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Journal articles on the topic 'Protic and Aprotic Solvents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

M., KRISHNA PILLAY, та SHANMUGAM K. "Kinetics of Reaction of Triethylammonium Carboxylates with α-Halogeno Carbonyl Compounds in Organic Solvents. Part-4. Effects of Solvents on the Reaction Rate of Triethylammonium Benzoate with Phenacyl Bromide". Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 69, Dec 1992 (1992): 838–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6032436.

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Department of Chemistry, Bbarathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli-620 024 <em>Manuscript received 24 October 1992, revised 24 July 1992, accepted 21 September 1992</em> Kinetics of the reaction of triethylammonium benzoate with phenacyl bromide in different dipolar aprotic and protic solvents have been followed. rile leaction is about 200-400 times faster in aprotic solvent than in protic solvent. In aprotic dipolar solvents the carboxylate anion exists as desolvated one whereas in protic solvents the nucleophile is solvated by hydrogen-bonding thereby decreasing the nucleophilicity of the act

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2

M., KRISHNA PILLAY, та SHANMUGAM K. "Kinetics of Reaction of Triethylammonium Carboxylates with α-Halogeno Carbonyl Compounds in Organic Solvents. Part-4. Effects of Solvents on the Reaction Rate of Triethylammonium Benzoate with Phenacyl Bromide". Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 69, Dec 1992 (1992): 838–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6116878.

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Department of Chemistry, Bbarathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli-620 024 <em>Manuscript received 24 October 1990, revised 24 July 1992, accepted 21 September 1992</em> Kinetics of the reaction of triethylammonium benzoate with phenacyl bromide in different dipolar aprotic and protic solvents have been followed. The leaction is about 200-400 times faster in aprotic solvent than in protic solvent. In aprotic dipolar solvents the carboxylate anion exists as desolvated one whereas in protic solvents the nucleophile is solvated by hydrogenbonding thereby decreasing the nucleophilicity of the activ

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3

Nikolic, Jasmina, Gordana Uscumlic, and Vera Krstic. "Reactivity of cyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic and 2-methylcyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in aprotic solvents." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 65, no. 12 (2000): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0012839n.

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Rate constants for the reaction of diazodiphenylmethane with cyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acid and 2-methylcyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acid were determined in nine aprotic solvents, as well as in seven protic solvents, at 30?C using the appropriate UV-spectroscopic method. In protic solvents the unsubsituted acid displayed higher reaction rates than the methyl-substituted one. The results in aprotic solvents showed quite the opposite, and the reaction rates were considerably lower. In order to explain the obtained results through solvent effects, reaction rate constants (k) of the examined acids we

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4

Shabanian, Meisam, Hassan Moghanian, Mohsen Hajibeygi, and Azin Mohamadi. "Theoretical Investigation of Solvation Effects on the Tautomerism of Maleic Hydrazide." E-Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 1 (2012): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/976161.

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A DFT study is used to calculate structural data of tautomers of maleic hydrazide (MH) in the gas phase and selected solvents such as benzene (non-polar solvent), tetrahydrofuran (polar aprotic solvent) and methanol (protic solvent), dimethyl sulfoxide (polar aprotic solvent) and water (protic solvent) using PCM model. All tautomers are optimized at the B3LYP/6−31++G(d,p). The results show that the tautomer MH2except in methanol is more stable than the other tautomers but in methanol MH5(Diol) is more stable. In addition, stability of the tautomers in deferent solvents shows interesting result

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5

da Silva, Guilherme C. Q., Thiago M. Cardozo, Giovanni W. Amarante, Charlles R. A. Abreu, and Bruno A. C. Horta. "Solvent effects on the decarboxylation of trichloroacetic acid: insights from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 34 (2018): 21988–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02455c.

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6

Verma, Pragya, Arnulf Rosspeintner, Bogdan Dereka, Eric Vauthey, and Tatu Kumpulainen. "Broadband fluorescence reveals mechanistic differences in excited-state proton transfer to protic and aprotic solvents." Chemical Science 11, no. 30 (2020): 7963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc03316b.

