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Journal articles on the topic 'Proto-Celtic language'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Mees, Bernard. "Left Branch Extraction and Clitic Placement in Gaulish." Journal of Celtic Linguistics 22, no. 1 (2021): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/jcl.22.5.

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The inscriptional remains of Gaulish preserve syntactic behaviours that are not expected from the perspective of the diachronic schemes usually posited for the development of early Insular Celtic syntax from Proto-Indo-European. Widespread evidence is attested, particularly for the behaviour of clitics, that does not seem reconcilable with many of the assumptions made in previous studies regarding the nature of the syntax of Proto-Celtic. Gaulish also evidently features scrambling-type phenomena such as left branch extraction that are not usually thought to appear in other Celtic languages. An

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2

Stifter, David. "The rise of gemination in Celtic." Open Research Europe 3 (February 2, 2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15400.1.

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This study investigates systematically the emergence and establishment of geminate consonants as a phonological class in the Celtic branch of Indo-European. The approach of this study is comparative historical linguistics, drawing on diachronic structuralism combined with aspects of language contact studies and functional approaches to language usage. This study traces the development of geminates from Proto-Indo-European (fourth millennium b.c.), which did not allow geminate consonants, to the Common Celtic period (first millennium b.c.), when almost every consonant could occur as a singlet

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3

Stifter, David. "The rise of gemination in Celtic." Open Research Europe 3 (February 8, 2024): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15400.2.

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This study investigates systematically the emergence and establishment of geminate consonants as a phonological class in the Celtic branch of Indo-European. The approach of this study is comparative historical linguistics, drawing on diachronic structuralism combined with aspects of language contact studies and functional approaches to language usage. This study traces the development of geminates from Proto-Indo-European (fourth millennium B.C.), which did not allow geminate consonants, to the Common Celtic period (first millennium B.C.), when almost every consonant could occur as a singleton

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4

Sims-Williams, Patrick. "An Alternative to ‘Celtic from the East’ and ‘Celtic from the West’." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 3 (2020): 511–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774320000098.

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This article discusses a problem in integrating archaeology and philology. For most of the twentieth century, archaeologists associated the spread of the Celtic languages with the supposed westward spread of the ‘eastern Hallstatt culture’ in the first millennium bc. More recently, some have discarded ‘Celtic from the East’ in favour of ‘Celtic from the West’, according to which Celtic was a much older lingua franca which evolved from a hypothetical Neolithic Proto-Indo-European language in the Atlantic zone and then spread eastwards in the third millennium bc. This article (1) criticizes the

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5

Van Sluis, Paulus. "Beekeeping in Celtic and Indo-European." Studia Celtica 56, no. 1 (2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/sc.56.1.

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This article reconstructs where, when and how Celtic speakers adopted beekeeping on the basis of the Celtic apicultural vocabulary. Following a short introduction giving the archaeological and historical background of beekeeping, it is argued that Celtic inherited a lexicon for bee produce from Proto-Indo-European (PIE), but not for bees or beehives. The various external sources and internal derivations for the remaining words in the apicultural lexicon are then employed to reconstruct in what periods and from what sources Celtic speakers adopted beekeeping. This reconstruction demonstrates th

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6

Bojčić, Ivana, and Bernard Dukić. "Black(n)adder–Indo–European ancestry of the english language through words." Školski vjesnik 71, no. 2 (2022): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.38003/sv.71.2.8.

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English language is a part of a wider, Indo-European, family of languages. It is a part of a Germanic group of languages that, alongside many other groups, originated from the reconstructed Proto – Indo – European language. English was the language of Germanic tribes of Angles and Saxons which inhabited Britain in the 5th century after the withdrawal of the Romans. The Germanic group of languages encompasses languages such as Dutch, German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic and English. Germanic group of people was once in close contact with Celtic and Italic groups and earlier than tha

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7

Matasović, Ranko. "Possessive agreement in Insular Celtic." Studia Celtica Posnaniensia 9 (December 31, 2024): 112–34. https://doi.org/10.14746/scp.2024.9.4.

