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Journal articles on the topic 'Proto-Korean'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Krippes, Karl A. "The Phonetic History of Korean Numerals." Korean Linguistics 7 (January 1, 1992): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.7.01kk.

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The purpose of this paper is, first, to survey the history of the linguistic study of Korean numerals. Secondly, drawing from dialectal information, Old and Middle Korean, and employing the facts of Korean historical linguistics, the proto-Silla (not proto Korean) numerals will be reconstructed. If some Korean Altaic etymologies conflict with the facts from Korean historical linguistics, the Altaic etymologies rather than the facts from Korean historical linguistics will be abandoned. This is a necessary procedure because the tendency in Korean and Western scholarship is that, no matter how much Korean historical linguistics advances, its findings are often ignored as soon as the discussion turns to Korean-Altaic linguistic comparisons.

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2

Vovin, Alexander. "Old Korean and Proto-Korean *r and *l Revisited." International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 2, no. 1 (August 5, 2020): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25898833-12340025.

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Abstract This article argues for new internal evidence for the existence of the contrast between *r and *l in Old Korean and Proto-Korean on the basis of the Hyangchal data and Old Japanese transcriptional glosses as well as Korean loanwords in Manchu and Jurchen that were not analyzed in this way before. Namely, I will argue that combined Old Korean and Middle Korean data call for the reconstruction of two different types of liquids in the position before *i: both stay intact in Old Korean, but in Middle Korean the first type undergoes elision, whereas the second type stays intact. I then attempt to identify these two types on the basis of the internal evidence and parallel phenomena attested in the Greater Manchuria linguistic area and elsewhere.

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3

Ito, Chiyuki. "Korean accent." Korean Historical Linguistics 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 125–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.15.2.01ito.

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This paper examines the accent systems of Middle Korean (MK) and the contemporary Korean dialects (North/South Kyengsang, Hamkyeng/Yanbian) both synchronically and diachronically, focusing on native simplex nouns. In an analysis of the MK accent system, we clarify correlations between a syllable’s segmental shape and the accent class of the stem, and propose that in Proto-Korean native nouns did not have a distinctive pitch accent. We also show that MK (as well as Proto-Korean) had a right-to-left iambic prominence system in which the unaccented stem class had an underlying floating H tone reflecting an apocopated syllable from an earlier stage of the language. We then examine the regular accentual correspondences between MK and the contemporary dialects and hypothesize that the accent retraction found in the Kyengsang dialects (“Kyengsang accent shift”) took place after the introduction of Sino-Korean vocabulary. Finally, based on an Optimality Theoretic analysis, we show that all dialects including MK tend to avoid a lapse in accent at the right edge of the word, which is accomplished by different repair strategies.

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4

Kapranov, Y. V. "Diachronic Interpretation of Nostratic Etymon *wol[a] Based on Proto-Indo-European *(e)wel- (Gr hw- / ew-) and Proto-Altaic *ulu (~ -o) Forms (According to S. A. Starostin’s Version)." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 17 (August 21, 2018): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2018.17.06.

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The article represents the diachronic interpretation of the Nostratic *wol[a] verified by S. A. Starostin on the Proto-Indo-European *(e) wel- (Gr hw- / ew-) and Proto-Altaic *ulu (~ -o). These data were taken for analysis from the International Etymological Database Project “The Tower of Babel”. The notion of etymon in general and the Nostratic one in particular have been specified. The Nostratic etymon is understood as a phonomorphological and semantic complex that is interpreted based on the reconstructed etymons at the level of every language family.The following data has been demonstrated: using the comparative-historical method, the etymologist-macrocomparatist performed the external reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European *(e) wel- (Gr hw- / ew-) “great number; to heap” made on Proto-Tocharian *w'ältse; Ancient Greek *ẹ̄́lomai̯ (ẹ̄lómeno, ẹ̄lésthō), *wáli-; Proto-Slavic *velьmi, -ma; *velьjь, *velīkъ; *vālъ, *vālovъ, *vālī́tī; Proto-Baltic *wal-ī̂-, performed with the help of internal reconstruction, as well as the Proto-Altaic *ulu (~ -o) “big, many; good” made on Proto-Turkic *ulug; Proto-Mongol *olon; Proto-Tungus-Manchu *ule-; Proto-Korean *ōr-. The procedural operations of S. A. Starostin performed with the use of the method of diachronic interpretation have been commented. It helped to assume that the Proto-Language forms of etymons at the level of the language family reach the Nostratic *wol[a]. This made it possible to establish and substantiate the degrees of language relationship between the reconstructed etymons of the two language families and the Nostratic etymon: within the Indo-European language family the following degrees have been registered: trivial – between the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Slavic; notable – between the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Tocharian, Ancient Greek, Proto-Slavic and Proto-Baltic; within the the Altaic language family: trivial – between the Proto-Altaic and Proto-Turkic; notable – between the Proto-Altaic and Proto-Tungus-Manchu; distant – between the Proto-Altaic and Proto-Mongol, Proto-Korean.

