Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Protéomique – Dissertations universitaires'
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Bruneel, Arnaud. "Etude protéomique des cellules endothéliales et identification de protéines impliquées dans leur apoptose induite par l'étoposide." Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05P629.
Full textIn this work, we have carried out the proteomic study of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using the combination of 2D-electrophoresis, automated trypsin digestion, peptide mass fingerprinting analysis after MALDI-TOF MS and peptide sequencing using nano LC-ESI-MS/MS. The overall functional characterization of the 162 identified proteins from primary cultures of HUVECs confirms the metabolic capabilities of endothelium and illustrates various cellular functions more related to cell motility and angiogenesis, protein folding, anti-oxidant defenses, signal transduction, proteasome and resistance to apoptosis. In comparison with controls cells, the differential proteomic analysis of HUVECs treated by the pro-apoptotic topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide further revealed the modulation of eight proteins namely, GRP78, GRP94, valosin-containing protein, proteinase inhibitor 9, cofilin, 37 kDa laminin receptor protein, bovine apolipoprotein and tropomyosin. These data suggest that etoposide-induced apoptosis of human vascular endothelial cells results from the intricate involvement of multiple apoptosis processes including at least the mitochondrial and the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. The presented 2D pattern and protein database,as well as the data related to apoptosis of HUVECs, are available at http://www. Huvec. Com
Lemesle, Gilles. "Recherche de biomarqueurs pronostiques dans l'insuffisance cardiaque." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S028/document.
Full textRisk stratification of patients with systolic chronic heart failure (HF) is critical to better identify those who may benefit the most from invasive therapeutic strategies such as cardiac transplantation. In spite of recent advances, risk stratification of HF patients needs to be further improved. Indeed, there remains variability in the prognosis with some patients who are categorized at low risk but experience early mortality; and conversely, patients categorized as severe but have an unexpectedly prolonged survival. Proteomics has been used to provide prognostic information in various diseases.Aim – Our aim was to investigate the potential value of plasma proteomic profiling for risk stratification in HF and to find new circulating biomarkers that are associated with early cardiovascular mortality of chronic HF patients.Methods and results – For that purpose, we first designed 2 populations: a discovery and a validation population. Both populations issued from the INsuffisance CArdiaque (INCA) cohort, which is constituted of all consecutive patients referred in our institution for extensive prognostic evaluation of systolic chronic HF (LVEF <45%) between November 1998 and May 2010. For the discovery phase (case/control population), we selected 198 patients included between November 1998 and December 2005: 99 patients who died from cardiovascular cause within 3 years after the initial evaluation (cases) were individually matched for age, sex, and HF etiology with 99 patients who were still alive at 3 years (controls). For the validation phase, we evaluated a cohort of 344 consecutive patients included between January 2006 and May 2010. Study populations were carefully phenotyped. Cardiovascular death included cardiovascular-related death, urgent transplantations defined as United Network for Organ Sharing status 1 and urgent assist device implantation. A proteomic profiling using surface enhanced laser desorption ionization - time of flight - mass spectrometry was then performed in the case/control discovery population on plasma samples collected at inclusion. Plasma samples were depleted for major proteins and randomly analyzed in duplicate using CM10 (Weak Cation Exchanger) and H50 (Reverse Phase) proteinchip arrays. Forty two ion m/z peaks were found differentially abundant between cases and controls in the discovery population and were used to develop proteomic scores predicting cardiovascular death using 3 statistical regression methods: support vector machine, sparse partial least square discriminant analysis and lasso logistic regression. The proteomic scores were then tested in the validation population and score levels were significantly higher in patients who subsequently died within 3 years with the 3 methods. Proteomic scores remained significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality after adjustment on confounders. Furthermore, use of the proteomic scores allowed a significant improvement in discrimination of HF patients as determined by integrated discrimination improvement and net reclassification improvement indexes on top of “classic” prognostic evaluation. The next step was the purification and identification of the proteins related to the different m/z peaks (n=13) that were found significantly differentially abundant in both populations. We have currently identified several peaks as apolipoproteins: 14511 CM10-BM (ApoA1), 29024 CM10-BM (ApoA1), 3267 H50-BM (ApoC1), 6416 H50-BM (ApoC1), 6616 H50-BM (ApoC1), 6825 H50-BM (ApoC1), 8764 H50-BM (ApoC3), 9421 H50-BM (ApoC3). This has led to the quantification of these apolipoproteins in the INCA population using mass reaction monitoring technique.Conclusion – Proteomic analysis of plasma proteins may help to improve risk prediction of early mortality in HF patients.Perspectives – Further investigations are ongoing in order to determine the impact of the different apolipoproteins tested in risk stratification of chronic HF patients
Baruthio, Frédérique. "Identification et caractérisation des protéines associées aux microdomaines membranaires et potentiellement impliquées dans la progression mélanome." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077181.
