Relevant bibliographies by topics / Protic and Aprotic Solvents

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Protic and Aprotic Solvents'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 24 June 2025

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Protic and Aprotic Solvents.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Protic and Aprotic Solvents"

1

M., KRISHNA PILLAY, та SHANMUGAM K. "Kinetics of Reaction of Triethylammonium Carboxylates with α-Halogeno Carbonyl Compounds in Organic Solvents. Part-4. Effects of Solvents on the Reaction Rate of Triethylammonium Benzoate with Phenacyl Bromide". Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 69, Dec 1992 (1992): 838–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6032436.

Full text
Abstract:
Department of Chemistry, Bbarathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli-620 024 <em>Manuscript received 24 October 1992, revised 24 July 1992, accepted 21 September 1992</em> Kinetics of the reaction of triethylammonium benzoate with phenacyl bromide in different dipolar aprotic and protic solvents have been followed. rile leaction is about 200-400 times faster in aprotic solvent than in protic solvent. In aprotic dipolar solvents the carboxylate anion exists as desolvated one whereas in protic solvents the nucleophile is solvated by hydrogen-bonding thereby decreasing the nucleophilicity of the active species. The correlation of the rate constants with <em>various </em>solvent parameters has been checked.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

M., KRISHNA PILLAY, та SHANMUGAM K. "Kinetics of Reaction of Triethylammonium Carboxylates with α-Halogeno Carbonyl Compounds in Organic Solvents. Part-4. Effects of Solvents on the Reaction Rate of Triethylammonium Benzoate with Phenacyl Bromide". Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 69, Dec 1992 (1992): 838–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6116878.

Full text
Abstract:
Department of Chemistry, Bbarathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli-620 024 <em>Manuscript received 24 October 1990, revised 24 July 1992, accepted 21 September 1992</em> Kinetics of the reaction of triethylammonium benzoate with phenacyl bromide in different dipolar aprotic and protic solvents have been followed. The leaction is about 200-400 times faster in aprotic solvent than in protic solvent. In aprotic dipolar solvents the carboxylate anion exists as desolvated one whereas in protic solvents the nucleophile is solvated by hydrogenbonding thereby decreasing the nucleophilicity of the active species. The correlation of the rate constants with various<em> </em>solvent parameters has been checked.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Nikolic, Jasmina, Gordana Uscumlic, and Vera Krstic. "Reactivity of cyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic and 2-methylcyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in aprotic solvents." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 65, no. 12 (2000): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0012839n.

Full text
Abstract:
Rate constants for the reaction of diazodiphenylmethane with cyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acid and 2-methylcyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acid were determined in nine aprotic solvents, as well as in seven protic solvents, at 30?C using the appropriate UV-spectroscopic method. In protic solvents the unsubsituted acid displayed higher reaction rates than the methyl-substituted one. The results in aprotic solvents showed quite the opposite, and the reaction rates were considerably lower. In order to explain the obtained results through solvent effects, reaction rate constants (k) of the examined acids were correlated using the total solvatochromic equation of the form: log k=logk0+s?*+a?+b?, where ?* is the measure of the solvent polarity, a represents the scale of the solvent hydrogen bond donor acidities (HBD) and b represents the scale of the solvent hydrogen bond acceptor basicities (HBA). The correlation of the kinetic data were carried out by means of multiple linear regression analysis and the opposite effects of aprotic solvents, as well as the difference in the influence of protic and aprotic solvents on the reaction of the two examined acids with DDM were discussed. The results presented in this paper for cyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic and 2-methylcyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acids were compared with the kinetic data for benzoic acid obtained in the same chemical reaction, under the same experimental conditions.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Shabanian, Meisam, Hassan Moghanian, Mohsen Hajibeygi, and Azin Mohamadi. "Theoretical Investigation of Solvation Effects on the Tautomerism of Maleic Hydrazide." E-Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 1 (2012): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/976161.

Full text
Abstract:
A DFT study is used to calculate structural data of tautomers of maleic hydrazide (MH) in the gas phase and selected solvents such as benzene (non-polar solvent), tetrahydrofuran (polar aprotic solvent) and methanol (protic solvent), dimethyl sulfoxide (polar aprotic solvent) and water (protic solvent) using PCM model. All tautomers are optimized at the B3LYP/6−31++G(d,p). The results show that the tautomer MH2except in methanol is more stable than the other tautomers but in methanol MH5(Diol) is more stable. In addition, stability of the tautomers in deferent solvents shows interesting results. Variation of dipole moments and NBO charges on atoms in the solvents were studied.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

da Silva, Guilherme C. Q., Thiago M. Cardozo, Giovanni W. Amarante, Charlles R. A. Abreu, and Bruno A. C. Horta. "Solvent effects on the decarboxylation of trichloroacetic acid: insights from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 34 (2018): 21988–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02455c.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Verma, Pragya, Arnulf Rosspeintner, Bogdan Dereka, Eric Vauthey, and Tatu Kumpulainen. "Broadband fluorescence reveals mechanistic differences in excited-state proton transfer to protic and aprotic solvents." Chemical Science 11, no. 30 (2020): 7963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc03316b.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Marinkovic, Aleksandar, Sasa Drmanic, Bratislav Jovanovic, and Milica Misic-Vukovic. "Investigations of the reactivity of pyridine carboxylic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in protic and aprotic solvents, Part I: Pyridine mono-carboxylic acids." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 4 (2005): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0504567m.

