Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Protéine SNARE'
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Nacfer, Magali. "Etude des interactions physiques et fonctionnelles entre CFTR et les protéines du complexe SNARE endosomal." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2341.
Full textCFTR is a chloride channel localized in the apical membrane of epithelial cells and mutations cause cystic fibrosis. Our lab has shown that syntaxin 8 overexpression (SNARE protein involved in membrane fusion events) inhibits CFTR activity and localization. Moreover, both proteins weakly interact. Syntaxin 8 belongs to the endosomal SNARE complex also constituted of syntaxin 7, VAMP8 and vti1b. Therefore, we have characterized their interactions with CFTR. The three proteins and CFTR are in a same complex, and VAMP8 and vti1b strongly interact with CFTR. Proteins overexpressions specifically inhibit CFTR activity and CFTR membrane localization. SNARE proteins and CFTR were then co-localized in recycling endosomes. Our results demonstrate the endosomal SNARE complex participate to CFTR traffic and regulation
Hastoy, Benoit. "Structure et dynamique fonctionnelle du domaine transmembranaire de la protéine SNARE VAMP2 lors de l’exocytose." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14467/document.
Full textThe hormonal secretion plays a key role in the maintenance of homeostasis. For example, the maintenance of normoglycaemia requires insulin exocytosis from the pancreatic beta cells. The SNARE membrane family protein has been described as the core machinery of fusion between the vesicle containing hormones and the plasma membrane. This family consists of 3 different membrane proteins that are essential during exocytosis. VAMP2 is localized on the vesicle and Syntaxin 1A - on the plasma membrane. They both are transmembrane protein whereas SNAP25 is linked to the plasma membrane by palmitoylation. The SNAREs appear to be essential as they form the cytosolic SNARE complex to dock the vesicle to the plasma membrane. Even though the role of this cytosolic domain has been studied in depth, much less is known on the role of their transmembrane domain during the fusion. Their study remains necessary to establish a complete model of membrane fusion mediated by the SNARE proteins.Here, we have studied the behavior and the role of the SNARE transmembrane domain during exocytosis. In a multidisciplinary project, we have combined a structural approach with a biological study to evaluate the role of this domain. Using mutagenesis in the transmembrane domain of VAMP2 and a cellular system with a clean background, we have assessed the effect of mutations on the secretion and exocytosis in two different cell lines (INS1E and PC12). The biological system is based on the silencing of endogenous VAMP2 and reconstitution of the expression of VAMP2 wt or mutated in the transmembrane domain. Using biochemistry assay and TIRF microscopy we have shown that mutations in this domain can lead to a missorting of the Golgi apparatus or a reduction of the stimulated secretion and exocytosis. This effect can be correlated to a modification of the structural dynamics of this domain.The obtained results clearly demonstrate the role of the transmembrane domain of VAMP2 during exocytosis probably sustained by its unique structural dynamics observed by physico-chemistry
Chaineau, Mathilde. "Régulation du trafic vésiculaire : rôle de la protéine Hrb dans l'endocytose de la SNARE vésiculaire TI-VAMP/VAMP7." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066022.
Full textDelevoye, Cédric. "Identification de protéines sécrétées par Chlamydia et étude fonctionnelle d'une protéine insérée dans la membrane de la vacuole, à l'interface entre les bactéries et leur hôte." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112017.
Full textChlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens of humans and animals. Depending on the species, they are responsible for ocular and genital infections, and respiratory diseases. After inducing their own entry, the bacteria develop in a membrane-bound compartment, called the inclusion. During the infectious cycle, they translocate a subset of proteins via a type three secretion (TTS) apparatus into the host cytosol. Among these, the Inc proteins remain anchored in the inclusion membrane where they face the host cytosol. My work has focused on bacterial proteins secreted into the host cell. By a global approach, we have identified 24 new proteins secreted by the TTS apparatus of Chlamydia. This work has opened the functional studies of these bacterial proteins that are in contact with the host cell cytosol. More specifically, we have studied the function of an inclusion protein, IncA. We have shown that IncA, from different chlamydial species, share structural and functional homologies with the SNARE family of eukaryotic proteins, which are essential factors for cellular membrane fusion events. We have shown that IncA interact with SNAREs in both a cellular and an in vitro model. Moreover, in liposome fusion assays, IncA inhibit membrane fusion induced by a cognate SNARE complex specific from the late endosomal compartment. We propose that IncA, by mimicking SNAREs proteins, participate in the control of the interactions between the inclusion membrane and intracellular compartments of the host cell
Di, Giovanni Jérôme. "Implication de la calmoduline et de la V-ATPase dans la fusion membranaire et la libération de neurotransmetteurs." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20678.