Full textHuman skin is composed of the epidermis and the dermis separated by a basement membrane. In the basal layer of the epidermis, melanocytes deliver melanin to keratinocytes, thereby protecting the skin from the deleterious effects of ultraviolet light. During their malignant transformation into melanoma cells, melanocytes physically dissociate from keratinocytes and express new growth factors or adhesion receptors, allowing them to interact with cell partners like fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Such interactions promote malignant cells dissemination and metastases formation in distant organs. Up to date, no therapy was successfully used for melanoma treatment. The idea is to assess molecular changes occurring in melanoma cells in order to develop new therapeutic targets. Data in the literature support the role of lipid rafts, specialized membrane microdomains enriched in particular lipids and proteins, in the modulation of important signaling events. We raised the hypothesis that the association of specific proteins with lipid rafts might be relevant to melanoma progression. We investigated by proteomics the lipid raft content of human melanoma cell lines derived from tumors at different stages of the disease and performed a differential analysis. We showed that 46 proteins were up- or down- regulated in lipid rafts of metastatic melanoma cells compared to non-invasive cells. For instance, Lactadherin was found to partition only in microdomains of the metastatic cells. Our characterization of this glycoprotein suggests that a Lactadherin splice form is implicated in primary tumor development and would thus constitute a promising molecular target for melanoma treatment
Bussone, Guillaume. "Caractérisation des cibles antigéniques des auto-anticorps au cours de la sclérodermie systémique et de l'hypertension artérielle pulmonaire." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T038.
Full textIntroduction. Pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is not clearly established. By identifying new targets of auto-antibodies from patients, we tried to better understand the pathophysiology of these conditions. Methods. Reactivities contained in intravenous immunoglobulin preparations and of serum IgG from patients with SSc and/or PAH were tested by indirect immunofluorescence, 1-D and 2-D immunoblots on HEp-2 cell, fibroblast, endothelial cell (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) protein extracts, then identified by mass spectrometry and analysed using Pathway Studio software. ELISA using recombinant proteins and VSMC contraction assays were performed. Results. We characterized target antigens of normal human IgG on HEp-2 cell and EC protein extracts. In addition, new target antigens of anti-nuclear antibodies, involved in TGF-β pathway, were identified in patients with SSc. We also detected anti-fibroblast antibodies in the serum of patients with PAH, and lamin A/C and tubulin beta chain were identified as targets of anti-EC antibodies. Finally, we demonstrated that serum IgG from patients recognized VSMC, recognized well-defined targets and led to cellular contraction. Conclusion. New target antigens of auto-antibodies were identified in patients with SScand/or PAH, that could allow the development of diagnostic, prognostic and/or therapeutic tools
Doliwa, Christelle. "Caractérisation par protéomique et transcriptomique des mécanismes de résistance à la sulfadiazine chez Toxoplasma gondii." Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMM203/document.
