Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Protocolo de morte encefálica'
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Couto, Iana Carla. "Decretando a morte: um estudo de caso do protocolo de morte encefálica." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNILA, 2016. http://dspace.unila.edu.br/123456789/602.
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This work is the result of a case study developed with a Hospital-Commission on Organ and Tissue Donation - CIHDOTT, in Guarapuava, Paraná, in January 2016. Interviews were conducted in observations and conversations with members the commission while they performed the procedure with a patient. Aims to describe how developed the Brain Death Protocol, from the perspective of the professionals that make the process that results in the document that certifies the death of the individual, even when the body of the patient shows signs of life. Through this, we seek to contribute to studies related to the influence of technological advances in the way we live and die, and contribute to the study of the ethical issues that permeate the medical field and present the problems that pervade the diagnosis of brain death. The work is divided into three chapters: the first one is dedicated to the historical aspects related to brain death. In the second and third, through the speeches of the members of the committee, is described as the protocol is developed and what difficulties that permeate the process. We chose a qualitative methodology for the development of this research, understanding that this method provides a differential in research conducted on the subject. As a result we found that the process of declaring brain death is difficult to perform. The professionals who serve a necessity imposed by capitalism, which them is attributed to give function over again to become productive sick people are under pressure by carrying out activities such as the brain death protocol. In the process that will determine someone's death whose vital functions are kept in operation causes the patient to assume the condition of the living body, whose purpose is its fragmentation, for organ donation. Thus ensuring the possibility of others becomes productive benefits for their organs that were removed.
O presente trabalho é resultado de um estudo de caso desenvolvido com uma Comissão Intra-Hospitalar de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos – CIHDOTT, na cidade de Guarapuava, Paraná, no mês de janeiro de 2016. Foram realizadas entrevistas, observações e conversas com os membros da comissão, enquanto os mesmos realizavam o processo com um paciente. Objetiva descrever como é desenvolvido o Protocolo de Morte Encefálica, a partir da perspectiva dos profissionais que fazem o processo que resulta no documento que atesta a morte do indivíduo, mesmo quando o corpo do paciente apresenta sinais de vida. Através disso, busca-se contribuir com estudos relacionados a influências dos avanços tecnológicos na forma com que vivemos e morremos, além de contribuir para os estudos sobre as questões éticas que permeiam a área médica e apresentar os problemas que permeiam o diagnóstico de morte encefálica. O trabalho é divido em três capítulos: o primeiro deles é dedicado aos aspectos históricos relacionados a morte encefálica. No segundo e terceiro, através das falas dos membros da comissão, é descrito como o protocolo é desenvolvido e quais as dificuldades que permeiam o processo. Optouse por uma metodologia qualitativa para o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa, compreendendo que esse método oferece um diferencial nas pesquisas realizadas sobre a temática. Como resultado foi possível verificar que o processo de decretar a morte encefálica é de difícil realização. Os profissionais, que atendem uma necessidade imposta pelo capitalismo, onde é atribuída a eles a função de tornar pessoas doentes novamente produtivas, sofrem a pressão pela realização de atividades como a do protocolo de morte encefálica. Nesse processo que vai determinar a morte de alguém cuja funções vitais são mantidas em funcionamento faz com que o paciente assuma a condição de cadáver vivo, cuja a finalidade é a sua fragmentação, para doação de órgãos. Garantindo assim, a possibilidade de outras pessoas se tornarem produtivas beneficiadas pelos seus órgãos que foram retirados.
Macedo, Dhainner Rocha. "Aplicação do tempo-frequência para a análise de sinais de eletroencefalográficos (EEG) no contexto de pacientes sob protocolo de morte encefálica." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2013. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/14552.
Full textEste trabalho apresenta uma análise quantitativa dos sinais de exames de Eletroencefalografia comparando pacientes normais e pacientes em estado de coma, a partir de análises visuais das amplitudes pelo Neurologista. O estudo comparou dois grupos distintos, sendo um grupo formado por pacientes em estado de coma sob protocolo de morte encefálica e outro composto por pacientes normais. Foi analisado e comparado dados gerados por um software desenvolvido na plataforma MATLAB. Estes dados foram Frequências de Pico, Frequências Medianas, Média, Desvio Padrão e Índice Modular, que se relaciona à bilateralidade, ou seja, o quanto os pontos equidistantes no couro cabeludo representado pela posição dos eletrodos estão em mesma frequência. Pode-se comprovar que pacientes em estado de coma apresentam médias de frequências medianas (11,89 Hz) menores tanto em relação aos canais quanto às épocas, quando comparado aos pacientes normais (30,69 Hz). Além disso, com relação à análise de bilateralidade a partir do cálculo do Índice Modular derivado da média da frequência mediana e da media do Desvio padrão, os pacientes em estado de coma (4.72 Hz) também apresentaram média menor do que os pacientes normais (13,67 Hz), ou seja, os pacientes em coma apresentaram maior bilateralidade. Portanto, pode-se cogitar a aplicação desta ferramenta para auxiliar no diagnóstico de morte encefálica, sendo assim uma ferramenta a mais de auxílio aos profissionais de saúde.