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Possessive agreement is a pattern of NP-internal agreement in which certain features of the possessor (usually person, number and/or gender) are marked twice within the NP: firstly, on the possessive marker itself (e. g. a possessive pronoun) and secondly, on another morpheme, which obligatorily agrees in those features with the possessive marker (Corbett 2006: 47). This type of agreement is not common in Indo-European languages, but it is in Uralic and several other language families in Eurasia (Koptjevskaja-Tamm 2003). However, Goidelic and Brittonic have constructions falling under the abov

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8

Alonso, Juan Luis García. "'And the Celts live beyond the Pillars of Hercules ...': Ancient Greek Awareness of the Celts and their Geographical Location." Journal of Celtic Linguistics 26, no. 1 (2025): 131–76. https://doi.org/10.16922/jcl.26.6.

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This paper analyses the first mentions of the Celts and their geographical location in ancient sources, paying special attention to Herodotus, whom it attempts to contextualise by also considering later authors, both Greek (Polybius, Diodorus Siculus and Strabo) and Roman (Pliny and Tacitus). This analysis is set in the context of recent debates on the linguistic nature of 'Tartessian', a little-known language of SW Hispania (considered Celtic by some scholars), as well as of the discussion of different theories on the geographical location of both Proto-Celtic and historic Celtic peoples and

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9

Séamus Mac Mathúna, Séamus. "The History of Celtic Scholarship in Russia and the Soviet Union." Studia Celto-Slavica 1 (2006): 3–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/asmh5209.

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In recent years there has been a remarkable burgeoning of interest in Celtic scholarship in the Slavic countries. Much of the work carried out by Slavic scholars, however, is written in the Slavic languages and is not readily accessible to Western scholars. The result is that the scope and achievement of Celtic scholars in these countries is not widely known and appreciated. The aim of this paper is to give a short history of this tradition and of some of the major scholarly landmarks. While the emphasis will be primarily on Celtic Studies in Russia, reference will also be made to the work of

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10

Olander, Thomas. "Indo-European cladistic nomenclature." Indogermanische Forschungen 124, no. 1 (2019): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2019-0008.

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Abstract The study examines the terminology currently in use for the higher-level subgroups of the Indo-European family tree. Based on the observation that the terminology is heterogeneous and confusing, the study discusses the central terms, suggesting that the whole language family and its ancestor should be referred to as “Indo-European” and “Proto-Indo-European” respectively. Under the hypothesis that the three first subgroups to branch off were Anatolian, Tocharian and Italo- Celtic, “Indo-Tocharian” is recommended as a suitable name for the non-Anatolian subgroup, and “Indo-Celtic” for t

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11

Bichlmeier, Harald. "Ist der Name der nordwestböhmischen Stadt dt. Kaaden / tschech. Kadaň keltischen Ursprungs?" Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 65, no. 1 (2018): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph-2018-650103.

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Abstract The North-West-Bohemian town Kaaden (Czech Kadaň) lies in an area where Celts settled some two millennia ago. For this reason a Celtic etymology was proposed for this placename, although a Slavic etymology based on the Common Slavic personal name *Kadanъ (attested in Old Czech, Polish, Sorabian) had existed for decades: Kadaň (taken over later on into German as Ka(a)den) was derived from the personal name *Kadanъ with the possessive suffix Common Slavic *-jь and meant originally ‘Kadan’s (castle/town)’. It will be shown that the Celtic etymology which argues for a Proto-Celtic *katu-d

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12

O'Shea, Natalia. "The Old Irish Evidence for the Reconstruction of the Indo-European Acrostatic Presents." Studia Celto-Slavica 4 (2010): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/kwyt6680.

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The present article reveals a small part of our ongoing work, which aims at a thorough analysis of the evolution of IE verbal morphological categories and formal types of verbal stems in Celtic. We have analysed a small number of Old Irish verbs which show traces of acrostatic Present formations. However limited the Celtic evidence may be, the importance of it should be under no circumstances downplayed. This evidence from the Western dialects of the Indo-European periphery provides a strong point for the argument that acrostatic Presents existed at least at a later stage of the Indo-European

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13

Kassian, Alexei S., Mikhail Zhivlov, George Starostin, et al. "Rapid radiation of the inner Indo-European languages: an advanced approach to Indo-European lexicostatistics." Linguistics 59, no. 4 (2021): 949–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0060.

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Abstract In this article we present a new reconstruction of Indo-European phylogeny based on 13 110-item basic wordlists for protolanguages of IE subgroups (Proto-Germanic, Proto-Slavic, etc.) or ancient languages of the corresponding subgroups (Hittite, Ancient Greek, etc.). We apply reasonably formal techniques of linguistic data collection and post-processing (onomasiological reconstruction, derivational drift elimination, homoplastic optimization) that have been recently proposed or specially developed for the present study. We use sequential phylogenetic workflow and obtain a consensus tr

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14

Bichlmeier, Harald. "Sind die Namen der Saar keltisch oder vorkeltisch?" Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 66, no. 1 (2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph-2019-0001.

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Abstract A special feature in the history of the hydronym Saar is that in the first centuries of its attestation up to the high Middle Ages it shows two parallel, morphologically different forms, Sar- vs. Sar-Vv-, the longer form being attested earlier. For the shorter form Sar- an Old European formation *Sorā- from a root PIE *ser- ‘(to be) liquid’ seems most probable. For the longer form actually three possibilities exist: either (a new proposal) it is a secondary u̯o-derivative of the aforementioned *Sorā-; or one of two different Celtic etymologies hitherto proposed applies: both claiming

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15

Hock, Hans Henrich. "Proto-Indo-European verb-finality." Proto-Indo-European Syntax and its Development 3, no. 1 (2013): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.3.1.04hoc.

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Although the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European as verb-final is widely accepted, there continue to be dissenting opinions (e.g. Friedrich 1975). See e.g. Pires & Thomason (2008), who question the fruitfulness of Indo-European syntactic reconstruction. In this article I address two issues: First, the reconstructable subordination strategies, including relative-correlative structures, are perfectly in conformity with verb-final typology — pace Lehmann (1974) and Friedrich (1975) who considered relative clauses with finite verbs and relative pronouns incompatible with SOV. Second, verb-fi

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16

Simon, Zsolt. "Zur Herkunft von leuga." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (2020): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.37.

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SummaryAccording to the communis opinio, Lat. leuga was a Gaulish loanword, survived in the Romance languages and was borrowed into Old English. However, this scenario faces three unsolved problems: the non–Celtic diphthong –eu–, the Proto–Romance form *legua and the fact that the Old English word cannot continue the Latin form on phonological grounds. This paper argues that all these problems can regularly be solved by the reconstructed West Germanic and Gothic cognates of the Old English word borrowed into Gaulish and early Romance dialects, respectively.

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17

Repanšek, Luka. "Loucita: Etymological Notes on a Female Name from the Norico-Pannonian Onomastic Landscape." Вопросы ономастики 17, no. 3 (2020): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2020.17.3.034.

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The undoubtedly Gaulish personal name Loucita, attested in the Norico-Pannonian onomastic area, is particularly interesting from the point of view of its word formation. Unambiguous parallels for such a derivative are difficult to find in Celtic onomastic material, the only possible but very uncertain candidate being a Goidelic river name Ἀργίτα, recorded by Ptolemy. Outside of Celtic, the name of a Germanic seeress Vel(a)eda, if it goes back to *u̯elētā- (which is a probable but not the only possibility), is a potential case in point, which would then unavoidably imply that Loucita < *leu̯

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18

Mees, Bernard. "Two difficult forms on the Tune memorial." European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 52, no. 2 (2022): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejss-2022-2011.

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Abstract The Tune runestone preserves one of the most important older runic inscriptions. Yet two main interpretations have been proposed for the text on side B of the early Norwegian memorial. The more recent interpretation relies on the existence of a Proto-Germanic fabricatory verb *dālijaną that is not attested otherwise. Side B also features a superlative adjective featuring the ending -jōstēz whose root has equally been the subject of a range of unlikely proposals. The early runic verb dalidun is most plausibly taken as reflecting a loan of *dāl-, the Celtic reflection of the Indo-Europe

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19

Tyshchenko, Kostyantyn. "THE ANTIQUITY OF UKRAINIAN, REFLECTED IN NEIGHBORING LANGUAGES.2." MOVOZNAVSTVO 329, no. 2 (2023): 18–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-329-2023-2-002.

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The essay organizes a picture of homologous series of correspondences in the phenomena of Ukrainian and neighboring languages discovered over several centuries and collected in the author’s research in 2002–2021. Two groups of correspondences — inter-Slavic (1–6) and peri-Slavic (7–10) — became the cornerstones of the topic. These correspondences are found: (1) in the Upper Lusatian language (1st–2nd centuries) — discovered by H. Schuster-Ševc, the common compensatory lengthening of е, о > i in a closed syllable, which, according to the priority assessment of O. Stryzhák (1991), legalizes t

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20

Nepal, Aaradh, and Francesco Perono Cacciafoco. "Minoan Cryptanalysis: Computational Approaches to Deciphering Linear A and Assessing Its Connections with Language Families from the Mediterranean and the Black Sea Areas." Information 15, no. 2 (2024): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15020073.

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During the Bronze Age, the inhabitants of regions of Crete, mainland Greece, and Cyprus inscribed their languages using, among other scripts, a writing system called Linear A. These symbols, mainly characterized by combinations of lines, have, since their discovery, remained a mystery. Not only is the corpus very small, but it is challenging to link Minoan, the language behind Linear A, to any known language. Most decipherment attempts involve using the phonetic values of Linear B, a grammatological offspring of Linear A, to ‘read’ Linear A. However, this yields meaningless words. Recently, no

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21

Koch, John T. "The Neo-Celtic Verbal Complex and Earlier Accentual Patterns." Studia Celtica 56, no. 1 (2022): 29–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/sc.56.2.

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Celtic inherited from Indo-European a system in which the first word of the sentence was invariably accented and was often followed by an unaccented word. In the evolution towards Gaelic and Brythonic, it became most common for that first word to be either a verb or a preverb. The beginning of the sentence thus became even more clearly defined because, also as an inheritance from Indo-European, verbs and preverbs were unaccented in other positions. Between Proto-Indo-European and the earliest attested Gaelic and Brythonic, the accent moved. As a result, the phonetic effects of the earlier acce

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22

Hale, Mark. "Tmesis and movement in Avestan." Indo-Iranian Journal 36, no. 1 (1993): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000093790083920.

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AbstractA comparison of the facts described above for Younger Avestan with those uncovered in the discussion of Gathic Avestan reveals that tmesis in Avestan was the result of either (1) a fronting of the preverb or (2) the application of rules governing the placement of the clitics (especiallycā andvā). The fronting rule allowed movement of the preverb to a limited set of positions, normally initial position in the sentence, second position if initial position was taken up by an element in COMP, and, in metrical texts, to a major metrical boundary. Thus the relationship between a preverb and

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23

Hill, Eugen. "Using Stem Suppletion for Semantic Reconstruction: The Case of Indo-European Modals and East Baltic Future Tense Formations." Indo-European Linguistics 2, no. 1 (2014): 42–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125892-00201002.

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As is well known, PIE possessed several distinct sigmatic formations with modal or future-like semantics. The paper deals with two sigmatic formations which must be reconstructed for PIE and obviously possessed a similar semantic value. First: a full grade -si̯e/o-formation which is attested in Indo-Iranian, Continental Celtic and Balto-Slavonic; and second, an athematic -s-formation which is attested in Italic and in the Eastern branch of Baltic. The diverging morphology of these formations implies that they originally also differed in their semantics. The problem is that both formations are

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24

McCone, Kim. "THE « CELTS »: QUESTIONS OF NOMENCLATURE AND IDENTITY." Cahiers du Centre de Linguistique et des Sciences du Langage, no. 38 (November 17, 2013): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/la.cdclsl.2013.741.

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This paper counters doubts raised recently about the validity of the term « Celtic » as a linguistically oriented ethnonym with evidence that the ancient continental peoples so designated in classical sources did indeed call themselves Keltoi and with an etymology of their hitherto problematical name as a formation most unlikely to have been created after the Proto-Celtic period itself. Various attested designations of speakers of closely related « Celtic » languages in Ireland and Britain are then considered. Finally, a brief look at the modern revival of the term after centuries in abeyance

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25

Stifter, David. "The rise of gemination in Celtic." Open Research Europe, February 8, 2024. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15400.2.

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This study investigates systematically the emergence and establishment of geminate consonants as a phonological class in the Celtic branch of Indo-European. The approach of this study is comparative historical linguistics, drawing on diachronic structuralism combined with aspects of language contact studies and functional approaches to language usage. This study traces the development of geminates from Proto-Indo-European (fourth millennium B.C.), which did not allow geminate consonants, to the Common Celtic period (first millennium B.C.), when almost every consonant could occur as a singleton

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26

Matasović, Ranko. "Dybo’s Law in Proto-celtic." Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 59, no. 1 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2012.008.

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27

Stifter, David. "The rise of gemination in Celtic." Open Research Europe, February 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15400.1.