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7

Marinkovic, Aleksandar, Sasa Drmanic, Bratislav Jovanovic, and Milica Misic-Vukovic. "Investigations of the reactivity of pyridine carboxylic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in protic and aprotic solvents, Part I: Pyridine mono-carboxylic acids." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 4 (2005): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0504567m.

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Rate constants for the reaction of diazodiphenylmethane with isomeric pyridine carboxylic acids were determined in chosen protic and aprotic solvents at 30 ?C, using the well known UV spectrophotometric method. The values of the rate constants of the investigated acids in protic solvents were higher than those in aprotic solvents. The second order rate constants were correlated with solvent parameters using the Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic equation in the form: logk = logk0 + s?*+ a? + b?. The correlation of the obtained kinetic data were performed by means of multiple linear regression analysis

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8

Drmanic, Sasa, Bratislav Jovanovic, Aleksandar Marinkovic, and Milica Misic-Vukovic. "Investigations of the reactivity of pyridine carboxylic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in protic and aprotic solvents: Part II: Pyridine mono-carboxylic acid N-oxides." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71, no. 2 (2006): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0602089d.

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The rate constants for the reaction of three isomeric pyridine mono-carbocylic acid N-oxides with diazodiphenylmethane were determined at 30 ?C in thirty two protic and aprotic solvents by the well known UV spectrophotometric method. The rate constants are generally higher than for pyridine mono-carboxylic acids in a similar range of solvents, except for picolinic acid N-oxide, and also higher in protic than in aprotic solvents. The determined rate constants were correlated with solvent parameters using the Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic equation bymeans of multiple regression analysis. The sign o

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9

Chastrette, M., and J. Carretto. "Étude statistique des effets de solvant. III. Calcul et interprétation de paramètres empiriques de polarité à partir de propriétés physicochimiques des solvants purs." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 12 (1985): 3492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-572.

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Using multivariational statistical methods, the calculation and interpretation of empirical parameters of the polarity of solvents has been reexamined. The size of the sample used (57 aprotic solvents and 24 protic solvents) assures that it is representative. For each solvent, the data tabulated include some physical constants (dielectric constants, dipole moments, refractive indices, molar refractions, boiling points, Hildebrand's δ parameters) or theoretical values (energy levels of frontier orbitals). The methods used are factorial analysis and multiple regression. The results obtained show

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10

Bakalova, Snezhana. "Solvent Effects on the Fluorescence Properties of Methyldihydroquinolinones." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 46, no. 9 (1991): 823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1991-0913.

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Abstract The absorption and fluorescence spectra and the fluorescence quantum yields of two methyl-2,3- dihydro-4(1H)-quinolinones in various solvents are reported. In some solvents deuteration-induced fluorescence enhancement has been observed. The solvent effects in aprotic solvents are consistent with the general type of solvent interaction. For protic solvents, solute-solvent complexation in the excited state is suggested

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11

Perusic-Janjic, Nada, Jevrem Janjic, and Sanja Podunavac-Kuzmanovic. "Solvent effect on electronic absorption spectra of some 2-aminobenzimidazoles." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 33 (2002): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0233093p.

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The effect of protic and aprotic solvents on electronic apsorption spectra of 1-(3-X-benzil)-2-aminobenzimidazoles (X=CH3;OCH3; Cl) was examined. UV-apsorption spectra (200-400 nm) were recorded in five protic and four aprotic solvents. Batochromic shift of absorption maxima, ?max, occurs from the solvent with the highest proton-donor ability to the proton acceptor solvent (from water to DMSO). Positions of absortion maxima in various solvents are in correlation with the dielectric constant of the solvent. In order to explain the obtained results, the ultraviolet absorption frequences of the e

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12

Götz, Andreas, Thomas Reske, Stefan Oschatz, Niels Grabow, and Sabine Illner. "Post-modification of PLLA nanofiber nonwovens by various solvent treatments." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 9, no. 1 (2023): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2023-1124.