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5

OH SE JUN. "Chinese Characters Creation Theory of Proto-Korean’ “秋” Phonetic Radicals." KOREAN EDUCATION ll, no. 85 (August 2010): 519–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15734/koed..85.201008.519.

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6

Vovin, Alexander. "On the great vowel shift in middle Korean and position of stress in proto-Korean." Korean Linguistics 10 (January 1, 2000): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.10.02av.

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7

OH SE JUN. "A Perspective “解” Phonetic Radicals : from Proto‐Korean to Chinese Characters." KOREAN EDUCATION ll, no. 83 (December 2009): 539–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15734/koed..83.200912.539.

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8

Unger, J. Marshall. "Two Japanese Vegetable Names Borrowed From Korean." Korean Linguistics 14 (January 1, 2008): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.14.10jmu.

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Abstract. Neither J suzuna 'turnip' nor suzusiro 'radish' has a good J-internal etymology. But suzuna is similar in form to OK *swuy 'turnip' + *s + *no 'greens'. Likewise, suzusiro resembles OK *swuy + *s + *silay 'radish' (cf. silayki 'dried radish leaves'). Since turnips and radishes in China go back only about 2500 years and are known to have originated farther west, J suzuna and suzusiro are likely to be phrases borrowed into Japanese from Korean in proto-historic times.

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9

Martin, Samuel E. "What do Japanese and Korean Have in Common?" Korean Linguistics 13 (January 1, 2006): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.13.10sem.

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Abstract. Many of the verb endings of modern Japanese and Korean have been created by contracting structures that consist of the stem + attached strings of particles and auxiliaries. Most of the auxiliaries have been taken from free verb stems that were grammaticalized for special purposes. Though the paradigmatic systems grew independently in the two languages, many of the ingredients go back to a common source that we can reconstruct on the basis of their shapes and meanings. Korean and Japanese share certain configurations of meaning and grammar, such as the well-known marking of focus, that are realized by markers which are not directly cognate in these structures but can be seen as cognate with forms in other structures within each language. These two languages have much more in common with each other than either has with any other language. This is why we think it is possible to reconstruct a prehistoric ancestor that can be called proto Korean-Japanese.

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10

Vovin, Alexander. "Once Again on the Accusative Marker in Old Korean." Diachronica 12, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.12.2.04vov.