Full text
Abstract:
Rate constants for the reaction of diazodiphenylmethane with isomeric pyridine carboxylic acids were determined in chosen protic and aprotic solvents at 30 ?C, using the well known UV spectrophotometric method. The values of the rate constants of the investigated acids in protic solvents were higher than those in aprotic solvents. The second order rate constants were correlated with solvent parameters using the Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic equation in the form: logk = logk0 + s?*+ a? + b?. The correlation of the obtained kinetic data were performed by means of multiple linear regression analysis taking appropriate solvent parameters. The signs of the equation coefficients were in agreement with the postulated reaction mechanism. The mode of the influence of the solvent on the reaction rate in all the investigated acids are discussed on the basis of the correlation results.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Drmanic, Sasa, Bratislav Jovanovic, Aleksandar Marinkovic, and Milica Misic-Vukovic. "Investigations of the reactivity of pyridine carboxylic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in protic and aprotic solvents: Part II: Pyridine mono-carboxylic acid N-oxides." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71, no. 2 (2006): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0602089d.

Full text
Abstract:
The rate constants for the reaction of three isomeric pyridine mono-carbocylic acid N-oxides with diazodiphenylmethane were determined at 30 ?C in thirty two protic and aprotic solvents by the well known UV spectrophotometric method. The rate constants are generally higher than for pyridine mono-carboxylic acids in a similar range of solvents, except for picolinic acid N-oxide, and also higher in protic than in aprotic solvents. The determined rate constants were correlated with solvent parameters using the Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic equation bymeans of multiple regression analysis. The sign of the equation coefficients were in agreement with the postulated reaction mechanism. The mode of the influences of the solvent is discussed on the basis of the correlation coefficients, taking into account the specific structures of the pyridine mono-carboxylic acid N-oxides.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Chastrette, M., and J. Carretto. "Étude statistique des effets de solvant. III. Calcul et interprétation de paramètres empiriques de polarité à partir de propriétés physicochimiques des solvants purs." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 12 (1985): 3492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-572.

Full text
Abstract:
Using multivariational statistical methods, the calculation and interpretation of empirical parameters of the polarity of solvents has been reexamined. The size of the sample used (57 aprotic solvents and 24 protic solvents) assures that it is representative. For each solvent, the data tabulated include some physical constants (dielectric constants, dipole moments, refractive indices, molar refractions, boiling points, Hildebrand's δ parameters) or theoretical values (energy levels of frontier orbitals). The methods used are factorial analysis and multiple regression. The results obtained show that, for the aprotic solvents, the parameter ET is a measure of the polarity, of the polarizability, and of the cohesion of the solvent to the extent of 43, 39, and 18% respectively. For the parameter π*, these proportions are respectively 53, 18, and 29%. For the protic solvents, the parameter ET is explained by the same variables except for 5 solvents more acidic than water; this anomaly is explained by the basicity of the oxygen of the betaine used to define ET.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Bakalova, Snezhana. "Solvent Effects on the Fluorescence Properties of Methyldihydroquinolinones." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 46, no. 9 (1991): 823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1991-0913.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract The absorption and fluorescence spectra and the fluorescence quantum yields of two methyl-2,3- dihydro-4(1H)-quinolinones in various solvents are reported. In some solvents deuteration-induced fluorescence enhancement has been observed. The solvent effects in aprotic solvents are consistent with the general type of solvent interaction. For protic solvents, solute-solvent complexation in the excited state is suggested
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Protic and Aprotic Solvents"

1

Chapman, Peter Dale. "The Dehydration of Aprotic Solvents by Pervaporation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485414.