Mestre em Ciências
Macedo, Juliana Lopes de. "A subversão da morte : um estudo antropológico sobre as concepções de morte encefálica entre médicos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13386.
Full textThis paper intends to explore the scientific construction of the concept of the brain death and the way it was incorporated on the medical practices. Untill 1968, from the biological point of view, what determined the death of the body was the cardiac arrest. Discoveries such as the dépassé coma (a stage of coma considered to be irreversible) and the artificial ventilating (thats substitutes the respiratory system) made possible that pacients that before would be considered death to survive for an indeterminate period of time. Allied to this question, there are more developed techniques of organ transplant surgeries, but a scarce number of organs that can be transplanted. This way, in 1968 the Harvard Medical School Comitee was formed and it defined the dépassé coma as brain death. To try to understand how the brain death acts on the medical practices, doctors that work on the Intensive Care Units and those who belong to trannsplant´s teams were interviewed. The data obtained from the informers show that the brain death is a concept that is involved on ambiquities and incoherences. The brain death is related as technical death in opposition to the natural death, it doesen´t mean biological death of the body, and it represents a situation of uncertain on which the “being” on this conditions is no longer what it was before the event of the brain death (a person, a pacient), but still hasn´t acquired the status of death, since the heart is still working. Besides that, it was verified that the concept of brain death is not exempt of the interests of the actors involved on this question. This interests reveal the positions of each actor on the medical field, and the strategies used to legitimize or to subvert the concept. On this sence, I intended to put a context on the encefálica death as a concept produced on the scientific area, showing that it is dated and located socially and historically. Thus, the brain death only makes sence on modern and occidental society, on which the science plays an important central role on the definition of the “truths”.
Lima, Sergio Paulo Brasil. "Papel da angiotomografia no diagnóstico de morte encefálica: revisão sistemática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-08082016-143237/.
Full textBackground: Organ transplantation depends more often of donation from brain dead (BD) individuals. Several complications make the diagnosis of BD medically challenging and a complimentary method is needed for confirmation. Additionally, in Brazil, the complimentary diagnosis is mandatory by law, despite there are still many areas where these methods are not available. In this context, computed tomography angiography (CTA) could represent a valuable alternative, because of its widespread presence. However, the reliability of CTA for confirming brain circulatory arrest remains unclear. Methods: A systematic review was performed to identify relevant studies regarding the use of CTA as ancillary test for BD confirmation. Guidelines for online search were followed, and the QUADAS 2 tool was used to verify study quality. Data from the studies retrieved were extracted aiming to perform the meta-analysis. Results: Ten low quality studies were found. Due to the absence of controls in all studies, specificity could not be calculated. Three hundred twenty-two patients were eligible for the meta-analysis, which exhibited 84,7% sensitivity. CTA image evaluation protocol exhibited variations between medical institutions regarding which intracranial vessels should be considered to determine positive or negative test results. Conclusions: For patients who were previously diagnosed with BD according to clinical criteria, CTA demonstrated high sensitivity to verify intracranial circulatory arrest. The current evidence that supports the use of CTA in BD diagnosis is comparable to other methods applied worldwide. Considering the importance of this subject, high quality studies are currently missing and needed
Custódio, Geisiane. "Níveis séricos de vitamina D em pacientes em morte encefálica." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/178971.
Full textVitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin synthesized by the skin in response to sunlight exposure and regulates calcium metabolism. More recently, advances in molecular and genetic fields showed vitamin D to have a wider range of effects than previously thought. These so-called pleiotropic effects include changes in inflammatory profile, as well as cardioprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Vitamin D levels decrease during acute diseases with increased inflammatory activity. Besides, increased concentrations of inflammatory markers, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or C-reactive protein, are inversely correlated with vitamin D levels, suggesting that an inflammatory process is involved in low levels of vitamin D in non-skeletal diseases. Brain death (BD) is a syndrome with an intense inflammatory activity characterized by the upregulation of plasma cytokines. BD has been associated with an increased risk of acute and chronic rejection and with a higher incidence of primary graft dysfunction. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate vitamin D levels in patients with BD as compared to those from critically ill patients without BD and define if there were correlations between vitamin D levels and inflammatory markers in patients with BD. We demonstrated that serum levels of vitamin D did not differ between groups. However, IL-8, IL-10 and IFN-γ showed a moderate direct correlation with vitamin D levels in brain-dead patients.