Full textToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite responsible of a widespread infection, toxoplasmosis. Treatment options for toxoplasmosis are generally limited to combinations of sulfonamide and pyrimethamine which have a synergistic action on T. gondii folate synthesis by inhibiting two major enzymes: dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). However treatment failures have been reported, and three naturally sulfadiazine resistant strains, TgA 103001 (Type I), TgH 32006 (Type II) and TgH 32045 (Type II variant), have been described. In this work, we studied resistance mechanisms to sulfadiazine on T. gondii. We are interested, in a first time, on the involvement of target genes, dhps and dhfr, and ABC transporters, TgABC.B1, TgABC.B2, TgABC.C1 and TgABC.C2, in the sulfadiazine resistance on T. gondii. However, neither polymorphisms nor overexpression of these genes has been linked to resistance mechanisms. Then, we compared proteomes of naturally resistant strains to sensitive strains RH (Type I) and ME-49 (Type II) by DIGE. Among the 31 proteins differentially expressed between sensitive and resistant strains, four proteins, ROP2, MIC2, ENO2 and IMC1, seemed to be interesting. In order to avoid variations due to differences from genetic background, sensitive strains RH and ME-49 have been made resistant in vitro by gradual increase in sulfadiazine concentration. This resistance was checked in vitro by the development of a new chemosensitivity assay. We compared then, by 2-DE, proteomes of the type II strains, sensitive (ME-49) and resistant (ME-49-RSDZ and TgH 32006), without identifying candidates implicated in sulfadiazine resistance mechanisms. However, analysis of the sensitive strain ME-49 and the resistant strain ME-49-RSDZ, by microarrays, allowed us to identify a candidate belonging to folate synthesis pathways: folylpolyglutamate synthase
Moraes, Ventura Ana Paula. "Apport de la spectrométrie de masse à l'élucidation de mécanismes biologiques : de la protéomique à la biologie structurale." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114815.
Full textTruong, Nhu Traï. "Etude de la régulation post-transcriptionnelle du CYP2B1 et 2E1 par l'insuline : mise en évidence et localisation d'une interaction ARN-protéines." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S036.
Full textToubiana, Julie. "Signalisation de TLR2, organisation et variabilité de la réponse immunitaire innée." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T016.
Full textHost invasion by micro-organisms induces an innate immune response that leads to cell activation, inflammation and potentially to the initiation of an adaptative response. Major differences are found within the organisation of innate immune responses depending on the pathogen, the invaded cell-type and the host itself. Initiation and organisation of innate immune responses facing bacteria, parasites, or fungi need the cooperation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) with TLR1 or TLR6, and multimolecular complexes in lipid rafts that determine a specific response. However, our understanding of molecular interactions within lipid rafts remains cryptic. Specifically, little is known regarding the composition of signaling complexes induced by distinct pathogens and the activation mechanisms involved in the initiation and regulation of a potent inflammatory response. The aim of this research project was to investigate the mechanisms involved in recognition and signaling downstream TLR2, and factors that account for variability of the inflammatory phenotype. For this purpose, we established a differential proteomic strategy to identiy the composition of TLR2 activation cluster and post-translationnal modifications of proteins after the recruitment of TLR2 dimers to lipid rafts. This approach enabled us to identify tyrosine-kinase Lyn and IMPDHII as essential regulators of TLR2 signaling. In a translational approach, we studied the effect of an haplotype of IRAKI gene, which codes for a key signaling protein downstream TLRs, on clinical variability in patients with septic shock. Our results provide new insights in ogranisation, regulation and variability of innate imune response
Dib, Hanadi. "Caractérisation des cibles antigéniques des anticorps anti-cellules endothéliales au cours des maladies vasculaires auto-immunes." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T022.