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SUMMARY Miller (1977) proposed reconstructing the Old Korean accusative marker as hel < *gel and compared it with the Old Turkic accusative = j/=g, the Mongolian accusative =[ii]g, and the Tungusic directive-locative =kilaa/=kilii. His proposal was criticized in Martin (1990). I will argue that although Miller's proposal is valid as far as Old Korean is concerned, his comparison with Old Turkic, Tungusic, and possibly with Mongolian cannot be maintained. I will demonstrate on the basis of the internal evidence that Old Korean =yïl < Proto-Korean *=biî, and is therefore related to the corresponding accusative markers in Japanese and Tungusic. RÉSUMÉ En proposant de reconstruire l'accusatif du vieux coréen comme hel < *gel Miller (1977) compara l'accusatif avec ceux du turc ancien =y/=g, du mongol =[ii]g, et avec le directif-locatif toungouze =kilaa/=kilii.. Sa proposition fut critiquée par Martin (1990). L'auteur de cet article discute ici que la reconstruction de l'accusatif coréen ancien de Miller, mais qu'il est nécessaire de rejeter sa comparaison avec les marques de cas du turc ancien, du toungouze et peutêtre aussi du mongol. A partir des resources internes de la langue, je démontre que =yïl du vieux coréen < *=bïl du proto-coréen, et qu'il est conséquemment apparenté aux marques de cas accusatif en japonais et en toungouze. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Miller (1977) schlug hel < *gel als rekonstruierte altkoreanische Akku-sativmarkierung vor und verglich sie mit dem alttiirkischen Akkusativ = y/=g, dem mongolischen Akkusativ =[ii]g und dem tungusischen Direktiv-Lokativ =kilaa/=kilii. Sein Vorschlag wurde in Martin (1990) kritisiert. In diesem Aufsatz wird dargelegt, daB, wenngleich Millers Vorschlag fur das Altkoreanische zutrifft, sein Vergleich mit dem Alttiirkischen, dem Tungusischen und vielleicht mit dem Mongolischen hingegen abgelehnt werden muB. Aufgrund internen Beweismaterials wird hier der Nachweis gefuhrt, daB altkoreanisch = yïl aus protokoreanisch *=bïl hergeleitet werden kann und deshalb mit den entsprechenden Akkusativmarkierungen im Japanischen und Tungusischen verwandt ist.

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11

Francis-Ratte, Alexander. "On the etymology of the Japanese plural suffix and its possible connection to Korean." Asian Languages and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.21005.fra.

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Abstract This paper presents an etymological analysis of the Japanese plural suffix tachi, Old Japanese tati. I propose that tati originates from a grammaticalization of an earlier Pre-Old Japanese phonological form *totwi, the non-bound reflex of which is the Old Japanese quasi-collective marker dwoti ‘fellow (person), everyone, together’. The reconstruction of a Pre-Old Japanese stem *totwi (Pre-Proto-Japanese /*tətəj/) with quasi-collective and plural function clarifies the possible connection of the Japanese plural suffix to the Korean plural suffix tul (Middle Korean tólh), which Whitman (1985, p. 217) proposed to be cognates but which has since been criticized on phonological and distributional grounds. I show that reconstructing the earliest form of the Japanese plural suffix as /*tətəj/ resolves each of the three phonological issues with the Japano-Koreanic comparison, creates a better morphosyntactic match between the two languages, and rules out a loanword relationship of the Japanese and Korean forms.

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12

Choi, Sung-rak, and Gui-hyung Kang. "A Critical Review to “About the Archaeological Record of the South Korean Proto-Historic Period”." Jungbu Archaeological Society 18, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46760/jbgogo.2019.18.1.67.

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13

Choi, Naye, Jung Min Ko, Seung Han Shin, Ee Kyung Kim, Han Suk Kim, Mi Kyoung Song, and Chang Won Choi. "Phenotypic and Genetic Characteristics of Five Korean Patients with Costello Syndrome." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 158, no. 4 (2019): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000502045.

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Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial appearance, cardiopulmonary complications, severe growth retardation, skin and skeletal defects, developmental delay, and tumor predisposition. CS is caused by heterozygous de novo mutations in the proto-oncogene HRAS, which is a component of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Herein, we reviewed the phenotypic and genetic features of 5 Korean patients who were genetically diagnosed with CS. Atrial tachycardia and polyhydramnios, which are important prenatal features for CS, were observed in 4 and 5 patients, respectively. The distinctive coarse facial appearances of the patients and presence of deep palmoplantar creases supported the clinical diagnosis of CS, which was confirmed by HRAS sequence analysis. Extremely poor postnatal growth was observed in all 5 patients. Further, all patients exhibited cardiac abnormalities; left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were observed in 3 patients. All 5 patients suffered from airway problems; 3 of them required intubation right after birth, and 2 of them received tracheostomy. One patient with a p.Gly12Ser mutation was diagnosed with retroperitoneal rhabdomyosarcoma alveolar type at the age of 5 years. Consistent with previous reports, both patients with p.Gly12Cys mutations died within the first year of life due to cardiopulmonary failure. Our study summarizes the characteristics of these 5 Korean patients with CS and, along with previous studies, provides clues for genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with CS.

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14

Jeong, Jihun, Jeong Yeal Ahn, and Jae Hoon Lee. "Mutational Analysis of N-Ras Proto-Oncogene in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Study of 70 Adult Korean Patients." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 4883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4883.4883.

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Abstract Abstract 4883 Introduction Ras gene mutations especially N-Ras gene are found in up to 30% of AML cases. The mutation of Ras gene that most commonly occurs by one base substitution in codon 12, 13 or 61 and leads to a constant activity of the Ras protein which can induce uncontrolled cell proliferation and escape from apoptosis. While some groups insist Ras mutations are related with a better outcome, others suppose mutated Ras genes are associated with short survival. The purpose of this study was to detect the frequency and distinct features of N-ras mutation in adult Korean patients with de novo AML and to compare the performance of a pyrosequencing analysis to a direct sequencing method for detecting N-ras mutations. Materials and Methods This study selected newly diagnosed 70 patients with AML that were treated at the Gachon University Gil Hospital from May 2004 to February 2011. The sample collection from each patient occurred different times, and follow-up collections were conducted among 6 patients who had mutation. We analyzed 78 bone marrow samples of 70 de novo AML patients for detecting N-ras codon 12, 13, and 61 mutations using pyrosequencing method, and all data was confirmed by direct sequencing. Result N-ras mutations were detected in 7 samples of 6 of the 70 patients examined (Figure 1 and Table 1). Mutations at codon 12, 13 and 61 were found in 3 patients, 2 patients and 1 patient, respectively. Mutations in this study were point mutation and they induced amino acid substitution. All base substitutions in codon 12 subsequently led to the change of wild type glycine (G12S, G12C, G12D). Mutations at codon 13 also induced amino acid change of wild type glycine (G13D, G13R). Mutation in codon 61 caused substitution of glutamine (Q61R). There is no difference in methods of mutation detection and all mutations disappeared after chemotherapy. And 4 of 6 patients were expired, 1 of 6 was associated with treatment failure, and only one patient was diagnosed to complete remission (Table 1). We can not establish statistically significant differences between the N-ras positive and negative groups in age, sex, WHO classification, cytogenetic abnormality or complete blood count. Conclusion Mutation of Ras gene occurred low incidence (8.6%) in the Korean AML patients compared with Western population (Europe: 11–44%, America: 12–25%, Australia: 12–21%) and other Asian population (Japan: 14%, China: 18%, Thailand: 13%). There was no preference for specific mutation in Korean AML patients. Four of six patients with N-ras mutation were expired, these finding showed a trend to worse survival although we did not observe statistical significance. Comparison of both methods revealed identical results. Pyrosequencing is more rapid and simple technique than direct sequencing and uniquely provide quantitative information of detected mutations (Figure 1.B). A. B. C. A. Pyrogram from pyrosequencing method. Control means wild type sample and others are mutation detected samples. First box means mutation in first base of N-ras codon 12, 13 and second box presents mutation in second base of N-ras codon 12, 13. Third reveals mutated sample in N-ras codon 61. B. Quantitative date of mutation is gained from pyrosequencing method. C. The result of pyrosequencing is confirmed by directed sequencing method. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Chesnokova, Natalia. "Chesnokova N. A. Shin Gyeongjun (1712–1781) and His The Description of Mountains (Sangyeongpyo). The First Korean Proto-Scientific Classification of the Mountains of the Korean Peninsula." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080005948-9.

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16

Jae Chung, Yun, Hyung-Hoon Kim, Hyun-Jin Kim, Yong-Ki Min, Myung-Shik Lee, Moon-Kyu Lee, Kwang-Won Kim, Chang-Seok Ki, Jong-Won Kim, and Jae Hoon Chung. "RET Proto-Oncogene Mutations Are Restricted to Codon 634 and 618 in Korean Families with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A." Thyroid 14, no. 10 (October 2004): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/thy.2004.14.813.

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17

Seo, Hyunju. "Regional Contact point of the Proto-Three Kingdoms~ Hanseong Period of Baekje Pottery in central part of the Korean Peninsula." Hoseo Archaeological Society 48 (February 28, 2021): 82–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.34268/hskk.2021.48.82.

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18

Bae, Sung Jin, Dae-Jung Kim, Ji Youn Kim, So Young Park, Sung Hee Choi, Young Duk Song, Chang-Seok Ki, and Jae Hoon Chung. "A Rare Extracellular D631Y Germl ine Mutation of the RET Proto-Oncogene in Two Korean Families with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A." Thyroid 16, no. 6 (June 2006): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/thy.2006.16.609.

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19

Chung, Yun Jae, Hyung-Hoon Kim, Hyun-Jin Kim, Yong-Ki Min, Myung-Shik Lee, Moon-Kyu Lee, Kwang-Won Kim, Chang-Seok Ki, Jong-Won Kim, and Jae Hoon Chung. "RET Proto-Oncogene Mutations Are Restricted to Codon 634 and 618 in Korean Families with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A." Thyroid 14, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/1050725042451220.

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20

LEE, MYUNG-SHIK, DAE-YOUN HWANG, YUN-HEE KIM, JAE HOON CHUNG, YEON SANG OH, MOON-KYU LEE, and KWANG-WON KIM. "Mutations of Ret Proto-oncogene in 3 Korean Families with MEN 2A: Clinical Use of New Restriction Sites for Genetic Diagnosis." Endocrine Journal 45, no. 4 (1998): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.45.555.

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21

Lee, Y., H. Park, J. Jung, Y. Lim, and S. Uchino. "RET oncogene mutations in a large Korean kindred with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 6066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.6066.

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6066 Background: Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) is related to germ-line mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. The mutations concern mainly cystein residues in exons 10 and 11, whereas noncystein mutations in exons 13–16 are rare. These mutations have been recorded in the different populations, but to date there is no corresponding study in Korean families. In this study, we identify the RET mutations in the Korean family with FMTC and propose therapeutic approach in managing the disorder. Methods: The large family consists of 4 generations with a total of 32 individuals. There was a history of MTC in five members of the family. The index case was a 67-yr- old woman who underwent total thyroidectomy and both modified radical neck dissection in our hospital at the age of 48. We analysed exons 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16 in index patients using DNA sequencing. Twenty-nine subjects from the family were clinically assessed and subsequently molecularly analysed for the presence of RET gene mutations. Results: We have found a missense TGC?AGC mutation at codon 618 in Exon 10. This transversion leads to the substitution of cystein with serin. The mutation was detected in all five MTC patients as well as in 6 asymptomatic relatives. The mutation shows a wide clinical heterogenecity, as there are carrier patients with age of diagnosis ranging from 9 to 64 years. Conclusions: It is likely that the mutation causes FMTC, because no other mutation was found in RET. This study showed 100% accordance between presence of the disease and gene carrier status is reported. Total preventive thyroidectomy has been recommended in all carriers of RET genetic defects. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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22

Choi, Duck K. "Evolution of the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea: II, late Paleozoic sedimentation in a retroarc foreland basin and assembly of the proto-Korean Peninsula." Island Arc 28, no. 1 (October 25, 2018): e12277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iar.12277.

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23

Kim, David D. W., Michael S. Croxson, Isaac M. Cranshaw, Jane L. Evans, Renate Marquis-Nicholson, and Donald R. Love. "Indolent Medullary Thyroid Cancer with a RET Proto-Oncogene Cys618Phe Mutation Presenting As Sporadic Unilateral Pheochromocytoma in a 55-Year-Old Korean Woman." Thyroid 21, no. 3 (March 2011): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/thy.2010.0310.

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24

Park, Eunhyang, and Hyo Sup Shim. "Detection of Targetable Genetic Alterations in Korean Lung Cancer Patients: A Comparison Study of Single-Gene Assays and Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing." Cancer Research and Treatment 52, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.305.