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Abstract Degradable polymeric Biomaterials, such as polylactic acid, are widely used in medical field as bioresorbable implant coatings. More recently, stent covers, implantable tubes or wound dressings made from electrospun nanofibers have been developed. In order to tailor the material for specific applications, dedicated fine-tuning procedures are required. To modify fiber interconnection or porosity, solvents or their dilutions are applicable. In this work, the effect of differently diluted protic and aprotic-polar solvents on electrospun poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) nonwovens was investigate

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13

Jankulovska, Mirjana, Lidija Šoptrajanova, Ilinka Spirevska, Katica Čolančevska-Ragenoviќ, and Saško Ristovski. "Investigation of solvent effects on electronic absorption spectra of some substituted 1,2,4-triazoline-3-thiones." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 29, no. 1 (2010): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2010.171.

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The influence of the polarity of the solvent and hydrogen bonding on the electronic absorption spectra of some previously synthesized substituted 1,2,4-triazoline-3-thiones was studied. The electronic absorption spectra of investigated compounds were recorded in the region from 190 nm to 360 nm in eight protic (water, ethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol and tert-butanol) and five aprotic (acetonitrile, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide and dioxane) solvents. Their absorption maxima appeared in the region between 250 nm and 260 nm as a result

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14

Adamoczky, Anita, Lajos Nagy, Miklós Nagy, Miklós Zsuga, and Sándor Kéki. "Conversion of Isocyanide to Amine in The Presence of Water and Hg(II) Ions: Kinetics and Mechanism as Detected by Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (2020): 5588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155588.

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Aromatic isocyanides including isocyanonaphthalene derivatives have been proven to be very effective fluorescent sensors for the quantification of Hg(II) ions in water. Thus, the reaction of 1,5-isocyanoaminonaphthalene (1,5-ICAN), which is one of the most important members of this family, with water and HgCl2 as the oxidation agents, was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and mass spectrometry in order to get deeper insight into the kinetics and mechanistic details of this complex reaction. The reactions of 1,5-ICAN with water and HgCl2 were performed in various water/co-solvent mixtures of

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15

Roopesh Kumar, L., N. R. Sagar, K. Divya, C. Madhu та Vommina V. Sureshbabu. "Synthesis of an amino phosphinodiselenoic acid ester and β-amino diselenides employing P2Se5". New Journal of Chemistry 44, № 18 (2020): 7261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj00012d.

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16

Le, Hong Nhung, Choonho Lee, Woochul Jung, and Juyoung Kim. "Effect of the Solvent Type on the Colloidal Stability and the Degree of Condensation of Silica Sols Stabilized by Amphiphilic Urethane Acrylate and the Properties of Their Coating Films." Coatings 13, no. 12 (2023): 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13121997.

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The colloidal stability of silica O-I hybrid sols that have a high degree of condensation could result in the formation of a hard coating film on a substrate, which could depend on the properties of solvents used in the sol–gel reaction. In this study, the effect of the solvent type on the colloidal stability and degree of condensation of the silica sols was investigated by preparing various silica O-I hybrid sols using different solvent mixtures composed of various aprotic and protic solvents in the presence of amphiphilic urethane acrylate. Silica sols prepared using the appropriate aprotic–

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17

Nikolic, Jasmina, Gordana Uscumlic, and Vera Krstic. "Solvent effect on electronic absorption spectra of cyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic and 2-methylcyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acids." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 65, no. 5-6 (2000): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0006353n.

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The ultraviolet absorption spectra of cyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acid and 2- methylcyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acid were determined in six protic and nine aprotic solvents in the wavelength range from 200 to 400 nm. The position of the ?max of the two examined acids showed that the ultraviolet absorption maximums of cyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acid were at consistently longer wavelengths in protic solvents than those of methylcyclohex-1-enylcarboxylic acid. The opposite was true in aprotic solvents. In order to explain the obtained results, the ultraviolet absorption frequencies of the electronic t

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18

Alshahateet, Solhe F., Mohan M. Bhadbhade, Roger Bishop, and Marcia L. Scudder. "Different solvents yield alternative crystal forms through aromatic, halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding competition." CrystEngComm 17, no. 4 (2015): 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce02109f.

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X-ray crystallography shows that entirely different structures are produced when the dichlorodiquinoline derivative is crystallised from aprotic dimethylformamide or from protic solvents like methanol or acetic acid, demonstrating the importance of solvent choice in yielding alternative crystal forms.

