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1
Agostoni, C., and E. Riva. "Vegetable Foods in Weaning." Journal of International Medical Research 20, no. 5 (1992): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059202000502.
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Vegetable foods (cereals, non-starchy vegetables, legumes) make a unique nutritional and metabolic contribution during weaning. They provide proteins that are of low biological value individually but whose value can be raised by consuming appropriate combinations: minimal amounts of lipids, mostly essential polyunsaturated fats; complex carbohydrates; and soluble fibre, which are fermented by colonic flora to short-chain fatty acids that have beneficial effects. Insoluble fibre, minerals, trace elements and vitamins are also nutritionally important components of vegetable foods. Vegetable foods lower the calorific density of meals, modulate nutrient and antigen absorption, and promote a physiological copropoiesis. Recent nutritional surveys have shown that 12-month old children eat an excessive amount of animal proteins. Whole cereals and non-starchy vegetables, including whole legumes, should be routinely eaten during weaning to improve nutritional balance and to make children accustom to eating fibre, which has prophylactic properties. The daily intake of fibre should be progressively increased to 5 g during the first year of life. Gli alimenti vegetali (cereali, verdure non amidacee, legumi) presentano caratteristiche nutrizionalie metaboliche comuni davvero uniche per la fase dello svezzamento. Essi forniscono proteine di valore biologico basso ma innalzabile attraverso opportune miscelazioni: quantità minime di lipidi (per lo più grassi polinsaturi essenziali); carboidrati complessi e fibra solubile che possono essere fermentati dalla flora del colon e trasformati in acidi grassi a catena corta. A loro volta, questi acidi hanno un effetto benefico sull'omeostasi locale egenerate. Anche la fibra insolubile, i minerali, gli oligoelementi e le vitamine danno un contributo importante al ruolo nutrizionale degli alimenti vegetali. Di conseguenza, come parte della dieta gli alimenti vegetali abbassano il contenuto calorico dei pasti, modulano l'assorbimento degli antigeni e delle sostanze nutritive e favoriscono la copropoiesi fisiologica. Alcuni recenti studi nutrizionali hanno dimostrato che i bambini di 12 mesi di et à consumano una quantità eccessiva di proteine animali. Durante lo svezzamento occorre quindi somministrare abitualmente cereali integrali, verdure non amidacee e legumi interi, onde ottenere un migliore equilibrio nutrizionale ed abituare i bambini al consumo della fibra, considerate le sue proprietà preventive. La dose giornaliera consigliata di fibra dovrebbe venire aumentata progressivamente fino a 5 g nel primo anno di vita.
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Coulthart, Michael B., Rhonda Mogk, Jason M. Rancourt, Deborah L. Godal, and Stefanie Czub. "Prion protein gene sequence of Canada's first non-imported case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)." Genome 46, no. 6 (2003): 1005–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-124.
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In May 2003, Canada became the 22nd country outside of the United Kingdom to report a case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in an animal not known to be imported from a country with cattle previously affected by this fatal, transmissible prion disease. Despite extensive testing of thousands of other animals that may have been exposed to contaminated feed at the same time as the affected animal, no evidence has been found for other infections. This finding leaves room for conjectures that the single confirmed case arose spontaneously, perhaps (by analogy with human Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease) as a result of a somatic protein misfolding event or a novel germline mutation. Here we present DNA sequence data from the affected animal's prion protein coding sequence that argue definitively against the latter hypothesis.Key words: bovine spongiform encephalopathy, spontaneous origin, prions, mutation, Canada.
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Ferguson, N. S., and R. M. Gous. "Evaluation of pig genotypes 1. Theoretical aspects of measuring genetic parameters." Animal Science 56, no. 2 (1993): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100021310.
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AbstractPredicting the performance of animals is a general problem in animal production, the solution to the problem depending, in part, on being able to describe the animals adequately. Numerous approaches have been made to model the growth of pigs, with different methods being employed to describe the genotype. A simple approach is to describe the potential rate of growth of body protein using a Gompertz equation, and to predict the growth of the other chemical components of the body using allometry. These components are added to determine the body weight of the animal.In this paper an experimental procedure is proposed that will predict values for the parameters of the Gompertz growth equation under non-limiting conditions. These parameters include the rate of maturing of the animal and the mature protein weight. The lipid-to-protein ratio at maturity is required to describe the allometry between protein and lipid. With these few parameter estimates the potential growth rate of animals can be described. It is then possible to use this information to predict the growth rate of animals under conditions constrained by the food or the environment.
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Noriega-Domínguez, María José, Daniel Salvador Durán, Paloma Vírseda, and María Remedios Marín-Arroyo. "Non-animal proteins as clarifying agents for red wines." OENO One 44, no. 3 (2010): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2010.44.3.1472.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: Dueto food security problems related to animal proteins and the growing demand of non-animal-based fining agents, interest in the use of gelatine alternatives for wine fining has increased in recent years. This work studies the use of proteins of non-animal origin for the clarification of Tempranillo red wines.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Proteins from different sources were tested: wheat (seven glutens), maize (one protein extract and one hydrolysed gluten), the yeast <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (three protein extracts), and the alga <em>Spirulina platensis</em> (one protein extract). A preliminary physico-chemical characterisation of the proteins (solubility, isoelectric point, molecular weight) showed that some proteins presented very similar characteristics when belonging to the same source. Fining experiments, based on the principal technological parameters (turbidity of wine, volume and compactness of lees generated), were carried out on a laboratory scale, in both the presence and absence of bentonite as a co-adjuvant. Results obtained with hydrolysed maize gluten and yeast extracts showed that these proteins were particularly advantageous. The use of bentonite in combination with the proteins improved the natural sedimentation of floccules. The sensory analysis of the treated wines demonstrated favourable characteristics in all cases except from spirulina, which negatively affected sensory characteristics.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The effectiveness of non-animal proteins is comparable to that of the traditionally used gelatine, offering advantages due, mainly, to the lower amounts of lees generated and a greater compactness. These two parameters are of great importance for winemakers, as they are associated with wine losses.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: The search for a substitute for gelatine as fining agent.</p>
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Patsios, Sotiris I., Anna Dedousi, Evangelia Ν. Sossidou, and Antonios Zdragas. "Sustainable Animal Feed Protein through the Cultivation of YARROWIA Lipolytica on Agro-Industrial Wastes and by-Products." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (2020): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041398.
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Proteins are essential constituents of animal feeds, which comprise mainly vegetable protein (e.g., soybean meal), which is produced and transported globally. The decoupling of protein-production and livestock-growth areas results in protein deficiencies in certain parts of the world, and in significant environmental stress. Alternative, more sustainable protein feeds are necessary to meet the increasing needs, and to decrease the environmental footprint of animal products. Yeast Single Cell Proteins (SCP), produced locally using various agro-industrial by-product streams, have significant potential as alternative animal feed protein. Particularly, Yarrowia lipolytica, an oleaginous, non-pathogenic microorganism has been characterized as a “workhorse” in biotechnological studies, drawing the attention of many researchers. The present review summarizes available resources on critical issues concerning the applicability and commercialization of Yarrowia lipolytica as an environment-friendly protein source for animal feed. It discusses the sustainability of the yeast SCP production process, it presents the recent advances concerning Yarrowia lipolytica cultivation on low-cost agro-industrial by-products, and it stresses the effects on the health and welfare of productive animals due to the inclusion of Yarrowia lipolytica in their diet. The data presented in this study should facilitate relative research advancement and the commercialization of Yarrowia lipolytica’s use as an alternative protein source/supplement for animal feeds.
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Winograd, Claudia, and Stephanie Ceman. "Fragile X family members have important and non-overlapping functions." BioMolecular Concepts 2, no. 5 (2011): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc.2011.033.
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AbstractThe fragile X family of genes encodes a small family of RNA binding proteins including FMRP, FXR1P and FXR2P that were identified in the 1990s. All three members are encoded by 17 exons and show alternative splicing at the 3′ ends of their respective transcripts. They share significant homology in the protein functional domains, including the Tudor domains, the nuclear localization sequence, a protein-protein interaction domain, the KH1 and KH2 domains and the nuclear export sequence. Fragile X family members are found throughout the animal kingdom, although all three members are not consistently present in species outside of mammals: only two family members are present in the avian species examined, Gallus gallus and Taeniopygia guttata, and in the frog Xenopus tropicalis. Although present in many tissues, the functions of the fragile X family members differ, which are particularly evident in knockout studies performed in animals. The fragile X family members play roles in normal neuronal function and in the case of FXR1, in muscle function.
