
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Baş Aksoy, Ayşen, and Sedef Nehir El. "Geleceğin Protein Kaynağı Yenilebilir Böcekler." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): 887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i5.887-896.4166.
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Considering of the increasing world population, the researchers are aware that protein sources may not be sufficient and focused on new protein sources. For this reason, the potential of edible insects to be used directly or as an ingredient in food has started to draw attention. Edible insects have been consumed as traditional food in Africa, Asia and South America for many years. However, especially in European countries, consumers have a negative attitude towards the consumption of insects as food. Edible insects are food sources with less negative environmental impact compared to traditional animal protein sources. In addition to consuming less resources such as cultivation area, water, energy and feed, low greenhouse gas production is important for the sustainable features of the ecological system. Edible insects can be considered as a sustainable alternative food source because of their high-quality proteins, essential amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins. Research on nutritional properties shows that edible insects can be a solution both in meeting global food demand and preventing of malnutrition. In this review, edible insects were evaluated in terms of their nutritional properties.
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Teferedegne, B. "New perspectives on the use of tropical plants to improve ruminant nutrition." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, no. 2 (May 2000): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000239.
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Inadequate nutrition is the main cause of low productivity by ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa. The primary feed resources in the region include natural pasture and crop residues that have tough texture, poor digestibility and are deficient in nutrients. These deficiencies can be corrected by supplementation with high-density feeds such as oilseed cakes and proteins of animal origin. However, protein sources such as oilseed cakes are beyond the economic reach of most farmers, while the incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Western intensive animal production may be thought to argue against the use of animal proteins. Local tree legumes have been investigated as potential supplements for ruminants because of their beneficial effect of increasing metabolizable energy intake, N intake and feed efficiency, and improving animal performance. However, our work has suggested that some plant materials may have a nutritional value beyond simply their nutrient content, i.e. as rumen-manipulating agents. The foliage of some tree legumes has been shown to be selectively toxic to rumen protozoa. Rumen protozoa ingest and digest bacteria and fungi, degrading their cellular protein to NH3. Microbial protein turnover due to protozoal predation in the rumen may result in the net microbial protein outflow being less than half the total protein synthesized. Results fromin vivoexperiments have clearly shown that duodenal flow of both undegraded dietary and bacterial protein is generally increased by defaunation. However, no practical method has been developed to date to eliminate protozoa. Anti-protozoal plants may be promising, safe, natural defaunating agents.
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Pratama, Said Mirza, Sitti Wajizah, Anuraga Jayanegara, and Samadi Samadi. "Evaluation of Agro-Industrial by Products as Potential Local Feed for Ruminant Animals: Chemical Composition, Fiber Fractions and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 20, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2018.20.3.715.
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Animals are considered as source of protein should be improved their productivity with the minimum cost production. Agro-industrial by products have been used as animal feed to reduce feed cost. The purpose of this study is to evaluate agro-industrial by product in Aceh as potential local feed for ruminant animals based on chemical composition, fiber fraction and in vitro rumen fermentation. There were eight sources of agro-industrial by products (sago residues, coconut meal, soybean-ketchup by product, coffee pulp, cacao pod, sago tree, corncob, and rice brand) which were collected from 3 different locations in Aceh. All agro-industrial by product samples were dried at 600C for 24 h and ground to pass a 1 mm sieve. Grounded samples were analyzed to determine chemical composition, fiber fractions and in vitro rumen fermentation. Incubation was conducted at temperature 390C for 48 h in water bath with three replicates. Data for in vitro rumen fermentation were statically calculated by using SPSS differences between treatments were stated (P≤0.05) by using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results indicated that agro industrial by product from coconut meal, ketchup residues, coffee by product, cacao by product, and rice brand can be used as source of protein and industrial by product from sago by product, sago tree and corncob can be used as source of energy. Neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP) and Acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP) were relatively high for sago by product, sago tree and rice brand but relatively low for cacao by product and corncob. The value of incubated pH for most feed samples was in the normal range. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were significantly difference (P≤0.05) each agro-industrial by products with the highest for sago and the lowest for coffee by product. In conclusion, agro-industrial by products had a potential feed for ruminant animals both as protein and energy sources. However, feed ingredients with high fiber content and low degradability, further treatments such as physical, chemical and biological treatments were required to improve the feed quality.
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McNiven, M. A., and A. G. Castell. "High protein soybean as a source of protein and energy for starter pigs." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-060.