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This study investigates systematically the emergence and establishment of geminate consonants as a phonological class in the Celtic branch of Indo-European. The approach of this study is comparative historical linguistics, drawing on diachronic structuralism combined with aspects of language contact studies and functional approaches to language usage. This study traces the development of geminates from Proto-Indo-European (fourth millennium b.c.), which did not allow geminate consonants, to the Common Celtic period (first millennium b.c.), when almost every consonant could occur as a singlet

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28

Asmus, Sabine, and Eduard Werner. "Singulatives in Modern Celtic and Slavic Languages: Evidence from Welsh and Sorbian." Studia Celto-Slavica, 2015, 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/vpva3431.

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The existence of a singulative, i.e. a marked secondary singular inflection, is cross-linguistically relatively widespread and a number of linguistic strategies are commonly employed to express it (cf. the Bantu language Swahili, Insular Celtic, or Slavic). While various studies have addressed the singulative in non-Indo-European languages or discuss them adequately in grammar books, little work has been done on the singulative in any living Indo-European (IE) language. This is unfortunate, because in the modern p-Celtic languages the use of diminutive formants in order to form a secondary sin

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29

Matasović, Ranko. "The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic." Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 61, no. 1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2014.031.

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30

Kleyner, Svetlana. "From Yellow to Blue — or Not?" Studia Celto-Slavica, 2015, 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/wtlo2251.

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In Indo-European languages, the reflexes of PIE root *ĝhel- are typically used as colour terms for ‘yellow’ or to denote yellow objects like gold. In Slavic languages there are no less than three different reflexes (e.g. Russian желтый, зеленый and голубой). While the original root is traditionally thought to have had the primary meaning ‘yellow’, there is nothing unusual in the fact that the root often acquires the meaning ‘green’, as PIE was almost certainly a language where green and yellow were not distinguished on the level of basic color terms. The fact that some reflexes expanded into t

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Zhivlova, Nina. "Rare and Unique Names of "Non-Indo-European" Type and the Case of Dallán Forgaill." Studia Celto-Slavica, 2015, 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/rrpp6950.

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Two-part compound names connected with notions of war, fame and power and with animals like the wolf and horse were popular among speakers of many Indo-European language branches (Indian, Iranian, Greek, Germanic, Slavic and Celtic). This “Indo-European” type of composita, probably inherited from Proto-Indo-European language (and culture) was studied in detail by Uhlich (1993). At the same time there is another Old Irish name-type consisting of a noun + adjective or a noun + noun in genitive case, for example, Mac Menman ‘son of thought’. This name-type was described by M.A. O’Brien and other

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32

Mikić, Aleksandar. "A note on the etymology and lexicology relating to traditional European pulses in the Celtic languages." Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 22, no. 1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dialect-2014-0007.

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AbstractThe Celts are commonly regarded as one of the Indo-European ethnolinguistic groups, speaking Celtic languages derived from Proto-Celtic. Numerous archaeobotanical, palaeogenetic and historical linguistic analyses demonstrate that the most ancient European pulse crops, such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum), grass pea (Lathyrus sativus), lentil (Lens culinaris), lupins (Lupinus spp.), pea (Pisum sativum), vetches (Vicia spp.) and faba bean (Vicia faba), were widely used in everyday life as early as sixth millennium BC. The Latin word denoting ‘pea’, pisum, was borrowed by both Brythonic and

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33

Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz. "Greek Megas And Latin Magnus ‘Great, Big, Large’: A New Contribution To The Laryngeal Theory." LINGUISTICA SILESIANA, April 17, 2024, 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24425/linsi.2024.150388.

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Almost hundred years ago Jerzy Kuryłowicz, the well known Polish linguist, convincingly demonstrated that the Indo-European short vowel *a was secondarily formed by the interaction of PIE. *h2 with the next vowel *e. There are some instances where this explanation does not apply. The most characteristic example of the secondary root a-vocalism is the Latin adjective magnus ‘great, large’, etymologically related to Greek μέγας adj. ‘great, big, large’ (&lt; PIE. *méĝhh2s, cf. Arm. mec ‘great’, OInd. mahi- adj. ‘great’, Hitt. mekkiš adj. ‘id.’, Goth. mikils adj. ‘id.’). Lat. magnus demonstra

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34

Дыбо, Владимир Антонович. "The Proto-Celtic accentual system viewed against the accentual systems of other northwestern Indo-European protolanguages (the northwestern group of Indo-European languages from the viewpoint of accentology)." Jezikoslovni zapiski 21, no. 2 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/jz.21.2.6882.

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