Full textThe endothelium is composed of a thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, thus forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. These cells, named endothelial cells (EC), line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries. EC differ, depending on the vessel type where they are located. Anti-EC antibodies (AECA) were identified in a large panel of systemic auto-immune and/or inflammatory diseases, particularly in systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-phospholipid syndrome, systemic sclerosis (SSc), idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH) and systemic vasculitis. These antibodies are able to activate EC and induce apoptosis, particularly in SSc. In the first part of this work, we were interested in the identification of target antigens of AECA in vascular inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Using a 2-dimensional immunoblotting technique on total protein extracts of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) followed by mass spectrometry, we identified target antigens of AECA in normal human polyclonal IgG preparations, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg). Interestingly, very few of these antigens had previously been reported as targets of normal human self-reactive IgG and or detected in IVIg preparations. In addition, we investigated the reactivity profiles of serum IgG of patients with SSc with or without PAH, with iPAH or with giant cell arteritis (GCA) and we were able to identify specific target antigens of AECA in each of these conditions. Thus, we identified phosphoglycerate mutase 1 and vimentin in patients with SSc, peroxyredoxins 1 and 2 in SSc patients with PAH, profilin-1 in patients with iPAH and lamin A/C and vinculin in patients with GCA. In the second part of this work, we studied the proteomes of different types of EC to determine if the EC type can influence the recognition of these cells by AECA. We used the “2 Dimensional-Differential In Gel Electrophoresis” (2D-DIGE) to compare proteomes of 4 different caucasian donors HUVEC, pulmonary human microvascular EC (HMVEC-P) and dermal human microvascular EC (HMVEC-D) and found important differences between HUVEC and microvascular EC. Seventeen and 114 proteins showed at least a 1. 5 fold change expression between HUVEC and HMVEC-P and between HUVEC and HMVEC-D, respectively. A number of these proteins were involved in the proliferation and survival of EC. “Ingenuity” analysis showed that 57% of the 114 proteins differentially expressed between HUVEC and HMVEC-D were involved in susceptibility to retinoic acid and/or transforming growth factor-beta, which suggests that these 2 types of EC respond in a different manner in the presence of each of these molecules. Then, using a one-dimensional immunoblotting technique on HUVEC and HMVEC-D protein extracts, we found that reactivity profiles of serum IgG of patients with SSc differ between HUVEC and HMVEC-D. Overall, we were able to identify new target antigens of AECA in patients with SSc, iPAH or GCA. Most of these target antigens are involved in cell cycle and survival. However, the pathogenic role of these AECA needs further investigations. In addition, we have observed important differences between proteomes of macrovascular and microvascular EC and provided evidence that these differences influence EC function and immune recognition
Hochart-Behra, Anne-Cécile. "Caractérisation, étude du pouvoir antioxydant et du potentiel thérapeutique d'extraits de bactéroïdes thetaiotaomicron." Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL2S051.
Full textOur team had discovered a new method to obtain extracts of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (E) which preserved its viability. This intestinal symbiont was anaerobically grown on an agar medium poorly supplemented in growth factors. After exposure to air, the bacterium seemed to possess and generate in E all the equipment able in vitro to detoxify reactive oxygen species. It let us expect a therapeutic power referred to anti-inflammatory properties.Objectives and methods: The aim was first to characterize E, in terms of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. To achieve this last-mentioned goal, proteins contained in E coming from living bacteria were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and identified by the peptide mass fingerprinting technique. The gels (n ≥ 6) were statistically analyzed (PDQuest®, Bio-Rad). To find the origin of these proteins in bacteria, they were compared with those obtained by destruction of B. thetaiotaomicron (BT) and identified in the cell fraction containing the bacterial outer membrane proteins. Electron microscopy work was also undertaken to visualize any event occurring during extraction.The antioxidative effect of standardized E extracts was checked in vitro. E safety was also controlled in cell models using polymorphonuclear neutrophils. An E anti-inflammatory effect was then searched in animal models. E was first evaluated using a skin irritation mouse model. Inflammation was induced by benzalkonium chloride on ears of anesthetized mice. Positive and negative controls were treated in parallel. The ear thickness was measured every hour for 5 h and histological ear sections were performed after 2h for some animals. Two different staining methods enabled the enumeration of degranulating mast cells in ear sections.The effect of the bacterial extract was next tested locally by intrarectal (IR) instillations in mice undergoing the early stages of inflammation in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. This acute model evolved over 8 days. In parallel, positive and negative animal controls underwent or not the colitis and were treated or not. Clinical and colonic histological severity scores were daily determined. Inflammation markers were measured in mouse colonic tissues after animal autopsy. [...]
Mustafa, Mohammad Zahid. "Autoantibody signatures defined by serological proteome analysis in sera of patients with cholangiocarcinoma." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058149.
Full textCetin, Semih. "Caractérisation moléculaire du mécanisme de dégradation des microARN par un transcrit cible." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ105/document.