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Two starter pig trials were conducted to evaluate a new type of soybean (SB), AC Proteus, containing higher levels of protein than conventional cultivars. In the first trial, AC Proteus was included at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20% of the isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soybean meal based diets and fed to starter pigs from 10 to 25 kg In the second trial, AC Proteus was included at 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5 or 14% of the diet, or a conventional soybean, Baron, was included at 0, 4.4, 8.8, 13.3 or 17.7% of the diet on an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous basis.Amino acid levels in AC Proteus on an air-dry basis were higher than those in the conventional soybean, Baron. In the first trial, inclusion of AC Proteus at higher levels appeared to decrease feed intake and rate of gain, although this appeared to be due to lower levels of amino acids in the diets and overheating of the roasted soybean. In the second trial, inclusion of either type of soybean had no effect on feed intake, rate of gain, or feed conversion efficiency. At higher levels of inclusion of AC Proteus, feed intake was reduced slightly.AC Proteus appears to be an excellent source of protein and energy in starter pig diets and gives equivalent growth responses compared with soybean meal or conventional soybean. Care must be taken to optimize heat processing of AC Proteus. Key words: High protein soybean, starter pigs, growth trial
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Dunshea, F. R., D. K. Kerton, P. J. Eason, T. Moyes, and J. R. Pluske. "Diets containing high-quality animal proteins increase growth of early-weaned pigs." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 7 (2002): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01191.
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A production experiment was conducted with 96 fourteen-day-old weaned male piglets to compare diets containing preparations of freeze-dried porcine plasma (P) and freeze-dried bovine colostrum (C) for 35 days after weaning. These diets were compared with a diet consisting of soybean meal (SP) and a diet with animal protein sources (AP). All diets contained varying proportions of bloodmeal, fishmeal, meat and bone meal, and skim milk powder. The levels of colostrum and porcine plasma were reduced from 60 g/kg to 25 g/kg after the first week of weaning. There were no effects of diet on performance in the first 4 days after weaning. However, between 18 and 21 days of age, pigs fed the SP diet ate less (P < 0.001) and grew slower (P = 0.002) than pigs fed diets containing AP, C, or P. In the second week after weaning, pigs fed diets with C and P showed a tendency to perform better (P�=�0.11) than those fed AP or SP. By 35 days of age, pigs fed diets containing colostrum and plasma were, on average, 6% heavier (P = 0.037) than pigs fed the AP and SP diets. The effects of dietary protein on voluntary feed intake were most pronounced up to 28 days of age in pigs fed the SP diet. There appeared little benefit of feeding C and P to early-weaned pigs over feeding a predominantly animal protein diet, although daily gain was 6% less (P�= 0.47). There were no differences (P > 0.05) in feed intake and growth rate between 28 and 35 days of age, and feed conversion efficiency was not altered by dietary protein source. Under these experimental conditions the use of bovine colostrum and a combination of animal protein sources was comparable with using freeze-dried porcine plasma in diets for early-weaned pigs. Inclusion of soybean meal in diets, however, resulted in inferior performance.
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DEBOER, H., R. R. HACKER, S. LEESON, and V. WAGEMANS. "FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE (CONMAR 80) OR REFINED SOY FLOUR AS SUBSTITUTES FOR SKIM MILK POWDER IN CALF MILK REPLACERS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 1155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-131.
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A new commercial hexane-extracted fish meal, Conmar 80, (80% CP) and soy flour were used as protein sources in milk replacer diets for young dairy calves. Three milk replacers, identical in composition except for the diet protein source, were offered in two experiments to Holstein Friesian male calves. The three treatments were: 50% skim milk (SM), 27% whey (W); 22% SM, 47% W, 9% Conmar 80; and 22% SM, 42% W, 15% soy flour. The first experiment compared calf performance parameters and a second experiment compared digestibility parameters for the three diets. A total of 132 Holstein calves were involved in trial 1 and 12 Holstein calves in trial 2. Calf performance, feed efficiency and mortality were not different from controls when Conmar 80 was included as a protein source (36%) in milk replacer. Partial replacement of skim milk powder with soy flour as 37% of the protein source gave lower average daily gains, a higher feed conversion and mortality rate. The digestibility data for all rations were similar. The results indicated that approximately one-third of the protein in milk replacer could be provided by fish protein concentrate in place of skim milk powder without any reduction in calf performance. Key words: Dairy calves, milk replacer, performance, Conmar 80