Full textAction potential-evoked neurotransmitter release relies on Ca2+-driven synaptic vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. Fusion involves assembly of the vesicular protein VAMP2 (a v-SNARE) with the plasma membrane proteins syntaxin 1 and SNAP25 (t-SNAREs) into a tight trans complex at the interface between the bilayers, and is triggered by synaptotagmin, a fusogenic Ca2+-sensor. Additional Ca2+-sensors are likely to participate in release triggering and fusion pore dynamics, and notably our understanding of calmodulins actions in exocytosis remains elusive. By means of a FRET-derived method, we demonstrate that Ca2+/calmodulin inhibits SNARE complex assembly and SNAREdependent membrane fusion in vitro, by binding to the juxtamembrane regions of VAMP2 and syntaxin 1. The newly-identified calmodulin binding site on syntaxin overlaps with the synaptotagmin- interacting region, and the two interactions are mutually exclusive, suggesting antagonistic roles for the two sensors in membrane fusion. Moreover, recent data point to the involvement of the V0 sector of the proton pump V-ATPase in various membrane fusion events. They indicate that pore-forming c-subunits hexamers confer Ca2+- dependent release of acetylcholine to synthetic liposomes in the presence of calmodulin. Using yeasttwo- hybrid and SPR, we have identified a direct link between the c-subunit loop 3-4 and the v-SNARE VAMP2, involving the calmodulin-binding domain of the latter. Disturbing this interaction in vivo by acute injection of an interfering peptide inhibited neurotransmission, suggesting that association of the exocytotic machinery with the putative proteic pore is involved in neurotransmitter release
Marcelin, Geneviève. "Locus 6q24. 2 (homme) / 10A1-2 (souris) : caractérisation épigénétique et fonctionnelle d'un gène codant une protéine SNARE au locus candidat du diabète néonatal transitoire." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066067.
Full textPaumet, Fabienne. "Mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant l'exocytose dans la lignée mastocytaire RBL-2H3." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05S022.
Full textKuster, Aurélia. "SNARE et trafic membranaire intracellulaire : rôle de SNAP-47 nouveau partenaire des SNARE vésiculaires." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077165.
Full textVesicular trafficking allows for protein and lipid transport between intracellular compartments. V-SNAREs, present at the vesicular membrane, and t-SNAREs, present at the target membrane, interact via their SNARE domains, and form a complex that allows membrane fusion. TI-VAMPNAMP7 is a v-SNARE localized in the Golgi apparatus, late endosomes and lysosomes, which plays a role in apical transport, neurite growth and cell migration. First, we showed that TI-VAMP is phosphorylated by c-src and that a phosphomimetic mutant activates its exocytosis. Secondly, by a proteomics approach, we found that TI-VAMP interacts with the t-SNARE SNAP-47. We highlighted that SNAP-47 interacts also with VAMP4 and VAMP8, and has a perinuclear localization, closed to the endoplasmic reticulum and the ERGIC. A carboxy-terminal domain deleted mutant still interacts with VAMPs 4, 7 and 8 and affects VAMPs 4 and 7 distribution, suggesting a role of SNAP-47 in the v-SNAREs' subcellular localization. Moreover, SNAP-47 mutant is partially delocalized to the nucleus. SNAP-47 possesses nuclear localization and export signais, and cell treatment with leptomycine B induces relocalization of the WT protein in the nucleus, suggesting a transit between nucleus and cytoplasm. Thus, SNAP-47 appears different from classical t-SNAREs and could potentially have a fonction in other mechanisms than membrane fusion. We suggest that SNAP-47 could play a role of chaperone by regulating its v-SNARE partners'localization
Yassine, Wissam. "Etude structurale des protéines SNAREs dans le complexe protéine-lipide impliqué dans la fusion membranaire lors du processus d'exocytose." Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13767.
Full textThe structure of SNARE proteins (VAMP1 & Syntaxine1A) and of their trans- and juxtamembrane domains (respectively VAMP22, Syn23 & Syn27) was investigated in synthetic lipid membranes. Different protein concentrations and lipid compositions were used in this study. VAMP22 and Syn23 peptides were studied in IR and CD. A structural transition between an alpha helix and a beta sheet was observed depending on peptide concentration. This transition was reversible only for VAMP22. Membrane Lipid phase was disturbed upon this structural evolution. PM-IRRAS data of pure full length VAMP1 protein film and mixed DMPC/VAMP1 film showed a dynamic behavior of this protein on the interface with a reversible structural transition upon surface compression/decompression cycles. Negatively charged lipid membranes (DMPG, DMPG/DMPC) prohibited this protein from changing structure under same conditions. Syntaxine1A protein subjected to a similar analysis showed no consequences of lipid composition or surface pressure on the structure of the originally alpha helix structured protein. Addition of four juxtamembrane residues to the Syn23 peptide produced modifications within the structural organization of this transmembrane peptide in model membranes. This larger peptide facilitated vesicles membranes fusion when organized as beta sheet
Krapivkina, Julia. "Identification de protéines SNARE de l'exocytose des endosomes de recyclage dans les dendrites neuronales." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0343/document.