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Vovk, A., O. Korotkyi, L. Kot, and K. Dvorshchenko. "Oxidative modification of proteins in rat serum under experimental osteoarthrosis and long-term administration of a multiprobiotic." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Problems of Physiological Functions Regulation 26, no. 1 (2019): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2624.2019.26.50-54.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of multiprobiotics on the content of products of oxidative modification of proteins and the level of sulfhydryl groups in blood serum of rats during monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis. The study was carried out on white non-linear, sexually mature male rats (weight 180-240 g), according to general ethical principles of experiments on animals. All animals were divided into four experimental groups. The first group - Control: animals got injection into knee ligament 0.05 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution on the first day of the experiment and then got intragastric administration 1 ml of drinking water per 1 kg of the animal weight daily for 14 days from the 8th to 22nd days. The second group - Multiprobiotic: animals got injection into knee ligament 0.05 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution on the first day of the experiment and then got intragastric administration 140 mg/kg of multiprobiotic Symbiter® (Prolisok ", Ukraine) diluted in 1 ml of drinking water per 1 kg of animal weight. The third group, MIA-induced OA: animals got injection into knee ligament 1 mg of sodium monoiodacetate, dissolved in 0.05 ml of 0.9% NaCl on the first day of the experiment and then got intragastric administration 1 ml of drinking water per 1 kg of the animal weight daily for 14 days from the 8th to 22nd days. The fourth group – MIA-induced OA + Multiprobiotic: animals got injection into knee ligament 0.05 ml of 1 mg of sodium monoiodacetate, dissolved in 0.05 ml of 0.9 % NaCl on the first day of the experiment and then got intragastric administration 140 mg/kg of multiprobiotic diluted in 1 ml of drinking water per 1 kg of animal weight. All animals were killed on day 30 of the experiment, according to the protocol of the ethics committee with rapid blood sampling. The content of the products of oxidative modification of proteins (OMP) and oligopeptides was determined by the level of carbonyl derivatives that were detected in reaction with 2,4-initrophenylhydrazine. The level of total, protein-bound and non-protein sulfhydryl (SH) -groups was measured by the Elman method. It has been established that MIA-induced OA disturbed oxidative-antioxidant balance of the rat serum: the content of the products of oxidative modification of proteins increases and the content of sulfhydryl groups decreases in the serum. It was shown that with the long-term administration of multiprobiotics in animals with MIA-induced OA, the above indicators were restored.
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FREUND, Jean-Noël, Bernard JOST, Olivier LORENTZ, and Isabelle DULUC. "Identification of homologues of the mammalian intestinal lactase gene in non-mammals (birds and molluscs)." Biochemical Journal 322, no. 2 (1997): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3220491.
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Mammalian intestinal lactase hydrolyses a variety of β-glycosides and is processed from a precursor comprising four tandem domains exhibiting sequence similarity, suggestive of multiple duplication events in the evolutionary past. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether genes homologous to the lactase gene exist in animals other than mammals. A reverse transcriptase-PCR strategy using a degenerate mixture of oligonucleotides was developed to search for the presence of transcripts similar in sequence to the mammalian lactase mRNA in the digestive tracts of a bird (the chicken) and an invertebrate (the mussel). Partial cDNAs corresponding to the 3´ end of intestinal mRNAs were identified in both animals. In chicken, two cDNAs were isolated, corresponding to 6.5 kb transcripts that used two distinct polyadenylation sites. In mussels, three cDNAs were obtained and classified into two categories. One class of cDNA hybridized to a major mRNA of 3.5 kb and to minor species of 4.5 kb and 6 kb. The second class of cDNA hybridized to a 13 kb transcript, which was approximately twice as large as the mammalian lactase mRNA. Peptide sequences predicted from the chicken and mussel cDNAs confirmed that the proteins are related to mammalian lactase. They also suggested that the chicken protein and one mussel protein are integral molecules anchored in the cell membrane by a C-terminal transmembrane anchor, like lactase. These data provide evidence that proteins phylogenetically related to the mammalian-specific lactase are widespread in the animal kingdom, and that these proteins are expressed in the intestinal tract.
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Kumar, Rajnish, Parminder Jit Kaur, G. K. Khuller, and Indu Verma. "Immunogenicity Studies with Microbial Fractions of M. tuberculosis H37Rv Total Culture Filtrate." International Journal of Biology 8, no. 1 (2015): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v8n1p48.
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<p class="1Body">Current study investigates the whole secretory proteome of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> as culture filtrate fractions to identify immunoprotective protein antigens on the basis of protection studies in animal (mouse and guinea pig) models. Secretory culture filtrate proteins (CFPs) of <em>M. tuberculosis</em> H<sub>37</sub>Rv were fractionated into fifteen narrow molecular mass fractions in the order of increasing molecular size (F1-F15) by electroelution. Immunization studies revealed proteins in the molecular weight range of 20-24kDa (F7), 25-30kDa (F8) and 37-42kDa (F11) as key protective fractions against experimental tuberculosis in both the animal (mice and guinea pig) models. Amongst these fractions, F7 imparted even better protection as compared to BCG. Immunological studies with all the fractions demonstrated that although selected three protective fractions were able to induce significant immune responses in both short term culture filtrate (STCF) immunized and Mtb infected animals, there were number of other non-protective fractions also that were inducing higher immune responses either in immunized animals (e.g.F12-F15) or in Mtb challenged animals (e.g.F1-F6). These results demonstrate that only those mycobacterial proteins that are recognized by the host immune system both during immunization and infection can induce significant protection against experimental tuberculosis, however there is no direct correlation between the level of immune responses and degree of protective efficacy.</p>
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Göhde, Ronja, Benjamin Naumann, Davis Laundon, et al. "Choanoflagellates and the ancestry of neurosecretory vesicles." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1821 (2021): 20190759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0759.
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Neurosecretory vesicles are highly specialized trafficking organelles that store neurotransmitters that are released at presynaptic nerve endings and are, therefore, important for animal cell–cell signalling. Despite considerable anatomical and functional diversity of neurons in animals, the protein composition of neurosecretory vesicles in bilaterians appears to be similar. This similarity points towards a common evolutionary origin. Moreover, many putative homologues of key neurosecretory vesicle proteins predate the origin of the first neurons, and some even the origin of the first animals. However, little is known about the molecular toolkit of these vesicles in non-bilaterian animals and their closest unicellular relatives, making inferences about the evolutionary origin of neurosecretory vesicles extremely difficult. By comparing 28 proteins of the core neurosecretory vesicle proteome in 13 different species, we demonstrate that most of the proteins are present in unicellular organisms. Surprisingly, we find that the vesicular membrane-associated soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor protein synaptobrevin is localized to the vesicle-rich apical and basal pole in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. Our 3D vesicle reconstructions reveal that the choanoflagellates S. rosetta and Monosiga brevicollis exhibit a polarized and diverse vesicular landscape reminiscent of the polarized organization of chemical synapses that secrete the content of neurosecretory vesicles into the synaptic cleft. This study sheds light on the ancestral molecular machinery of neurosecretory vesicles and provides a framework to understand the origin and evolution of secretory cells, synapses and neurons. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens’.
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Aycart, Danielle Francesca, Sofía Acevedo, Lucía Eguiguren-Jimenez, and Jeanette Mary Andrade. "Influence of Plant and Animal Proteins on Inflammation Markers among Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (2021): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051660.
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Proteins, especially plant proteins, may reduce inflammation among adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effect protein types (animal or plant) have on inflammation markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α) among adults with varying stages of CKD. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) was conducted to identify articles from inception until January 2021, utilizing six databases. Controlled trials that compared the effects of different protein types were analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis. Quality assessment and risk of bias of the included articles were assessed by using Cochrane risk of bias instrument and ROBINS-I. Out of the 10 studies that met the criteria, there was a decreasing trend in CRP levels when consuming plant proteins compared to animal proteins among non-dialysis participants. There was a statistically significant decrease when comparing animal proteins to unspecified proteins in CRP levels among dialysis participants [Hedges’ g = 2.11; 95% CI 1.12, 3.11; p ≤ 0.001], favoring unspecified proteins. Furthermore, animal proteins (eggs, red meat) showed increasing trends in CRP levels compared to whey protein isolate. Caution must be considered regarding these results as controlled, non-randomized, trials were included in the analysis, which may have contributed to high risk of bias. Future research should focus on protein types and the impact they have on kidney disease progression and inflammation markers.
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Abdullahi, Nura, Munir Abba Dandago, and Alkasim Kabiru Yunusa. "Review on Production of Single-Cell Protein from Food Wastes." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 6 (2021): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i6.968-974.3758.
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The roles of protein in bodybuilding and the regulation of biological processes are important in sustaining life. A large amount of protein is required by both humans and animals and this cannot be supplied by only conventional sources. This is because of the rapid increase in world population. The present sources of protein will not meet global protein demand in years to come. Scientists explore the production of single-cell protein (SCP), as an alternative source of protein, through the utilization of wastes and low-value materials. SCP can supply high-quality protein containing both essential and non-essential amino acids that can be utilized by humans and animals. Protein from microbial biomass is cheaper than animal proteins because the substrates used in the production are generally cheaper and more readily available. Moreover, the production process does not require arable land and the entire process can be completed within a short time. This article reviewed the process of SCP production. Different raw materials used in the production and variations in growth media preparation methods were discussed. Various sources of fermentation microorganisms and their potential substrate were reviewed. Growth media enrichment using different carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources was also discussed.