Full text
Abstract:
The application of pervaporation to the dehydration of aprotic solvents was investigated in this study. The performance of a commercial membrane, Celfa CMC-VP-31, was evaluated for the dehydration of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethylformamide (DMF). The membrane was demonstrated to successfully dehydrate THF and calculations of water and THF permeance performed. When the membrane was applied to the dehydration of DMF, delamination of the top selective layer was observed and thus the membrane was deemed unsuitable for DMF dehydration. ' Polyaniline (PAni) was identified as a suitable candidate polymer for the formation of an aprotic solvent stable hydrophilic pervaporation membrane. PAni was synthesised in the lab and preparation conditions optimised and scaled-up to produce polymer with consistent batch to batch properties, in suitable quantities, to fabricate���· membrane sheets with sufficient surface area for testing. Casting solutions comprising of 20 wt% PAni were stabilised using an amine, 4-methyl piperidine, to prevent gelation and cross-linking prior to casting. Membranes were cast on a polyester non-woven backing and phase inverted in water to produce an asymmetric membrane structure. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to examine the structure of the membranes formed. The effects of thermal treatment on the membrane film and polymer were investigated by a number of analytical techniques in order to devise a suitable procedure for membrane stabilisation. Thermally cross-linked PAni membranes were demonstrated to be water selective and stable in THF, DMF, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Permeance correlations with temperature were constructed to describe the performance of the membrane discs tested during solvent dehydration and compared to experimental data. Transport across the membrane was reported to be solubility dominated for all of the solvent systems tested. Finally, an examination of the reproducibility of membrane performance was made and further tests performed, to better understand variations observed in membrane pervaporation performance.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Brumfield, Michéla L. "Characterization of Aprotic Solutes and Solvents Using Abraham Model Correlations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955029/.

Full text
Abstract:
Experimental data were obtained for the computation of mole fraction solubilities of three dichloronitrobenzenes in organic solvents at 25oC, and solubility ratios were obtained from this data. Abraham model equations were developed for solutes in tributyl phosphate that describe experimental values to within 0.15 log units, and correlations were made to describe solute partitioning in systems that contain either "wet" or "dry" tributyl phosphate. Abraham model correlations have also been developed for solute transfer into anhydrous diisopropyl ether, and these correlations fit in well with those for other ethers. Abraham correlations for the solvation of enthalpy have been derived from experimental and literature data for mesitylene, p-xylene, chlorobenzene, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene at 298.15 K. In addition, the enthalpy contribution of hydrogen bonding between these solutes and acidic solvents were predicted by these correlations and were in agreement with an established method. Residual plots corresponding to Abraham models developed in all of these studies were analyzed for trends in error between experimental and calculated values.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Zimmermann, Marc. "Oxygen reduction reaction mechanism on glassy carbon in aprotic organic solvents." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI044/document.

Full text
Abstract:
Afin de mieux comprendre et de dépasser les limites actuelles des systèmes métal-air non-aqueux, le mécanisme de réduction de l’oxygène (ORR) a été étudié en présence de cation alcalins dans divers solvants aprotiques. Sur la base de caractérisations électrochimiques sur électrode statique et d’électrodes tournantes disque-anneau, un mécanisme unique a été proposé afin de rendre compte de l’ORR en présence de cations alcalins. De plus, les différences observées d’un solvant à l’autre ont été expliquées en termes de capacité du solvant à solvater à la fois le cation alcalin en présence et l’anion superoxyde, mais aussi à sa capacité à séparer les paires d’ions. Un modèle cinétique basé sur ce mécanisme a montré un excellent accord avec les résultats expérimentaux<br>In order to better understand and overcome the current limitations of non-aqueous metal-air batteries, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism has been studied in presence of different alkali metal cations in several aprotic solvents. Based on electrochemical characterizations on static electrode and rotating ring-disk electrode, a unique mechanism has been proposed to account for ORR in presence of alkali metal cations. It has been further showed that the differences observed from one solvent to another could be linked to the solvent’s ability to solvate both the alkali metal cation and the superoxide anion, as well as its capability to separate ion-pairs. A kinetic model based on this mechanism has shown very good agreement with experimental results
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Bryant, Saffron Jade. "Compartmentalisation and Membrane Activity in Protic Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16654.

Full text
Abstract:
Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents are areas of great interest to non-aqueous reaction systems. They can be fine-tuned for an array of properties and are often less harmful than other, organic, solvents. This research focused specifically on self-assembly in ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents with an eye to understand self-assembly processes. Not only does this work offer industrial applications, for isolated reaction systems and batteries, it also provides an interesting insight into the possibility of non-aqueous life-forms. If compartmentalisation can occur without water, then perhaps so too can the other requirements of life. Ionic liquid nanostructure significantly affected phospholipid self-assembly with more nanostructure resulting in more curved micellar phases, rather than the lamellar phases observed in water and less structured ILs. This held true for both zwitterionic lipids and ionic surfactants, demonstrated by microscopy, small angle neutron and x-ray scattering. Phospholipids formed swellable lamellar phases in all fourteen of the deep eutectic solvents tested. Examination of lipid transition temperatures by polarising optical microscopy demonstrated that the components of the solvent could influence lipid behaviour and stability, solvents with long alkyl components acted as cosurfactants. Tethered lipid membranes and electrical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that membranes could exist, and form, in a pure IL environment (ethanolammonium formate). This is the first time such a technique has been used to study membranes in an IL and offers unparalleled opportunities for further research. Furthermore, this technique was used to demonstrate the continued function of a membrane transporter, valinomycin, in ethanolammonium formate. Valinomycin continued to transport potassium with an extremely high selectivity over sodium. These results show that compartmentalisation, and even protein function, can continue even in the absence of water.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Ghousseini, Lily. "Thermodynamics of metal ion cryptates and cryptand 222 in dipolar aprotic solvents." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1985. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844423/.