Full textMembrane trafficking is a universal process that is essential for neuronal function in a wide spectrum of applications. From neuronal growth and morphological development to neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity, it supports neuronal activity and gives countless questions that drive today’s neurobiology research. Notably, the trafficking of recycling endosomes (REs) in somatodendritic compartments participates in synaptic transmission and plasticity, such as long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP). However, the fusion machinery mediating RE exocytosis is still unclear. To identify the vesicular SNAREs (v-SNAREs) involved in different forms of postsynaptic RE exocytosis, we first imaged neuronal VAMP proteins fused with pH-sensitive pHluorin in cultured hippocampal neurons, and found that only VAMP2 and VAMP4, but not VAMP7, underwent somatodendritic exocytosis in mature neurons. After identifying these two candidate proteins, we used a combination of different downregulation techniques to chronically or acutely deactivate their function and observe consequences on REs exocytosis, basal synaptic transmission and LTP. Our results suggest that VAMP2 is involved in activity-regulated exocytosis important for LTP, but not constitutive postsynaptic AMPARs exocytosis, supporting basal transmission. VAMP4 is required for constitutive exocytosis of at least a large proportion of REs, but the functional implication of these endosomes still need to be explored, as VAMP4 downregulation did not alter basal synaptic transmission
Taïb, Nada. "Etude par dynamique moléculaire des protéines membranaires dans un milieu lipidique cohérent." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13468.
Full textMartin-Verdeaux, Sophie. "Mécanismes moléculaires de l'exocytose mastocytaire médiée par le RFc[epsilon]I : rôle du complexe SNARE et des protéines régulatrices MUNC18 et RAB3D." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05P609.
Full textBretou, Marine. "Regulation of the dynamics of the fusion pore : importance of the SNARE protein synaptobrevin 2 and of the Rho GTPase Cdc42." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077157.
Full textExocytosis ends with the formation of a fusion pore. The initial pore is narrow, only small molecules flow through it. The pore then enlarges, releasing larger secretory products. I studied the role of two proteins on the dilation of the pore: the SNARE protein synaptobrevin 2 (Syb2), and the Rho GTPase Cdc42. Zippering of SNAREs in opposed membranes might give energy to catalyze fusion. Inserting a linker between the SNARE core and the transmembrane domain of Syb2 did not modify the frequency of exocytotic events detected by amperometry at 1|jM free [Ca2+] but prevented the occurrence of an extra component of release at higher [Ca2+]. Analysis of these events led to their classification into two groups, due to the rate and extent of dilation of the pore; lengthening Syb2 reduced the population of fast spikes, leaving the slow one unchanged. Slow fusion events might be due to a partial zippering of the SNAREpin while fast fusion events require a tight one, i. E. A short intermembrane distance to assure rapid dilation of the pore. Cdc42 controls actin dynamics. TIRFM experiments showed that its silencing in BON cells reduced the number of granules undergoing full fusion, with little effect on their recruitment and docking at the membrane. Using amperometry, we showed that this silencing reduced the number of high spikes due to fast and complete dilation of the pore, and increased stand-alone foot signals reflecting pores failing to enlarge. Increasing membrane tension rescued the effects of silencing while decreasing it through actin depolymerization mimicked Cdc42 silencing. Cdc42 might control fusion pore dilation by modulating membrane tension
Rathjen, Stefan. "Hypothesis of a Non-SNARE-Function of Syntaxin-5." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS450/document.
Full textThe introduction of my PhD manuscript starts with describing plant and bacterial toxins (chapter 9.1), in particular Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxins (SLTs) (chapter 9.1.2). Small molecule inhibitors of these toxins are summarized afterwards in chapter 9.1.3, notably the Retro-2 compound. Since these toxins rely on intracellular trafficking to reach their molecular targets, a general overview of endocytosis and endosomal trafficking is provided (chapter 9.2). Next, the retrograde route entry is presented (chapter 9.2.5), with focus on clathrin, the retromer and GPP130, a protein that constantly cycles between Golgi, plasma membrane, and endosomes. SNARE proteins, particularly syntaxin-5 and syntaxin-16, are then introduced (chapter 9.2.6). After a brief section of the micro RNA family 199 (chapter 9.3), the introduction finishes with the description of some salient techniques that were used in my work, such as - bio-orthogonal Click-Chemistry, anterograde trafficking synchronization with the retention using selective hooks (RUSH) assay, and the antibody-based proximity ligation assay (chapter 10.6.1, 0, 10.11.1).Herein, my submitted publication opens the results part (chapter 11.1), in which I present the utility of biorthogonal click chemistry for the search of the cellular targets of Retro-2, a small molecule inhibitor that was previously shown to protect cells and animals against Shiga toxin and ricin. I describe that Sec16A is a likely cellular target candidate, and illustrate using the RUSH approach how interfering with Sec16A functions leads to the partial relocalization of syntaxin-5 to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by slowing-down its anterograde transport. The second part of the paper describes how syntaxin-5 relocalization causes the inhibition of Shiga toxin trafficking from endosomes to the TGN. I present a novel interaction between syntaxin-5 and the Golgi protein GPP130, which both have been already described in relation to Shiga toxin trafficking. My work connects both trafficking factors in retrograde trafficking at the endosomes-TGN interface. Strikingly, I demonstrate that this interaction is most probably based on a non-SNARE function of syntaxin-5.In collaboration with Juan Francisco Aranda and Carlos Fernandez in the US, we put micro RNAs into an endogenous regulation context of Shiga toxin retrograde trafficking (chapter 11.2). An extended discussion will be given in chapter 12.Last, a general outlook of ongoing projects is given in the perspectives section (chapter 13), in which further collaborations are highlighted.Keywords: Retrograde transport, Shiga toxin, Shiga-like toxin (SLT), STxB, syntaxin-5, Sec16A, GPP130, Retro-2, Retro-2.1, azide-functionalized Retro-2, copper-free click chemistry, small molecule target identification, mass spectrometry, non-SNARE function, anterograde trafficking inhibition, miRNA, miR199, retromer, VPS26
Ligeon, Laure-Anne. "Rôle des protéines SNARE au niveau de la vacuole bactérienne durant les phases précoces de l'infection par Yersinia pseudotuberculosis dans un contexte d'autophagie." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S043/document.
