Relevant bibliographies by topics / Proto-Germanic language Germanic languages

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Academic literature on the topic 'Proto-Germanic language Germanic languages'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Proto-Germanic language Germanic languages"

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Zheleznova, E. G. "THE HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE GERMANIC LANGUAGE." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2017-4-113-117.

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English is the most known and spoken language in the world. In this regard, we are interested in the history of the English language. English belongs to the largest and most widespread group of languages called Germanic languages. Germanic languages are a group of closely related languages spoken by more than 500 million people across the globe. The article considers the modern Germanic languages, their distribution and classification, and their ancestors - the Germanic languages. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that Germanic languages are the ancestors of the modern Germanic languages that are native languages for most countries of Europe and South Africa. It is also possible to increase interest in the science of language as interlinguistics, and as a result, further development of linguistics as a whole. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of the Germanic languages in the history of linguistics, and also give the knowledge about phonetic and morphological features. The objectives of this article: to give a classification of modern Germanic languages, to indicate the distribution area, to highlight the phonetic and morphological features of old Germanic languages. In the paper we have used the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, and abstracting
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Vennemann, Theo. "The Relative Chronology of the High Germanic Consonant Shift and the West Germanic Anaptyxis." Diachronica 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.8.1.04ven.

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SUMMARY This paper studies systematic relationships between two sound changes, the High Germanic Consonant Shift and the West Germanic Anaptyxis. Since the High Germanic languages, i.e., High German and Lombardic, are a division of the West Germanic Sprachbund, it might be thought — and this is indeed the general view — that the more extensive West Germanic change necessarily antedates the more limited High Germanic change. But an examination of the relative chronology of the two changes in one of the languages that underwent both of them, Old High German, shows that, on the contrary, the systematic order of the two changes is the opposite: The better theory of the history of the Old High German phonological and morphological system is attained by the assumption that the High Germanic Consonant Shift antedates the West Germanic Anaptyxis. This result is in agreement with the author's overall theory of the Germanic Consonant Shifts by which the bifurcation of the Proto-Germanic tenues into the Low Germanic aspirates and the High Germanic affricates is one of the very oldest Germanic innovations. RÉSUMÉ L'article étudie les rapports systématiques entre deux changements phonétiques, à savoir celui de la mutation consonantique haut-germaine et celui de l'anaptyxis ouest-germaine. Comme les langues haut-germaines, i.e., le haut-allemand et le langobarde, représentent une division de l'union linguistique ouest-germaine, on pourra penser — et cela est en effet la position majoritaire — que le changement ouest-germain, étant le plus répandu, doit chronologiquement précéder le changement haut-germain plus restreint. Cependant, une examination de la chronologie relative dans une de ces langues qui a été sous-jettée à ces deux changements, i.e., le vieux haut-allemand, montre, au contraire, que l'ordre systématique de ces deux changements est opposé: On arrivera à une meilleure théorie de l'histoire du système phonologique et morphologique du vieux haut-allemand si'l on prend comme hypothèse que le changement consonantique du haut-germain précède chronologiquement l'ana-ptyxis ouest-germaine. Un tel résultat est en accord avec la théorie globale de l'auteur selon laquelle la bifurcation des occlusives proto-germain en aspirés bas-germains et affriqués haut-germains est une des plus vieilles innovations germaniques. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In diesem Artikel werden systematische Beziehungen zwischen zwei Laut-verânderungen untersucht, der Hochgermanischen Lautverschiebung und der Westgermanischen Anaptyxe. Da die hochgermanischen Sprachen, Hoch-deutsch und Langobardisch, eine Abteilung des westgermanischen Sprach-bundes bilden, liegt es nahe, anzunehmen, wie es auch der allgemeinen Auf-fassung entspricht, daß der weiter verbreitete westgermanische Wandel dem enger eingegrenzten hochgermanischen Wandel vorausgegangen sein müsse. Aber eine Untersuchung der relativen Chronologie der beiden Lautwandel im Althochdeutschen als einer derjenigen Sprachen, die beiden Veränderungen ausgesetzt waren, zeigt, daB die systematische Beziehung zwischen ihnen die genau entgegengesetzte ist: Man erhält die bessere Theorie der Geschichte des althochdeutschen Laut- und Formensystems, wenn man annimmt, daB die Hochgermanische Lautverschiebung der Westgermanischen Anaptyxe voraus-ging. Dieses Ergebnis steht im Einklang mit der ubergreifenden Lautverschie-bungstheorie des Autors, der zufolge die Verzweigung der urgermanischen Tenues in die niedergermanischen Aspiraten und die hochgermanischen Affrika-ten eine der allerâltesten germanischen Isoglossen gestiftet hat.
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Salmons, Joseph C. "Review of Voyles (1992): Early Germanic Grammar: Pre-, Proto-, and Post-Germanic Languages." Diachronica 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.10.2.12sal.