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PurposeEpidermal growth factor receptor (<i>EGFR</i>), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (<i>ALK</i>), and ROS proto-oncogene 1 (<i>ROS1</i>) are ‘must-test’ biomarkers in the molecular diagnostics of advanced-stage lung cancer patients. Although single-gene assays are currently considered the gold standard for these genes, next-generation sequencing (NGS) tests are being introduced to clinical practices. We compared the results of current diagnostics and aimed to suggest timely effective guidance for their clinical use. Materials and MethodsPatients with lung cancer who received both conventional single-gene assays and subsequent targeted NGS testing were enrolled, and the results of their tests were compared. ResultsA total of 241 patients were enrolled, and the <i>EGFR</i> real-time polymerase chain reaction, <i>ALK</i> fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (FISH), and <i>ROS1</i> FISH assays exhibited 92.9%, 99.6%, and 99.5% concordance with the NGS tests, respectively. The discordant cases were mostly false-negatives of the single-gene assays, probably due to technical limitation. Of 158 cases previously designated as wild-type, <i>EGFR</i>, <i>ALK</i>, and <i>ROS1</i> alterations were identified in 10.1%, 1.9%, and 1.3%, respectively, and other targetable alterations were identified in 36.1% of the cases. Of patients with additionally identified actionable alterations, 32.6% (31/95) received matched therapy with a clinical benefit of 48.4% (15/31). ConclusionEven though the conventional and NGS methods were concordant in the majority of cases, NGS testing still revealed a considerable number of additional <i>EGFR</i>, <i>ALK</i>, and <i>ROS1</i> alterations, as well as other targetable alterations, in Korean advanced-stage lung cancer patients. Given the high frequency of <i>EGFR</i> and other targetable mutations identified in the present study, NGS testing is highly recommended in the diagnosis of Korean lung cancer patients.

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Shoda, Shinya, Hiroo Nasu, Kohei Yamazaki, Natsuki Murakami, Geon-Ju Na, Sung-Mo Ahn, and Minoru Yoneda. "Dry or Wet? Evaluating the Initial Rice Cultivation Environment on the Korean Peninsula." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050929.

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The origins and development of rice cultivation are one of the most important aspects in studying agricultural and socio-economic innovations, as well as environmental change, in East Asian prehistory. In particular, whether wet or dry rice cultivation was conducted is an important consideration of its impact on societies and the environment across different periods and places. In this study, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of charred crop remains from archaeological sites dating from the Early Bronze Age (ca. 1.1 k BC) to the Proto-Three Kingdoms (ca. 0.4 k AD) was conducted to clarify: (1) if there were any shifts from dry to wet cultivation around 1500 years after rice adoption as previously hypothesized and (2) the difference in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values between rice and dry fields crops excavated from the same archaeological context to understand the cultivation environment. The result show that stable isotope values of charred rice grains have not changed significantly for around 1500 years. Moreover, rice possessed higher nitrogen stable isotope values than dry crops across all periods. While other potential factors could have influenced the 15N-enrichment of soils and crops, the most reasonable explanation is bacteriologic denitrification in anaerobic paddy soil where the rice was grown.

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"Sequence and Expression Analysis of c-fos Proto-oncogene in Korean Cattle (HANWOO)." Journal of Animal Science and Technology 45, no. 6 (December 31, 2003): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.5187/jast.2003.45.6.891.

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27

Choi, Weon-seok. "Study on tomb styles of Proto-three kingdoms period and their spatial dispersion in Midwest region of the Korean Peninsula." RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE MAHAN-BAEKJE CULTURE, June 30, 2018, 93–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.34265/mbmh.2018.31.93.

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Kim, Jaeheon, S.-H. Cho, V. Bujarrabal, H. Imai, R. Dodson, D.-H. Yoon, and B. Zhang. "Time variations of H2O and SiO masers in the proto-Planetary Nebula OH 231.8+4.2." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, July 4, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1830.