Full textYersinia pseudotuberculosis is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. In human, Y. pseudotuberculosis infection is responsible for enteric and, in rare cases, erythema nodosum. During host colonization, a minor part of Y. pseudotuberculosis presents an intracellular replication step. Y. pseudotuberculosis can replicate inside macrophages by hijacking the autophagy pathway. The bacteria are able to block autophagosome maturation by acidification impairment, which allows to create a replicative niche. The membrane traffic during internalization of Yersinia remains poorly characterized. First, we highlighted that in epithelial cells, Y. pseudotuberculosis replicates mainly in vacuoles positive for LC3, a hallmark of autophagy. Surprisingly, this LC3-positive-vacuole presents only single limiting membrane. Second, we showed that SNARE proteins play a role in Y. pseudotuberculosis intracellular traffic. VAMP3 and VAMP7 are sequentially recruited to Yersinia-containing vacuoles (YCVs). VAMP7 is involved in the LC3 recruitment to YCVs with single- and double-membrane. We proposed that VAMP3 is a component of the molecular checkpoint for bacterial commitment to either single- or double-membrane LC3-positive pathway. Third, we characterized the traffic of endosomal proteins recruited to LC3-positive-YCV with single membrane in epithelial cells. We showed that markers of early endosome and proteins involved in autophagosome formation, are recruited to YCVs during the early stage of infection. Then, the vacuole acquire late endosomal and lysosomal proteins but acidification is not observed. Finally, we initiated a high-content screening approach for the identification of SNARE partners.Overall this work illustrates the importance of LC3-positive compartment ultrastructure analysis. Our result demonstrate how bacterial subvert the molecular machinery of the host in order to create a replicative niche. Finally, we present the importance of autophagy regulation by highlighting for the first times the existence of a molecular checkpoint between two LC3-positive vacuoles with different morphologies
Marais, Claire-Line. "Rôle de la SNARE Memb11 comme « récepteur » de la GTPase Arf1 à l’appareil de Golgi chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22105/document.
Full textThe SNARE proteins (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor Attachment protein REceptor) are critical for membrane fusion in the secretory pathway. I have studied the Golgi SNARE Memb11 in Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Memb11 is involved at the ER-Golgi interface. In mammalian cells, the ortholog of Memb11 (Membrin) is the potential “receptor” of the GTPase Arf1 in the Golgi membrane. This protein is involved for the recruitment of the COPI machinery, required for retrograde transport from the Golgi to the ER. The aim of this work was to determine whether Memb11 can interact with Arf1 in plant cells. Antibodies against the cytosolic part of Memb11 were obtained and were applied on plant tissues to perform immunolabeling by transmission electron microscopy and immunoprecipitation (IP) studies. It has been shown that Memb11 is located at the cis-Golgi and that it co-immunoprecipated with Arf1, suggesting that Arf1 may interact with Memb11. I confirmed the interaction of Memb11 and Arf1 at the Golgi by in vivo BiFC (Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation) experiments. This interaction was specific since neither Memb12 (90% identity with Memb11) nor Sec22 interacted with ARF1. Thanks to a structural bioinformatic approach, I determined the regions in Memb11 (different from Memb12) that could be critical for the interaction and started to test corresponding mutants in vivo by BiFC. In addition, IP experiments with recombinant proteins produced in vitro suggest that the GTP-bound form of ARF1 interacts with Memb11
Pereira, Sandrine. "Etude génétique des épilepsies humaines : de la recherche de loci à la caractérisation de gènes-candidats." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX20667.