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Gellermann, Pia, Caroline Schneider-Barthold, Svenja Nicolin Bolten, Ethan Overfelt, Thomas Scheper, and Iliyana Pepelanova. "Production of a Recombinant Non-Hydroxylated Gelatin Mimetic in Pichia pastoris for Biomedical Applications." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 10, no. 3 (2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb10030039.
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Proteins derived from the natural extracellular matrix like collagen or gelatin are common in clinical research, where they are prized for their biocompatibility and bioactivity. Cells are able to adhere, grow and remodel scaffolds based on these materials. Usually, collagen and gelatin are sourced from animal material, risking pathogenic transmission and inconsistent batch-to-batch product quality. A recombinant production in yeast circumvents these disadvantages by ensuring production with a reproducible quality in animal-component-free media. A gelatin mimetic protein, based on the alpha chain of human collagen I, was cloned in Pichia pastoris under the control of the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter. A producing clone was selected and cultivated at the 30 L scale. The protein was secreted into the cultivation medium and the final yield was 3.4 g·L−1. Purification of the target was performed directly from the cell-free medium by size exclusion chromatography. The gelatin mimetic protein was tested in cell culture for biocompatibility and for promoting cell adhesion. It supported cell growth and its performance was indistinguishable from animal-derived gelatin. The gelatin-mimetic protein represents a swift strategy to produce recombinant and human-based extracellular matrix proteins for various biomedical applications.
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Oliveira, Ana Luna de, Elizabeth Malagueño, Adriana Maria da Silva Telles, Maria Helena Madruga, and José Valfrido de Santana. "Experimental schistosomiasis in the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 37, no. 3 (2004): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822004000300006.
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In order to evaluate Callithrix jacchus as an animal model for mansoni schistosomiasis, a group of 10 male animals were once percutaneously exposed to 250 cercariae of the Schistosoma mansoni SLM (São Lourenço da Mata) strain. Animals were periodically bled for measuring serum level of enzymes and proteins and for blood cell counting. When comparing pre-infection to post-infection values, a significant increase was found for alkaline phosphatase at 15 to 120 days p.i., differential counts of eosinophil at 45 and 60 days, and total protein and global eosinophil counts at 120 days. No Schistosoma mansoni eggs were found in stools. Adult worms of small size were recovered from five animals. At day 120, the number of Schistosoma mansoni eggs/g of tissue was 0-289.7 (liver), 0-30.1 (large intestine) and 0-171.4 (small intestine). These findings lead us to classify Callithrix jacchus as a non-permissive host to the SLM strain of Schistosoma mansoni.
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Lobley, G. E. "Protein turnover—what does it mean for animal production?" Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, no. 3 (2003): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-019.
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The dynamics of protein turnover confer great advantages for homeothermy, plasticity and metabolic function in mammals. The different roles played by the various organs have led to aspects of protein synthesis and degradation that aid the various functions performed. The so-called “non-productive” organs such as the gastro-intestinal tract and liver produce large quantities of export proteins that perform vital functions. Not all these proteins are recovered, however, and thus function can result in lowered net conversion of plant protein to animal products. The splanchnic tissues also oxidize essential amino acids (AA). For example, the gut catabolizes leucine, lysine and methionine, but not threonine and phenylalanine, as part of a complex interaction between AA supply and tissue metabolic activity. Losses by oxidation and endogenous secretions can markedly alter the pattern of absorbed AA. The fractional rates of extraction of total AA inflow to the liver are low and this allows short-term flexibility in controlling supply to peripheral tissues. Recent evidence suggests that the role of the liver in AA catabolism is more a response to non-use by other tissues rather than an immediate regulation of supply to the periphery. Neither arterial supply of AA nor the rate of transport into peripheral tissues limits protein gain, except when supply is very limited. Rather, control is probably exerted via hormone-nutrient interactions. Key words: Protein synthesis, amino acid, gastro-intestinal tract, liver, muscle, mammary gland
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Tola, Adesola J., Amal Jaballi, and Tagnon D. Missihoun. "Protein Carbonylation: Emerging Roles in Plant Redox Biology and Future Prospects." Plants 10, no. 7 (2021): 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071451.
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Plants are sessile in nature and they perceive and react to environmental stresses such as abiotic and biotic factors. These induce a change in the cellular homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are known to react with cellular components, including DNA, lipids, and proteins, and to interfere with hormone signaling via several post-translational modifications (PTMs). Protein carbonylation (PC) is a non-enzymatic and irreversible PTM induced by ROS. The non-enzymatic feature of the carbonylation reaction has slowed the efforts to identify functions regulated by PC in plants. Yet, in prokaryotic and animal cells, studies have shown the relevance of protein carbonylation as a signal transduction mechanism in physiological processes including hydrogen peroxide sensing, cell proliferation and survival, ferroptosis, and antioxidant response. In this review, we provide a detailed update on the most recent findings pertaining to the role of PC and its implications in various physiological processes in plants. By leveraging the progress made in bacteria and animals, we highlight the main challenges in studying the impacts of carbonylation on protein functions in vivo and the knowledge gap in plants. Inspired by the success stories in animal sciences, we then suggest a few approaches that could be undertaken to overcome these challenges in plant research. Overall, this review describes the state of protein carbonylation research in plants and proposes new research avenues on the link between protein carbonylation and plant redox biology.
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Jiang, Bin, Dezhang Huang, Wei He, et al. "Inhibition of glioma using a novel non-neurotoxic vesicular stomatitis virus." Neurosurgical Focus 50, no. 2 (2021): E9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.11.focus20839.
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OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to demonstrate the in vivo safety and antitumor effect of a novel recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV): G protein less (GLESS)–fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST)–VSV.METHODSViral infection efficiency and cell proliferation were detected using an inverted fluorescence microscope and alarmaBlue assay, respectively. To evaluate the safety of the virus, different doses of GLESS-FAST-VSV and a positive control virus (VSV∆M51) were injected into normal F344 rats and C57BL/6 mice, and each animal’s weight, survival time, and pathological changes were examined on the following day. To evaluate the efficacy of the virus, RG2 and GL261 cells were used to construct rat and mouse glioma models, respectively, via a stereotactic method. After multiple intratumoral injections of the virus, tumor growth (size) and the survival time of the animals were observed.RESULTSIn vitro experiments showed that GLESS-FAST-VSV could infect and kill brain tumor cells and had less toxic effects on normal cells. After direct injection of GLESS-FAST-VSV into the animal brains, all animals tolerated the virus well, and no animal death, encephalitis, or ventriculitis was observed. In contrast, all animals that received brain injections of VSV∆M51 in the brain died. Moreover, multiple injections of GLESS-FAST-VSV in brain tumors significantly prolonged the survival of normal-immunity animals harboring brain tumors.CONCLUSIONSGLESS-FAST-VSV exhibited little neurotoxicity and could be injected directly into the tumor to effectively inhibit tumor growth and prolong the survival of normal-immunity animals, laying a theoretical foundation for the early application of such viruses in clinical trials.
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Ghelichkhan, M., H. Amanlou, and R. A. Patton. "Solvent-extracted soybean meal top-dressed on a fresh cow diet increased milk production, but not milk components, and decreased plasma non-esterified fatty acids." Czech Journal of Animal Science 64, No. 1 (2019): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/26/2018-cjas.
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Post-ruminally infused casein has increased milk and milk protein yield in post-partum cows. We theorised top dressing (TD) higher amounts of soybean meal (SBM) might mimic these effects. Fifty-one multiparous Holstein cows 1 day after calving were assigned to 3 dietary treatments: a base total mixed ration (CON) with 196 g/kg crude protein and 329 g/kg neutral detergent fibre; 17 cows TD with l kg of SBM (SBM1); and 17 cows TD with 2 kg of SBM (SBM2) for 30 days. Milk and milk components were measured at days 9, 18, and 27. Rumen and urine samples were collected on day 27; blood samples were obtained on day 30. Statistical inference was by JMP software (Version 10.0.2, 2012) with production variables analysed as a repeated measures design. Cows fed SBM increased milk yield (P = 0.02; 35.4, 36.6, and 42.6 kg/day for CON, SBM1, and SBM2, respectively). Yield of milk true protein was not different among treatments. Cows fed SBM had lower serum non esterified fatty acids concentrations at day 30 (1.35, 1.13, and 0.59 mM/l; P &lt; 0.01). We conclude that SBM TD beginning immediately after calving may increase milk yield rapidly and decrease dependence on fatty acids for energy.
