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Journal articles on the topic 'Proto-Turkic language'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Boboyorov, G'aybulla. "The Proto-turkic Epoch of the Turkic Language: the Branches of Xun and Ogur-bulgar." Golden scripts 1, no. 3 (2019): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.gold.2019.3/dgzt3518.

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Today Turkic languages are divided into 3 main large dialects like Oghuz, Qarluq, Qipchaq and relatively small dialects such as Halač, Southern Siberian Turkic, Chuvash, and Yakut (Saha). Each or most of these dialects are the followers of the language of the ancient Turkic – “the language of the Ork-hon-Yenisey inscriptions”, i.e. according to some Turkologists, they are the di-rectly follower of the Common Turkic, and some of them different from these languages. Especially, this is very obvious in languages of Chuvash and in lan-guage of Volga Bulgarians of the Middle ages, for them the term

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2

Petek, E. K., and М. Е. Adilov. "Historical Development of the /j-/ Sound at the beginning of the words in Kazakh Language." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 134, no. 1 (2021): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2021-134-1-130-143.

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One of the most emphasized issues of the Turkish language, which also causes differences of opinion among Turcologists,is the state of the sound / y- / at the beginning of the words.This sound varies in terms of both historical Turkish dialects and contemporary Turkish dialects and is met with a different sound. For those who accept the Altaic hypothesis, it is known that the Proto-Turkic language, which developed as an independent language after the era of the Proto- Altaic language, was divided into two branches as Oghur languages (West Old Turkish) and Common Turkic (East Old Turkish). In T

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Kozhemyakova, Ekaterina Arkadevna, Yury Nikolaevich Isaev, Aleksey Rafailovich Gubanov, and Mariia Evgenevna Petukhova. "Semantic universals in the evolution of colour terms in the Proto-Slavic and Proto-Turkic languages." Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 16, no. 8 (2023): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20230381.

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The aim of the research is to identify semantic universals in the evolution of colour terms in the Proto-Slavic and Proto-Turkic languages. The paper analyses the semantics of the Indo-European proto-forms of Proto-Slavic colour terms and the Altaic proto-forms of Proto-Turkic colour terms. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that a comparative analysis of the semantics of the oldest proto-forms of colour terms belonging to two different language families is carried out. Traditionally, these names are considered an example illustrating the national specifics of the reflecti

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Dybo, A. V. "Bulgar loanwords in Slavic languages: vowels." Rusin, no. 66 (2021): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/66/11.

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The article focuses on the phonetic adaptation of the early Turkic loanwords in Slavic languages. As it has been demonstrated, there is no evidence for Turkic loans in the Proto-Slavic language. In this article, the author deals with the loanwords a) from the Danube-Bulgar language into the South Slavic languages and b) from the Volga-Bulgar language into the East Slavic languages to establish a system of vowel correspondences, which appeared during the adaptation of Bulgarian words into the early state of the Slavic languages. The presumable phonetic appearance of Bulgar words was established

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5

Khassenov, Bolat. "Sound Symbolism in the Proto-Turkic Language." 3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 27, no. 1 (2021): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/3l-2021-2701-08.

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6

Gabbaskyzy, Shaimerdinova Nurila. "The word-formation potential of affixes in the ancient Turkic runic texts." Turkic Studies Journal 4, no. 3 (2022): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2022-3-118-127.

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In the era of the Old Turkic Khaganates, a full-fledged structure of the Turkic word was formed in the runic language. Historical relics of the proto-Turkic protoforms are still preserved in the root morphemes: primary roots, verb-nominal syncretism, and sound-phonemic variability of roots. In the language of runic monuments the corpus of service morphemes after the root – the affixes – was quite well developed, so there was a quite well developed system of morphology and derivation in the Proto-Turkic language. These service morphemes can be functionally classified as formative and word-forma

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7

Usmanova, Shoira. "On The Origin of Nominalizing Suffixes Derived From Verbs in The Altaic Languages." American Journal of Philological Sciences 5, no. 5 (2025): 310–13. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume05issue05-85.

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This article explores the nominalizing suffixes derived from verbs in the Altaic languages, specifically focusing on Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic-Manchu, and Korean languages. It examines the verb-to-noun derivational affixes in the Turkic languages as the base language and compares them with their counterparts in other Altaic languages. The study analyzes their meanings and origins and reconstructs their forms from the Proto-Altaic period.

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Mankeeva, Zh. "Continuity of the Kazakh language with the language of the runic inscriptions." Turkic Studies Journal 3, no. 3 (2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2021-3-47-54.