Full textEpilepsy represents one of the most common neurological diseases. In approximately 40% of the cases, a significant genetic component is found. However most of these idiopathic epilepsies display a complex transmission. Only few syndromes are transmitted with a mendelian mode, facilitating the identification of disease-responsible genes. Some idiopathic epilepsies, related to defects of genes encoding ionic voltage- or ligand-gated channels, are thus being considered as channelopathies. Nevertheless, many other types of genes which may be less « evident », and also probably more frequent, remain to be identified. For exemple, two genes, LGI1 and EFHC1, have recently been implicated in epileptic idiopathic syndromes. The study of a large Czech family led to the identification of a new nonsense mutation of KCNQ2 gene, encoding a voltage-gated K+ channel subunit, involved in the generation of M-current. This mutation led to a putative protein that lacked nearly all its cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus part, which plays a critical role for the accurate expression of the functional K+ channels. Our study confirms that KCNQ2 is a major gene involved in BNFC. In some cases epilepsies can be due to chromosomal deletions. We characterize a 2q deletion on a patient with severe epilepsy, retardation and dysmorphic features. The deletion spans a minimal size of 2,9 kb including SCN1A and SCN2A. Another study was a genetic linkage study in a large multigenerational family with GEFS+ in France. We excluded the candidate genes (SCN1A, SCN2A et GABRA2) and loci for febrile seizures and GEFS+. Two studies of epileptic syndromes led us to identify and characterize three new genes. We study a large family from Strasbourg, displaying a rolandic epilepsy associated with a language impairment, and oral and speech dyspraxia. Linkage on chromosome Xq21-q22 was obtained and the causal mutation for this new X-linked dominant syndrome (RESDX) was identified in SRPX2 gene. This gene does not encodes an ionic channel, but a secreted protein (465 amino acids), containing one HYR and three sushi domains. The identified missense mutation (A1398G) creates an extra N-glycosylation site, strongly suggesting a functional consequence. A second mutation was found in a Australian family in wich several members displayed a rolandic epilepsy, mental retardation and a polymicrogyria. Moreover, In the course of the in silico search for candidate genes within the ICCA critical genomic region, we have identified and characterized two human genes, that we named hKST1, encoding a Na+/Glucose cotransporter, and STX1B2, encoding a new human syntaxin. The syntaxins represent a group of proteins that are required for traffic between various intracellular membrane compartments. They are major participants in a large variety of physiological processes where membrane fusion occurs, including exocytosis. Additional functional diversity of the syntaxins might be sustained by alternative splicing. We have identified a human syntaxin gene, STX1B2, encoding two protein isoforms, one of which (STX1B2-TMD) lacks the classical C-terminal transmembrane domain. By contrast with the plasma membrane localization of the classical STX1B2-TM isoform, STX1B2-TMD localized to the nucleoplasm of various cell types in vitro and in vivo. Nuclear import of STX1B2-TMD protein occurred via a Ran-dependent pathway and a specific, glycine-rich, C-terminus of 15 amino acids (VSGAGGLGVGGGAQG) used as an unconventional nuclear localization signal. STX1B2-TMD co-localized with the nuclear matrix protein NuMA to the pericentrosomal region of the mitotic spindle and co-localized in interphasic nuclei with NuMA and lamin A/C. We thus report for the first time the nuclear localization of a member of the syntaxin family of proteins and its co-localization with nuclear matrix proteins raises new and exciting insights into its possible function in human cells
Zylbersztejn, Kathleen. "Role of vesicular traffic in axon guidance." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077146.
Full textDuring development, attractive and repulsive guidance molecules, such as semaphorins (Sema), are responsible for proper wiring of axons and dendrites. Attractive and repulsive external guidance cues bind to receptors which activate intracellular signalling pathways and reshape the growth cone. The role of vesicular traffic in axonal guidance is still largely unknown. Vesicular traffic requires SNAREs proteins for membrane fusion. The exocytic vesicular SNARE Synaptobrevin2 (Syb2) mediates neurotransmitter release in mature neurons while TI-VAMP is mainly known for mediating axon growth. Their potential roles in axon guidance remain elusive. According to a previous model, attraction would rely solely on Syb2-dependent exocytosis while repulsion would exclusively require endocytosis. However, my PhD work has hinted a more complex view on guidance mechanisms. I showed that Syb2 is required for SemaSA-dependent repulsion but not SemaSC-dependent attraction in cultured neurons and in the mouse brain. Syb2 associates with Neuropilinl and PlexinAl, two essential components of the SemaSA receptor, via its juxta-transmembrane domain. We concluded that SemaS A-mediated signalling and axonal repulsion require Syb2-dependent vesicular traffic. We thus propose a model in which SemaSA-induced repulsion is mediated by local increased endocytosis and decreased exocytosis. SemaSA is also involved in non neuronal cell navigation, Some of our observations were obtained in non-neuronal cells further suggesting that our conclusions may more generally apply to SemaSA signaling
Colombo, Marina. "Mechanisms of exosome biogenesis and secretion." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T027/document.