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Beljan, Silvestar, Maja Herak Bosnar, and Helena Ćetković. "Rho Family of Ras-Like GTPases in Early-Branching Animals." Cells 9, no. 10 (2020): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9102279.
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Non-bilaterian animals consist of four phyla; Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Placozoa. These early-diverging animals are crucial for understanding the evolution of the entire animal lineage. The Rho family of proteins make up a major branch of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases, which function as key molecular switches that play important roles in converting and amplifying external signals into cellular responses. This review represents a compilation of the current knowledge on Rho-family GTPases in non-bilaterian animals, the available experimental data about their biochemical characteristics and functions, as well as original bioinformatics analysis, in order to gain a general insight into the evolutionary history of Rho-family GTPases in simple animals.
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Steiner, Zvonimir, Ivana Klarić, Josip Novoselec, et al. "Research on influence of different non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds in beef cattle feeding." Journal of Central European Agriculture 20, no. 1 (2019): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/20.1.2378.
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Ondracek, Anna S., Denise Heiden, Gertie J. Oostingh, et al. "Immune Effects of the Nitrated Food Allergen Beta-Lactoglobulin in an Experimental Food Allergy Model." Nutrients 11, no. 10 (2019): 2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102463.
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Food proteins may get nitrated by various exogenous or endogenous mechanisms. As individuals might get recurrently exposed to nitrated proteins via daily diet, we aimed to investigate the effect of repeatedly ingested nitrated food proteins on the subsequent immune response in non-allergic and allergic mice using the milk allergen beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) as model food protein in a mouse model. Evaluating the presence of nitrated proteins in food, we could detect 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in extracts of different foods and in stomach content extracts of non-allergic mice under physiological conditions. Chemically nitrated BLG (BLGn) exhibited enhanced susceptibility to degradation in simulated gastric fluid experiments compared to untreated BLG (BLGu). Gavage of BLGn to non-allergic animals increased interferon-γ and interleukin-10 release of stimulated spleen cells and led to the formation of BLG-specific serum IgA. Allergic mice receiving three oral gavages of BLGn had higher levels of mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) compared to allergic mice receiving BLGu. Regardless of the preceding immune status, non-allergic or allergic, repeatedly ingested nitrated food proteins seem to considerably influence the subsequent immune response.
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Gernigon, Th, M. Berger, and P. Lécher. "Seasonal variations in the ultrastructure and production of androgen-dependent proteins in the seminal vesicles of a Saharian rodent (Psammomys obesus)." Journal of Endocrinology 142, no. 1 (1994): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1420037.
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Abstract The effects of seasonal variations and experimental deprivation and substitution of androgen in the seminal vesicles of the Saharian rodent Psammomys obesus were investigated. Cytological studies showed that, during the breeding season, epithelial cells had large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and substantial apocrine secretion. During the non-breeding season, RER cisternae were no longer expanded and apocrine secretion was rare. Castration during the breeding season was followed by regression of the RER and the disappearance of apocrine secretion. Treating castrated animals and animals in the non-breeding season with testosterone for 15 days caused reactivation. Eight major proteins with molecular weights of 120, 78, 67, 41, 37, 34, 21 and 14·4 kDa were present in homogenates during the breeding season; six (92, 41, 36, 35, 21 and 14·4 kDa) were found in seminal vesicle secretions. During the non-breeding season, the very large amounts of the 21 kDa protein were greatly reduced; conversely the 45 kDa protein increased. Electrophoretic patterns of homogenates from animals castrated during the breeding season showed eight proteins differentially induced (37, 34, 21 and 18 kDa) or repressed (67, 45, 38 and 35 kDa) by testosterone, of which the 21 kDa protein decreased most dramatically after castration. The effects of castration were reversed by the administration of testosterone. During the non-breeding season, the synthesis of the four induced proteins was stimulated by testosterone treatment; conversely that of the 45 kDa protein was suppressed. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 142, 37–46
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Music, Nedzad, and Carl A. Gagnon. "The role of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus structural and non-structural proteins in virus pathogenesis." Animal Health Research Reviews 11, no. 2 (2010): 135–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252310000034.
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AbstractPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically devastating viral disease affecting the swine industry worldwide. The etiological agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), possesses a RNA viral genome with nine open reading frames (ORFs). The ORF1a and ORF1b replicase-associated genes encode the polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab, respectively. The pp1a is processed in nine non-structural proteins (nsps): nsp1α, nsp1β, and nsp2 to nsp8. Proteolytic cleavage of pp1ab generates products nsp9 to nsp12. The proteolytic pp1a cleavage products process and cleave pp1a and pp1ab into nsp products. The nsp9 to nsp12 are involved in virus genome transcription and replication. The 3′ end of the viral genome encodes four minor and three major structural proteins. The GP2a, GP3and GP4(encoded by ORF2a, 3 and 4), are glycosylated membrane associated minor structural proteins. The fourth minor structural protein, the E protein (encoded by ORF2b), is an unglycosylated membrane associated protein. The viral envelope contains two major structural proteins: a glycosylated major envelope protein GP5(encoded by ORF5) and an unglycosylated membrane M protein (encoded by ORF6). The third major structural protein is the nucleocapsid N protein (encoded by ORF7). All PRRSV non-structural and structural proteins are essential for virus replication, and PRRSV infectivity is relatively intolerant to subtle changes within the structural proteins. PRRSV virulence is multigenic and resides in both the non-structural and structural viral proteins. This review discusses the molecular characteristics, biological and immunological functions of the PRRSV structural and nsps and their involvement in the virus pathogenesis.
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Bremer, Maria G. E. G., Rob J. C. F. Margry, Judith C. H. Vaessen, et al. "Evaluation of a Commercial ELISA for Detection of Ruminant Processed Animal Proteins in Non-Ruminant Processed Animal Proteins." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 96, no. 3 (2013): 552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.11-556.
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Abstract Due to a growing aquaculture industry, demand for high-quality proteins for aquatic feeds is increasing. Non-ruminant processed animal proteins (PAPs) have shown great potential for this purpose. Safe reintroduction of non-ruminant PAPs in aqua feed requires methods that can discriminate ruminant and non-ruminant PAPs at contamination levels at or below 2%. Because the official European Union method lacks species specificity, the performance of MELISA-TEK™ Ruminant, a commercial immunoassay, combined with the MELISA-TEK High Sensitivity Sample Extraction kit was evaluated. Various non-ruminant PAPs spiked with ruminant PAPs (processed at 133, 137, 141, and 145°C) were analyzed. Results showed an overall specificity of 99%, indicating no cross-reaction with non-ruminant PAPs. The sensitivity of the assay strongly depended on both processing temperature and proportion of muscle fibers of the ruminant PAPs. Overall sensitivity of samples with 1 and 2% ruminant PAPs was 92 and 100%, respectively. For ruminant PAPs processed at 133 and 137°C, the sensitivity was 100% for both 1 and 2% ruminant spikes. Overall accuracies were 96 and 99% for 1 and 2% ruminant spikes, respectively. In conclusion, the MELISA-TEK Ruminant assay showed satisfactory results, which makes it a suitable candidate method to enable safe reintroduction of non-ruminant PAPs in aqua feed.
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Kim, Seo Woo, Jeong Hyo Lee, Ji Seon Han, Seung Pyo Shin, and Tae Sub Park. "piggyBac Transposition and the Expression of Human Cystatin C in Transgenic Chickens." Animals 11, no. 6 (2021): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061554.
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A bioreactor can be used for mass production of therapeutic proteins and other bioactive substances. Although various methods have been developed using microorganisms and animal cells, advanced strategies are needed for the efficient production of biofunctional proteins. In microorganisms, post-translational glycosylation and modification are not performed properly, while animal cell systems require more time and expense. To overcome these problems, new methods using products from transgenic animals have been considered, such as genetically modified cow’s milk and hen’s eggs. In this study, based on a non-viral piggyBac transposition system, we generated transgenic bioreactor chickens that produced human cystatin C (hCST3). There were no differences in the phenotype or histochemical structure of the wild-type and hCST3-expressing transgenic chickens. Subsequently, we analyzed the hCST3 expression in transgenic chickens, mainly in muscle and egg white, which could be major deposition warehouses for hCST3 protein. In both muscle and egg white, we detected high hCST3 expression by ELISA and Western blotting. hCST3 proteins were efficiently purified from muscle and egg white of transgenic chickens using a His-tag purification system. These data show that transgenic chickens can be efficiently used as a bioreactor for the mass production of bioactive materials.
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Kopylchuk, Halyna, Ivanna Nykolaichuk, and Maria Hanusiak. "The content of sialic acids in blood plasma of rats under the conditions of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity after alimentary protein deprivation." Biolohichni systemy 11, no. 2 (2019): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2019.02.141.