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Abstract H2O (22 GHz) and SiO masers (43, 86, 129 GHz) in the bipolar proto-planetary nebula OH 231.8+4.2 were simultaneously monitored using the 21-m antennas of the Korean VLBI Network in 2009–2015. Both species exhibit periodic flux variations that correlate with the central star’s optical light curve, with a phase delay of up to 0.15 for the maser flux variations with respect to the optical light curve. The flux densities of SiO v = 2, J = 1→0 and H2O masers decrease with time, implying that they may disappear in 10–20 years. However, there seems to have been a transient episode of intense H2O maser emission around 2010. We also found a systematic behaviour in the velocity profiles of these masers. The velocities of the H2O maser components appear to be remarkably constant, suggesting ballistic motion for the bipolar outflow in this nebula. On the other hand, those of the SiO maser clumps show a systematic radial acceleration of the individual clumps, converging to the outflow velocity of the H2O maser clumps. Measuring the full widths at zero power of the detected lines, we estimated the expansion velocities of the compact bipolar outflow traced by H2O maser and SiO thermal line, and discussed the possibility of the expanding SiO maser region in the equatorial direction. All of our analyses support that the central host star of OH231.8 is close to the tip of the AGB phase, and that the mass-loss rate recently started to decrease because of incipient post-AGB evolution.

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Cho, Moonsup, Wonseok Cheong, W. G. Ernst, Yoonsup Kim, and Keewook Yi. "U-Pb detrital zircon ages of Cambrian−Ordovician sandstones from the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea: Provenance variability in platform shelf sequences and paleogeographic implications." GSA Bulletin, June 30, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35521.1.

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The early Paleozoic paleogeography of East Gondwanan terranes, including the North China Craton (NCC), is contentious, primarily reflecting the paucity of integrated geochronological, biogeographic, and tectonic data sets. Our new sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe data from 14 sandstones of the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea, indicate that its platform shelf sequences, typified by trilobite faunal assemblages diagnostic of the NCC, record the vestige of coeval arc magmatism. Detrital zircons analyzed from the sandstones yielded Eoarchean to Early Ordovician ages, which define three distinct types of distribution patterns characterized by: (1) double peaks at ca. 1.85 Ga and 2.50 Ga diagnostic of basement rocks in the NCC; (2) minor peaks at ca. 1.75, 1.6, and 1.2−1.1 Ga in addition to double peaks; and finally (3) a scattered array of late Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic zircons lacking double peaks. The marked contrasts among the three types reflect significant changes in provenance, most likely linked to variations in paleo-water depths during the “Sauk” transgression. Longshore- or onshore-directed currents, associated with an increase in water depth, apparently brought outboard oceanic detritus and benthic trilobites into the relatively flat outer shelf of the Taebaeksan Basin. As a result, fine-grained sandstones received a large amount of detritus from distal sources, yielding mixed signatures in zircon age patterns and trilobite assemblages. Excluding the basal sandstone-conglomerate unit, five siliciclastic formations contain syndepositional zircon populations, and their weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages decrease upsection from 512 ± 5 Ma to 483 ± 2 Ma, indicating a sedimentary influx from contemporaneous volcanic activity. In conjunction with arc-related bulk-rock geochemistry and juvenile Nd isotopic signature, early Paleozoic detrital zircons likely represent the first-cycle detritus supplied for ∼30 m.y. from the proto-Japan arc that initially formed at ca. 520 Ma. Together with the occurrence of ca. 700−500 Ma detrital Pacific Gondwana zircons in fine-grained sandstones, Paleozoic arc-sourced detritus suggests that the Korean Peninsula was paleogeographically linked to an ancient convergent margin, perhaps extending from the Terra Australis orogen.

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Lee, Yongsoo, and Wim A. Dreyer. "From proto-missional to mega-church: A critique of ecclesial ‘growth’ in Korea." HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 74, no. 4 (March 13, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v74i4.4665.

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In the last couple of decades, the Korean church experienced a loss of credibility as well as a decrease in membership. The premise of this contribution is that the mega-church phenomenon in Korea contributed to this state of affairs. Many Korean churches, influenced by dramatic sociopolitical and economic changes, developed a distorted understanding of its nature and mission. Korean churches began to compete against each other to grow bigger. An institutional ecclesiology and ecclesiocentric understanding of mission formed the basis of this endeavour. To counter this tendency, some churches turned to missional ecclesiology to facilitate the reformation of the Korean church. According to empirical data, Korean society rates mega-churches negatively while they evaluate missional churches positively. This provided further impetus for the current emerging missional movement in Korea.

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