Full text
Abstract:
Thermodynamic parameters of transfer of single-ions from water to nitromethane are obtained using the Ph4AsPh4B convention suggested by Parker. Enthalpies of complexing of alkali-metal and silver cations with cryptand 222 in N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulphoxide, propylene carbonate, acetonitrile and nitromethane were determined calorimetrically. The stability constants of alkali-metal and silver cryptates in nitromethane were determined by potentiometric titration. This is the first set of data ever reported for the thermodynamic parameters of complexing of metal-ions with cryptand 222 in nitromethane. Free energies and enthalpies are combined to give entropies of complexing of metal-ion cryptates in the dipolar aprotic solvents. Some enthalpy of complexing data in methanol are reviewed. A correlation is found between the enthalpy of transfer of a given cation and the difference in enthalpy of complexing of metal cation with cryptand 222 among two dipolar aprotic solvents. This correlation could provide a means of evaluating single-ion enthalpies of transfer among dipolar aprotic solvents from enthalpy of complexing data. Enthalpies and free energies of complexation of metal-ion cryptates in N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulphoxide, propylene carbonate, acetonitrile and nitromethane are used with relevant data to obtain the thermodynamic parameters for transfer of metal-ion cryptates from water to these solvents, and from propylene carbonate to the other dipolar aprotic GO solvents. The results obtained show variation in DeltaG&deg;t, DeltaH&deg;t and Deltas&deg;t values for the metal-ion cryptates are predominantly found in transfers from water, with unappreciable variations in these parameters for transfer among dipolar aprotic solvents. The latter conclusion is based on a large number of experimental calorimetric data and suggests that cryptate conventions seem to be valid among dipolar aprotic solvents. The use of cryptand 222 for the extraction of alkali-metal salts from water into nitromethane is discussed. The thermodynamic parameters for extraction process in water-pure nitromethane system are obtained.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Yoshida, Kazuhiro. "Rhodium-Catalyzed Addition of Arylmetal Reagents to Electron-Deficient Olefins in Aprotic Solvents." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149106.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Sonnleitner, Thomas [Verfasser], Richard [Akademischer Betreuer] Buchner, and Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Kunz. "Dielectric properties and cooperative dynamics of protic and aprotic room-temperature ionic liquids / Thomas Sonnleitner. Betreuer: Richard Buchner ; Werner Kunz." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1047706709/34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Collins, Karl Daniel. "The development and application of radical and anionic cyclisations mediated by samarium(II) diodide and protic co-solvents." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-development-and-application-of-radical-and-anionic-cyclisations-mediated-by-samariumii-diodide-and-protic-cosolvents(0e807a8c-d40f-45bb-8d83-26e79ebe9388).html.

Full text
Abstract:
The development of selective SmI2-H2O-mediated mono-reductions of cyclic-1,3-diesters to the corresponding 3-hydroxy acids is described. The reaction proceeds with complete selectivity for cyclic-1,3-diesters over acyclic esters. Sequential one-pot conjugate reduction-ester reduction of alkylidene cyclic-1,3-diesters is also reported. Furthermore, we describe the exploitation of the unusual ketyl radical intermediates formed via single electron reduction of the ester carbonyl in unprecedented 5-exo-trig cyclisations providing access to highly substituted, stereo-defined, cyclopentanols and cyclopentanones. Also described is the use of a silicon control element to direct the stereochemical outcome of the SmI2-MeOH-mediated conjugate reduction-intramolecular aldol cyclisations of α,β-unsaturated lactones. These cyclisations generate two contiguous quaternary centres with complete diastereocontrol; the utility of the silicon-directing group as a synthetic handle for derivatisation of the cyclisation products has also been demonstrated. These cyclisations have been applied in a model approach to the anti-mitotic natural product pseudolaric acid B.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Anim-Mensah, Alexander R. "Evaluation of Solvent Resistant Nano-Filtration (SRNF) Membranes for Small-Molecule Purification and Recovery of Polar Aprotic Solvents for Re-Use." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1195148766.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Nawaz, Haq. "Derivatização de celulose sob condições homogêneas: cinética e mecanismo de acilação do biopolímero em LiCI/DMAC e liquídos iônicos/solventes apróticos dipolares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-20032014-105540/.

