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1

Bakhach, Marwan, Vaishal Shah, Tara Harwood, et al. "The Protein-Sparing Modified Fast Diet." Global Pediatric Health 3 (January 22, 2016): 2333794X1562324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x15623245.

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Watowicz, Rosanna P., Alexis L. Tindall, Jessica C. Hummel, and Ihuoma U. Eneli. "The Protein-Sparing Modified Fast for Adolescents With Severe Obesity." ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition 7, no. 5 (2015): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941406415596342.

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WILKE, W. S., J. K. WALTERS, B. J. HOOGWERF, and S. S. K. REDDY. "The protein-sparing modified fast for obesity-related medical problems." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 64, no. 5 (1997): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.64.5.242.

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Watowicz, R. P., A. Tindall, and I. U. Eneli. "Implementation of an Inpatient Protein-Sparing Modified Fast for Severely Obese Adolescents." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 114, no. 9 (2014): A35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.06.112.

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5

Pencharz, P., E. Archibald, and R. Clarke. "712 EFFECT OF A PROTEIN SPARING MODIFIED FAST (PSMF) ON PROTEIN METABOLISM OF OBESE ADOLESCENTS." Pediatric Research 19, no. 4 (1985): 229A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198504000-00742.

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6

Collier, Sharon B., and W. Allan Walker. "PARENTERAL PROTEIN-SPARING MODIFIED FAST IN AN OBESE ADOLESCENT WITH PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME." Nutrition Reviews 49, no. 8 (2009): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1991.tb03035.x.

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7

Richard Smith, G., and Robin L. Ross. "Chewing and Spitting Associated with a Protein Sparing Modified Fast and Psychosocial Stressors." Psychosomatics 30, no. 2 (1989): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(89)72305-7.

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8

Stallings, V. A., E. H. Archibald, and P. B. Pencharz. "Potassium, magnesium, and calcium balance in obese adolescents on a protein-sparing modified fast." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, no. 2 (1988): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/47.2.220.

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9

Palgi, A., J. L. Read, I. Greenberg, M. A. Hoefer, B. R. Bistrian, and G. L. Blackburn. "Multidisciplinary treatment of obesity with a protein-sparing modified fast: results in 668 outpatients." American Journal of Public Health 75, no. 10 (1985): 1190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.75.10.1190.

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10

Wadden, T. A., A. J. Stunkard, K. D. Brownell, and S. C. Day. "A comparison of two very-low-calorie diets: Protein-sparing-modified fast versus protein-formula-liquid diet." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, no. 3 (1985): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/41.3.533.

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11

Chang, Julia, and Sangeeta R. Kashyap. "The protein-sparing modified fast for obese patients with type 2 diabetes: What to expect." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 81, no. 9 (2014): 557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.81a.13128.

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12

Pratt, Cotto, Xu, Watowicz, Walston, and Eneli. "Adolescents’ and Parents’ Perspectives of a Revised Protein-Sparing Modified Fast (rPSMF) for Severe Obesity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (2019): 3385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183385.

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The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the acceptability to adolescents (11–18 years old) and their parents using a revised protein-sparing modified fast (rPSMF) for 12 months as an intervention for severe obesity in a tertiary pediatric weight management clinic (PWMC). To assess acceptability (satisfaction, confidence) with the rPSMF protocol, surveys were completed by adolescents and parents at baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, with adolescent height and weight measured. Analyses were conducted to assess differences in satisfaction and confidence based on adolescent response (weight l
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13

Caroli, M., S. Chiarappa, R. Borrelli, and R. Martinelli. "Efficiency and safety of using protein sparing modified fast in pediatric and adolescent obesity treatment." Nutrition Research 12, no. 11 (1992): 1325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80531-7.

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14

Ravasia, D., K. Ravasia, and B. Sabowitz. "Protein Sparing Modified Fast Favors Loss of DXA-VAT and Preservation of Lean Body Mass." Journal of Clinical Densitometry 17, no. 3 (2014): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2014.04.009.