Full textExosomes are small membrane vesicles with sizes ranging from 30 to 100 nm in diameter, which are formed in multivesicular endosomes and secreted by most cell types. Numerous studies have focused on the biophysical and biochemical properties of exosomes, as well as the mechanisms of biogenesis and secretion of these vesicles. However, these aspects are not fully understood, which limits the analysis of the functions of exosomes in vivo. At least two mechanisms have been proposed for the biogenesis of exosomes : one would rely on the function of proteins involved in endosomal sorting, the ESCRT family (for “endosomal sorting complex required for transport”). Another mechanism would be independent of their activity. Once exosomes are formed in endosomes, their secretion requires the small GTPase RAB27A, as shown in a human cell line. The objective of my PhD project was to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive exosome biogenesis and secretion. A first study performed to analyze the function of Rab27a in murine cells allowed me to show the existence of different populations of exosomes, dependent or not on Rab27a for their secretion. A second study was aimed at analyzing the involvement of ESCRT proteins in exosome biogenesis in HeLa-CIITA cells. Seven molecules potentially involved in this process were identified on the basis of the screening of an RNA interference library directed against the different ESCRT proteins: the inactivation of HRS, STAM1 and TSG101 induced a decrease in exosome secretion, whereas the down regulation of CHMP4C, VPS4B, VTA1 and ALIX increased it. Gene expression of the different candidate proteins was inhibited and exosomes secreted by these cells were analyzed: we showed the heterogeneity of the secreted vesicles, as well as an alteration of their size and protein composition, as compared to control cells. In particular, the inactivation of ALIX induced an increase in the secretion of larger vesicles, and the selective enrichment of these vesicles in MHC class II molecules. Accordingly, I showed that both HeLa-CIITA and human primary dendritic cells inactivated for ALIX possess a higher expression of MHC class II molecules at the cell surface and in intracellular compartments. These results suggest that some members of the ESCRT family are involved in the exosome biogenesis and secretion pathway, and propose a potential role of ALIX in the trafficking of MHC class II molecules and in the modulation of the protein composition of exosomes
Scheuber, Anita. "Neurotransmitter release and short-term dynamic behaviour at distinct hippocampal synapses." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066502.
Full textGallo, Alessandra. "Role of non-vesicular secretion in neuronal development." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/GALLO_Alessandra_va.pdf.
Full textThe growth of neurites during neuronal development requires a massive increase of surface area via the insertion of new proteins and lipids. This event occurs through the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane (PM), the final step of the secretory pathway. Recently, non-vesicular transfer of lipids at contacts between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and PM was shown to contribute to membrane expansion. Members of the ER-integral membrane protein Extended-Synaptotagmin (E-Syt) family have been identified as Ca2+-dependent lipid transfer proteins at ER-PM contact sites, and shown to transfer glycerophospholipids via their lipid binding domains. The laboratory previously found that a novel ER-PM SNARE complex, composed of the ER-resident Sec22b and the neuronal plasmalemmal Stx1, is involved in neurite growth despite being unable to mediate membrane fusion. However, how this complex participates to neurite extension remained to be elucidated. In yeast, Sec22 interacts with lipid transfer proteins of the OSH family, enriched at the ER- PM contacts, supporting a role for Sec22b-populated ER- PM junctions in non-vesicular lipid transport between these bilayers. Based on these observations, our starting hypothesis was that E-Syts-mediated non-vesicular lipid transfer at Sec22b-populated ER-PM contacts, might contribute to neurite growth. The goal of my PhD was to explore this hypothesis with two specific questions: 1-What are the partners of Sec22b complexes which might be involved in the unconventional mechanisms of membrane expansion? 2-What is the mechanism whereby the non-fusogenic SNARE Sec22b/Stx1 complex acts in neuronal development?Here we show that Sec22b interacts with E-Syt2 and Stx1 in PC12 cells and with E-Syt2, E-Syt3 and Stx3 in HeLa cells. Overexpression of E-Syt2 stabilized Sec22b-Stx3 association, whereas silencing of E-Syt2 had the opposite effect. Overexpression of E-Syt2 full length, but not the mutant forms which are unable to transfer lipids or attach to the ER, increased the formation of filopodia particularly in the growing axon. Finally, this effect was inhibited by a clostridial neurotoxin cleaving Stx1, by the expression of Sec22b Longin domain and a by a Sec22b mutant with extended linker between SNARE and transmembrane domains.In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that Sec22b/Stx1 junctions may contribute to membrane expansion via an interaction with phospholipid transfer proteins like E-Syts
Muniz, Lisa. "Bases moléculaires de l'assemblage de la snRNP 7SK séquestrant P-TEFb et de son désassemblage par la protéine Tat du VIH-1." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2408/.
Full textSynthesis of mRNAs by RNA Pol II is tightly controlled at the step of transcription elongation by the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) that is a cyclin-dependent kinase composed of Cdk9 and cyclin T. P-TEFb is a general transcription factor that is required for efficient expression of most protein-coding genes as well as for production of full-length transcripts from the integrated HIV-1 genome. In human cells, about half of P-TEFb forms a kinase-inactive ribonucleoprotein (RNP) with the 7SK snRNA and the HEXIM, LARP7, and MePCE proteins. While LARP7 and MePCE bind stably to and provide stability for 7SK snRNA, P-TEFb and HEXIM show a dynamic, transcription-dependent association with 7SK snRNA. Transcription initiated from the long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter of the integrated HIV-1 genome is controlled predominantly at the level of elongation. The processivity of HIV transcription depends on the viral transactivator Tat that recruits P-TEFb to the RNA Pol II. Besides tethering P-TEFb to the RNA pol II, Tat also promotes the disassembly of the 7SK/HEXIM/P-TEFb snRNP to increase the nuclear level of active P-TEFb in infected cells. I focused my research on trying to understand how the 7SK snRNP is assembled and how the HIV-1 Tat protein is able to disrupt it. We have demonstrated that the 5' hairpin of 7SK contains two binding sites for the HEXIM protein; under in vivo conditions these two HEXIM binding sites of 7SK snRNA recruit two copies of HEXIM in a tightly interdependent manner. We then showed that Tat and HEXIM bind to the 7SK snRNA in a mutually exclusive manner. Tat efficiently replaces HEXIM1 on the 7SK RNA in vivo and therefore, it promotes the disassembly of the 7SK/HEXIM/P-TEFb negative transcriptional regulatory RNP to increase the nuclear level of active P-TEFb. Finally, we have identified the 7SK snRNA elements involved in the binding of the LARP7 and MePCE proteins
Moreau, Kévin. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des voies cellulaires détournées au cours de l'infection in vitro par les Yersinia : rôle de l'autophagie dans la survie intracellulaire de Yersinia pseudotuberculosis dans les macrophages." Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL2S002.
Full textGleize, Vincent. "Etude des sous-unités a de la v-ATPase : caractérisation de leurs interactions avec les protéines SNAREs et étude de l’expression par des gliomes de la sous-unité rénale a4." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T052.
Full textVacuolar type H+-ATPase is a proton pump, which acidifies numerous organelles, crucial for many cellular processes. This enzyme is composed of 14 different subunits organized in two domains, a catalytic V1 domain and a V0 membrane domain. The a-subunit of V0 is essential for proton transport. There are 4 isoforms of a (a1 to a4) and splicing variants (a1-I to a1-IV for the a1 subunit). v-ATPases containing different a-subunit isoforms are localized in different compartments allowing v-ATPase to participate in different processes. The a-subunits were studied in this work in two distinct projects.Besides its role in proton pumping, V0 domain of v-ATPase is implicated in organelles trafficking events, like vesicles exocytosis. This role seems to require interactions of V0 with SNARE proteins. During my thesis work, I showed that flag-a1-I and flag-a1-IV are both targeted to secretion granules in PC12 neurosecretory cells. These subunits interact with the SNARE proteins VAMP2 and syntaxin-1. Interestingly, syntaxin-1 seems to preferentially interact with the a1-I subunit, isoform which in neurons is sorted to nerve terminals. The only difference between a1-I and a1-IV subunits is the addition of 7 amino acids in the N-terminal half of a1-IV. So syntaxin-1 probably interacts with a1-I at this location. In a second project, I studied the expression of the renal a4-subunit in human gliomas. These tumors are the most frequent brain tumors and are generally associated with a poor prognosis. Based on histological parameters,WHO distinguishes, astrocytomas (grade I to IV), oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrogliomas (each of grade II or III). This classification suffers of a lack of reproducibility, which could be overcome by the identification of specific molecular markers.In the present work, by real time quantitative PCR, ATP6V0A4 gene (encoding the renal a4) expression was quantified in 188 human glioma biopsies. We established a4 expression as a new marker of grade III oligodendrogliomas (35 % express it), independent of the 1p/19q codeletion, an established marker of oligodendrogliomas. Moreover, a4 is expressed in 70% of pilocytic astrocytomas, in which it is associated with the tandem duplication of 7q34, localized at direct proximity of the ATP6V0A4 gene. Of promising interest is the observation that a4 expression could be considered as a bad prognostic marker for patients with 1p/19q non-deleted oligodendrogliomas, an observation that should be confirmed on larger cohorts of patients
Place, Matthieu. "Méthodologies de synthèses d'hétérocycles bicycliques (6-5) et (5-5). Application à la conception d'inhibiteurs de kinases impliquées en oncologie et dans les maladies du système nerveux central." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2056.
Full textSince the early 2000s, precise knowledge of kinome has induced the emergence of novel therapies targeting kinases involved in several kinds of pathologies in oncology and nervous central systems disorders.In order to target original kinases of interest identified in this work, we have developed diversity-oriented synthesis to create new high-valuable heterocycles. We have focused our efforts on the design and functionalization of [6-5] or [5-5] fused ring bicycles. Those chemical species representing a great pathway tocreate competitive inhibitors of ATP; the natural substrate of kinases.First-of-all, we have worked on imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines and then on [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazinesscaffolds, to create more active and selective HASPIN kinase inhibitors, a new hot-target in oncology.Then, we have pursued previous laboratory studies on imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles. Based on a well-built methodology, we have synthesized severals DYRK1A and CLK1 kinases inhibitors involved in neurodegenerative disorders, as Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, through original imidazothiadiazoles analogues,we have proposed synthetic methodologies to design these novel heterocycles allowding esay pharmacomodulations.These medicinal chemistry projects have been undertaken to improved knowledge of structure-activityrelashionship, and providing novel strong inhibitors of HASPIN, DYRK1A or CLK1 kinases
Wang, Guan. "Roles of substrate rigidity and composition in membrane trafficking." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC195.