Full text
Abstract:
O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a reatividade de acilação de celulose por anidridos de ácidos carboxílicos sob condições homogêneas em solventes apróticos dipolares (SAD), incluindo LiCl/N,N-dimetilacetamida (DMAC) e líquidos iônicos (LIs)/SAD. Os factores que contribuem para a reatividade foram quantificados através do estudo da dependência das constantes de velocidade e parâmetros de ativação sobre a composição do solvente. Após estabelecer que a condutividade é uma técnica experimental adequada para calcular as constantes de velocidade, foi estudada a acilação não catalisada e catalisada de celulose microcristalina, MCC. Foram empregados anidridos de ácidos carboxílicos com diferentes grupos acila (acetil a hexanoil; Nc = 2 a 6) nos seguintes sistemas de solventes: LiCl/DMAC, misturas de LI cloreto de 1-alil-3-metilimidazólio ( AlMeImCl ) e acetonitrila (MeCN), DMAC , dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO ) e sulfolano. Na celulose, a unidade anidra de glucose possui um grupo hidroxila primário e dois hidroxilas secundários. Usamos ciclohexilmetanol, CHM, e trans-1 ,2- ciclo-hexanodiol, CHD , como compostos modelo para os grupos (OH) primário e secundários, respectivamente. As razões das constantes de velocidade de acilação dos compostos modelo (CHM; Prim-OH) e (CHD; SEC-OH) foram empregados, após correção, a fim de dividir as constantes de velocidade global da reação de MCC em contribuições dos grupos (OH) presentes. Para os compostos modelo, verificou-se que k3 (Prim-OH) /k3 (Sec-OH) > 1, semelhante as reações de celulose sob condições heterogéneas; esta relação aumenta como uma função do aumento da Nc. As constantes de velocidade globais e parciais de acilação de MCC diminuim de anidrido etanóico a butanóico e, em seguida, aumentam para anidrido pentanóico e hexanóico, devido a mudanças sutis em - e compensações da entalpia e entropia de ativação. As constantes de velocidade para a acetilação de MCC, por anidrido etanóico na presença de concentrações crescentes do LI em DMAC, MeCN, DMSO e sulfolano foram calculados a partir de dados de condutividade. As constantes de velocidade de terceira ordem mostraram dependência linear sobre [LI]. Estes resultados foram explicados assumindo que o reagente é celulose ligado ao LI por ligação de hidrogénio. Isto foi confirmado pelos dados cinéticos da acetilação de CHM, espectroscopia de IV do último composto, e de celobiose nas misturas de LI/SAD e condutividade das misturas de solventes binários, na ausência e presença de MCC. A acetilação de celulose é mais rápida nas misturas de em LI com DMAC e DMSO do que com MeCN e sulfolano. Esta diferença é explicada, em parte, com base na alta viscosidade das soluções de biopolímeros em LI/sulfolano. Obteve-se mais informações sobre os efeitos do solvente molecular a prtir das propriedades microscópicas dos solventes e simulações por dinâmica molecular, DM. Os dados solvatocrômicos (polaridade empírica e basicidade) têm mostrado a importância da basicidade do solvente; solventes mais básicos formam ligações de hidrogênio mais fortes com os grupos (OH) da celulose, aumentando sua acessibilidade e, consequentemente sua reatividade. Este é o caso de DMAC e DMSO. Os resultados das simulações por DM indicaram a formação de ligações de hidrogénio, entre os grupos (OH) da unidade de glucose anidra do MCC, (Cl-) de LI, e o dipolo do DMAC e DMSO . Observamos que a acilação de celulose em LiCl/DMAC é eficientemente catalisada por imidazol, mas não pelo cloreto de tosila. Resultados de IV de FT e RMN de 1H indicaram a formação de N-acilimidazol que é o agente de acilação. As constantes globais e parciais de velocidade de acilação do MCC diminuiram de anidirido etanóico a butanóico e depois aumentou para anidrido pentanóico e hexanóico, devido a mudanças sutis em- e compensações da entalpia e entropia de ativação.<br>The objective of this work is to study the reactivity in cellulose acylation by carboxylic acid anhydrides under homogeneous conditions in dipolar aprotic solvents (DAS), including LiCl/ N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and ionic liquids (ILs)/DAS. Factors that contribute to reactivity were quantified by studying the dependence of reaction rates on temperature and solvent composition. After establishing that conductivity is an appropriate experimental technique to calculate the rate constants, we studied the kinetics of the homogeneous uncatalyzed and catalyzed acylation of microcrystalline cellulose, MCC, with carboxylic acid anhydrides with different acyl chain-length (Nc; ethanoic to hexanoic) in the following solvent systems: LiCl/DMAC; mixtures of the IL, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, (AlMeImCl) and acetonitrile (MeCN), DMAC, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sulfolane. The anhydroglucose unit of cellulose carries one primary- and two secondary hydroxyl groups. We used cyclohexylmethanol, CHM, and trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol, CHD, as model compounds for the hydroxyl groups of the anhydroglucose unit of cellulose. The ratios of rate constants of acylation of primary (CHM; Prim-OH) and secondary (CHD; Sec-OH) groups were employed, after correction, in order to split the overall rate constants of the reaction of MCC into contributions from the discrete OH groups. For the model compounds, we have found that k3 (Prim-OH)/k3 (Sec-OH) > 1, akin to reactions of cellulose under heterogeneous conditions; this ratio increases as a function of increasing Nc. The overall and partial rate constants of the acylation of MCC decrease from ethanoic- to butanoic anhydride and then increase for pentanoic- and hexanoic anhydride, due to subtle changes in- and compensations of the enthalpy and entropy of activation. Rate constants for the acetylation of MCC, by ethanoic anhydride in the presence of increasing concentrations of the ionic liquid, IL, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride in dipolar aprotic solvents, DAS, N,N-dimethylacetamide, DMAC, acetonitrile, MeCN, dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO and sulfolane, have been calculated from conductivity data. The third order rate constants showed a linear dependence on [IL]. These results have been explained by assuming that the reactant is cellulose hydrogen-bonded to the IL. This is corroborated by kinetic data of the acetylation of cyclohexyl methanol, FTIR spectroscopy of the latter compound, and cellobiose in mixtures of IL/DAS, and conductivity of the binary solvent mixtures in absence, and presence of MCC. Cellulose acetylation is faster in IL/DMAC and IL/DMSO than in IL/MeCN and IL/Sulfolane. This difference is explained, in part, based the high viscosity of the biopolymer solutions in IL-Sulfolane. Additional explanation came from microscopic solvents properties and molecular dynamics, MD simulations. The solvatochromic data (empirical polarity and basicity) have shown the importance of solvent basicity; basic solvents hydrogen-bond to the hydroxyl groups of cellulose increasing its accessibility, hence its reactivity. This is the case of DMAC and DMSO. Results of MD simulations indicated hydrogen-bond formation between the hydroxyl groups of the anhydroglucose unit of MCC, (Cl-) of the IL, and the dipole of the DMAC and DMSO. It has been observed that cellulose acylation in LiCl/DMAC is efficiently catalyzed by imidazole, but not by p-tosyl chloride. FTIR and 1H NMR have indicated the formation of N-acylimidazole which is the acylating agent. The overall and partial rate constants of the acylation of MCC decreased from ethanoic- to butanoic-anhydride and then increased for pentanoic- and hexanoic anhydride, due to subtle changes in- and compensations of the enthalpy and entropy of activation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Protic and Aprotic Solvents"