Full textSeveral regulatory mechanisms have been uncovered at every level of the biogenesis and the activity of miRNAs. However, there is less information about the regulation of the stability of miRNAs. The PhD project entailed the study of a process, which specifically enables the degradation of a cellular miRNA (miR-27) induced by a viral transcript (m169) during an infection by the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). This miRNA is destabilized by a process called ‘target-RNA directed miRNA degradation’ (TDMD). I first undertook the study and the characterization of the molecular determinants and the cellular factors implicated in TDMD. Moreover, I started to set up a protocol in order to identify AGO2 partners of viral or host origin during MCMV infection, which would potentially be implicated in TDMD
Srour, Ola. "Caractérisation de protéines interagissant avec eIF4E, phosphorylées par TOR et modulant l’initiation de la traduction coiffe-dépendante chez Arabidopsis." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ091.
Full textThe target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily conserved kinase that is a critical sensor of nutritional and cellular energy and a major regulator of cell growth. TOR controls cap-dependent translation initiation, in particular the assembly of the eIF4F complex, by modulating the activity of eIF4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs). In their unphosphorylated state 4E-BP proteins sequester eIF4E and repress translation. Upon phosphorylation by TOR, 4E-BPs have a low affinity binding to eIF4E and are replaced by eIF4G thus activating translation initiation. 4E-BPs have been discovered in yeast and mammals but remain to be obscure in plants. Here, we identified and characterized two Arabidopsis proteins termed TOR Regulatory Proteins (ToRPs 1 and 2) that display some characteristics of mammalian 4E-BPs. ToRP1 and ToRP2 contain a canonical eIF4E-binding motif (4E-BM) found in mammalian 4E-BPs and Arabidopsis eIF4G and eIFiso4G. ToRP1 interacts with eIF4E, and, surprisingly, the N-terminal HEAT domain of TOR in the yeast two-hybrid system. ToRP1 and ToRP2 are highly phosphorylated at several phosphorylation sites in TOR-dependent manner in planta. Two of these phosphorylation sites have been identified as—S49 and S89—their phosphorylation status modulates ToRP1 binding to eIF4E in the yeast two-hybrid system. In plant protoplasts, ToRP2 can function as translation repressor of mRNAs that are strictly cap-dependent. Our results suggest that ToRPs can specifically bind the Arabidopsis cap-binding proteins (eIF4E/eIFiso4E) and regulate translation initiation under the control of TOR
Prokic, Ivana. "Mécanismes pathologiques des myopathies centronucléaires autosomales récessives." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ106/document.
Full textBIN1 is a membrane tubulating protein and it consists of the BAR domain which binds membranes and has tubulating property; the PI motif which binds phosphoinositides and is expressed only in skeletal muscle; the CLAP domain binds clathrin and AP2 and is present exclusively in brain isoforms of BIN1; the MBD is involved in c-Myc binding and the SH3 domain is involved in interactions with prolin-rich proteins. BIN1 is an ubiquitously expressed protein with the highest expression in skeletal muscle. Mutations in amphiphysin 2 / BIN1 were found to cause autosomal recessive centronuclear myopathy (ARCNM, OMIM 255200). Mutations in patients were found in all the protein domains and include two mutations leading to a premature stop codon in the last exon 20. The PI motive, encoded by exon 11, is upregulated during myogenesis. The aim of this research was to better understand the role of BIN1 in healthy muscle and in the pathology of CNM. For this purpose, by using targeted homologous recombination in ES cells, we generated two knockout mouse models: BIN1 exon 11 and BIN1 exon 20, with exon 11 and 20 deleted, respectively. The deletion of exon 20 disrupts the SH3 domain, involved in interactions with different proteins, amongst which is dynamin 2 and induced a considerable loss of the total BIN1 protein expression. The total and muscle specific deletions of exon 20 were perinatally lethal. A disrupted T-tubules organization was observed in knockout mice, showing an importance of BIN1 during the T-tubule biogenesis. Interestingly, deletion induced in adult mice did not affect muscle function and organization. In order to understand the role of the muscle specific PI motif, we characterized the BIN1 exon 11 KO mice. Even at 12 months of age the muscle function in mice was not compromised by this deletion. However, further examination showed impairment of skeletal muscle regeneration. This work revealed that in vivo, BIN1 is necessary during the T-tubules biogenesis and dispensable for muscle maintenance, whereas the skeletal muscle specific PI motif of BIN1 is involved in muscle regeneration. Its function in muscle is tightly regulated by isoform switch and intramolecular binding. Understanding these features will help us step forward towards successful therapy in ARCNM and MD patients
Majzoub, Karim. "The antiviral siRNA interactome in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ075/document.