Full textFrom brain to bones, stiffness and composition of the extracellular matrix vary greatly and play a role in cell responses. Substrate rigidity also impacts plasma membrane tension, which has a close relationship with membrane trafficking. How substrate rigidity and chemistry sensing may regulate exocytosis, which in turn regulates membrane tension, is still largely unknown. Here, I used pHluorin imaging of single vesicle exocytosis in cells cultured on substrates of controlled rigidity and composition to explore the regulation of VAMP2 and VAMP7-mediated exocytosis. I developed a computer software to automatically identify fusion events thus allowing quick analysis of batch data. I contributed to the study showing that VAMP7 exocytosis is regulated by src kinase which phosphorylates VAMP7 in its Longin domain (LD) (Burgo et al. JBC 2013). I further found that VAMP7 but not VAMP7 lacking LD- or VAMP2-mediated secretion was stimulated by substrate stiffness on laminin. VAMP7 and VAMP7 lacking LD were similarly sensitive to osmotic chock-induced membrane tension changes. Finally, i showed that LRRK1, a regulator of egf receptor transport, is a partner of the LD, and controls the retrograde transport of VAMP7. These approaches allowed me to reveal a new mechanism whereby substrate rigidity, by acting on integrin signalling, enhances VAMP7 exocytosis via LRRK1- and Rab21-dependent regulation of its peripheral readily-releasable pool (Wang et al. submitted). This mechanism may have broad potential relevance for plasma membrane dynamics in normal conditions and diseases, particularly cancer
Vincent, Patrick. "Trafic intracellulaire des phospholipides du système endomembranaire chez un végétal supérieur Allium porrum L. : étude de la relation synthèse-transport de la phosphatidylsérine à la surface cellulaire. Caractérisation chez ce végétal d'ADNc codant pour des protéines membres potentiels de la famille des SNAREs Ykt6p, impliquée dans le transport RE-Golgi." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28816.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis concerns the study of the biogenesis of the plasma membrane in higher plants, on the model of Allium porrum. The plasma membrane of the eukaryotes is enriched in phosphatidylserine, where it plays a fundamental role in various biological activities, notably in the membrane traffic, allowing for exchanges in the extracellular environment. The studies carried out on the relationship between the synthesis and the transport of this phospholipid to the cellular surface, have demonstrated that there may be two different origins : vesicular, through the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus pathway, and locally, by synthesis activity on the plasma membrane. Very long chain fatty acid species are sorted and directed in priority towards the secretion pathway. They are synthetized in the endoplasmic reticulum by a Base exchange activity, but also at the cellular surface with the same enzyme activity. In order to characterise vesicles which are rich in phosphatidylserine, formed and isolated from the endoplasmic reticulum in an cell-free system, studies have been carried out on the research of cDNA coding for proteins which are potentially members of Ykt6p SNAREs. In animals and yeast cells, this family is involved in the specific targeting of vesicles which come from the endoplasmic reticulum and which are to be used in the Golgi apparatus
Baaden, Marc. "Simulations numériques de systèmes biologiques complexes : dynamique, structure et fonction de transporteurs, canaux et enzymes." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00541521.
Full textCebrián, José Ignacio. "Intracellular trafficking during antigen cross presentation in dendritic cells." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T045.
Full textDendritic cells (DCs) are essential players in the initiation of adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses. They present phagocytosed antigens on class I and II molecules of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) to activate CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, respectively. In contrast to MHC class II-restricted presentation, the intracellular pathways involved in the presentation of internalized antigens on MHC class I molecules, a process known as cross presentation, remain unclear. DCs have been shown to be the only antigen presenting cells that can perform efficiently antigen cross presentation, and this process has been involved in establishing cytotoxic immune responses against bacteria, tumours and certain viruses that do not infect DCs. Among the many features that have been proposed to be important for cross presentation, the presence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) components in phagosomes has generated a big controversy in the field. This is in part due to the fact that there is no evidence about the mechanism by which these components are recruited to the internalization pathway to encounter the antigens. Also, it is not clear if such fusion between phagosomes and the ER is absolutely required for cross presentation. Here we identify Sec22b as key regulator of cross presentation and of phagosomal functions in DCs. This protein that belongs to the SNARE family localizes to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment and pairs to the plasma membrane SNARE Syntaxin 4, which is present in phagosomes. Depletion of Sec22b in DCs inhibits the recruitment of ER-resident proteins to phagosomes and to the vacuole containing the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. In Sec22b silenced DCs, cross presentation is compromised after antigen phagocytosis or endocytosis, as well as after invasion by T. Gondii or infection by E. Coli. We also observed that ER-deficient phagosomes acquire more rapidly lysosomal markers and display a higher proteolytic activity than normal DC phagosomes. Our results suggest that the fusion of the ER to phagosomes is essential for cross presentation not only by contributing with the MHC class I presentation machinery, but also by delaying phagosome maturation and promoting cross presentation conditions