1

Izutsu, Kosuke. Acid-base dissociation constants in dipolar aprotic solvents. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Lagowski, J. J. Chemistry of Nonaqueous Solvents VB: Acid and Aprotic Solvents. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2012.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Šebo, L'ubomír. Molecular recognition of anions in protic solvents. 1999.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Lagowski, J. J. Chemistry of Nonaqueous Solvents V4: Solution Phenomena and Aprotic Solvents. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2012.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Electrolyte Data Collection: Viscosity of Nonaqueous Solutions II: Aprotic and Protic Non-Alcohol Solutions C1-C3 (Chemistry Data Series, V. 12.). Dechema, 1997.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Barthel, Josef, R. Neueder, and P. Schroder. Electrolyte Data Collection: Conductivities, Transference Numbers, and Limiting Lonic Conductivities of Solutions of Aprotic, Protophobic Solvents (Chemistry Data Series, V. 12.). Dechema, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

(Editor), Josef Barthel, and R. Neueder (Editor), eds. Electrolyte Data Collection: Conductivities, Transference Numbers, & Limiting Ionic Conductivities of Solutions of Aprotic, Protophobic Solvents III & IV (Dechema Chemistry Data Series). Dechema, 2000.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Book chapters on the topic "Protic and Aprotic Solvents"