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15

Pfoh, Elizabeth R., Gilbert Lowenthal, Laura Jeffers, et al. "The Effect of Starting the Protein-Sparing Modified Fast on Weight Change over 5 years." Journal of General Internal Medicine 35, no. 3 (2020): 704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05535-0.

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16

Caroli, M., S. Chiarappa, K. M. Kutty, and R. K. Chandra. "Changes in lean body mass in obese children and adolescents treated with protein sparing modified fast." Nutrition Research 18, no. 2 (1998): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(98)00012-8.

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17

Blecker, U., M. S. Sothern, R. E. Andrews, A. Vargas, J. N. Udall, and R. M. Suskind. "THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN-SPARING MODIFIED FAST IN OBESE CHILDREN WITH INSULIN DEPENDENT MODY-TYPE DIABETES." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology &amp Nutrition 25, no. 4 (1997): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199710000-00093.

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18

FRANK, A. "The protein-sparing modified fast for obesity-related medical problems: (May 1997) Highlights from Medical Grand Rounds." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 64, no. 8 (1997): 444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.64.8.444.

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19

Eneli, Ihuoma, Jinyu Xu, Alexis Tindall, et al. "Using a Revised Protein-Sparing Modified Fast (rPSMF) for Children and Adolescents with Severe Obesity: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (2019): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173061.

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Treatment options are limited for children and adolescents with severe obesity. One alternative treatment is the protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF), a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet that can result in substantial weight loss. The aim of the study is to evaluate the adherence and efficacy of a revised PSMF (rPSMF) for severe obesity in a pediatric tertiary care weight-management program. The rPSMF with 1200–1800 calories, 40–60 g of carbohydrate/day and 1.2–1.5 g protein/kg of ideal bodyweight was implemented over 12 months. Twenty-one participants enrolled in the study. Mean age 16.2 ±
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20

Suskind, Robert M., Melinda S. Sothern, Ronald E. Andrews, John N. Udall, and Uwe Blecker. "The effect of protein-sparing modified fast in obese children with insulin dependent MODY-type diabetes mellitus. 422." Pediatric Research 41 (April 1997): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199704001-00442.

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21

Alkwatli, Kenda. "Abstract #842660: Effect of Protein-Sparing Modified Fast Diet on Plasma Levels of Lipids, Uric Acid, and Liver Enzymes." Endocrine Practice 26 (May 2020): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1530-891x(20)39862-1.

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22

Suskind, Robert M., Melinda S. Sothern, Firooz Jalili, John N. Udall, Wendy Fayard, and Uwe Blecker. "Protein Sparing Modified Fast Versus Dexfenfluramine Hydrochloride(Redux®) as a Treatment for Childhood Obesity in Male Adolescents 580." Pediatric Research 41 (April 1997): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199704001-00600.

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23

Heraief, Eric, Peter Burckhardt, Judith J. Wurtman, and Richard J. Wurtman. "Tryptophan administration may enhance weight loss by some moderately obese patients on a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) diet." International Journal of Eating Disorders 4, no. 3 (1985): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(198508)4:3<281::aid-eat2260040305>3.0.co;2-6.

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24

Vermeulen, A. "Effects of a Short-Term (4 Weeks) Protein-Sparing Modified Fast on Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Obese Women." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 34, no. 3 (1990): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000177579.

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25

Lawler, Thomas Patrick, Mary Beth Kavanagh, Christa Irene Nagel, Kristen Taylor Ruckstuhl, Sareena Singh, and Kimberly Erin Resnick. "The feasibility and utility of a protein sparing modified fast (PSMF) in obese endometrial cancer survivors: A pilot study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 3_suppl (2016): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.3_suppl.170.