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19

Pavlovich, Vladimir S. "Gas-phase energy of the S2←S0 transition and electrostatic properties of the S2 state of carotenoid peridinin via a solvatochromic shift and orientation broadening of the absorption spectrum." Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 13, no. 10 (2014): 1444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4pp00124a.

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The solvent effect on the position and the shape of the absorption spectrum of peridinin for 12 protic and aprotic solvents as well as the temperature effect for methanol were studied using a solvatochromic theory based on the Onsager sphere cavity model.

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20

Ono, Kosuke, Yohei Tohyama, Tatsuhiro Uchikura, et al. "Control of the reversibility during boronic ester formation: application to the construction of ferrocene dimers and trimers." Dalton Transactions 46, no. 7 (2017): 2370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt04845e.

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21

Assoumatine, Tokouré, Brigitte L. Yvon, and James L. Charlton. "The complex photochemistry of 2,3-dibenzylidenesuccinates." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 12 (2004): 1663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-143.

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The photochemistry of diethyl E,E-2,3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)succinate (8) is solvent dependent. In both protic and aprotic solvents, there is a photoequilibrium established between 8 and its E,Z-isomer (9). In chloroform at high light intensity, very little 9 is formed and the main product is 1,4-dihydronaphthalene (10), formed via photoinduced intramolecular [1,3]-sigmatropic hydrogen shift within an intermediate 1,8a-dihydronaphthalene (11). In protic solvents, irradiation of either 8 or 9 ultimately gives primarily the cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene product (13), along with smaller amoun

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22

Khalilian, M. Hossein, Saber Mirzaei, and Avat (Arman) Taherpour. "Comprehensive insights into the structure and coordination behavior of thiosemicarbazone ligands: a computational assessment of the E–Z interconversion mechanism during coordination." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 12 (2015): 9313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj02041g.

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The calculations transpired that the isomerization mechanism of thiosemicarbazones is influenced by the solvents, in which the inversion and tautomerization path is the likely mechanisms in aprotic and protic solvents, respectively.

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23

Nasiri, Azadeh, Shaya Mokhtari, Reza Jahani, et al. "Challenges for the determination of spiramycin in aqueous matrices using LC-MS/MS: evidence for the solvent intrusion on the molecule integrity." RSC Advances 12, no. 27 (2022): 17096–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra00205a.

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Water, ethanol, and methanol as protic solvents can add to the formyl group of spiramycin molecules during standard solutions preparation while there was no evidence for the addition of acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide as aprotic solvents.

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24

Sueishi, Yoshimi, and Yoko Takashima. "Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of the Thermal Isomerization of Bismuth Dithizonate." Journal of Chemical Research 2000, no. 4 (2000): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823400103166922.

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The isomerization rates of bismuth dithizonate (Bi(HD Z)3) having three dithizone ligands have been measured in various kinds of solvents and at high pressures, and the reaction mechanisms in aprotic and protic solvents are discussed.

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25

Lu, Chun Shan, Jing Hui Lu, Lei Ma, Qun Feng Zhang, and Xiao Nian Li. "Effect of Solvent Polarity Properties on the Selectivity and Activity for 3,4-Dichloronitrobenzene Hydrogenation over Pd/C Catalyst." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 2379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.2379.

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Several representative solvents classified in three categories: 1) aprotic apolar solvents: 2) protic solvents; 3) aprotic polar solvents were chosen to investigate the effect on the catalytic activity and selectivity for the selective hydrogenation of 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (3,4-DCNB) over Pd/C catalyst. The solvent polarity increases the hydrogenation rate apparently, but also increases the selectivity to 3-chloroaniline and 4-chloroaniline from dehalogenation reaction. The solvents with the high polarity and hydrogen-bond donation capability can generate the strong interaction and the H-b

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26

Canal-Martín, Andrea, Claudio D. Navo, Elena Sáez, Dolores Molero, Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés, and Ruth Pérez-Fernández. "Nucleophilic catalysis of p-substituted aniline derivatives in acylhydrazone formation and exchange." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 19, no. 33 (2021): 7202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ob00871d.