1

Angell, C. A., W. Xu, M. Yoshizawa, et al. "Physical Chemistry of Ionic Liquids, Inorganic and Organic, Protic and Aprotic." In Electrochemical Aspects of Ionic Liquids. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471762512.ch2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Montenegro, M. I., and M. A. Queirós. "A Microelectrode Study of Metal Hexacarbonyls in Aprotic Solvents." In Molecular Electrochemistry of Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Compounds. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1628-2_59.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Angell, C. A., W. Xu, M. Yoshizawa-Fujita, et al. "Physical Chemistry of Ionic Liquids: Inorganic and Organic as Well as Protic and Aprotic." In Electrochemical Aspects of Ionic Liquids. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118003350.ch2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Matsushita, Takayuki. "Reactions of KMnO4 with Various Schiff Base Ligands in Aprotic Solvents." In The Activation of Dioxygen and Homogeneous Catalytic Oxidation. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3000-8_61.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Sakhawat, S. Shah, and Ejaz-ur-Rehman. "Effect of Temperature and Aprotic Solvents on the CMC of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate." In Interactions of Water in Ionic and Nonionic Hydrates. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72701-6_45.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Mattiello, Leonardo, and Liliana Rampazzo. "Electrochemistry of Diphenylcyclopropenone in Aprotic Solvents: Electrochemical Synthesis of Oligomers and Electrochemically Driven Decarbonylation Reaction." In Novel Trends in Electroorganic Synthesis. Springer Japan, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65924-2_63.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Kalugin, Oleg N., Anastasiia V. Riabchunova, Iuliia V. Voroshylova, et al. "Transport Properties and Ion Aggregation in Mixtures of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids with Aprotic Dipolar Solvents." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61109-9_5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Anouti, Mérièm. "Room-Temperature Molten Salts: Protic Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents as Media for Electrochemical Application." In Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquids. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13485-7_7.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Roy, Subhrajit, and Saikat Chakraborty. "A Kinetic Framework for Microwave-Irradiated Catalytic Conversion of Lignocelluloses to Biofuel Precursors by Employing Protic and Aprotic Ionic Liquids." In Clean Energy Production Technologies. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9593-6_8.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Haupt, Karsten. "Noncovalent Molecular Imprinting of a Synthetic Polymer with the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in the Presence of Polar Protic Solvents." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0703.ch009.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Protic and Aprotic Solvents"

1

Gornostaev, Leonid, Darya Tropina, Evgenia Slyusareva, Alena Merezhko, and Marina Gerasimova. "Spectroscopic behavior of pyrrolanthrone and its derivative in aprotic and protic solvents." In XIII International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers, edited by Andrei M. Kabanov and Victor F. Tarasenko. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2303545.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Rullière, C., A. Declémy, and Ph Kottis. "Time Dependent Fluorescence Shift in Alcoholic Solvents: A Non-Debye Behaviour Related to Hydrogen Bonds." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1986.wf1.

Full text
Abstract:
Time Dependent Fluorescence Shift (TDFS) of a polar compound (AMBO) dissolved in a sequence of polar (protic or aprotic) solvents has been studied. This compound (AMBO) is: shown on fig. 1. In the ground state, the solvent cage surrounding the polar compound has a well defined topology which minimizes the solute-solvent interactions. In the excited state, as shown on fig. 1, large change occurs (charge distribution, dipole moment). As a consequence, the solvent cage has to reorganize in order to minimize this new interaction. The TDFS reflects this change and particularly, its dynamics, related to the motion of the cage. The kinetic theory of TDFS has recently gained new interest {1,2} and our results provide a test of the validity of theoretical approach.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Farsinezhad, Samira, Prashant Waghmare, Benjamin D. Wiltshire, Saeid Amiri, Sushanta K. Mitra, and Karthik Shankar. "The Wetting Behavior of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays With Perfluorinated Surface Functionalization." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39395.

Full text
Abstract:
A facile electrochemical anodization method was used for producing hierarchically textured surfaces based on TiO2 nanotubes in two different configurations. It was found that perfluoro-functionalized TiO2 nanotubes exhibit high static contact angles for a variety of liquids such as apolar, polar aprotic and polar protic solvents. Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter theories were applied for theoretical contact angle calculations for the present study. By using Cassie theories, it is shown that a drop of polar liquid was in a fakir or Cassie-Baxter (CB) state on perfluoro-functionalized nanotube surfaces. The fakir state prevents spreading of the liquid on the surface. On the other hand, the wetting of non-polar liquids such as hexane is characterized by either Wenzel states or transition states characterized by partial imbibition that lie in between the CB and Wenzel states.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Passino, Sean A., Yutaka Nagasawa, Taiha Joo, and Graham R. Fleming. "Photon echo measurements in liquids using pulses longer than the electronic dephasing time." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1996.wd.4.