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The work is devoted to the study of the fractional distribution of sialic acids in the blood plasma of rats under the conditions of toxic damage with acetaminophen after alimentary protein deprivation. The content of free, protein-bound and oligo-bound sialic acids in the blood plasma of animals was investigated under experimental conditions. The animals consumed a semi-synthetic diet during the experiment according to the recommendations of the American Institute of Nutrition. In order to simulate alimentary protein deprivation, rats received a low-protein diet containing 1/3 of the standard daily protein requirement daily for 28 days. The animals were modeled acute toxic damage with acetaminophen after four weeks of experimental diet. The administration of the toxin was carried out at doses of 1250 mg/kg animal body weight in suspension in 2 % starch gel solution once a day for 2 days by gavage. The concentration of free, protein- and oligo-bound sialic acids was determined spectrophotometrically at 549 nm by color reaction with thiobarbituric acid. Removal of non-sialic acid specific chromogens were performed by the addition of n-butanol. It has been shown that the increase of total sialic acids in the blood plasma of protein-deficient rats (by 40% compared to control) is due only to the increase in the level of the oligo-bound fraction. Thus, protein deficiency is a key factor in the established changes, which probably indicates the intensification of catabolism processes of intracellular easily mobilized proteins under the conditions of protein deficiency in the diet. At the same time, toxin (acetaminophen) intake, leads to an increase in the concentration of total sialic acids, mainly due to the increase of free and protein-bound fractions, which indicates the development of inflammatory processes in the tissues of the body, regardless of the amount of exogenous protein consumed.
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Cantalapiedra-Hijar, G., I. Ortigues-Marty, B. Sepchat, J. Agabriel, J. F. Huneau, and H. Fouillet. "Diet–animal fractionation of nitrogen stable isotopes reflects the efficiency of nitrogen assimilation in ruminants." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 7 (2015): 1158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514004449.
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The natural abundance of15N in animal proteins (δ15Nanimal) is greater than that in the diet consumed by the animals (δ15Ndiet), with a discrimination factor (Δ15N = δ15Nanimal− δ15Ndiet) that is known to vary according to nutritional conditions. The objectives of the present study were to test the hypothesis that Δ15N variations depend on the efficiency of nitrogen utilisation (ENU) in growing beef cattle, and to identify some of the physiological mechanisms responsible for this N isotopic fractionation in ruminants. Thus, we performed the regression of the Δ15N of plasma proteins obtained from thirty-five finishing beef cattle fed standard and non-conventional diets against different feed efficiency indices, including ENU. We also performed the regression of the Δ15N of different ruminant N pools (plasma and milk proteins, urine and faeces) against different splanchnic N fluxes obtained from multi-catheterised lactating dairy cows. The Δ15N of plasma proteins was negatively correlated with feed efficiency indices in beef cattle, especially ENU (body protein gain/N intake) and efficiency of metabolisable protein (MP) utilisation (body protein gain/MP intake). Although Δ15N obtained from different N pools in dairy cows were all negatively correlated with ENU, the highest correlation was found when Δ15N was calculated from plasma proteins. Δ15N showed no correlation with urea-N recycling or rumen NH3absorption, but exhibited a strong correlation with liver urea synthesis and splanchnic amino acid metabolism, which points to a dominant role of splanchnic tissues in the present N isotopic fractionation study.
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Dawson, J. M., P. J. Buttery, M. J. Lammiman, et al. "Nutritional and endocrinological manipulation of lean deposition in forage-fed steers." British Journal of Nutrition 66, no. 2 (1991): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19910023.
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The effect of supplementing grass silage with fishmeal on growth, muscle composition and the rate of muscle protein synthesis was investigated in young Friesian steers with and without oestradiol implants. The effect of the β-adrenergic agonist cimaterol was simultaneously investigated in animals fed on silage alone. Treatments lasted for 9 or 10 weeks. Fishmeal supplementation significantly increased animal growth rates (P < 0.001) and the weights of three dissected muscles (P < 0.001) compared with the silage-fed controls. These effects were further enhanced in animals also implanted with oestradiol. Muscle weights expressed as a proportion of body-weight were increased by fishmeal, suggesting that protein deposition had been enhanced. No further increase in the proportional muscle weights was obtained with oestradiol. Muscle dry matter content tended to be increased in both implanted and non-implanted animals receiving fishmeal compared with controls, but the proportions of protein, fat and ash were relatively constant. The intramuscular lipid composition was slightly altered by fishmeal. Muscle protein fractional synthetic rates (FSR), measured by continuous infusion of [3H]tyrosine, were increased by fishmeal in all three muscles of both implanted and non-implanted animals. There were no differences, however, due to oestradiol, over non-implanted fishmeal animals. This suggests that oestradiol may increase muscle accretion by reducing protein degradation rate. Cimaterol significantly increased longissimus dorsi (P < 0.05) and vastus lateralis (P < 0.01) muscle weights but had no effect on semitendinosus muscle weight or live-weight gain. The proportion of protein was increased (P <0.001) and the fat content reduced (P < 0.05) in all three muscles but intramuscular lipid composition was not markedly affected. Whilst methylhistidine: creatinine excretion was reduced by cimaterol, FSR were increased in the I. dorsi and v. lateralis muscles suggesting β-agonists have effects on both protein synthesis and protein degradation.
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Mu, S., L. Han, G. Zhou, et al. "Protein regulation of induced pluripotent stem cells by transplanting in a Huntington's animal model." Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 42, no. 6 (2016): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nan.12315.
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Douma, Michelle D., Gina M. Kerr, R. Stephen Brown, Bernd O. Keller, and Richard D. Oleschuk. "Mass spectrometric detection of proteins in non-aqueous media — The case of prion proteins in biodiesel." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 8 (2008): 774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-083.
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Limitations in efficient extraction, minimization of media interferences, and suitable sample preparation methods pose significant challenges to the successful detection of protein traces in non-aqueous media. Here we present a filtration method, employing filter disks with embedded C8-modified silica particles, that allows the capture of proteins from non-aqueous sample volumes. The extraction process is followed by elution of the protein from the filter disk and by either direct mass spectrometric detection or tryptic digestion followed by peptide mapping and MS/MS fragmentation of protein-specific peptides. The method is applied to spiked biodiesel samples for the detection of prion proteins. The tryptic peptide with sequence YPGQGSPGGNR is specific for prion proteins and can be used for unambiguous identification. The developed extraction method has the potential application to be used for large-scale testing of protein impurities in non-aqueous media, for instance as a safety and quality control tool in the animal tallow-based biodiesel production process.Key words: protein detection, MALDI, non-aqueous media, filtration
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Korir, D., J. P. Goopy, C. Gachuiri, and K. Butterbach-Bahl. "Supplementation with Calliandra calothyrsus improves nitrogen retention in cattle fed low-protein diets." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15569.
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Ruminant productivity in the tropical Africa has remained low despite decades of research on animal nutrition and introduction of new breeds of animals mainly because of low-quality feeds available, especially during the dry season that is inefficiently utilised. This results in prolonged time for animals to mature and increased nutrient excretion to the environment. We conducted a study using yearling steers (n = 12, liveweight (LW) = 161.8 ± 10.89 kg) in a 3 × 3 Latin square to evaluate the effect of protein supplementation and supplementation frequency on intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial N supply in cattle consuming low-protein diets. The steers were maintained on ad libitum wheat straw (DM = 877 ± 5 g/kg, crude protein (CP) = 20.0 ± 1.1 g/kg), with supplemental protein supplied as air-dried Calliandra calothyrsus leaves (DM = 897 ± 3 g/kg, CP = 257.5 ± 4.1 g/kg on a DM basis). Samples of basal diet, supplement, refusals, faecal matter and urine were collected and analysed per treatment. Supplementation increased intakes by the steers (P < 0.001), with no difference between the two supplementation frequencies (P > 0.404). Steers lost bodyweight (P < 0.05) on all treatments, but less so when supplemented. Nitrogen losses was reduced (P < 0.001) with supplementation (–33.3% vs 15.7%, s.e.m. 0.06). The increased N balance in animals receiving supplemented diets indicated that N retention actually improves with increased protein supplementation in animals fed low-protein diets, implying that improving protein supply to animals fed submaintenance diets will not only ameliorate production losses, but will actually decrease non-enteric greenhouse gas production and environmental N losses per animal product unit obtained.
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Sbardellati, Andrea, Elisa Scarselli, Viviana Amati, Sabrina Falcinelli, Alexander S. Kekulé, and Cinzia Traboni. "Processing of GB virus B non-structural proteins in cultured cells requires both NS3 protease and NS4A cofactor." Journal of General Virology 81, no. 9 (2000): 2183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-9-2183.