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27

Alauddin, Md. "Effect of solvents and temperature on the structural, thermodynamic and electronic properties of capped phenylalanine: A computational study." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 45, no. 2 (2022): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v45i2.57212.

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Effects of solvents and temperature on the structural, thermodynamic, and electronic properties of L-configuration of N-acetyl-phenylalaninyl amide (NAPA) were studied using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach. Enthalpy (H), entropy (S) and specific heat capacity (Cv) were found to increase with the increase of temperature (100 K-1600 K) because of the increasing intensities of molecular vibration. On the contrary, Gibb’s free energy (G) was found to decrease with the increase of temperature. The UV-light absorption maximum, λmax, is r

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28

Kindo, Shashibala, Manish K. Rai, Ramsingh Kurrey, and Joyce Rai. "Kinetic Study of Solvent Effect on the Hydrolysis of Mono-3, 5-Dimethylaniline Phosphate." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 35, no. 2 (2023): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2023-35-2-7.

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The hydrolysis of phosphate esters is one of the most fundamental chemical and biochemical reaction. The kinetic solvent effect on the hydrolysis of mono-3, 5-dimethylaniline phosphate has been studied in aqueous mixtures of varying compositions (0-40% v/v) of some protic and aprotic solvents at four different temperatures. The rate of reactions increases with increasing proportion of solvents. Activation parameters (Ea, ΔH≠, ΔG≠, -ΔS≠) have been evaluated. The significance of these parameters have been explained on the basis of solvent-solute interaction, solvent of the transition state of th

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29

Dyker, Gerald, та Richard P. Kreher. "Struktur und Reaktivität von isoanellierten heterocyclischen Systemen mit 4nπ- und (4n+2)π-Elektronen, XVII [1] Diels-Aider- und Michael-Additionsreaktionen von 3-Alkoxy-2,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indolen mit Ethindicarbonsäuredialkylestern / Structure and Reactivity of Isoannelated Heterocyclic Systems with 4nπ- and (4n+2)π-Electrons, XVII [1] Diels-Alder and Michael Addition Reactions of 3-Alkoxy-2,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indoles with Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 43, № 12 (1988): 1656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1988-1221.

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Abstract The reactions of 2-rm-butyl-3-methoxy-4-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indole (3) with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates are decisively influenced by the solvent. In the presence of alcohols as protic and polar solvents Michael addition is prefered, while in aprotic and less polar solvents like ether the Diels-Alder reaction is favoured. Based on stereospecific hydrolysis and isotopic labeling dipolar intermediates are discussed. The results are of current interest for mechanistic and theoretical reasons

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30

Favier, Isabelle, and Elisabet Duñach. "New protic salts of aprotic polar solvents." Tetrahedron Letters 45, no. 17 (2004): 3393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.03.025.

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31

Rossini, Emanuele, and Ernst-Walter Knapp. "Proton solvation in protic and aprotic solvents." Journal of Computational Chemistry 37, no. 12 (2016): 1082–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.24297.

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32

Zhuang, Wenchang, Chunhua Zhao, Yue Pan, and Qintang Li. "Self-assembly of an imidazolium surfactant in aprotic ionic liquids. 2. More than solvents." Soft Matter 17, no. 12 (2021): 3494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm00039j.

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33

Dimova, Vesna B., and Nada U. Perišić-Janjić. "Solvatochromism studies on UV spectra of 4,5-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazoline-3-thiones." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 31, no. 1 (2012): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2012.60.

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The influence of a series of organic solvents on the UV spectra of investigated 1,2,4-triazoles, was studied by implementing solvatochromic theory. As a part of our efforts to interpret the effects of solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding on the absorption spectra of previously synthesized 1,2,4-triazoline-3-thiones, the study design was based on the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) concept using Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters: π*, α and β. Accordingly, by dividing the solvents into two groups (protic and aprotic) it was ascertained that improved solvatochromic three-correlat

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34

Yadav, Anita, Shruti Trivedi, V. Haridas, Jeremy B. Essner, Gary A. Baker, and Siddharth Pandey. "Effect of ionic liquid on the fluorescence of an intramolecular exciplex forming probe." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 19, no. 2 (2020): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00458k.