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Today, when the Republic of Kazakhstan at the turn of the century gained independence, the generalization of all historical and spiritual knowledge and their use for the good of the country is necessary for the formation and development of national consciousness. In this context, the language of the runic inscriptions as a source reflects the mentality of the ancient world and the archetypes of the historical evolution of the linguistic units of the Turkic languages. Consequently, the ancient linguistic data reveal the continuity of their historical development, the successive connection of th

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Muratova, Rimma T. "THE ORIGIN AND LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ERAN ‘RED’ COLOR DESIGNATION IN THE BASHKIR LANGUAGE." Proceedings of the UFRC RAS. Series: History. Philology. Culture 1, no. 2 (2024): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31833/sifk/2024.1.2.020.

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The article examines the origin, historical development and semantics of the word yeran ‘red’ in the Bashkir language. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in Bashkir linguistics, this color designation is subjected to a comprehensive etymological, comparative historical, and lexico-semantic analysis. During the scientific analysis, it was revealed that the yeran ‘red’ lexeme is characterized by an ancient origin: scientists have restored its proto-Turkic (*jẹgre-n ‘red (about the color of a horse); deer, gazelle, antelope’), proto-Altai (*negre ‘type of deer’)

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Dybo, Anna V., Lidia F. Abubakirova, Mark M. Zimin, Evgeniya V. Korovina, Zarema K. Kochakaeva та Aleksandr V. Sharov. "Еще раз о формах показателя множественного числа в тюркских языках". Oriental Studies 13, № 5 (2020): 1415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-51-5-1415-1437.

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Introduction. The article continues the discussion of isogloss types and their relevance for the Proto-Turkic reconstruction and reconstruction of the intermediate nodes of the Turkic family tree. Goals. The paper makes another attempt to reconstruct the morphophonological appearance of some affixes for intermediate languages-ancestors of the standard Turkic group (Oguz, ‘Kyrgyz’, Altai, Karluk, Toba, Kypchak). The study draws into consideration not only the plural affix *-lar, but in general inflectional and derivational affixes starting with *-l. Materials and Methods. Methods of stepwise re

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ÜNAL, Orçun. "SÖZDE KARCA GLOSSALAR İSKİT KÖKENLİ Mİ? BİR YENİDEN İNCELEME." Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi (HÜTAD), no. 39 (December 7, 2023): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.20427/turkiyat.1275842.

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Carian is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, which is attested in numerous inscriptions, graffiti, and coins written in the so-called Carian script. The Carian glosses cited by Byzantine writers, mainly by Stephan of Byzantium, are the main secondary source for the Carian language. Despite the hundred-year-long search for etymologies and the almost completed decipherment of the Carian inscriptions, these pseudo-glosses have not been fully explained. The present study links three of the seven most certain of these glosses, namely κόον/κῶν/κοῖον ‘sh

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МАЛЫШЕВА, Н. В. "Names of flora objects based on the material of the Yakut, Uyghur languages and the language of ancient Uyghur written monuments of the 11th century." Altaistics, no. 3(6) (April 4, 2023): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/altaisticsvfu.2022.73.78.001.

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Статья посвящена разработке вопроса в области языковых контактов якутского языка с тюркскими языками, а также истории якутского языка. В статье анализируются в сравнительно-историческом аспекте наименования объектов растительного мира в якутском, уйгурском языках и языке древнеуйгурских письменных памятников XI в. Цель данной статьи – рассмотреть особенности фитонимов и их частей в тюркских языках в сравнении с их пратюркскими формами. Анализу подвергаются 29 основ, зафиксированных в лексическом фонде якутского, уйгурского языков и в языке письменных памятников XI в., извлеченные методом сплош

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Kapranov, Y. V. "Diachronic Interpretation of Nostratic Etymon *wol[a] Based on Proto-Indo-European *(e)wel- (Gr hw- / ew-) and Proto-Altaic *ulu (~ -o) Forms (According to S. A. Starostin’s Version)." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 17 (August 21, 2018): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2018.17.06.

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The article represents the diachronic interpretation of the Nostratic *wol[a] verified by S. A. Starostin on the Proto-Indo-European *(e) wel- (Gr hw- / ew-) and Proto-Altaic *ulu (~ -o). These data were taken for analysis from the International Etymological Database Project “The Tower of Babel”. The notion of etymon in general and the Nostratic one in particular have been specified. The Nostratic etymon is understood as a phonomorphological and semantic complex that is interpreted based on the reconstructed etymons at the level of every language family.The following data has been demonstrated

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Normanskaya, Yulia V., та Anar A. Gadzhieva. "Как изменилась форма показателя множественного числа в тюркских языках за последние 150 лет". Oriental Studies 13, № 4 (2020): 1121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-50-4-1121-1134.