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The identification of antivirals and vaccines against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is hampered by the lack of convenient animal models. The need to develop surrogate models has recently drawn attention to GB virus B (GBV-B), which produces hepatitis in small primates. In a previous study in vitro, it was shown that GBV-B NS3 protease shares substrate specificity with the HCV enzyme, known to be crucial for virus replication. In this report, GBV-B NS3 activity on GBV-B precursor proteins has been analysed in a cell-based system. It is shown that mature protein products are obtained that are compatible with the cleavage sites proposed on the basis of sequence homology with HCV and that GBV-B NS4A protein is required as a cofactor for optimal enzymatic activity. Experiments in vitro supported by a structural model mapped the region of NS4A that interacts with NS3 and showed that the GBV-B cofactor cannot be substituted for by its HCV analogue.
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Bashir, Shahbaz, Andrey Kossarev, Violeta Cascon Martin, and Jan Paeshuyse. "Deciphering the Role of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Non-Structural NS4B Protein in Viral Pathogenesis." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 4 (2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040169.
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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a (+) ssRNA virus that belongs to the family Flaviviridae. BVDV is a significant animal pathogen causing substantial economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide through respiratory and gastrointestinal infections and abortion or birth of persistently infected calves. While the immunogenic profile of some of the BVDV proteins (i.e., Erns, E2 and NS3) is well established during viral pathogenesis, very little information is available about most of BVDV’s non-structural proteins in this regard. In recent times, the NS4B protein has emerged as an interesting target of diagnostic, vaccination and therapeutic value in viral infections of other members of the family Flaviviridae due to its key scaffold-like contribution in the viral replication complex. Although, BVDV-NS4B has a membrane topology alongside its role in induction of autophagosomes in vitro. However, information on its immunogenicity during BVDV pathogenesis and vaccination is scarce. To characterize the immunogenic profile of the NS4B, five cows were vaccinated with the live attenuated BVDV vaccine Bovela® and blood samples were taken pre- and post-immunization for serum isolation. Virus neutralization assay (VNA) confirmed the presence of anti-BVDV antibodies in the sera of vaccinated cows. VNA also revealed pre-existing antibodies against BVDV in the pre-immunization sera of two cows. To identify BVDV-NS4B specific antibodies, the NS4B protein was expressed in mammalian cells by using the pCI-neo vector system. The sera from BVDV vaccinated cows were evaluated for the presence of BVDV-NS4B specific antibodies through western blot and indirect ELISA. Interestingly, t sera from cows with pre-existing immunity against BVDV were able to detect NS4B in western blot and ELISA, suggesting the presence of NS4B-specific antibodies. The obtained results provide the first indication of the immunogenic nature of BVDV-NS4B protein in sero-converted animals. These findings are consistent with the observation made for NS4B in other Flaviviridae members and confirm this protein as an interesting target with diagnostic, vaccination and therapeutic value.
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Sabaté, Joan, Kitti Sranacharoenpong, Helen Harwatt, Michelle Wien, and Samuel Soret. "The environmental cost of protein food choices." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 11 (2014): 2067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014002377.
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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the resource efficiency and environmental impacts of producing one kilogram of edible protein from two plant- and three animal-protein sources.DesignPrimary source data were collected and applied to commodity production statistics to calculate the indices required to compare the environmental impact of producing 1 kg of edible protein from kidney beans, almonds, eggs, chicken and beef. Inputs included land and water for raising animals and growing animal feed, total fuel, and total fertilizer and pesticide for growing the plant commodities and animal feed. Animal waste generated was computed for the animal commodities.SettingDesk-based study at the Department of Nutrition and Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Loma Linda University.SubjectsNone.ResultsTo produce 1 kg of protein from kidney beans required approximately eighteen times less land, ten times less water, nine times less fuel, twelve times less fertilizer and ten times less pesticide in comparison to producing 1 kg of protein from beef. Compared with producing 1 kg of protein from chicken and eggs, beef generated five to six times more waste (manure) to produce 1 kg of protein.ConclusionsThe substitution of beef with beans in meal patterns will significantly reduce the environmental footprint worldwide and should also be encouraged to reduce the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases. Societies must work together to change the perception that red meat (e.g. beef) is the mainstay of an affluent and healthy diet.
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Vasilevich, Zinovieva та Kaplich. "SPONTANEOUS SYMULIDOTOXICOSE OF CATTLE IN СОNDITIONS THE CENTRAL NON-CNERNOZEM ZONE OF RUSSIA". THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, № 20 (14 травня 2019): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.174-177.
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Studies have been conducted on the acute course of simulidotoxicosis of young cattle in the territory of the central non-chernozem zone of Russia. The changes in the morphological composition of the blood, immune reactivity and natural resistance of animals with simulidotoxicosis were studied. Simulids as active bloodsuckers cause a decrease in animal productivity. In addition, they are specific and mechanical carriers of pathogens of a number of animal diseases. In the study area, there are frequent cases of the disease simulidotoxicosis, often ending in the death of animals, especially young cattle.A comparative analysis has shown that the manifestation of acute simulidotoxicosis is similar in young and adult animals. Blood was examined after 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours to study the morphological and biochemical parameters of the disease. The following cases were registered 4 hours after the onset of the clinical picture with spontaneous simuliotoxicosis: the erythrocytes in the experimental group were lower by 14.6% compared with the control group. Leukocytes were increased by 47.7%, hemoglobin was decreased by 2.5%. The dynamics of changes after 48 hours after the onset of the disease red blood cells decreased by 36.8%, leukocytes increased by 49.2%, hemoglobin decreased by 52.1%. After 8–24 hours, leukopenia is noted in animals, but after 48 hours the blood profile lines up. There is a decrease in leukocytes, a decrease in total protein and albumin during the entire observation period. When studying leukograms, eosinophilia was noted with an increased content of stab and segmented neutrophils, with a maximum change of 48 hours from the onset of the first symptoms of the disease in animals. Еrythropenia with anemia is characteristic of natural simulidotoxicosis at the onset of the disease, and leukopenia is registered on the first 24 hours after the onset of clinical symptoms, which after 48 hours of observation is replaced by leukocytosis.
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Shinozuka, Kazutaka, Naoki Tajiri, Hiroto Ishikawa, et al. "Empathy in stroke rats is modulated by social settings." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 40, no. 6 (2019): 1182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x19867908.
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Rodents display “empathy” defined as perceived physical pain or psychological stress by cagemates when co-experiencing socially distinct traumatic events. The present study tested the hypothesis that empathy occurs in adult rats subjected to an experimental neurological disorder, by allowing co-experience of stroke with cagemates. Psychological stress was measured by general locomotor activity, Rat Grimace Scale (RGS), and plasma corticosterone. Physiological correlates were measured by Western blot analysis of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE)-related proteins in the thymus. General locomotor activity was impaired in stroke animals and in non-stroke rats housed with stroke rats suggesting transfer of behavioral manifestation of psychological stress from an injured animal to a non-injured animal leading to social inhibition. RGS was higher in stroke rats regardless of social settings. Plasma corticosterone levels at day 3 after stroke were significantly higher in stroke animals housed with stroke rats, but not with non-stroke rats, indicating that empathy upregulated physiological stress level. The expression of five proteins related to AGE in the thymus reflected the observed pattern of general locomotor activity, RGS, and plasma corticosterone levels. These results indicate that stroke-induced psychological stress manifested on both the behavioral and physiological levels and appeared to be affected by empathy-associated social settings.
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Gaweł, Eliza, and Mieczysław Grzelak. "The Effect of a Protein-Xanthophyll Concentrate from Alfalfa (Phytobiotic) on Animal Production - A Current Review." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 3 (2012): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0023-5.
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The Effect of a Protein-Xanthophyll Concentrate from Alfalfa (Phytobiotic) on Animal Production - A Current ReviewOne of the supplements that can replace antibiotic growth promoters is a protein xanthophyll extract from the leaves of alfalfa. Green matter of alfalfa contains 17-22% of total protein, rich in non-essential (exogenous) amino acids, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and organic acids. The crude fibre content in green matter of alfalfa is relatively high (about 23.0-30.0% dry weight). However, protein-xanthophyll extract (EFL) contains about 1-2% of crude fibre. Like the whole plants of alfalfa, the protein-xanthophyll extract contains secondary metabolites such as plant phytoestrogens (isoflavones and coumestrol) and antinutritional components (phytates, L-canavanine and saponins). Protein-xanthophyll concentrate (PX) as a natural feed supplement has a positive effect on animal organisms. When supplemented to animals, this extract enhanced production results, increased feed efficiency, and improved the quality of meat, milk and eggs. Also, PX reduced methane emissions and soil pollution with nitrogen compounds when used in animal nutrition. The aim of this review was to gather the current literature describing the effects of using protein-xanthophyll extract in animal nutrition.