Full text
Abstract:
Liquid dynamics has been studied by various time-domain techniques such as photon echoes [1] and dynamic Stokes shift measurement [2], which utilize electronic absorption as a probe. Attempts to measure electronic dephasing times in solution using the standard photon echo technique have been hampered by the rapidity as well as the non-Markovian nature of the dynamics. Much emphasis has been directed toward employing shorter and shorter pulses. However, photon echoes using short pulses often simply measure the ultrafast break up of the intra-molecular vibrational wavepacket created by the large spectral bandwidth of the pulses. Recently, it has been shown that three pulse stimulated photon echo peak shift (3PEPS) measurements give accurate dynamical information on solute-solvent interaction [1,3]. In this technique, peak shifts are determined precisely by simultaneously measuring signals in the phase matching directions –k1+k2+k3 and k1−k2+k3. The peak shift reflects the ability of the system to rephase after evolving in a population state for time, T. That is, the decrease of 3PEPS mirrors the electronic transition frequency correlation function, M(t). Here we report 3PEPS studies on various polar protic and aprotic solvents using 22 fs and 90 fs pulses. It is shown the 3PEPS with pulses much longer than a typical electronic dephasing time still gives accurate information on ultrafast as well as slow dynamics in liquids. The experimental results are consistent with the numerical simulations including finite pulse duration.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Sierra, Alfonso, Hope Scott, Darwin Pray, Zachary Polus, and Patricia Iglesias. "Effects of Surface Finish and Molecular Structure on the Lubricating Ability of Borate-Based Protic Ionic Liquids." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95163.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Friction and wear are inherent problems in mechanical systems, leading to about 23% world’s total energy usage. However, energy losses could be reduced by up to 40% using high-performance lubricants. In order to meet these objectives, Ionic liquids have been studied for more than two decades. Ionic liquids are a class of synthetic salts with melting points below 100 °C due to their asymmetric chemical structure. This feature confers them remarkably interesting physicochemical properties. Moreover, the delocalized charge in their functional groups enables them to react with metal surfaces through the formation of protective layers that prevent them against contact. Ionic liquids are generally categorized based on the nature of their cation into aprotic ionic liquids and protic ionic liquids. Even though aprotic ionic liquids have been proved as neat lubricants and additives with great performance, their applicability is limited as a consequence of the complexity of their synthesis. On the contrary, protic ionic liquids can be easily obtained through proton transfer from a Brønsted acid to a Brønsted base. In this study, two borate-based PILs, N-methylethanolamine 1,2-dodecanediolborate and N’N-dimethylethanolamine 1,2-dodecanediolborate, were synthesized, with same anion and different ammonium cation. Their lubricating abilities were investigated as neat lubricants on steel-steel contact at room temperature, using a custom-designed ball-on-flat reciprocating tribometer. Each protic ionic liquid was tested using ground and polished steel disks and two levels of normal force and frequency. Results showed that the surface finish have an important influence on the lubricating performance of these ordered fluids. In addition, frequency was found to have an influence on the wear mechanisms on steel surfaces.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Budruev, Andrei, and Darja Sinjagina. "Photolysis of 2-Azidobenzoic Acid in Aprotic Solvents in the Presence of Water." In The 16th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. MDPI, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-16-01024.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

SASITHARAN, Kezia, Jaroslav KULICEK, Yaryna SOYKA, Michal PROCHAZKA, Maria OMASTOVA, and Bohuslav REZEK. "Microstructure and opto-electronic EFFECTS IN MXenes spincoated from polar aprotic solvents on ito." In NANOCON 2021. TANGER Ltd., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/nanocon.2021.4307.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Kumar, Anil, Basappa, N. Hanumanthraju, and C. G. Renuka. "Fluorescence relaxation and rotational dynamics of 3,3’-NBC-one in polar protic solvents." In NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS: NCPCM2020. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0060852.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Lee, Sebok, Taehyung Jang, Jongwon Im, and Yoonsoo Pang. "Structural Dynamics of Thioflavin T during the Intramolecular Charge Transfer by Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy." In Frontiers in Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2023.jtu4a.36.

Full text
Abstract:
Intramolecular charge transfer of thioflavin T has been investigated by time-resolved Raman spectroscopy, where the multimodal structural changes of the ICT dynamics including the twist and bend of dimethylaminophenyl group are separately observed in numerous in-plane and out-of-plane deformations and the skeletal stretching vibrations of thioflavin T in polar protic solvents.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Vervald, Alexey M., Evgeny A. Ekimov, Oleg S. Kudryavtsev, Igor I. Vlasov, and Tatiana A. Dolenko. "The influence of boron doped nanodiamonds on hydrogen bonds in suspensions of protic solvents." In Saratov Fall Meeting 2015, edited by Elina A. Genina, Valery V. Tuchin, Vladimir L. Derbov, et al. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2229764.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Protic and Aprotic Solvents"

1

Sears, J. Coal extraction by aprotic dipolar solvents. Final report. [Tetramethylurea, hexa-methylphosphoramide]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6071145.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Protic and Aprotic Solvents' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography