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1

Bishop, J. Michael. "Oncogenes and proto-oncogenes." Journal of Cellular Physiology 129, S4 (1986): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041290403.

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2

Montarras, D. "Proto-oncogenes." Biochimie 69, no. 3 (1987): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(87)90042-3.

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3

Monier, R. "PROTO-ONCOGENES ET ANTI-ONCOGENES." Reproduction Nutrition Développement 29, Suppl. 1 (1989): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19890785.

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4

Rosen, P. "Proto-oncogenes II." Medical Hypotheses 27, no. 4 (1988): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(88)90009-6.

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5

Simon, M. M., G. Sliutz, and T. A. Luger. "Proto-oncogenes and oncogenes in epidermal neoplasia." Experimental Dermatology 4, no. 2 (1995): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.1995.tb00224.x.

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6

Grootegoed, J. A. "Proto-oncogenes and spermatogenesis." International Journal of Andrology 12, no. 4 (1989): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1989.tb01311.x.

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7

Müller, Rolf. "Proto-oncogenes and differentiation." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 11, no. 3 (1986): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(86)90066-6.

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8

Cline, M. J., H. Battifora, and J. Yokota. "Proto-oncogene abnormalities in human breast cancer: correlations with anatomic features and clinical course of disease." Journal of Clinical Oncology 5, no. 7 (1987): 999–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1987.5.7.999.

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DNAs from fifty-three primary breast cancers were hybridized with 16 different proto-oncogene or oncogene probes. Abnormalities of one or more of five proto-oncogenes were found in fifty-eight percent of tumors at the time of mastectomy. Amplification of c-myc and c-erbB-2, and allelic deletions of c-ras-Ha and c-myb were the most common abnormalities. The presence of altered proto-oncogenes correlated with clinical stage of the cancers. Fifteen of 43 evaluable tumors of stages I to III recurred, and four of five evaluable stage IV tumors progressed within 16 to 24 months of surgery. All but o
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9

Bishop, J. Michael. "The Discovery of Proto‐oncogenes." FASEB Journal 10, no. 2 (1996): 362–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.10.2.8641572.

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10

Bishop, J. M., B. Drees, A. L. Katzen, T. B. Kornberg, and M. A. Simon. "Proto-oncogenes of Drosophila melanogaster." Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 50 (January 1, 1985): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/sqb.1985.050.01.090.

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11

Forrester, Lesley M., Mary Brunkow, and Alan Bernstein. "Proto-oncogenes in mammalian development." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2, no. 1 (1992): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80319-3.

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12

Forrester, Lesley M., Mary Brunkow, and Alan Bernstein. "Proto-oncogenes in mammalian development." Current Biology 2, no. 2 (1992): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(92)90195-g.

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13

Shilo, Ben-Zion. "Proto-oncogenes in Drosophila melanogaster." Trends in Genetics 3 (January 1987): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(87)90178-8.

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14

Guerrero, Isabel. "Proto-oncogenes in pattern formation." Trends in Genetics 3 (January 1987): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(87)90263-0.

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15

Méchali, Marcel, Michel Gusse, Sophie Vriz, et al. "Proto-oncogenes and embryonic development." Biochimie 70, no. 7 (1988): 895–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(88)90230-1.

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16

Lochter, André, Zena Werb, and MinaJ Bissell. "Matrix metaloproteases as proto-oncogenes." Matrix Biology 16, no. 2 (1997): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0945-053x(97)90093-7.

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17

Simpson, P. C. "Proto-Oncogenes and Cardiac Hypertrophy." Annual Review of Physiology 51, no. 1 (1989): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.51.030189.001201.

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18

Slamon, Dennis J. "Proto-Oncogenes and Human Cancers." New England Journal of Medicine 317, no. 15 (1987): 955–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm198710083171509.

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19

Matiuck, Nicholas V., and Judith L. Swain. "Proto-oncogenes and cardiac development." Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 2, no. 2 (1992): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1050-1738(92)90006-e.

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20

Zelenka, Peggy S. "Proto-oncogenes in cell differentiation." BioEssays 12, no. 1 (1990): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950120105.

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21

Brown, Geoffrey. "Oncogenes, Proto-Oncogenes, and Lineage Restriction of Cancer Stem Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (2021): 9667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189667.

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In principle, an oncogene is a cellular gene (proto-oncogene) that is dysfunctional, due to mutation and fusion with another gene or overexpression. Generally, oncogenes are viewed as deregulating cell proliferation or suppressing apoptosis in driving cancer. The cancer stem cell theory states that most, if not all, cancers are a hierarchy of cells that arises from a transformed tissue-specific stem cell. These normal counterparts generate various cell types of a tissue, which adds a new dimension to how oncogenes might lead to the anarchic behavior of cancer cells. It is that stem cells, such
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22

Ransone, Lynn J., and Inder M. Verma. "Nuclear Proto-Oncogenes Fos and Jun." Annual Review of Cell Biology 6, no. 1 (1990): 539–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.06.110190.002543.

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23

TORRY, DONALD S., and GEOFFREY M. COOPER. "Proto-Oncogenes in Development and Cancer." American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 25, no. 3 (1991): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.1991.tb01080.x.

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24

TORRY, DONALD S. "Proto-Oncogenes and Germ-Cell Differentiation." American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 27, no. 3-4 (1992): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.1992.tb00745.x.

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25

Ohlsson, Rolf I., and Susan B. Pfeifer-Ohlsson. "Cancer genes, proto-oncogenes, and development." Experimental Cell Research 173, no. 1 (1987): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(87)90327-2.

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26

Hanley, Michael R. "Proto-oncogenes in the nervous system." Neuron 1, no. 3 (1988): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(88)90137-7.

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27

Pollack, Pia S. "Proto-oncogenes and the Cardiovascular System." Chest 107, no. 3 (1995): 826–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.107.3.826.

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28

Furney, Simon J., Stephen F. Madden, Tomasz A. Kisiel, Desmond G. Higgins, and Nuria Lopez-Bigas. "Distinct Patterns in the Regulation and Evolution of Human Cancer Genes." In Silico Biology: Journal of Biological Systems Modeling and Multi-Scale Simulation 8, no. 1 (2008): 33–46. https://doi.org/10.3233/isb-00341.

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Understanding the mechanism of regulation of cancer genes and the constraints on their coding sequences is of fundamental importance in understanding the process of tumour development. Here we test the hypothesis that tumour suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes, due to their involvement in tumourigenesis, have distinct patterns of regulation and coding selective constraints compared to non-cancer genes. Indeed, we found significantly greater conservation in the promoter regions of proto-oncogenes, suggesting that these genes are more tightly regulated, i.e. they are more likely to contain a hi
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29

CHEN, H. R., and W. C. BARKER. "Nucleic Acid Sequence Database VI: Retroviral Oncogenes and Cellular Proto-Oncogenes." DNA 4, no. 2 (1985): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/dna.1985.4.171.

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30

Fechine Honorato, Pedro, Paloma de Carvalho Freitas, Douglas Segadilha Prado, et al. "MECANISMOS FISIOPATOLÓGICOS EM NEOPLASIAS CUTÂNEAS RARAS: A INFLUÊNCIA DOS PROTO-ONCOGENES NO MELANOMA ACRAL E CARCINOMAS DE CÉLULAS DE MERKEL." Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences 7, no. 1 (2025): 763–72. https://doi.org/10.36557/2674-8169.2025v7n1p763-772.

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Introdução: As neoplasias cutâneas raras, como o melanoma acral e o carcinoma de células de Merkel, representam desafios significativos no campo da oncologia devido à sua agressividade e baixa incidência. Alterações em proto-oncogenes, como BRAF, KIT e NRAS no melanoma acral, e PIK3CA no carcinoma de células de Merkel, têm papel central na transformação maligna e progressão tumoral. Essas mutações levam à ativação de vias de sinalização como MAPK e PI3K/AKT, que promovem proliferação celular, resistência à apoptose e aumento da angiogênese, contribuindo para o comportamento clínico agressivo d
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31

FURUSAWA, Shunichi, Norio HAYASHI, Takashi YASHIMA, et al. "Expression of proto-oncogenes during liver regeneration." Kanzo 29, no. 3 (1988): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2957/kanzo.29.377.

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32

Bishop, J. M., A. J. Capobianco, H. J. Doyle, et al. "Proto-oncogenes and Plasticity in Cell Signaling." Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 59 (January 1, 1994): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/sqb.1994.059.01.020.

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33

Schuchard, M. "Steroid hormone regulation of nuclear proto-oncogenes." Endocrine Reviews 14, no. 6 (1993): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.14.6.659.

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34

SCHUCHARD, MARK, JAMES P. LANDERS, NICOLE PUNKAY SANDHU, and THOMAS C. SPELSBERG. "Steroid Hormone Regulation of Nuclear Proto-oncogenes*." Endocrine Reviews 14, no. 6 (1993): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv-14-6-659.