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The effects of ionic liquid addition on the spectroscopic properties of a pyrene-tryptophan-containing fluorescent intramolecular complex in polar-aprotic and polar-protic solvents, specifically, acetonitrile and ethanol, are assessed.

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35

Pal, Siddhartha, Manjira Mukherjee, Buddhadeb Sen, Somenath Lohar, and Pabitra Chattopadhyay. "Development of a rhodamine–benzimidazol hybrid derivative as a novel FRET based chemosensor selective for trace level water." RSC Adv. 4, no. 41 (2014): 21608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02585g.

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36

Nagareddy, V. Kartheek, D. Kurt Gaskill, J. L. Tedesco, et al. "Temperature Dependent Chemical Sensitivity of Epitaxial Graphene." Materials Science Forum 717-720 (May 2012): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.691.

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We investigated the chemical sensing mechanism of epitaxial graphene grown on 6H-SiC (0001) to different polar solvents and their behavior at higher temperatures. We show that at 300 K the sensitivity of the graphene sensor increases exponentially with the dipole moment of a solvent and decreases significantly as the temperature increased to 425 K. Using electrical measurements, we also show that graphene can effectively discriminate between polar protic and polar aprotic solvents with the shift in device electrical resistance at 300 K.

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37

Drmanic, Sasa, Aleksandar Marinkovic, and Bratislav Jovanovic. "Effects of solvent and structure on the reactivity of 6-substituted nicotinic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in aprotic solvents." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 74, no. 12 (2009): 1359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0912359d.

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The rate constants for the reactions of diazodiphenylmethane (DDM) with 6-substituted nicotinic acids in aprotic solvents at 30?C were determined. The obtained second order rate constants in aprotic solvents, together with literature data for benzoic and nicotinic acids in protic solvents, were used for the calculation of solvent effects, employing the Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic equation (linear solvation energy relationship - LSER) in the form: log k = log k0 + + s?*+ a? + b?. The correlations of the kinetic data were performed by means of multiple linear regression analysis taking appropriat

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38

Pithan, Phil M., David Decker, Manlio Sutero Sardo, Giampietro Viola, and Heiko Ihmels. "Synthesis and fluorosolvatochromism of 3-arylnaphtho[1,2-b]quinolizinium derivatives." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (May 2, 2016): 854–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.84.

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Cationic biaryl derivatives were synthesized by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of 3-bromonaphtho[1,2-b]quinolizinium bromide with arylboronic acids. The resulting cationic biaryl derivatives exhibit pronounced fluorosolvatochromic properties. First photophysical studies in different solvents showed that the emission energy of the biaryl derivatives decreases with increasing solvent polarity. This red-shifted emission in polar solvents is explained by a charge shift (CS) in the excited state and subsequent solvent relaxation. Furthermore, the polarity of protic polar and aprotic polar solvents affects

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Jiao, Shu Fei, Yan Zhen Yin, Xiong Gan, Xiao Xi Hu, Zhong Feng Shi, and Yun Wang. "Solvent-Dependent Catalytic Behavior of Hydrophobic Guest Artificial Glutathione Peroxidase Determined Using H₂O₂ and 4-Nitrobenzenethiol as Substrates." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.230.

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Using H2O2 and 4-nitrobenzenethiol as substrates, the catalytic behavior of a hydrophobic guest artificial glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (ADA-Te-ADA) was detailed investigated. The relation between the catalytic rate of ADA-Te-ADA and the property of solvent used in the determination of catalytic rate was revealed. Typically, Ethanol, DMSO, DMF and CH3CN were selected as the co-solvents in the determination of catalytic rates. It indicated that ADA-Te-ADA exhibited the typical solvent-dependent catalytic behavior. Especially, the higher catalytic rate was observed when polar protic solvent (eth

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Yin, Yan Zhen, Shu Fei Jiao, Xiong Gan, Zhong Feng Shi, Xiao Xi Hu, and Yun Wang. "Investigation of Solvent-Dependent Catalytic Behavior of a Hydrophobic Guest Artificial Glutathione Peroxidase." Advanced Materials Research 940 (June 2014): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.940.20.