Rech, Tatiana Helena. "Atividade inflamatória induzida pela morte encefálica no tecido pancreático humano." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115496.
Full textCarvalho, Simone Cardoso Passos de. "Morte encefálica: situações eticamente conflituosas vivenciadas por enfermeiras e familiares." www.pgenf.ufba.br, 2006. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/12270.
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Este estudo emergiu das inquietações oriundas do cuidar das famílias dos pacientes na condição de morte encefálica. Percebia que ao cuidar das famílias surgia uma série de dilemas morais que não entendia como conduzir. Teve como objetivo Conhecer os dilemas morais, das enfermeiras, emergentes no cuidado da família dos pacientes na condição de morte encefálica a partir da perspectiva da bioética de proteção latino-americana. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo. As participantes foram as enfermeiras das unidades de terapia intensiva de um hospital de grande porte da cidade de Salvador, referência para trauma. Para coleta de dados utilizei a técnica de entrevista semi- estruturada segundo roteiro pré-estabelecido. Para compreensão dos dados foram utilizadas as análise ideográfica e nomotética proposta por Martins e Bicudo, de onde emergiram três categorias com suas respectivas sub categorias: Categoria 1 - Dilemas emergentes das enfermeiras na vivência com as famílias dos pacientes na condição de morte encefálica, as sub categorias são; alteridade, responsabilidade, implicações éticas e legais, respeito ao momento de crença, a distância entre a compreensão e o respeito à autonomia e tomada de decisão. Categoria 2 - Cuidando do paciente na condição de morte encefálica, as sub categorias são; o cuidado técnico, consciência da morte, motivação para cuidar e limites profissionais e a Categoria 3 - Desconfiança sobre: organização do sistema de transplante e no agir da equipe, e as sub categorias são; as enfermeiras revelam desconfiar da organização do sistema de transplante e a família revela desconfiança no agir da equipe. Nas considerações finais conheci os dilemas morais das enfermeiras emergentes na vivência com as famílias dos pacientes na condição de morte encefálica no seu espaço de cuidar como um agir protetor.
Macedo, Juliana Lopes de. "Quando a vida encontra a morte : as concepções médicas e jurídicas sobre anencefalia e morte encefálica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/70674.
Full textUntil April 2012, the abortion of anencephalic fetus was not recognized as a right of the fetuses of pregnant women and, if the woman wanted to end her pregnancy, it was necessary to obtain judicial authorization. Some permits were denied while others were granted. Accordingly, the objective of this work is to understand the medical and legal conceptions of anencephaly abortion, examine the justifications used to grant or deny injunctions and analyze the tensions involved between the legal and medical field from case of anencephaly. A ethnographic research was carried in which doctors and magistrates were interviewed directly involved in this issue. Furthermore, we conducted na analysis and a set of judgments about abortion anencephalic fetuses judged between 2001 and 2011 by the Court of Rio Grande do Sul. The analysis revealed that the majority of respondentes are in favor of abortion of anencephalic fetuses due recognized the unfeasibility of extra uterine life these fetuses. Some respondentes, however, adopted a stance against this type of abortion on the grounds that life has na absolute and inviolable, regardless of its feasibility. The arguments used by respondents to defend their positions in relation to the categories of anencephaly were lifethreatening, suffering and eugenics. The data also shows that the concepto f person and notions about abortion analytical categories are central to understanding the concepts of abortion of anencephalic fetuses among the studied group. Furthemore, this research analyzes the tensions involved between the medical field and the legal field regarding medical decision making about a pregnancy of anencephalic fetus.
Schein, Alaor Ernst. "Avaliação do conhecimento dos intensivistas de Porto Alegre sobre morte encefálica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/8541.
Full textIntroduction: Failure or delay in diagnosing brain death leads to the needless occupation of a bed, emotional and financial losses, and unavailability of organs for transplants. The intensive care physician plays an essential role in this diagnosis, since almost all the patients are in intensive care units at the time brain death is diagnosed. Objective: To evaluate knowledge on the concept of brain death among physicians working in intensive care units in the municipality of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Two hundred forty-six physicians who work in intensive care units were interviewed in a consecutive sample between April and December 2005. We used two-sided statistical tests with a 0.05% alpha level of significance. Results: We found a prevalence of 17% ignorance regarding the concept of brain death. Twenty per cent of the interviewees ignored the legal need for complementary confirmatory testing in order to perform the diagnosis. Forty-seven per cent considered themselves as having the highest level of confidence to explain the concept to a patient’s family. Twentynine per cent made a mistake in determining the legal time of death for brain dead patients. Pediatric intensivists know less about the concept, compared with the adult intensivists (p<0.001). Conclusion: The current knowledge of brain death is insufficient among the health care professionals who most often encounter patients in this situation. There is need for education on the subject, in order to avoid unnecessary expenses, reduce family suffering and increase the offer of organs for transplants
RAMOS, Vânia Pinheiro. "Conhecimento técnico-científico dos profissionais de saúde sobre critérios diagnósticos de morte encefálica." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2010. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/8157.