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170 Background: Endometrial cancer affects 50,000 women a year. Obesity plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. Obese endometrial cancer survivors (ECS) are at significant lifetime risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), recurrence and death. There are no prospective studies examining the role of diet only in attempting to achieve weight loss in obese ECS. Protein sparing modified fast (PSMF), an approach to rapid weight loss, has been used to treat obesity in a safe manner. A pilot study is underway to investigate the feasibility of a PSMF for weight loss i
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26

Lee, Yann-Jinn, Philippe F. Backeljauw, Patricia D. Kelly, Patricia D. Verdi, and Geoffrey P. Redmond. "Successful Weight Loss with Protein-Sparing Modified Fast in a Morbidly Obese Boy with Panhypopituitarism, Diabetes Insipidus, and Defective Thirst Regulation." Clinical Pediatrics 31, no. 4 (1992): 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000992289203100409.

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27

Stallings, V. A., E. H. Archibald, P. B. Pencharz, J. E. Harrison, and L. E. Bell. "One-year follow-up of weight, total body potassium, and total body nitrogen in obese adolescents treated with the protein-sparing modified fast." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, no. 1 (1988): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/48.1.91.

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28

Kawamura, Isao, Chu Chieh Chen, Kazuma Yamazaki, Yukimasa Miyazawa, and Kaichi Isono. "A Clinical Study of Protein Sparing Modified Fast (PSMF) Administered Preoperatively to Morbidly Obese Patients: comparison of PSMF with natural food products to originally prepared PSMF." Obesity Surgery 2, no. 1 (1992): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1381/096089292765560510.

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29

Cherel, Yves, Didier Attaix, Danuta Rosolowska-Huszcz, et al. "Whole-body and tissue protein synthesis during brief and prolonged fasting in the rat." Clinical Science 81, no. 5 (1991): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0810611.

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1. Little information is currently available on protein turnover during chronic protein loss situations. We have thus measured the whole-body and tissue protein fractional synthesis rates (ks), the whole-body fractional protein degradation rate (kd), the capacity for protein synthesis (Cs) and the efficiency of protein synthesis (kRNA) in vivo in fed and fasted (1, 5 and about 9 days) 400 g rats. 2. One day of starvation resulted in a reduced ks and an increased kd in the whole body. ks was selectively depressed in skeletal muscles, mainly owing to a reduced kRNA, and was not modified in heart
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30

Eneli, I. U., R. P. Watowicz, J. Xu, et al. "Rationale and design of a pilot study to evaluate the acceptability and effectiveness of a revised protein sparing modified fast (rPSMF) for severe obesity in a pediatric tertiary care weight management clinic." Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 15 (September 2019): 100388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100388.

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31

Sukkar, S. G., A. Signori, C. Borrini, et al. "Feasibility of protein-sparing modified fast by tube (ProMoFasT) in obesity treatment: a phase II pilot trial on clinical safety and efficacy (appetite control, body composition, muscular strength, metabolic pattern, pulmonary function test)." Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 6, no. 2 (2013): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/s12349-013-0126-2.

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32

Sukkar, S. G., A. Signori, C. Borrini, et al. "Feasibility of protein-sparing modified fast by tube (ProMoFasT) in obesity treatment: a phase II pilot trial on clinical safety and efficacy (appetite control, body composition, muscular strength, metabolic pattern, pulmonary function test)." Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 6, no. 2 (2013): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12349-013-0126-2.

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33

SAITO, Yasushi, Yo ISHIKAWA, Masaki SHINOMIYA, Kohji SHIRAI, and Sho YOSHIDA. "Effects of Protein-Sparing Modified Fasting on Obese Japanese Patients." Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 2, no. 1 (1987): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.2.91.

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34

SITTON, SARAH C. "ROLE OF CRAVING FOR CARBOHYDRATES UPON COMPLETION OF A PROTEIN-SPARING FAST." Psychological Reports 69, no. 6 (1991): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.69.6.683-686.

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35

Sitton, Sarah C. "Role of Craving for Carbohydrates upon Completion of a Protein-Sparing Fast." Psychological Reports 69, no. 2 (1991): 683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.69.2.683.

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36

Fan, Gaoyang, Bree Cummins, and Tomáš Gedeon. "Convergence Properties of Posttranslationally Modified Protein–Protein Switching Networks with Fast Decay Rates." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 78, no. 6 (2016): 1077–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11538-016-0175-z.

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37

Krilowicz, B. L. "Ketone body metabolism in a ground squirrel during hibernation and fasting." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 249, no. 4 (1985): R462—R470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1985.249.4.r462.

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Hibernating Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) are ketotic relative to fed nonhibernators. Muscles from torpid individuals, when incubated in media containing physiological concentrations of glucose and ketone, show reduced uptake of glucose in the presence of ketone. The magnitude of the reduction is dependent on ketone concentration and reaches 60% in heart and 100% in pectoralis at 1.4 mM ketone. Fasted squirrels are also ketotic. However, ketone does not reduce glucose uptake in muscles from fed or fasted animals. Glucose utilization by muscles decreases during a long-term
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38

Vedie, B., I. Myara, MA Pech, et al. "Fractionation of charge-modified low density lipoproteins by fast protein liquid chromatography." Journal of Lipid Research 32, no. 8 (1991): 1359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41966-2.

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39

Huang, Li, Yan Chen, Ya Wang, Jian Pan, and Yuan Tong. "Isolation of DNA from genetically modified oils by fast protein liquid chromatography." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 45, no. 7 (2010): 1495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02295.x.

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40

Briefs, K. G., and M. R. Kula. "Fast protein chromatography on analytical and preparative scale using modified microporous membranes." Chemical Engineering Science 47, no. 1 (1992): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(92)80208-t.

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41

Tsika, R. W., R. E. Herrick, and K. M. Baldwin. "Effect of anabolic steroids on skeletal muscle mass during hindlimb suspension." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 5 (1987): 2122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.5.2122.

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The efficacy of anabolic steroid treatment [0.3 or 0.9 mg nandrolone decanoate (Deca-Durabolin) per day] was examined in the context of sparing rodent fast-twitch plantaris and slow-twitch soleus muscle weight, sparing subcellular protein, and altering isomyosin expression in response to hindlimb suspension. Female rats were assigned to four groups (7 rats/group for 6 wk): 1) normal control (NC), 2) normal steroid (NS), 3) normal suspension (N-SUS), and 4) suspension steroid (SUS-S). Compared with control values for the plantaris and soleus muscles, suspension induced 1) smaller body and muscl
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42

CHUA, HON NIAN, KANG NING, WING-KIN SUNG, HON WAI LEONG, and LIMSOON WONG. "USING INDIRECT PROTEIN–PROTEIN INTERACTIONS FOR PROTEIN COMPLEX PREDICTION." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 06, no. 03 (2008): 435–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720008003497.

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Protein complexes are fundamental for understanding principles of cellular organizations. As the sizes of protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks are increasing, accurate and fast protein complex prediction from these PPI networks can serve as a guide for biological experiments to discover novel protein complexes. However, it is not easy to predict protein complexes from PPI networks, especially in situations where the PPI network is noisy and still incomplete. Here, we study the use of indirect interactions between level-2 neighbors (level-2 interactions) for protein complex prediction. We
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43

Champagne, Cory D., Dorian S. Houser, Melinda A. Fowler, Daniel P. Costa, and Daniel E. Crocker. "Gluconeogenesis is associated with high rates of tricarboxylic acid and pyruvate cycling in fasting northern elephant seals." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 303, no. 3 (2012): R340—R352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00042.2012.

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Animals that endure prolonged periods of food deprivation preserve vital organ function by sparing protein from catabolism. Much of this protein sparing is achieved by reducing metabolic rate and suppressing gluconeogenesis while fasting. Northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris) endure prolonged fasts of up to 3 mo at multiple life stages. During these fasts, elephant seals maintain high levels of activity and energy expenditure associated with breeding, reproduction, lactation, and development while maintaining rates of glucose production typical of a postabsorptive mammal. Therefor
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44

Hayes, Mark A., Eric W. Kristensen, and Werner G. Kuhr. "Background-subtraction of fast-scan cyclic staircase voltammetry at protein-modified carbon-fiber electrodes." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 13, no. 12 (1998): 1297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-5663(98)00093-1.

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45

Robin, J. P., M. Frain, C. Sardet, R. Groscolas, and Y. Le Maho. "Protein and lipid utilization during long-term fasting in emperor penguins." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 254, no. 1 (1988): R61—R68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1988.254.1.r61.

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The body mass of male emperor penguins is approximately 38 kg at the beginning of the 4-mo winter fast connected with breeding, and it is an estimated approximately 18 kg in leanest birds at time of spontaneous refeeding. For a 38- to 18-kg range, we investigated the changes in the rate of body mass loss, body composition, and plasma concentrations of uric acid and urea. After the first few days (phase I) a steady state (phase II) was reached in the proportions of the energy derived from proteins and lipids with proteins accounting for a constant 4%, and the remaining 96% being from lipids. Th
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46

Sharma, Suvasini, and Puneet Jain. "The Modified Atkins Diet in Refractory Epilepsy." Epilepsy Research and Treatment 2014 (January 30, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/404202.

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The modified Atkins diet is a less restrictive variation of the ketogenic diet. This diet is started on an outpatient basis without a fast, allows unlimited protein and fat, and does not restrict calories or fluids. Recent studies have shown good efficacy and tolerability of this diet in refractory epilepsy. In this review, we discuss the use of the modified Atkins diet in refractory epilepsy.
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47

McCarty, Mark F. "Exenatide and biotin in conjunction with a protein-sparing fast for normalization of beta cell function in type 2 diabetics." Medical Hypotheses 69, no. 4 (2007): 928–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.09.059.

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48

Ferris, C. P., F. J. Gordon, D. C. Patterson, and D. J. Kilpatrick. "Response of dairy cows offered a high feed value grass silage, to concentrate feed level and concentrate crude protein content." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007675.

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The environmental and economic cost of concentrate protein ingredients is high, with the economic impact being especially important if these are certified free from genetically modified material. While reducing the crude protein (CP) content of the concentrate will reduce feed costs, animal performance is also likely to suffer (Mayne and Gordon, 1985). However it may be possible to maintain performance and yet reduce feed costs by reducing the protein content of the concentrate offered, with a simultaneous increase in concentrate feed levels. The current study was designed to examine the effec
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49

Cherel, Y., and Y. Le Maho. "Five months of fasting in king penguin chicks: body mass loss and fuel metabolism." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 249, no. 4 (1985): R387—R392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1985.249.4.r387.

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When king penguin chicks are 3–4 mo old, they enter a season of interrupted growth due to long periods of fasting, because they are irregularly fed in winter. Nine captive chicks [mean initial body mass (m) = 12.5 kg] had fasted an average of 5 mo at the end of the experiment; m was then 4.0 kg, a 68% decrease. They probably could have fasted longer, since chicks of parents delayed in the return to the colony die from starvation at an m of 3.0 kg. The long fast could be divided into three periods based on the changes in rate of decrease of m. The remarkable resistance of king penguin chicks to
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50

Hickson, R. C., T. T. Kurowski, G. H. Andrews, J. A. Capaccio, and R. T. Chatterton. "Glucocorticoid cytosol binding in exercise-induced sparing of muscle atrophy." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 4 (1986): 1413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.4.1413.

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Female rats were initially divided into a sedentary or an exercise group that was trained by treadmill running to a final work rate of 31 m/min, 100 min/day, for 13–18 wk. During the last 12 days of training each of these groups were further subdivided into groups that received daily subcutaneous injections of cortisol acetate (CA) (100 mg/kg body wt) or the vehicle (1% carboxymethyl cellulose). Exercise prevented approximately 40% of the gastrocnemius muscle weight loss due to CA treatment. Training did not influence glucocorticoid cytosol-receptor binding concentrations, using [3H]triamcinol
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