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The investigation of the catalytic behavior of a hydrophobic guest artificial glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (ADA-Te-ADA) was carried out employing H2O2 and 3-carboxyl-4-nitrobenzenethiolas (TNB) as substrates. The relation between the catalytic rate of ADA-Te-ADA and the property of solvent used in the determination of catalytic activity was revealed. Typically, the co-solvents including ethanol, DMSO, DMF and CH3CN were employed in the determination of catalytic rates. It indicated that ADA-Te-ADA exhibited the typical solvent-dependent catalytic behavior. Especially, the higher catalytic rate

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F., I. El-Dossouki, and A. Gommaa E. "Excess refractive index, polarizability, polarization and the molar volume of some mixed solvents." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 82, Mar 2005 (2005): 219–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5826788.

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Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Suez-Canal University, Port-Said, Egypt Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University. Mansoura, Egypt <em>Manuscript received 12 May 2003, revised 26 July 2004, accepted 18 October 2004</em> The refractive indices and the densities of (1) protic-protic solvent mixtures (ethanol-<em>n</em>-propanol, ethanol-<em>n</em>-butanol and <em>n</em>- propanol-water), (2) aprotic-aprotic solvent mixtures (DMSO-DMF, DMSO-DI (1,4-dioxane) and<strong> </strong>DMF-DI) and (3) aproticprotic solvent mixtures (DMSO, Dl-methanol, ethanol, <em>n</em>-p

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Ramesh, B., D. Vijaya Bharathi, B. Kavitha, and P. Manikyamba. "Linear Solvation Energy Relationship in the Reaction between Phenacyl Bromide and 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole." Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 34, no. 3 (2009): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/146867809x466195.

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The reaction between phenacyl bromide and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole was studied conductometrically in 17 different protic and aprotic solvents. The second order rate constants determined are found to be highly susceptible to changes in the solvation abilities of the solvents. Correlation of the rate constants with different solvent parameters indicated that the solvation of the reactants and the transition state is due to the electrophilicity, hydrogen bond donor ability, specific polarisability and a non-specific polarity of the solvent. by statistical analysis, a linear solvation energy relati

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Hüttenhain, S. H., W. Balzer, and R. Feldmann. "Fluorescence of 8-(Phenylamino)-1-naphthalene-ammonium- sulfonate in Solvents of Different Polarity." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 49, no. 11 (1994): 1087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1994-1117.

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Abstract The solvatochromic fluorescence properties of 8-(phenylamino)-1-naphthalene-ammoniumsulfonate (1) were investigated in 22 pure solvents of rising polarity. The measurements of both Stokes' shifts and intensities discriminated between protic and aprotic solvents. Fairly good linear correlation plots of the dependence could be obtained on neglection of the values of tert.-butanol, DMF and DMSO.

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El Seoud, Omar A., Shirley Possidonio, and Naved I. Malek. "Solvatochromism in Solvent Mixtures: A Practical Solution for a Complex Problem." Liquids 4, no. 1 (2024): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/liquids4010003.

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Many reactions are carried out in solvent mixtures, mainly because of practical reasons. For example, E2 eliminations are favored over SN2 substitutions in aqueous organic solvents because the bases are desolvated. This example raises the question: how do we chose binary solvents to favor reaction outcomes? This important question is deceptively simple because it requires that we understand the details of all interactions within the system. Solvatochromism (solvent-dependent color change of a substance) has contributed a great deal to answer this difficult question, because it gives informatio

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Fukui, Yuki, Kaoru Ohta, and Keisuke Tominaga. "Vibrational dynamics of the CO stretching of 9-fluorenone studied by visible-pump and infrared-probe spectroscopy." Faraday Discussions 177 (2015): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00169a.

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We studied the effects of hydrogen bonds on the vibrational structures and vibrational dynamics of the CO stretching mode of 9-fluorenone (FL) in the electronically excited state in aprotic and protic solvents using sub-picosecond visible-pump and IR-probe spectroscopy. The transient IR spectrum of the CO stretching band in methanol-d<sub>4</sub> has two bands at 1529.9 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1543.4 cm<sup>−1</sup>, which are assigned to an FL-solvent complex and free FL, respectively. In the aprotic solvents, the CO stretching bands show blue-shifts in time. This shift is due to vibrational cool

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Saikia, Monmi, and Jadab C. Sarma. "Baylis–Hillman reaction under solvent-free conditions — Remarkable rate acceleration and yield enhancement." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 12 (2010): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-133.