Full textFighting viral infections is hampered by the scarcity of viral targets and their variability resulting in development of resistance. Viruses depend on cellular molecules for their life cycle, which are attractive alternative targets, provided that they are dispensable for normal cell fonctions. Using the mode! organism Drosophila melanogaster, we identify the ribosomal protein RACK1 as a cellular factor required for infection by the internai ribosome entry site (IRES) containing virus Drosophila C virus (DCV). We further demonstrate that inhibition of RACK1 in human liver cells impairs hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES-mediated translation and infection. Inhibition of RACK1 in Drosophila and hurnan cells does not affect cell viability and proliferation, and RACK1-silenced adult flies are viable, indicating that this protein is not essential for general translation. Our findings demonstrate a specific function for ribosomal protein RACK 1 in selective mRNA translation and uncover a promising targe! for the development of broad antiviral intervention
Gaudot, Léa. "Mécanismes de réparation de l'ADN et de maintien de la stabilité génomique lors de la diversification des immunoglobulines." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ112.
Full textActivation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification by inducing DNA damage. While on-target lesions are crucial for mounting highly specific and adaptive immune responses, off-target lesions contribute to malignant cell transformation. Despite its implications, the events following AID recruitment that enforce genome integrity in B cells remain poorly defined. It is not understood why multiple non-Ig loci bound by AID are not mutated or why AID-induced DNA lesions may lead to mutations or DNA breaks. To address this question, we developed a single-locus proteomic approach coupling proximity-dependent protein identification and genome editing (CRISPR/Cas9) to identify and compare the proteins recruited at individual genomic loci bound by AID. We performed the proof of principle of this innovative tool by identifying the proteome of abundant genomic loci. On the other hand, we functionally characterized Parp3, Parp9 and Med1, identified as AID partners, revealing novel mechanisms that tightly control AID activity and DNA repair during Ig diversification
Przybyla-Toscano, Jonathan. "Étude des protéines NFU, ISCA et FDX, impliquées dans la maturation des centres fer-soufre dans les mitochondries d’Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0127.
Full textIn plants, iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins are involved in crucial processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. The maturation of these proteins requires the de novo synthesis of their Fe-S clusters through dedicated assembly machineries. Plants have three Fe-S cluster assembly machineries, namely SUF, ISC and CIA, devoted to the maturation of plastidial, mitochondrial and nuclear or cytosolic proteins, respectively. During the mitochondrial Fe-S protein maturation, a [2Fe-2S] cluster is first assembled on the ISU scaffold protein then transferred to target proteins with the help of chaperones and various transfer proteins. If these steps are sufficient for the maturation of [2Fe-2S] proteins, a reductive coupling process of two [2Fe-2S] clusters is required for the maturation of [4Fe-4S] proteins. This conversion needs transfer proteins and an electrons donor, potentially the same ferredoxin which acts during the first step of the Fe-S cluster biogenesis for sulfur reduction. By combining molecular, biochemical and genetic approaches, the involvement of NFU and ISCA transfer protein and mitochondrial ferredoxin (mFDX) in the late transfer and conversion steps has been explored during this PhD project by using the Arabidopsis thaliana plant model. Yeast complementation experiments have demonstrated that plant NFU and ISCA proteins have functions similar to their respective orthologs, suggesting that these late steps are conserved. However, unlike yeast, the characterization of nfu mutant lines indicates that both proteins are essential for early embryonic development. At the molecular level, in vivo and in vitro approaches have shown an interaction between ISCA1a or ISCA1b and ISCA2, NFU4 and NFU5 but no interaction with the two mFDX whose participation in the late steps remains uncertain. The formation of ISCA1-ISCA2 holo-heterocomplexes has been confirmed by co-expression in E. coli and purification of recombinant proteins. Overall, the literature and results obtained here highlight a model where ISCA1/2 heterocomplexes would act immediately downstream of NFU proteins which would a minima allow [4Fe-4S] cluster maturation of the lipoate synthase. This sole partner could primarily explain the lethality of a nfu4 x nfu5 double mutant because the activity of several proteins central for the mitochondrial metabolism depends on lipoic acid
Carrier, Marilyn. "Dérégulation du phosphoprotéome dans les cancers : conséquences sur l'activité transcriptionnelle et la dégradation des récepteurs de l'acide rétinoïque (RAR)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ012/document.