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Hill, Eugen. "West Germanic monosyllabic lengthening and Gothic breaking as partially Proto-Germanic developments." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 70, no. 2 (September 19, 2017): 135–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.70.2.02hil.

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Abstract The paper deals with two Germanic sound changes which are traditionally believed to postdate the disintegration of the Proto-Germanic parent language. The lengthening in several monosyllables, attested in West Germanic languages, is usually believed to be an innovation of this branch. The so-called Gothic breaking is similarly thought of as belonging exclusively to East Germanic. The paper shows that there is evidence suggesting a Proto-Germanic age for parts of both sound changes, in particular for a lengthening in monosyllabic words ending in PGmc *-r and for a lowering of PGmc *i if followed by *r. Proto-Germanic possessed at least three pronoun-based place adverbs formed with PGmc *-r, cf. Goth ƕar ‘where’ from ƕa- ‘what’, þar ‘there’ from þa- ‘that’ and hēr ‘here’ from hi- ‘this here’. The vocalism of these adverbs did not match that of the corresponding pronouns on two points. First, the vowels of the adverbs were probably long. Second, the close PGmc *ẹ̄ (Goth ē, OHG ia) of ‘here’ did not match PGmc *i in the corresponding pronoun. The paper assumes that the long vowels of the place adverbs emerged by a lengthening of etymologically short vowels in monosyllablic words ending in PGmc *-r. The timbre difference between PGmc *ẹ̄ in ‘here’ and PGmc *i in the corresponding pronoun for ‘this here’ is accounted for by a lowering of PGmc *i before *r. Both postulated developments must have been operating already in Proto-Germanic times but the lowering must have chronologically preceded the lengthening. The paper introduces the data supporting the assumptions made and discusses the apparent counterevidence.
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Woźnicka, Marta. "Flexionsmarker der zweiten Person Singular aus diachroner und synchroner Sicht. Vom germanischen zum althochdeutschen Zustand." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 38 (June 25, 2018): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2017.38.15.

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Flexion elements are a typical feature of the so-called flexion languages and are characterized by the fact that they change their form depending on (in-)flexion and they decode at least two functions. In the case of a Germanic verb inflexion elements stand for two categories: person and a singular/ plural form. In Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic the inflection elements were relatively independent and it was easy to separate them from a verb stem which consisted of the so-called root and other components such as tense or mode markers. In old Germanic languages the processes of fusion and creating portmanteau word(s) (language contamination so to speak) were so advanced that it is difficult, yet not impossible, to separate primary flexion elements. The article presents the development of the 2-nd person singular marker from the Germanic state with regard to the Gothic language up to the old-high-German phase. The markers which were analysed belonged to the Present and Past Tense paradigm of all modes of the selected verb groups, that is both weak and strong ones and the rest not belonging to any of the groups mentioned above. The flexion elements were identified using a synchronic model of a morphological description worked out by Józef Darski (1987, 22004). Modification of the model concerning the character of diachronic studies ensures alsoa proper historical description.
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Vázquez-González, Juan G., and Jóhanna Barðdal. "Reconstructing the ditransitive construction for Proto-Germanic: Gothic, Old English and Old Norse-Icelandic." Folia Linguistica 40, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 555–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2019-0021.