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35

Bischof, P., K. Truong, and A. Campana. "Regulation of Trophoblastic Gelatinases by Proto-oncogenes." Placenta 24, no. 2-3 (2003): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/plac.2002.0890.

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36

Sudol, Marius. "Expression of proto-oncogenes in neural tissues." Brain Research Reviews 13, no. 4 (1988): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(88)90014-8.

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37

Rosen, Philip. "The significance of proto-oncogenes in carcinogenesis." Medical Hypotheses 22, no. 1 (1987): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(87)90004-1.

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38

Bartram, C. R. "Activation of proto-oncogenes in human leukemias." Blut 51, no. 2 (1985): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00320114.

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39

Sudol, Marius. "Expression of proto-oncogenes in neural tissues." Brain Research 472, no. 4 (1988): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)91228-0.

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40

Simpson, Paul C. "Role of proto-oncogenes in myocardial hypertrophy." American Journal of Cardiology 62, no. 11 (1988): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(88)90026-4.

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41

Rosell, Rafael, Andrés Aguilar-Hernández, and María González-Cao. "Insights into EGFR Mutations and Oncogenic KRAS Mutations in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer." Cancers 15, no. 9 (2023): 2519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15092519.

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42

Stasevich, Ekaterina Mikhailovna, Aksinya Nicolaevna Uvarova, Matvey Mikhailovich Murashko, et al. "Enhancer RNA AL928768.3 from the IGH Locus Regulates MYC Expression and Controls the Proliferation and Chemoresistance of Burkitt Lymphoma Cells with IGH/MYC Translocation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (2022): 4624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094624.

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Chromosomal rearrangements leading to the relocation of proto-oncogenes into transcription-active regions are found in various types of tumors. In particular, the transfer of proto-oncogenes to the locus of heavy chains of immunoglobulins (IGH) is frequently observed in B-lymphomas. The increased expression of the MYC proto-oncogene due to IGH/MYC translocation is detected in approximately 85% of Burkitt lymphoma cases. The regulatory mechanisms affecting the oncogenes upon translocation include non-coding enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). We conducted a search for the eRNAs that may affect MYC transcrip
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43

Wu, Bin. "Expression of c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes by ovine preimplantation embryos." Zygote 4, no. 3 (1996): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400003129.

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SummaryThe c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes are involved in the regulation of gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation and tumorigenesis. Embryogenesis, like tumorigenesis, involves dramatic cell growth, cleavage and differentiation processes. Activation of the c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes in sheep conceptuses during the period of rapid growth and elongation was examined using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The specificity of PCR products was determined by Southern blot hybridisation analysis with a non-radioactive DNA probe. A band corresponding to
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44

Mifflin, David, and John J. Robinson. "Proto-oncogene homologous sequences in the sea urchin genome." Bioscience Reports 8, no. 5 (1988): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01121638.

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Using probes specific for several oncogenes/proto-oncogenes we have performed gel blot hybridization analyses of genomic DNA isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Probes prepared from v-erbB, v-myc, c-myb and v-fps were found to hybridize with discrete fragments of HindIII digested genomic DNA. In contrast, probes prepared from v-abl, v-fos, v-sis, v-src, and v-mos either hybridized with multiple fragments, indicating non-specific binding, or failed to hybridize at all above background levels. These results clearly demonstrate the presence of proto-oncogene homologous
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45

Bishop, J. Michael. "Proto-oncogenes: Clues to the puzzle of purpose." Nature 316, no. 6028 (1985): 483–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/316483a0.

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46

Olson, Eric N. "Proto-oncogenes in the regulatory circuit for myogenesis." Seminars in Cell Biology 3, no. 2 (1992): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-4682(10)80022-4.

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47

Tetens, F., A. Kliem, G. Tscheudschilsuren, A. Navarrete Santos, and B. Fischer. "Expression of proto-oncogenes in bovine preimplantation blastocysts." Anatomy and Embryology 201, no. 5 (2000): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050324.

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48

MULLER, D. "The role of proto-oncogenes in coronary restenosis." Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 40, no. 2 (1997): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-0620(97)80004-7.

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49

Verma, I. M. "Proto-oncogenes: Role in development, growth and differentiation." Leukemia Research 10, no. 7 (1986): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-2126(86)90325-5.

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50

Sudol, Marius, Seth G. N. Grant, and Peter C. Maisonpierre. "Proto-oncogenes and signaling processes in neural tissues." Neurochemistry International 22, no. 4 (1993): 369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(93)90019-2.

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