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Górski, K., M. Hasiec, M. Zielińska-Górska, F. Fülöp, and T. Misztal. "Up-regulation of oxytocin receptor gene and protein in the sheep anterior pituitary by a dopamine derivative (salsolinol)." Czech Journal of Animal Science 62, No. 4 (2017): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/30/2016-cjas.
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Specific oxytocin receptors (OTR) have been identified in the anterior pituitary (AP), and their expression has been shown to change in relation to the animal physiological stage, whereas salsolinol (a derivative of dopamine) has been shown to stimulate the synthesis and release of oxytocin (OT) in lactating sheep. In the present study, the expression of both OTR mRNA and OTR protein in the AP were examined by real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, either in anestrous or lactating sheep 48 h after weaning lambs. Moreover, the effect of salsolinol administered via an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion was tested in additional sheep at the same physiological stages. The i.c.v. infusions of Ringer-Locke (control) and salsolinol solutions were carried out from 10:00 to 15:00 h in a serial manner, i.e. five 30-min infusions at 30-min intervals. We observed both OTR gene and OTR protein expression in the AP, in both anestrous and lactating sheep, but it was significantly (P &lt; 0.01 and P &lt; 0.05, respectively) higher in the AP of lactating animals compared to anestrous animals. Salsolinol i.c.v. treatment in anestrous sheep evoked a significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in both OTR gene and OTR protein expression compared to control animals. In contrast, salsolinol did not affect either OTR gene or OTR protein expression in lactating sheep. In conclusion, the expression of OTR in the sheep AP is upregulated by salsolinol. The effect of salsolinol was more pronounced in non-lactating sheep, with a reduced response due to ongoing OTR expression in lactating animals. Increased expression of OTR in the AP of lactating sheep may be related to the stimulation of pituitary lactotrophs by OT following the release of prolactin during suckling.
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Liebert, Frank. "Invited review: Further progress is needed in procedures for the biological evaluation of dietary protein quality in pig and poultry feeds." Archives Animal Breeding 60, no. 3 (2017): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-60-259-2017.
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Abstract. Recently, biological procedures for feed protein evaluation in pig and poultry diets have been based on the amino acid composition of feed ingredients considering the animal's losses during processes of digestion or total protein utilization in a different manner. Such a development towards individual amino acids (AAs) was inevitable according to the disadvantage of traditional protein quality measures, like biological value (BV) or net protein utilization (NPU), to be non-additive in complex animal diets. In consequence, such measures are generally not suitable for predicting the final protein quality of protein mixtures from the individual protein value of feed ingredients. Otherwise, recent measures of AA disappearance from the small intestine up to the end of the ileum (ileal AA digestibility) also do not provide a true reflection of the biological availability of individual feed AAs independent of the extent of taking into account endogenous AA losses during digestion processes. Sophisticated procedures for protein evaluation are needed considering the AA losses, both during absorption and utilization after absorption. Advantages and limitations of important developments in procedures are discussed. Accordingly, the development of an exponential modelling approach is described (the Göttingen approach), which overcomes some of the traditional disadvantages by measuring the individual AA efficiency. Connecting feed protein evaluation, the modelling of quantitative AA requirements, and improved ideal protein concepts offers different fields of application. In addition, as demonstrated by example, the modelling of nitrogen losses per unit protein deposition and the minimizing of this parameter yields a further interesting tool for lowering the nitrogen burden from protein utilization processes. Finally, it is pointed out that traditional laboratory procedures also need to be updated, adapted to current knowledge, and validated according to the increasing hurdles for animal studies from the viewpoint of animal welfare. Modelling is a procedure with the potential to reduce the number of experimental animals significantly. This development needs more attention, higher acceptance, and wider application in the future of protein evaluation.
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Wiseman, Julian. "Influence of processing on the digestibility of amino acids and starch in cereals and legumes in non-ruminants." Animal Production Science 53, no. 11 (2013): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13254.
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Non-ruminant livestock diets in most regions of the world are based on cereals and plant proteins that are particularly important in view of the current ban on animal proteins within the European Union, although they are still valuable raw materials elsewhere. The major component of cereals is starch that makes a significant contribution to energy-yielding value. Starch has traditionally been viewed as being very well digested, although, increasingly, this statement is being challenged. Thus, native (raw) starch is, to a varying degree depending on the origin, crystalline which is less well digested than is amorphous starch. Processing (invariably heat treatment) reduces the degree of crystallinity of starch, leading to better digestibility, particularly in young animals. For newly weaned pigs, processing can overcome, to an extent, the post-weaning growth check. Extrusion can improve the coefficient of apparent digestibility of starch in wheat three-quarters along the small intestine, from a range of 0.50 to 0.85 (raw) to 0.95. Plant proteins invariably contain naturally occurring anti-nutritive factors, principally trypsin inhibitors that are particularly important in soya beans but also occasionally in peas. The inhibitors are heat labile and denatured by heat. There are several technologies available for processing plant proteins, but a key message is that equipment operates under variable conditions of temperature, duration and moisture addition. Over-processing risks protein being denatured; for example, a trypsin inhibitor activity of 1.5 mg/g is associated with a reduction in amino acid digestibility. It is crucial that processing conditions are defined accurately rather than simply providing the name of the equipment.
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Bou Matar, Raed N., Bela Malik, Xiaonan H. Wang, et al. "Protein abundance of urea transporters and aquaporin 2 change differently in nephrotic pair-fed vs. non-pair-fed rats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 302, no. 12 (2012): F1545—F1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00686.2011.
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Salt and water retention is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome (NS). In this study, we test for changes in the abundance of urea transporters, aquaporin 2 (AQP2), Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 2 (NKCC2), and Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC), in non-pair-fed and pair-fed nephrotic animals. Doxorubicin-injected male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 10) were followed in metabolism cages. Urinary excretion of protein, sodium, and urea was measured periodically. Kidney inner medulla (IM), outer medulla, and cortex tissue samples were dissected and analyzed for mRNA and protein abundances. At 3 wk, all doxorubicin-treated rats developed features of NS, with a ninefold increase in urine protein excretion (from 144 ± 21 to 1,107 ± 165 mg/day; P < 0.001) and reduced urinary sodium excretion (from 0.17 to 0.12 meq/day; P < 0.001). Urine osmolalities were reduced in the nephrotic animals (1,057 ± 37, treatment vs. 1,754 ± 131, control). Unlike animals fed ad libitum, UT-A1 protein abundance was unchanged in nephrotic pair-fed rats. Glycosylated AQP2 was reduced in the IM base of both nephrotic groups. Abundances of NKCC2 and NCC were consistently reduced (71 ± 7 and 33 ± 13%, respectively) in both nephrotic pair-fed animals and animals fed ad libitum. In pair-fed nephrotic rats, we observed an increase in the cleaved form of membrane-bound γ-epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). However, α- and β-ENaC subunits were unaltered. NKCC2 and AQP2 mRNA levels were similar in treated vs. control rats. We conclude that dietary protein intake affects the response of medullary transport proteins to NS.
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Opiela, Jolanta, Żaneta Bartel, Joanna Romanek, Jarosław Wieczorek, and Piotr Wilczek. "The Quality of Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Osteo- and Adipogenic Cell Derivatives – The Level of Proapoptotic Bad Protein Expression / Jakość Mezenchymalnych Komórek Macierzystych Świni Oraz Ich Pochodnych Zróżnicowanych W Kierunku Komórek Szeregu Osteo- I Adipogennego – Poziom Ekspresji Proapoptotycznego Białka Bad." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 4 (2013): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0050.
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Abstract The aim of the research was to evaluate the quality of porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived osteoblasts/osteocytes (bone cells) and adipocytes (fat cells). This evaluation was performed on the basis of molecular analysis for proapoptotic BAD protein expression. MSCs isolated from the pig bone marrow were cultured in vitro for five weeks in three types of culture media: differentiating towards the osteoblasts/osteocytes (O) and adipocytes (A) and non-differentiating, control medium (C). In all groups of cells, the relative extent of BAD protein expression was estimated by western blotting. Significant differences in the posttranslational abundance of BAD proteins were noted between MSCs differentiated into the osteogenic and the adipogenic cell lineages (P<0.05). Summarizing the results, we conclude that posttranslational level of BAD protein expression can be used as a reliable marker for assessing the quality of both MSCs and their cell derivatives. Interestingly, the semi-quantitative profile of BAD protein expression in differentiated cells turned out to be lower than that observed in undifferentiated cells, demonstrating that the culture conditions used for pro-osteogenic or pro-adipogenic cellular transformation did not affect negatively the quality of MSCs.
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Wang, Yi-Chun, and Chuan Li. "Evolutionarily conserved protein arginine methyltransferases in non-mammalian animal systems." FEBS Journal 279, no. 6 (2012): 932–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08490.x.
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Eggum, B. O., and K. D. Christensen. "The use of Non-Protein Nitrogen in Monogastric Animal Feeding." Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde 31, no. 1-5 (2009): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1973.tb01294.x.
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TZIKAS (Ζ. ΤΖΗΚΑΣ), Z., and I. AMBROSIADIS (Ι. ΑΜΒΡΟΣΙΑΔΗΣ). "Transglutaminases - a review with special reference to microbial transglutaminase and its application in food processing." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 56, no. 4 (2017): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15091.
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Some properties and applications of the transglutaminase (TG), with particular focus on TG derived from microorganisms (MTG), are described. TG catalyzes an acyltransfer reaction in which the γ-carboxyamide groups of pep tidebound glutamine residues are the acyl-donors. Most food proteins, such as legume globulins, wheat gluten and gliadin, egg yolk and egg white proteins, meat actins and myosins, gelatin, collagen, milk caseins, a-lactalbumin and /Mactoglobulin, could be crosslinked by TG. TG are present in an extremely broad spectrum of living organisms, such as humans, most advanced animals, birds, amphibians, fish, plants and microorganisms. Commercial TG has been merely obtained from animal tissues for decades. The limited supply and the complicated separation and purification procedure for obtaining tissue TG have resulted in an extremely high price of the enzyme, which hampers a wide application in food processing. MTG, mass-produced at low cost by fermentation, catalyses the cross-linking of most food proteins through the formation of c-(v-glutamyl) lysine bonds, in the same way as wellknown mammalian enzymes. However, MTG is quite unique from other mammalian TG, since it is totally independent of Ca + and has a relatively lower molecular weight. The results of many studies suggest that MTG has many potential applications in food processing. Food treated with MTG appeared to have an improved flavour, appearance and texture. In addition, this enzyme can increase shelf-life and reduce allergenicity of certain foods. Using additional components, such as sodium ceseinate, maltodextrine and starch, MTG can be customized for use in many other foods, even those with lower protein content. In this respect, MTG technology will be an essential tool for producing acceptable protein foods from non-animal proteins in the future.
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Marigliani, Bianca, Felipe Perraro Sehn, Josemar Vinicius Maiworm Abreu Silva, Luciene Bottentuit López Balottin, Elisabeth de Fatima Pires Augusto, and Anna Maria Buehler. "The Overt and Hidden Use of Animal-Derived Products in Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation: A Systematic Review." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 47, no. 5-6 (2019): 174–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261192919896361.
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In vitro methods that can replace animal testing in the identification of skin sensitisers are now a reality. However, as cell culture and related techniques usually rely on animal-derived products, these methods may be failing to address the complete replacement of animals in safety assessment. The objective of this study was to identify the animal-derived products that are used as part of in vitro methods for skin sensitisation testing. Thus, a systematic review of 156 articles featuring 83 different in vitro methods was carried out and, from this review, the use of several animal-derived products from different species was identified, with the use of fetal bovine serum being cited in most of the methods (78%). The use of sera from other animals, monoclonal antibodies and animal proteins were also variously mentioned. While non-animal alternatives are available and methods free of animal-derived products are emerging, most of the current methods reported used at least one animal-derived product, which raises ethical and technical concerns. Therefore, to deliver technically and ethically better in vitro methods for the safety assessment of chemicals, more effort should be made to replace products of animal origin in existing methods and to avoid their use in the development of new method protocols.
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van Doremalen, Neeltje, Robert J. Fischer, Jonathan E. Schulz, et al. "Immunogenicity of Low-Dose Prime-Boost Vaccination of mRNA Vaccine CV07050101 in Non-Human Primates." Viruses 13, no. 8 (2021): 1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081645.
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Many different vaccine candidates against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19, are currently approved and under development. Vaccine platforms vary from mRNA vaccines to viral-vectored vaccines, and several candidates have been shown to produce humoral and cellular responses in small animal models, non-human primates, and human volunteers. In this study, six non-human primates received a prime-boost intramuscular vaccination with 4 µg of mRNA vaccine candidate CV07050101, which encodes a pre-fusion stabilized spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Boost vaccination was performed 28 days post prime vaccination. As a control, six animals were similarly injected with PBS. Humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated at time of vaccination, and two weeks afterwards. No antibodies could be detected at two and four weeks after prime vaccination. Two weeks after boost vaccination, binding but no neutralizing antibodies were detected in four out of six non-human primates. SARS-CoV-2 S protein-specific T cell responses were detected in these four animals. In conclusion, prime-boost vaccination with 4 µg of vaccine candidate CV07050101 resulted in limited immune responses in four out of six non-human primates.
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Rakita, Sladjana, Vojislav Banjac, Olivera Djuragic, Federica Cheli, and Luciano Pinotti. "Soybean Molasses in Animal Nutrition." Animals 11, no. 2 (2021): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020514.
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Concerning the increasing global demand for food and accumulation of huge amounts of biomass waste from the agro-food industry whose manipulation is usually inadequate, the potential of livestock to convert by-products as alternative feed ingredients into valuable proteins has been proposed as an outstanding option. Soybean molasses present a by-product of soybean protein concentrate production with low commercial cost but high nutritive and functional value. It is a rich source of soluble carbohydrates in the form of sugars and soybean phytochemicals. Therefore, this paper provides a review of published works about the production of soybean molasses, chemical composition, and nutritive value. In addition, the possibility of the application of soybean molasses in animal nutrition as a pelleting aid and functional feed ingredient is also discussed. Special attention is devoted to the influence of the inclusion of soybean molasses in the diets for ruminants, non-ruminants, and aquaculture on animal performance and health.
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Ferlizza, E. "Preliminary Study on Urine Chemistry and Protein Profile in Cows and Heifers." Pakistan Veterinary Journal 40, no. 04 (2020): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2020.067.
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Urinalysis offers important clinical information regarding not only the kidney function but also about the general health status of an organism. The aims of this research were to obtain preliminary data on urine chemistry and electrophoretic protein profile from cows and heifers, to compare electrophoretic profiles of not pregnant with pregnant animals and to evaluate their changes as the pregnancy progresses. Eight heifers and six cows were included in the study and 97 urine samples were collected. Complete urinalysis was performed and urinary proteins were separated by electrophoresis. Considering the pregnancy as a source of variability, significant differences were reported between pregnant and not pregnant heifers for the urine specific gravity (P=0.005), urine total proteins (P=0.009) and urine total proteins to urine creatinine ratio (UPC) (P=0.008). The majority of urine samples analysed in this study showed common protein bands. A mean of protein bands of 17±3 was detected in heifers, while a mean of 13±3 protein bands was recorded in cows. The putative proteins were uromodulin, transferrin, albumin, heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins. The comparison between pregnant and not pregnant animals showed qualitative differences, with the absence of three bands in not pregnant cows including the putative alpha-fetoprotein. In conclusion, urinalysis is an economical and a non-invasive diagnostic protocol, which should be routinely used for the clinical evaluation of large animals. The data reported in the present study could be considered suggestive of healthy animals and they confirmed those previously reported in the literature
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Conci, Nicola, Gert Wörheide, and Sergio Vargas. "New Non-Bilaterian Transcriptomes Provide Novel Insights into the Evolution of Coral Skeletomes." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 11 (2019): 3068–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz199.
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Abstract A general trend observed in animal skeletomes—the proteins occluded in animal skeletons—is the copresence of taxonomically widespread and lineage-specific proteins that actively regulate the biomineralization process. Among cnidarians, the skeletomes of scleractinian corals have been shown to follow this trend. However, distributions and phylogenetic analyses of biomineralization-related genes are often based on only a few species, with other anthozoan calcifiers such as octocorals (soft corals), not being fully considered. We de novo assembled the transcriptomes of four soft-coral species characterized by different calcification strategies (aragonite skeleton vs. calcitic sclerites) and data-mined published nonbilaterian transcriptome resources to construct a taxonomically comprehensive sequence database to map the distribution of scleractinian and octocoral skeletome components. Cnidaria shared no skeletome proteins with Placozoa or Ctenophora, but did share some skeletome proteins with Porifera, such as galaxin-related proteins. Within Scleractinia and Octocorallia, we expanded the distribution for several taxonomically restricted genes such as secreted acidic proteins, scleritin, and carbonic anhydrases, and propose an early, single biomineralization-recruitment event for galaxin sensu stricto. Additionally, we show that the enrichment of acidic residues within skeletogenic proteins did not occur at the Corallimorpharia–Scleractinia transition, but appears to be associated with protein secretion into the organic matrix. Finally, the distribution of octocoral calcification-related proteins appears independent of skeleton mineralogy (i.e., aragonite/calcite) with no differences in the proportion of shared skeletogenic proteins between scleractinians and aragonitic or calcitic octocorals. This points to skeletome homogeneity within but not between groups of calcifying cnidarians, although some proteins such as galaxins and SCRiP-3a could represent instances of commonality.