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A simple and efficient method has been developed for remarkable rate acceleration and yield enhancement of the Baylis–Hillman reaction under solvent-free “neat conditions” and solvent-less isolation of products. Reaction of equimolar quantities of aldehyde and olefin in the presence of 20 mol% of DABCO under neat conditions affords the highest yield in most cases within the shortest reaction time, giving support to the mechanisms of proton transfer in protic and aprotic solvents. Solvent-free conditions are found to be especially fast, selective, and high yielding for aromatic aldehydes.

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Bhowmik, Pradip K., Tae S. Jo, Jung J. Koh, et al. "Poly(Pyridinium Salt)s Containing 2,7-Diamino-9,9′-Dioctylfluorene Moieties with Various Organic Counterions Exhibiting Both Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties." Molecules 26, no. 6 (2021): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061560.

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A series of poly(pyridinium salt)s-fluorene main-chain ionic polymers with various organic counterions were synthesized by using ring-transmutation polymerization and metathesis reactions. Their chemical structures were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), proton (1H), and fluorine 19 (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. These polymers showed a number-average molecular weight (Mns) between 96.5 and 107.8 kg/mol and polydispersity index (PDI) in the range of 1.12–1.88. They exhibited fully-grown lyotropic phases in polar protic and aprotic solvents at different c

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Arshad, Mahwish, Nasir Rasool, Muhammad Usman Qamar, Syed Adnan Ali Shah, and Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria. "Facile Synthesis of Functionalized Phenoxy Quinolines: Antibacterial Activities against ESBL Producing Escherichia coli and MRSA, Docking Studies, and Structural Features Determination through Computational Approach." Molecules 27, no. 12 (2022): 3732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123732.

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The synthesis of new 6-Bromoquinolin-4-ol derivatives (3a–3h) by Chan–Lam coupling utilizing different types of solvents (protic, aprotic, and mixed solvents) and bases was studied in the present manuscript. Furthermore, their potential against ESBL producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) were investigated. Commercially available 6-bromoquinolin-4-ol (3a) was reacted with different types of aryl boronic acids along with Cu(OAc)2 via Chan–Lam coupling methodology utilizing the protic and aprotic and mixed solvents. The molecules (3a–3h) ex

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Loukopoulos, Edward, Constantina Papatriantafyllopoulou, Eleni Moushi, et al. "Solvatomorphism in a series of copper(II) complexes with the 5-phenylimidazole/perchlorate system as ligands." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 80, no. 4 (2024): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520624005948.

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In the course of an investigation of the supramolecular behaviour of copper(II) complexes with the 5-phenylimidazole/perchlorate ligand system (`blend') remarkable solvatomorphism has been observed. By employing a variety of crystallization solvents (polar protic, polar/non-polar aprotic), a series of 12 crystalline solvatomorphs with the general formula [Cu(ClO4)2(LH)4]·x(solvent) have been obtained [LH = 5-phenylimidazole, x(solvent) = 3.3(H2O) (1), 2(methanol) (2), 2(ethanol) (3), 2(1-propanol) (4), 2(2-propanol) (5), 2(2-butanol) (6), 2(dimethylformamide) (7), 2(acetone) (8), 2(tetrahydrof

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Emma, Marco Giuseppe, Alice Tamburrini, Ada Martinelli, Marco Lombardo, Arianna Quintavalla, and Claudio Trombini. "A Simple and Efficient Protocol for Proline-Catalysed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction." Catalysts 10, no. 6 (2020): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10060649.

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The proline-catalysed asymmetric aldol reaction is usually carried out in highly dipolar aprotic solvents (dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile) where proline presents an acceptable solubility. Protic solvents are generally characterized by poor stereocontrol (e.g., methanol) or poor reactivity (e.g., water). Here, we report that water/methanol mixtures are exceptionally simple and effective reaction media for the intermolecular organocatalytic aldol reaction using the simple proline as the catalyst.

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