Full textRetinoic acid (RA) acts by binding to specific nuclear receptors (RARs), which are ligand-dependant transcription factors. RA also has non-genomic effects and activates kinase cascades that target RARs and modulate their transcriptional activity. However, the proteins that are phosphorylated in response to RA remain to be identified. The consequences of dysregulations of the "kinome" on the non-genomic effects of RA and on RAR function also require further investigation. I compared the effect of RA on the phosphoproteome of two breast cancer cell lines: MCF7, which is RA-sensitive, and BT474, a RA-resistant cell line that overexpresses the receptor tyrosine kinase erbB-2. Multiple differences were observed with consequences on gene expression as well as on phosphorylation, recruitment on target genes promoters and RARalpha degradation by the proteasome. In the context or RARalpha degradation, I showed the involvement of TRIM24 which controls RARα deubiquitination
Kannan, Meghna. "Etude du rôle de WDR47 dans le système nerveux central." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ086/document.
Full textWD40-repeat (WDR) proteins are one of largest eukaryotic family, however little is known about their role in neurodevelopment. We investigated 26 WDR genes, and found 7 (Atg16l1, Coro1c, Dmxl2, Herc1, Kif21b, Wdr47, Wdr89) with a major impact in brain structure when inactivated in mice. We chose WDR47 for further investigation, as it is a completely unknown protein that shares striking domain similarity with LIS1. Using three independent model systems (mice, siRNA and yeast), we found an essential role of Wdr47 in survival, and key neuronal processes involving microtubule dynamics such as proliferation, autophagy and growth cone stabilization. Next we identified Reelin and superior cervical ganglion 10 (SCG10) as top interacting proteins of WDR47. Interestingly, a 200-kb duplication encompassing WDR47 was linked to poor coordination in one patient, recapitulating mouse behavioural anomalies. Together our data help unravel for the first time a key role of Wdr47 in brain
Caroux, Emilie. "Déterminants structuraux d’agrégats de Tau distincts : vers de nouveaux outils moléculaires pour discriminer les tauopathies." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS592.
Full textIntracellular deposits of Tau protein aggregates are the common hallmark of tauopathies, a range of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Levels of tau with three (3R) or four (4R) microtubule binding repeats are found similar in the normal adult brain, whereas they differ in neuropathological intracellular Tau inclusions, according to the type of tauopathy. Our study consists of the identification of common and different structural molecular determinants of 3R and 4R Tau fibrils. To this end, two proteomic approaches were optimized using 1N3R and 1N4R recombinant fibrils. The first strategy, using limited proteolysis, allowed us to identify the proteolytic fragments composing the molecular “bar-code” for each type of fibril. The second strategy we optimized used chemical covalent surface labelling of accessible lysines, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the biotinylated residues using mass spectrometry. We show that, while the N-terminal part of the protein remains accessible within 1N3R and 1N4R fibrils, the C-terminal region is protected within 1N3R yet solvent accessible for 1N4R assemblies. Our results pave the way to new molecular tools to discriminate tauopathies
Moussaoui, Louardi. "Applications de la spectrométrie de masse type MALDI-TOF à la bactériologie et à la distinction de variants génétiques." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872251.
Full textHoffbeck, Anne-Sophie. "Chromatin structure and DNA repair." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ104/document.