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Introduction. As recent research works show, scholars tend to disagree about the origin of the Kipchak plural form. K. M. Musaev hypothesizes that the Proto-Kipchak form of this affix was *-tar/*-ter whereas, according to O. A. Mudrak, the protolanguage form was *-lar/*-ler. Indeed, it seems impossible to reconstruct the form of the plural affix for the *-n, *-ŋ, *-m, *-C-stem words based on the modern data for the Kipchak languages. Furthermore, the Proto-Turkic reconstruction of the plural affix for these stems is also unclear. Purpose of research: It follows that a systematic analysis of th

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15

Nafikov, Sh V. "Ancient Turkic könül, bashkir kunel “heart”: etymological connections of one somatism." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 135, no. 2 (2021): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2021-135-2-148-159.

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The article is devoted to showing various etymological connections of the Turkic names of the heart (somatism) as part of the anatomical vocabulary of the Turkic and Altaic languages in the context of the nostratic macrofamily. Somatisms as a lexico-semantic group belongs to the oldest layer of vocabulary, in which, on the one hand, the features of categorization and conceptualization of the world in the human mind are manifested clearly, on the other hand, the historical stability of the semantics of words and their phonomorphological appearance is demonstrated. Based on the methodology of co

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Ismailova, M. "Characteristic of vowel harmony in the Oguz-Kipchak dialects and their integration into other Turkic dialects." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 3 (2019): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/40/68.

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The article includes vowel harmony, which is considered one of the most characteristic features of the Turkic languages. Vowel harmony has a very ancient history in Turkic. This law was formed during the period of the proto-turkic. In the ancient Turkic written monuments, vowel harmony was an “iron law”. This law has played a key role in the writing of ancient written monuments. However, although vowel harmony came from Orkhon, this ancient phonetic law should always be considered a continuation of the old norm. Although the word “vowel harmony” as a phonetic law in Turkic includes harmony of

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Gabbaskyzy, Shaimerdinova Nurila. "A root morpheme in the Old Turkic language." Turkic Studies Journal 4, no. 1 (2022): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2022-1-95-108.

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The old Turkic literary language was formed on the basis of ancient Turkic dialects. In the era of the ancient Turkic kaganates, the language of runic inscriptions as a single literary language was used by various Turkic tribes or unions of tribes – Kipchaks, Oghuz, Uighurs, Turgesh, Kirghiz. The internal structure of the old Turkic literary language has been sufficiently studied in terms of graphic, phonetic-phonological, lexical, morphological. However, the morpheme-derivative system of the language has been studied fragmentarily and inconsistently. The purpose of this article is to consider

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Б. Асан та Г.К. Алтынбекова. "СЛОВА ТЮРКСКОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ". НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ "AUEZOV UNIVERSITY", № 2 (12 червня 2023): 114. https://doi.org/10.54251/2522-4026.2023.2.8au.

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Words borrowed from Turkic languages into Russian, Old Russian and Proto-Slavic languages in different historical periods. Through the Turkic languages, words of Arabic and Persian origin also got into Russian (as well as into Western European languages), which therefore have the linguistic status of Turkisms (for example, the owner or sofa, kiosk, halva borrowed from Western European languages). Turkisms are also called words of Turkic origin, regardless of the intermediary language. The bulk of borrowings falls on the period of the XVI-XVII centuries. The article summarizes the results of on

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Railevna, Valieva Madina. "Dialect names of dishes dating back to the Altai era." Turkic Studies Journal 4, no. 2 (2022): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2022-2-35-47.

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This article discusses the Altai layer of names of dishes in the etymological aspect. The established volume of the article does not allow to analyze all the names of household vessels of 47М.Р. Валиева Turkic Studies Journal 2 (2022) 35-47the Bashkir language dating back to the Altaic era, therefore, polysemantic lexemes were chosen – ыҙыс/ыҙас ‘dishes’, күнәк ‘milk pail; bucket’, ҡупы ‘small bowl; bowl’, ҡap ‘bag, sack (matting); box, container, receptacle, case; cup, vessel; pod, shell, coating, rind, skin, scales (of reptiles); placenta’ and other cognates that refer to this ancient lexica

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Ismailova, M. "Characteristic of vowel harmony in the Oguz-Kipchak dialects and their integration into other Turkic dialects." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 3 (2019): 512–18. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/40/68.

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The article includes vowel harmony, which is considered one of the most characteristic features of the Turkic languages. Vowel harmony has a very ancient history in Turkic. This law was formed during the period of the proto-Turkic. In the ancient Turkic written monuments, vowel harmony was an “iron law”. This law has played a key role in the writing of ancient written monuments. However, although vowel harmony came from Orkhon, this ancient phonetic law should always be considered a continuation of the old norm. Although the word “vowel harmony” as a phonetic law in Tur

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Bazarbayeva, Z. M. "EVOLUTION OF VOFES (VOCALISM) IN THE TURKIC (KYPCHAK) LANGUAGES." Tiltanym 89, no. 1 (2023): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2023-1-34-43.

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In the presented article, the historical phenomena of the system of vocalism of the Kypchak group of related languages will be determined according to the main stages of the development of the Turkic languages. When comparing the vocalism of the Kypchak Turkic languages, common and distinctive features of phonological systems are revealed. The purpose of the scientific research is to carry out a phonetic-phonological analysis of vowel sounds (vocalism system) based on the Kypchak group of Turkic languages. Phonological phenomena influencing the development and formation of phonetic systems wil

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Rakin, Anatoly N. "Hydro-landscape vocabulary of the Udmurt language." Finno-Ugric World 11, no. 3 (2019): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.011.2019.03.268-276.

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Introduction. Landscape vocabulary refers to the basic vocabulary of any natural language. It nominates both natural geographical and anthropogenic objects that have arisen as a result of human activity. In accordance with the substantial signs (water, land) as part of the landscape vocabulary, it is possible to distinguish two macrosystems, namely hydro-landscape vocabulary and the vocabulary of the land. Each of these components has its own internal structure, which differ from each other both by composition and quantitative indicators. Materials and Methods. The subject of linguistic analys

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Salmin, Anton K. "N.N. Poppe’s views on the proto-language and ethnic history of the Chuvash." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 1 (January 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.1-22.003.

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Writings of N.N. Poppe, associate member of Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1897–1991) dedicated to the study of the Chuvash language were published in the 20th of the 20th century. The article contains analysis of his seven articles and three brochures in the Russian and the German languages. One article published in 1974 in German is a reproduction of and addition to articles and brochures written earlier. Poppe’s main objectives were to identify the Proto-Chuvash language and determine the role of linguistic parameters in ethnic history. How important and essential are his views from the s

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Kılıç, Ensar, та Selahittin Tolkun. "The Reflexes of *qɵɖɵɽ͡ɖ(-) Holophrasis in Old Turkic and Modern Turkic Dialects". Ege Universitesi Turk Dunyasi Incelemeleri Dergisi 25, № 1 (2025): 63–89. https://doi.org/10.32449/egetdid.1616403.

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This study examines the phonetic, phonological, morphological, and semantic evolution of the reconstructed Proto-Altaic holophrasis *qɵɖɵɽ͡ɖ(-), semantically contextualized as “to dry, to scorch; the state of being dry.” The research primarily focuses on the development of this structure within Turkic varieties, tracing its derivatives across historical and contemporary dialects. Utilizing phoneme theory and historical-comparative methodology, the study integrates Altaic and Nostratic perspectives to uncover deeper etymological links. Through phonemic splitting tables and structural analyses,

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Dybo, Anna V., Viktoria V. Kukanova, Saglara V. Mirzaeva, Evgeny V. Bembeev, Vladimir N. Mushaev та Vyacheslav N. Khoninov. "Названия неба в монгольских языках: этимология и семантика". Oriental Studies 15, № 6 (2022): 1333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-64-6-1333-1351.

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Introduction. The articles examines etymologies and semantics of Mongolic words denoting the sky. The system of astronomical terms in Mongolic languages is structurally complicated due to multiple layers of pre-Buddhist, Buddhist and other beliefs adopted by proto-Mongols. Goals. The work aims to identify etymological and semantic dominants characterizing this thematic group within the common Mongolic vocabulary. The concept of sky clusters with most basic ones, and lexemes to denote it are to be found in each and every language. Materials and methods. The study examines dictionaries of Mongol

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Гусейнов, Гарун-Рашид Абдул-Кадырович. "ABOUT SOME ASPECTS OF ANCIENT RELATIONSHIPS OF TATI AND KUMYK LANGUAGES." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 3(221) (May 16, 2022): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2022-3-46-55.

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Введение. Ретроспективный анализ истории взаимоотношений татского и кумыкского языков еще не становился предметом специального рассмотрения. Его хронологические и ареальные пределы – от древнейших контактов в переднеазиатском регионе на уровне праязыков до раннесредневековой эпохи существования Хазарского каганата на Восточном Кавказе.Цель – предоставить в распоряжение исследователей татского языка необходимый историко-лингвистический материал, который ретроспективно отражает этапы его взаимоотношений с кумыкским языком, коррелирующие с основными задачами настоящего исследования. К ним относят

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Nadirova, Gulnar, Nazym Konkabayeva, Bayan Zhubatova, and Kunduzay Aubakirova. "Turkic Ethnic Realities in the Medieval Manuscript of Kipchak Origin." IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies 12, no. 3 (2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jems.v12.n3.p1.

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<p>The purpose of our work was to analyze the ethnic realities of the Kipchak language in order to establish its similarities and differences with modern Turkic languages for which this medieval language was a proto-language. The written medieval manuscript in Arabic “Al-Tuhfa al-Zakiyya fi al-Lugha al-Turkiyyah” (Genuine wonder about the Turkish language) was one of the most important and most valuable source for studying the Kipchak language. The main feature of the work was that the original version was written in the Kipchak, as the anonymous author pointed out on the first page of t

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Schulze, Wolfgang. "Historische und areale Aspekte der Bodenschatz-Terminologie in den ostkaukasischen Sprachen." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 17, no. 3 (2013): 295–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20130305.

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The present paper discusses the historical background of selected terms in the world of East Caucasian languages that are related to the domain of metallurgy (copper, iron, tin, plumb, gold, and silver) augmented by terms for ‘coal’ and ‘salt’. A closer inspection of these terms shows that none of them can be reconstructed for Proto-East Caucasian. Rather, we have to deal either with terms that have been coined in the intermediate protolanguages (Nakh, Avar-Andian, Tsezian, Lezgian, Lak, Dargwa, and Khinalug) or with more or less recent loans stemming mainly from the Iranian and Turkic languag

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KAKSIN, ANDREY D. "WORDS DENOTING WRESTLING IN KHAKAS AND TUVIN LANGUAGES (ON THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD KüRES / HүREš)". Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, № 4 (2020): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2020_6_4_84_93.

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The article analyzes the possibilities of word variation in the development of the semantic (lexical) system of language. The necessity of this study is determined by the fact that in Khakass and Tuva linguistics there are not enough works devoted to development patterns of categorical semantics of the word. The article defines how the meaning of words found in proto-languages is advanced at further stages of language development. The obtained results demonstrate that the original words with the semantics in question already existed in the Old-Turkic era. Their semantic development is characte

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Fournet, Arnaud. "Le mokša ancien, une langue sans adverbes ?" Adverbes et compléments adverbiaux / Adverbs and adverbial complements 36, no. 2 (2013): 184–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.36.2.01fou.

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The paper first presents a little-known language, Mokša, belonging to the Uralic family, and investigates adverbs as they were listed in the first linguistic description of Mokša published by Ahlquist in 1861. It is shown that originally all adverbial forms in Mokša were motivated and transparent derivatives of deictics, adjectives and nouns. There apparently did not exist primary adverbs, unanalyzable in the synchronic system of Proto-Mokša. The unanalyzable adverbs stem from recent borrowings taken from Russian and Turkic languages. This situation opens the way toward a kind of lexical utopi

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Shakhnoza, Akramovna Kuldasheva r. "16. EVOLUTION OF COMMON-TURKIC DIVERGENT AND CONVERGENT FEATURES IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE PHONETIC SYSTEM." International journal of word art 5, no. 2 (2022): 99–107. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6634065.

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The given article is devoted to the study of the evolution of Common-Turkic divergent and convergent features in the formation and development of the Uzbek language, as one of the representatives of the Turkic languages. In it, the author compares the Uzbek language with some Turkic languages and analyzes the convergent and divergent features that occur in its phonetic system. In addition, the author analyzes divergent and convergent features in different dialects of the Uzbek language using various examples.

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Stachowski, Marek. "How to combine bark, fibula, and chasm (if one speaks Proto-Turkic)?" Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 127, no. -1 (2010): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10148-011-0007-3.

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Muratova, R. T. "Names of Horse Coat Colors in the Bashkir Language: Genesis, Development, and Semantics." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 163, no. 1 (2021): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2021.1.19-29.

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The names of mixed horse coat colors in the Bashkir language were analyzed in etymological, comparative-historical, and lexical-semantic aspects. Based on the results of the analysis, the following color names were identified as the most common ones: qola ‘dun’, saptar ‘skewbald’, burtä ‘dark bay’, turï ‘bay’, burїl ‘roan’, kir ‘bay with yellowish markings’, buð/kük ‘gray’, ala ‘piebald’, sïbar ‘motley’. The above color names are mainly independent lexemes meaning exclusively the colors of horse coats (except for buð, kük, ala, sïbar). The lexemes qola, turï, buð, kük, ala, and sїbar go back t

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Dubrovina, M. "Features of the functioning of the plural form -lar in the Turkic languages from the standpoint of ethnolinguistics." Turkic Studies Journal 3, no. 3 (2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2021-3-22-27.

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In this article, the author analyzes the Turkic category of numbers. The author has long been attracted by the special functioning of the plurality affix with the indicator -lar in the texts of various Turkic languages, starting with the most ancient monuments written in runic script, ending with the literary works of modern Turkish writers. This special functioning lies in the specific semantics of plural forms, and in how less frequently, compared to Western languages, these forms are used in written speech, not to mention oral. In addition, the ability of the basis of the word to express in

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Walter, Harry, and Valery Mikhailovich Mokienko. "Proto-Slavic Phraseology: Myth or Reality?" Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 70, no. 1 (2019): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0038.

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Abstract The reconstruction of the Proto-Slavic vocabulary was and remains one of the priority tasks of comparative-historical Slavic studies. Different approaches to the solution of this problem are demonstrated by the monumental (although not completed) etymological dictionaries of the Proto-Slavic language, the hypothetical existence of which is recognized by most Slavists and Indo-Europeanists. Its reconstruction is performed almost exclusively on lexical material, and attempts to reconstruct the pre-Slavic phraseology are single. The method of such a reconstruction, based on a detailed ac

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Karoly, Laszlo, and Yerbol i. Muna. "Derivatives -či/čï in the medieval Kipchak manuscript Temür Qutlugh Khan’s yarliǧ." Turkic Studies Journal 5, no. 3 (2023): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2023-3-136-145.

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In 1397, Temür Qutlugh, Khan of the Golden Horde, issued the edict (yarlïǧ) to a local royal family in Crimea. In this medieval manuscript, the addresser mentions dozens of profession names, many of which are formed with the help of the word-formative suffix (affix) -či/čï. The derivative -či/čï is a common word-formation affix in Old and modern Turkic languages, its origins are in the Proto-Altaic language. -či/čï is actively functioning in both the early and late Middle Ages, which is also confirmed by the analysis of derived words in this specific manuscript. Historically, -či/-čï denoted a

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Normanskaja, Julia. "Number of Innovations in Kazakh Dictionaries of the Eighteenth Century in Comparison with Those of Other Turkic and Finno-Ugric Languages." European Journal of Language and Culture Studies 3, no. 4 (2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejlang.2024.3.4.128.

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The analysis of the dictionary published by P. S. Pallas makes it possible to clarify the chronology of changes in Kazakh dialects. The Kazakh dictionary of P. S. Pallas is important evidence that PTu *č was still preserved in the 18th century in Kazakh, and the changes were PTu *j-, *ĺ not finished yet. The dictionary presents only those innovative changes of consonants that are common for all Kipchak languages. It was also interesting that in the Kazakh language spoken in the late 18th century, only 1 sound change from Proto Turkic; in the Tatar dictionary 2 sound changes; in the Nogai dicti

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Yanshina, Oksana V. "On the New Concept of the Origin of the Transeurasian or Altaic Languages." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 69, no. 2 (2024): 522–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2024.216.

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A new concept of the origin of the Altaic languages emerged in foreign publications recently. This concept, based on linguistic, genetic, and archaeological data, linked the ancestral Altaic language to the early farming cultures of the West Liaohe River. It suggests that farmers, speakers of the prospective Tungus-Manchu, Japanese, and Korean languages, spread outside this area in the eastern direction, whereas pastoralists, speakers of the Turkic-Mongolian languages, moved in the western direction. This article examines the archaeological foundations of the new concept, primarily those relat

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Buketova, Nursulu, Aigul Aratayeva, and Assel Amrenova. "The Evolutionary Process of Root Morphemes into Relic Morphemes in the Kazakh Language." Turkic Studies Journal 7, no. 2 (2025): 148–66. https://doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2025-2-148-166.

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The article is devoted to the study of the diachronic development of full-fledged root morphemes into relic root morphemes (RRMs) within the word-formation system of the Turkic languages, using the Kazakh language as a representative example. A relict root morpheme (RRM) is a residual morphemic unit identifiable through synchronic wordformation analysis, which functions as a linguistic sign. The semantics of an RRM in a compound word is determined by the presence of a fullroot morpheme as one of its components, whereas in a derived word, the meaning is maintained through the use of productive

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Муратова, Римма Талгатовна. "COLOR TERM BUÐ ‘GRAY’ IN THE BASHKIR LANGUAGE: HISTORICAL-ETYMOLOGICAL AND LEXICO-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 3(37) (December 30, 2022): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2022-3-88-96.

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Рассматривается происхождение, историческое развитие и особенности употребления цветообозначения буҙ ‘сивый, серый’ в башкирском языке. Слово впервые рассматривается в широком хронологическом диапазоне: прослеживается развитие лексемы от происхождения слова до современного состояния. Этимология слова основывается на трудах ученых, в которых восстанавливаются древние формы, эволюция значений слова прослеживается по письменным источникам, начинающимся с древнетюркского периода. Актуальность исследования обусловлена отсутствием комплексного исследования по происхождению, развитию и функционирован

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Napolskikh, Vladimir V., and Alexander V. Savelyev. "Mari, Merya, Muroma — History of the Ethnonyms and Reconstruction of the Substrate Toponymy Languages." Вопросы Ономастики 20, no. 3 (2023): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2023.20.3.029.

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The old hypothesis on the relatedness of Merya languages (today we can speak about a group of languages or dialects reconstructed on the basis of substrate toponymy of Central Russia: Merya of Rostov, Merya of Kostroma, and Merya of Murom also known as “Lower Klyazma” Merya) with the Mari (Cheremis) language has been reliably proven in the works of A. K. Matveyev, O. V. Smirnov and others. The authors contribute to the ongoing discussion in this area and argue that the new reconstruction of Proto-Mari vocalism based on the history of Mari-Turkic contacts undoubtedly supports this hypothesis. T

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Timofeeva, Aitalina V. "The Phenomenon of “Blue-Green” Animals in the Yakut Language: Origin and Semantics." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences 25, no. 3 (2025): 77–86. https://doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v436.

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It is of interest for many linguists that in some languages animal coloration is described by colour terms that seem unusual at first glance, e.g. zelen konj in Serbian, голубой песец in Russian and blue fox in English, as there are no green horses or blue arctic foxes in nature. This issue is also relevant for the Yakut language, where not only horses (күөх бороҥ ат) and arctic foxes (күөх кырса) are associated with the blue-green colour through the colour term күөх ‘blue/green’, but also wolves (күөх бөрө), bulls/cows (күөх оҕус/ынах), squirrels (күөх тииҥ) and, presumably, the Yakut “green

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Vovin, Alexander. "Once Again on the Accusative Marker in Old Korean." Diachronica 12, no. 2 (1995): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.12.2.04vov.

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SUMMARY Miller (1977) proposed reconstructing the Old Korean accusative marker as hel < *gel and compared it with the Old Turkic accusative = j/=g, the Mongolian accusative =[ii]g, and the Tungusic directive-locative =kilaa/=kilii. His proposal was criticized in Martin (1990). I will argue that although Miller's proposal is valid as far as Old Korean is concerned, his comparison with Old Turkic, Tungusic, and possibly with Mongolian cannot be maintained. I will demonstrate on the basis of the internal evidence that Old Korean =yïl < Proto-Korean *=biî, and is therefore related to the cor

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Napolskikh, Vladimir V. "To the Iranian Etymology of the Ethnonyms Mari, Merya, Muroma." Вопросы Ономастики 21, no. 1 (2024): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2024.21.1.001.

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The article continues the exploration of the ethnonym *märə, previously reconstructed by the author and A. V. Savelyev, as evidenced in the self-designation of the Mari people and in the names of Merya and Muroma found in Russian chronicles. In Finno-Ugric literature, it is commonly sub-derived from the Aryan *márya- meaning ‘young man, warrior.’ However, within the current framework, the specific Aryan origin of this ethnonym, along with the time and circumstances of its adoption, remains unspecified. The Mari-Meryan *märə cannot be construed as an ethnonym meaning ‘human, man,’ as such seman

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Kukanova, Viktoria V. "Астрономическая терминология монгольских языков: материалы к этимологическому словарю". Oriental studies 13, № 6 (2020): 1652–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-52-6-1652-1666.

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Introduction. The system of astronomical terms in Mongolic languages is structurally complicated due to multiple layers of both pre-Buddhist and Buddhist beliefs adopted by proto-Mongols. The latter had tended to revere celestial bodies and elaborated a number of cults still traceable in spiritual and material culture of descending nations. Goals. The work aims at identifying Mongolic astronomical terms and provides preliminary analyses of their semantics and etymologies. Materials and methods. The paper focuses on dictionaries of Mongolic languages, examines etymological studies and Turkic di

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Rodionov, Vitaliy G. "RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CHUVASH CALENDAR AND THE RITUAL COMPLEX KALAM." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026//1810-1909-2020-4-108-125.

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The process of mass Christianization and the use of the official language and the Julian calendar in the administrative offices of local authorities influenced heavily the traditional calendar of the Chuvash people. First of all, the names that denoted the months of the transition period, as well as the name of the main Chuvash rite at the vernal equinox – Kalam, were subjected to semantic transformation. Prior to mass Christianization of the Chuvash people, their calendar year began with the month of norăs / nurăs. This term, along with the concept of a 5-day week, was borrowed from the neigh

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Napolskikh, Vladimir V. "The Khakas-Altaian Mythonym Ker and the Proto-Yenissean Word for ‘Mammoth’. 2." Вопросы Ономастики 20, no. 1 (2023): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2023.20.1.002.

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The article continues the research on the names of mammoth or other mammoth-like monsters as characteristic elements of the mythological onomasticon of some Siberian traditions (Turkic, Yenissean, Tungusic). In the first part of the article, the author identified a reconstructed Proto-Yenissean form *čer / *ťèkə́r ‘mammoth (giant horned fish)’ > Ket 1tēľ ~ Yug 1čel ~ Pumpokol *kher (> Altaic, Khakass, Teleut ker, kär ‘a monster, especially a giant fish’) as a possible origin of these names. In this part, the author proposes a pre-Yenissean (Sino-Caucasian) etymology for it: *c̣HírV[ʁ]V (

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Napolskikh, Vladimir V. "The Khakas-Altaian Mythonym Ker and the Proto-Yenissean Word for ‘Mammoth’. 1." Вопросы Ономастики 19, no. 3 (2022): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2022.19.3.030.

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The image of a mammoth is well known in folklore and mythological traditions of the peoples of Siberia, since people often found tusks and whole skeletons of this animal. The understanding of the mammoth as a giant fish with horns is specific for central-western Siberia. This image is most characteristic of the culture of the Kets, Selkups, Ob-Ugrians and Evenks. In the epic tales of the Altaians and the Khakas, as well as in their shamanic tradition, there is a notable image of a giant fish, ker balyq, often represented as a giant pike living underwater and underground (similarly to the mammo

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Владимир Владимирович, Напольских. "Праенисейский «мамонт» и окуневская иконография". Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, № 4(46) (15 листопада 2024): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2024-4-127-142.

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В статье рассматриваются представления народов Сибири о мамонте, среди которых выделяется образ мамонта-рогатой рыбы, известный кетам, селькупам, обских уграм и эвенкам. Надежно реконструируется праенисейкое *čer ‘мамонт-рыба’, заимствованное из енисейских языков в языки тюрков юга Сибири и в эвенкийский, и его более глубокая этимология на прасино-кавказском уровне в связи с названиями червя, ящерицы, улитки и др. Кроме того, в мифологии отдаленно родственных енисейцам по языку народов сино-кавказского круга (китайцы, бурушаски и их соседи и др.) присутствует мифологема о превращении животного

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Anikin, Aleksandr E. "From the History of Russian Dialect Words I (говéд(т)ник, дохóрь, есáк, жёл, жерсть, жим, дýнда, дóхта, сбрéндить)". Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 23, № 3 (2021): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2021.23.3.057.

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The study of Russian dialectal vocabulary remains one of the most pressing problems of etymology. This article is devoted to the origin and history of a number of Russian dialect words. Namely, the author provides revised explanations for some dialecticisms from the already published issues of the Russian Etymological Dictionary (говéд(т)ник, дохóрь, дóхта, сбрéндить), as well as from its unpublished issues (есáк, жёл, жерсть, жúмы). Most of this material is missing from the Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by M. Vasmer.The essence of the explanations proposed is as follows:говé

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