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Abstract The semantic range of ditransitive verbs in Modern English has been at the center of linguistic attention ever since the pioneering work of Pinker (1989. Learnability and cognition: The acquisition of argument structure. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press). At the same time, historical research on how the semantics of the ditransitive construction has changed over time has seriously lagged behind. In order to address this issue for the Germanic languages, the Indo-European subbranch to which Modern English belongs, we systematically investigate the narrowly defined semantic verb classes occurring in the ditransitive construction in Gothic, Old English and Old Norse-Icelandic. On the basis of data handed down from Proto-Germanic and documented in the oldest layers of the three Germanic subbranches, East, West and North Germanic, respectively, we show that the constructional range of the ditransitive construction was considerably broader in the earlier historical stages than now; several subclasses of verbs that could instantiate the ditransitive in early Germanic are infelicitous in the ditransitive construction in, for instance, Modern English. Taking the oldest surviving evidence from Germanic as point of departure, we reconstruct the ditransitive construction for an earlier proto-stage, using the formalism of Construction Grammar and incorporating narrowly defined semantic verb classes and higher level conceptual domains. We thus reconstruct the internal structure of the ditransitive construction in Proto-Germanic, including different levels of schematicity.
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van Doorn, Adriaan. "Some Phonological Developments in the Malberg Glosses." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 79, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): 457–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340170.

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Abstract The language of the Malberg glosses shows phonological developments that allow us to position this language variety within the West-Germanic dialect continuum. In this article the author shows that the language cannot be viewed as Old Dutch, nor as the ancestor of Old Dutch based on the attested phonological developments, notably: the assimilation of certain clusters; the partial merger of Proto-Germanic *g and *h; and the palatalisation of Proto-Germanic *g.
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Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz. "Indo-European *Gu̯h in Germanic." Lingua Posnaniensis 54, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-012-0016-y.

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ABSTRACT Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak. Indo-European *gÁh in Germanic. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. LIV (2)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-252-2, pp. 83-90. Purpose and method: In my paper I discuss the development of IE. *gÁh in the Germanic languages, using the historical-comparative method. Results: Two regular reflexes of IE. *gÁh in Proto-Germanic (*g and *w) can be explained by the place of the Indo-European accent, e.g. Gmc. *garmaz m. ‘fire dog’ (< IE. *gÁhórmos) vs. Gmc. *warmaz adj. ‘warm, hot’ (< IE. *gÁhormós); Gmc. *dagaz m. ‘day’ (< IE. *dhogÁhós) vs. Gmc. *snaiwaz m. ‘snow’ (< *snóigÁhos m. ‘snow’). Conclusion: The double distribution of IE. *gÁh in Proto-Germanic, which is motivated by the primitive accent, can be described as a rule similar to das Vernersche Gesetz.
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Vrieland, Seán D. "Tīa 'toe' and Old Gutnish Sources of Long ī." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 68, no. 2 (July 21, 2015): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.68.2.03vri.

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Explanations of the long ī in the Old Gutnish tīa ‘toe’ (>ModGu täiå) have been put forward that posit different ablaut grades than the Proto-Germanic *taihwōn which underlies the forms found in other Germanic languages. This is because it was thought the Old Gutnish form could not reflect the standard proto-form. This paper concludes on the basis of the parallel development of *slaihwōn ‘sloe berry’, which appears as ModGu släiå, that long ī can in fact continue the Proto-Germanic sequence *-aihw- as the result of regular sound development.
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Perdih, Anton. "Linguistic Distances Based on Counting of Equal Sounds in Numerals from 1 to 10 in Different Language Groups." International Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i5.4451.

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The relative frequency of equal sounds in pairs of adjacent numerals from 1 to 10 in languages of eleven language groups is a basis for calculation of linguistic distances. By this criterion, the Slavic languages form a cluster separated from all other tested languages. Of other languages, Avestan and Sanskrit are the closest to them. The Germanic languages form another cluster but this cluster is within the space of other tested languages, which are widely dispersed. This is an additional indication that the aboriginal Proto-Indo-European was Proto-Slavic and their speakers were the aboriginal Europeans: mainly the Y Chromosome haplogroup I, mtDNA haplogroup U people. In contact with newcomers of other language groups either the newcomers turned to Proto-Slavic, or the previously Proto-Slavic speakers lost their Proto-Slavic at all, or they turned the non-Indo-European newcomers into Indo-European. A novel time line for Nostratic studies is proposed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Proto-Germanic language Germanic languages"

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Walkden, George Lee. "Syntactic reconstruction and proto-Germanic." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610880.

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Ratkus, Artūras. "The adjective inflection in Gothic and early Germanic : structure and development." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609805.

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Fuster, Sansalvador Carles. "Negation in Germanic languages : A micro-typological study on negation." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-92731.

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Traditionally, typological classifications have been done in a macro-typological perspective; that is,they have been based on balanced world-wide samples of languages, which often avoid includingclosely related languages, since these are supposed to act alike with respect to their typologicalfeatures and structures. However, attention has recently been drawn to the idea that even closelyrelated languages, as well as dialects within languages, may differ on their typological features. Theintention of this thesis is to give an overview of and study how the Germanic languages differ fromeach other in regards to their negative word orders and negation strategies. Mainly their negativeadverbs (English equivalent not), but also their negative indefinite quantifiers, are analyzed in mainclauses, subordinate clauses, and (negative) imperative structures. The focus lies on the standardlanguage varieties, but some of their non-standard varieties are included, in order to be able to give amore detailed description of the variation within the family. The expected result that the ratherhomogeneous described area of the Germanic languages will turn out to be much more complex, withrespect to negation aspects, is confirmed. The results show that the standard language varieties behavedifferently than the non-standard ones, which are less "rare" cross-linguistically. In addition, the nonstandardNorth-Germanic varieties show that multiple negation occurs in the North-Germanic branch,which is traditionally claimed to not occur.
Typologiska klassifikationer har traditionellt gjorts från ett makrotypologiskt perspektiv; vilketinnebär att de har baserats på utvalda språksampel där närbesläktade språk ofta exkluderas, eftersomdessa antas uppvisa liknande typologiska särdrag och strukturer. Nyligen har det dock påpekats attnärbesläktade språk, och även dess dialekter, kan uppvisa signifikant variation med avseende på derastypologiska särdrag. Syftet med den här studien är att ge en översikt över och studera hur degermanska språken skiljer sig åt vad avser deras ordföljd i negativa satser samt derasnegationsstrategier. Det negativa adverbet (motsvarande svenskans inte) står i fokus men ävennegativa indefinita pronomen analyseras, i huvud- och bisatser samt i (negativa) imperativakonstruktioner. Fokus ligger på standardspråkvarianterna, men några icke-standardvarianter till dessainkluderas, för att kunna ge en mer detaljerad beskrivning över variationen inom språkfamiljen.Hypotesen att det traditionellt homogent beskrivna germanska området är mer komplext vad gällernegationsaspekter bekräftas. Resultaten visar att de standardspråkvarieteterna uppvisar olika mönsterjämfört med de icke-standardspråkvarieteterna, som är mindre "ovanliga" i världens språk. Dessutomvisar de nordgermanska icke-standard språkvarieteterna att dubbelnegation förekommer i dennordgermanska språkgrenen, vilket traditionellt har antagits inte förekomma alls.
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Bourgerie, Hunter Marie G. "MODELING DEPONENCY IN GERMANIC PRETERITE-PRESENT VERBS USING DATR." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/23.

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In certain Germanic languages, there is a group of verbs called preterite-present verbs that are often viewed as irregular, but in fact behave very predictably. They exhibit a morphological phenomenon called deponency, often in conjunction with another morphological phenomenon called heteroclisis. I examine the preterite-present verbs of three different languages: Old Norse, Modern Icelandic, and Modern German. Initially, I approach them from a historical perspective and then seek to reconcile their morphology with the modern perspective. A criteria is established for a canonical preterite-present verb, and then using a lexical programming language called DATR, I create code that generates the appropriate paradigms while also illustrating the morphological relationships between verb tenses and inflection classes, among other things. DATR is a programming language used specifically for language models.
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Fekete, Denise M. "Pro-drop and verb-second : romance and germanic in Old French." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63760.

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Arnold, Hannah. ""A minor Atlantic Goethe" : W.H. Auden's Germanic bias." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:061fdedc-d1f0-4cb0-a4a1-59b4b27d7ef3.

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This thesis is an account of the poet and critic W.H. Auden's relations with Germany and Germans over the course of his life (1907-1973), presented through a selection of influences that have received little critical attention in the corpus of secondary literature to date. While these connections and influences are manifold and sometimes disparate, they can serve as a prism to tell Auden's life-story from a particular, relatively unexplored angle and to illuminate his work. The thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter One discusses Auden’s engagement with German literature before 1928, his reasons for spending nine months in Weimar Berlin 1928-29, and the formative influence of this experience on his life and work. Chapter Two explores Auden's relationship with his 'in-laws', the famous family of Nobel Prize winning author Thomas Mann, and Auden's choice of an international life-style. Chapter Three discusses various other, later German influences on Auden: his visit to Germany with the US Army and its traces in The Age of Anxiety; issues concerning the German translation of this text; his Ford Foundation residence in isolated West Berlin; and his intellectual friendship with Hannah Arendt. Introduction and Conclusion embed these three specific chapters, deliberating the topic more abstractly. A number of appendices bring together a wide range of unpublished sources – and their translations into English, if the original is composed in German. Translations of all German appendix material can be found in the appendix itself.
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Riad, Tomas. "Structures in Germanic Prosody : A diachronic study with special reference to the Nordic languages." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Stockholm university, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb371819613.

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Birkett, Thomas Eric. "Ráð Rétt Rúnar : reading the runes in Old English and Old Norse poetry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e7ea1359-fedc-43a5-848b-7842a943ce96.

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Responding to the common plea in medieval inscriptions to ráð rétt rúnar, to ‘interpret the runes correctly’, this thesis provides a series of contextual readings of the runic topos in Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse poetry. The first chapter looks at the use of runes in the Old English riddles, examining the connections between material riddles and certain strategies used in the Exeter Book, and suggesting that runes were associated with a self-referential and engaged form of reading. Chapter 2 seeks a rationale for the use of runic abbreviations in Old English manuscripts, and proposes a poetic association with unlocking and revealing, as represented in Bede’s story of Imma. Chapter 3 considers the use of runes for their ornamental value, using 'Solomon and Saturn I' and the rune poems as examples of texts which foreground the visual and material dimension of writing, whilst Chapter 4 compares the depiction of runes in the heroic poems of the Poetic Edda with epigraphical evidence from the Migration Age, seeking to dispel the idea that they reflect historical practice. The final chapter looks at the construction of a mythology of writing in the Edda, exploring the ways in which myth reflects the social impacts of literacy. Taken together these approaches highlight the importance of reading the runes in poetry as literary constructs, the script often functioning as a form of metawriting, used to explore the parameters of literacy, and to draw attention to the process of writing itself.
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Evemalm, Sofia. "Theory and practice in the coining and transmission of place-names : a study of the Norse and Gaelic anthropo-toponyms of Lewis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8751/.

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The study of place-names containing personal names is a neglected field in onomastics, despite being of great significance in various areas of name-studies. At its core, this thesis will begin to bridge the gap between the study of place-names and personal names, both practically and theoretically. The first step is to introduce a formally accepted terminology for the study of these names. Here, the term used to describe a place-name containing a personal name is anthropo-toponym. The acknowledgement of such a term would aid and indeed encourage future studies of anthropo-toponyms, both in Scotland and elsewhere. The study is approached through a close investigation of name material from the Isle of Lewis. The toponyms in question are characterised by two main linguistic layers, Old Norse and Scottish Gaelic, both of which have been included here. Although this material is partially an exercise in investigating the characteristics and properties of anthropo-toponyms, it also sheds considerable light on the social and linguistic history of Lewis place-names. Additionally, the study draws on a considerable amount of comparative evidence. This is primarily collected from the comprehensive survey of The Place-Names of Fife by Simon Taylor with Gilbert Márkus (2006-12). However, when studying the Norse dimension further, material from Landnámabók, one of the key sources for the medieval settlement of Iceland, has also been included. One of the most significant proposals made in this thesis is the concept of using a variant of the name-semantic approach, previously discussed by Peder Gammeltoft (2001a) in a Scottish context. At its core, this means that rather than emphasising the etymology of individual place-name elements, the motivation for coining is emphasised. It will become evident that using this approach makes it possible to view anthropo-toponyms in a different light. Through this method, we find that there is considerable variety to be found within the name-material, particularly when we look at the social and cognitive factors at play when place-names are coined and transmitted. Place-names that, on the surface appear to be relatively homogenous, can prove to be the opposite. For example, names such as Creagan Iain Ruaidh, Geodha Bean, Mhurchaidh, Stac Dhomhnuill Chaim and Tigh Mhaoldònuich, which are all coined in a comparable social Gaelic setting in the early modern period, appear to represent motivations relating to a birth, a drowning, the abode of a notorious outlaw, and the temporary hideout of a sheep thief respectively. By emphasising these micro-narratives, it is possible to shed light on the name material from a new perspective and to provide a greater understanding of the process of coining place-names.
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Eriksson, Louise. "Why begin when you can commence - Aspects of near-synonymous verbs of Germanic and Romance origin." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1030.

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This essay is a corpus study, the aim of which is to investigate the usage of two near-synonymous verb pairs that descend from Germanic and Romance languages. The four verbs begin, commence, hate, and detest were chosen for the study. The analysis is based on occurrences of the verbs in five subcorpora in the COBUILDDIRECT corpus; two subcorpora consist of British and American books and three subcorpora are composed of British and Australian newspapers. Occurrences were also collected from the novel Wuthering Heights (1847) by Emily Brontë. The primary aims of the essay are to investigate the frequency and occurrence of the verbs in different text types as well as in British and American books, to reveal if the verbs are synonymous and whether they occur with the same collocates. Furthermore, the novel Wuthering Heights gives a diachronic view of the usage of the verbs.

This analysis suggests that a usage of the verbs of Germanic origin is more frequent than the verbs of Romance origin. The Romance verbs are more common in novels and books, but also in the British newspaper The Times. Furthermore, the usage of commence and detest seems to be restricted to certain contexts which are connected to the field of the English language in which the verbs occurred at first. The Germanic verbs are clearly favoured in all kinds of texts investigated, even though Wuthering Heights has a high number of occurrences of commence.

On the topic of synonymy, begin and commence have been found to be further apart from each other than hate and detest. This is due to the fact that begin and commence are constructed grammatically different, as well as a restriction in contextual usage of commence. Despite this, commence is used more freely in American books than in British books. The synonymy of hate and detest is connected to the fact that detest expresses a stronger feeling than hate, which makes the two verbs near-synonymous but also gradable. The verbs in the two pairs also collocate with different words, which underlines that they are not real synonyms. These findings support the claim that one should not call the verb pairs synonyms but near-synonyms, and that one has to be careful when choosing a verb.

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Books on the topic "Proto-Germanic language Germanic languages"

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The evolution of Germanic phonological systems: Proto-Germanic, Gothic, West Germanic, and Scandinavian. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2008.

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Voyles, Joseph B. Early Germanic grammar: Pre-, proto-, and post-Germanic languages. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992.

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Voyles, Joseph B. Early Germanic grammar: Pre-, proto-, and post-Germanic languages. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992.

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A, Ringe Donald. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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The proto-germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2011.

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Mailhammer, Robert. The Germanic strong verbs: Foundations and development of a new system. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2007.

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The vocalism of the Germanic parent language: Systemic evolution and sociohistorical context. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1994.

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Parker, Anna R. Parasitic gaps in the Germanic languages. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1999.

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The phonology/paraphonology interface and the sounds of German across time. New York: P. Lang, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Proto-Germanic language Germanic languages"

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Shimomiya, Tadao. "Characteristics of Germanic Languages." In The Development of the Anglo-Saxon Language and Linguistic Universals, 57–68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/daslu.1.04shi.

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Zonneveld, Wim, Mieke Trommelen, Michael Jessen, Gösta Bruce, and Kristján Árnason. "8. Wordstress in West-Germanic and North-Germanic languages." In Empirical Approaches to Language Typology, 477–604. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110197082.2.477.

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Живлов, М. А. "Saskia Pronk-Tiethoff. The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic, 2013." In Journal of Language Relationship, edited by Vladimir Dybo, Kirill Babaev, Anna Dybo, Alexei Kassian, Sergei Kullanda, and Ilya Yakubovich, 65–70. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463237288-006.

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Bruce, Gösta, and Ben Hermans. "9. Word tone in Germanic languages." In Empirical Approaches to Language Typology, 605–58. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110197082.2.605.

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Smits, Caroline, and Jaap van Marle. "On the Decrease of Language Norms in a Disintegrating Language." In Germanic Heritage Languages in North America, 389–405. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.18.17smi.

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Allen, Brent, and Joseph C. Salmons. "Heritage Language Obstruent Phonetics and Phonology." In Germanic Heritage Languages in North America, 97–116. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.18.04all.

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Johannessen, Janne Bondi. "Attrition in an American Norwegian Heritage Language Speaker." In Germanic Heritage Languages in North America, 46–71. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.18.02joh.

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Arnbjornsdottir, Birna. "Reexamining Icelandic as a Heritage Language in North America." In Germanic Heritage Languages in North America, 72–93. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.18.03arn.

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Johannessen, Janne Bondi, and Signe Laake. "On Two Myths of the Norwegian Language in America." In Germanic Heritage Languages in North America, 299–322. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.18.14joh.

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Giovine, Paolo Di, Sara Flamini, and Marianna Pozza. "Internal structure of verbal stems in the Germanic languages." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 49–62. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.88.05gio.

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Conference papers on the topic "Proto-Germanic language Germanic languages"

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Orzechowska, Paula. "Exponents of sonority in Slavic and Germanic languages." In 9th International Conference on Speech Prosody 2018. ISCA: ISCA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/speechprosody.2018-202.

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Andreeva, Bistra, Grażyna Demenko, Bernd Möbius, Frank Zimmerer, Jeanin Jügler, and Magdalena Oleskowicz-Popiel. "Differences of pitch profiles in Germanic and slavic languages." In Interspeech 2014. ISCA: ISCA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2014-325.

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Chiarcos, Christian, Maria Sukhareva, Roland Mittmann, Timothy Price, Gaye Detmold, and Jan Chobotsky. "New Technologies for Old Germanic. Resources and Research on Parallel Bibles in Older Continental Western Germanic." In Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities (LaTeCH). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-0604.

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Andreeva, Bistra, Bernd Möbius, Grazyna Demenko, Frank Zimmerer, and Jeanin Jügler. "Linguistic measures of pitch range in slavic and Germanic languages." In Interspeech 2015. ISCA: ISCA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2015-22.

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Andreeva, Bistra, Grazyna Demenko, Magdalena Wolska, Bernd Möbius, Frank Zimmerer, Jeanin Jügler, Magdalena Oleskowicz Popiel, and Jürgen Trouvain. "Comparison of Pitch Range and Pitch Variation in Slavic and Germanic Languages." In 7th International Conference on Speech Prosody 2014. ISCA: ISCA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/speechprosody.2014-143.

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Sukhareva, Maria, and Christian Chiarcos. "Diachronic proximity vs. data sparsity in cross-lingual parser projection. A case study on Germanic." In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying NLP Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-5302.

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