Full textVarious DNA damaging agents, that can cause DNA lesions, assault constantly our genome. The most deleterious DNA lesions are the breaks occurring in both strands of DNA (Double stand breaks: DSBs). Inefficient repair of DSBs can lead to aberrations that may induce cancer. To avoid these deleterious effects of DSBs, cells have developed signalling cascades which entail detection of the lesions and spreading of the signal that leads to arrest in cell cycle progression and efficient repair. A major characteristic of DNA damage response (DDR) is the accumulation of a vast amount of proteins around the DSBs that are visible in the cell as DNA damage foci. However, efficient DNA repair is hampered by the fact that genomic DNA is packaged into chromatin. The DNA repair machinery overcomes this condensed structure to access damaged DNA by recruiting many proteins that remodel chromatin to facilitate efficient repair. The aim of my PhD work is to identify novel proteinsinvolved in the DDR and/or the remodelling of chromatin surrounding DSBs. On one hand, we take advantage of the PICh (Proteomics of Isolated Chromatin loci) technique and we aim to identify the entire proteome of DNA repair foci. On the other hand, we study the role of the oncogene SET/TAFIβ, a major hit of a siRNA screen performed to identify novel chromatin related proteins that play role in repair of DSBs
Gowher, Ali. "Characterization of protein factors targeting RNA into human mitochondria." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01071841.
Full textMatta, Elie. "Characterization of DNA ADP-Ribosylation Mechanism and its Role in DNA Damage Signaling Insight into DNA Substrate Specificity of PARP1-Catalysed DNA Poly(ADP-Ribosyl)ation Role of PARP-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation in the Crosstalk Between DNA Strand Breaks and Epigenetic Regulation." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS058.
Full textDNA-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) PARP1, PARP2 and PARP3 act as DNA break sensors signaling DNA damage. Upon detecting DNA damage, these PARPs use nicotine adenine dinucleotide as a substrate to synthesize a monomer or polymer of ADP-ribose (MAR or PAR, respectively) covalently attached to the acceptor residue of target proteins. Recently, it was demonstrated that PARP1–3 proteins can directly ADP-ribosylate DNA breaks by attaching MAR and PAR moieties to terminal phosphates. Nevertheless, little is still known about the mechanisms governing substrate recognition and specificity of PARP1, which accounts for most of cellular PARylation activity, as well, about proteins responsible for detection and removal of ADP-ribosylated DNA adducts and its role in multitude of cellular processes.In this study we provide a detailed characterization of PARP1 DNA substrate specificity and mechanisms of DNA PARylation. We showed that the 3′-terminal phosphate residue at double-strand DNA break ends served as a major acceptor site for PARP1-catalysed PARylation depending on the orientation and distance between DNA strand breaks in a single DNA molecule. Moreover, a preference for ADP-ribosylation of DNA molecules containing 3′-terminal phosphate over PARP1 auto-ADP-ribosylation was observed, and a model of DNA modification by PARP1 was proposed. Similar results were obtained with purified recombinant PARP1 and HeLa cell-free extracts. Thus, the biological effects of PARP-mediated ADP-ribosylation may strongly depend on the configuration of complex DNA strand breaks. Furthermore, we elaborated a new research technique to identify and validate proteins responsible for ADP-ribose-DNA adducts detection (“readers”) or removal (“erasers”). Our proteomic data revealed that MARylated DNA adducts selectively modulated DNA recognition of a large number of proteins involved in different cellular pathways. About 90 proteins including protein complexes were selected as potential MAR-DNA adduct readers. The role of DNA ADP-ribosylation in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) was partially characterized in an in vitro study. We demonstrated that ADP-ribosylation of DSB terminus can lead to inhibition of blunt DSB repair by canonical NHEJ if not removed by PARG glycohydrolase. Contrary, presence of a proximal nick with a stabilized apurinic/apyrimidinic site leads to increased NHEJ efficiency, apparently in ADP-ribosylation-independent manner. Finally we searched for novel PARP1, PARP2 and PARP3 inhibitors among derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine with DNA binding capacity. Our results revealed that some of NAD+ analogues analogs could be used by PARPs for DNA modification leading to stabilization of corresponding MARylated and PARylated adducts due to their PARG hydrolysis activity resistance. Taking together, these data highlight the physiological relevance and possible biological outcomes of PARP-catalyzed DNA-ADP-ribosylation such as providing a stable benchmark of the location of a DNA strand break on a chromatin map, recruitement of DNA repair proteins and inhibition of the toxic NHEJ