Full textUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco
O transplante é para muitos pacientes sinônimo de melhor qualidade de vida e maior sobrevida; para outros a única chance de sobrevivência. No Brasil, a Lei Federal nº. 9434/97 regulamentou as questões associadas à Disposição Post Mortem de Tecidos, Órgãos e Partes do Corpo Humano para fins de Transplante, delegando ao Conselho Federal de Medicina definir os critérios necessários para o diagnóstico de morte encefálica. O Enfermeiro tem papel decisivo no processo doação-transplante. Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento dos profissionais médicos e enfermeiros que atuam em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva sobre o diagnóstico de morte encefálica. Profissionais de cinco hospitais de grande porte no Recife foram entrevistados. Metodologia: O estudo foi quantitativo, transversal, descritivo e exploratório, utilizando um questionário composto de 13 perguntas. A amostra foi composta de 108 profissionais de Unidade de Terapia Iintensiva, avaliados acerca do conhecimento sobre o diagnóstico de ME, dos quais 40,7% (n=44) eram do Hospital da Restauração, 20,4% (n=22) do Real Hospital Português, 14,8% (n=16) do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 8,3% (n=9) do Hospital Agamenon Magalhães e 15,7% (n=17) do Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP). Esses profissionais, em média, possuem 8,2 anos de atuação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. As funções mais frequentes dentre os entrevistados foram a de médico assistente (36,1%) e enfermeiro assistente (43,5%) seguidos de médicos em formação (residente - 9,3%), médico e enfermeiro professor/preceptor cada um com 4,6% e enfermeiro em formação (residente) com 1,9%. Resultados: No que diz respeito a quais funções cerebrais devem estar ausentes para uma pessoa ser declarada em morte encefálica, 29,2% dos entrevistados não definiram corretamente esta questão. Sobre a exigência legal brasileira da realização de exame complementar para o diagnóstico de morte encefálica, 89,8% entrevistados a conheciam. Sobre a autoavaliação da segurança para explicar o que é morte encefálica para a família de um paciente, 57,7% dos profissionais julgaram-se nos dois mais alto nível de segurança (escore 4 e 5), 29,9% disseram ter conhecimento médio (escore 3) e apenas 12,1% afirmaram ter baixa segurança. A maioria dos entrevistados (70,4%) respondeu corretamente o único caso clínico apresentado. Sobre o intervalo de tempo entre os dois exames neurológicos, 82,4% dos entrevistados responderam corretamente. Quanto ao horário do óbito verificou-se uma inconsistência entre os participantes do estudo: 64,8% determinaram corretamente, mas em caso de doação, apenas 36,1% responderam corretamente. A quase totalidade dos intensivistas (92,3%) considerava seguro o seguimentodos critérios diagnóstico de morte encefálica. Os participantes indicaram a medida do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral e da atividade elétrica cerebral, os mais adequados para o diagnóstico de morte encefálica. Porém o eletroencefalograma foi o mais assinalado. Em relação ao Termo de Declaração de Morte Encefálica baseado apenas no exame clínico, 17,6% dos intensivistas forneceriam/aceitariam o referido termo. Considerações finais: Esse estudo demonstra que apesar de haver conhecimento teórico básico do diagnóstico de morte encefálica, intensivistas (médicos e enfermeiros) apresentam dificuldade em transpor este conhecimento para a prática diária. Existem dúvidas e equívocos frequentes em situações corriqueira durante a avaliação de morte encefálica que em última instância, podem comprometer todo o processo doação-transplante
Castelli, Isabela. "Comunicação de más notícias : a distância entre morte encefálica e a doação de órgãos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2017. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/24659.
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O transplante de órgãos é uma modalidade de tratamento que consiste na substituição de um órgão doente por outro sadio, podendo proporcionar a cura a uma doença ou o aumento da qualidade de vida, de um paciente que já não responde às demais terapêuticas disponíveis. A doação de órgãos pode ser feita entre vivos ou pós mortem (doador cadáver), sendo esta última categoria a mais comum. A doação pós mortem ocorre a partir da declaração de morte, com a cessação das atividades biológicas necessárias à manutenção do sistema de vida. Atualmente em vigor, a Lei Federal No 10.211 prevê que a doação pós mortem deve ser realizada mediante autorização de parentes próximos (consentimento informado) e depende da confirmação do diagnóstico de morte encefálica, que se refere à cessação das funções cerebrais, mas, não necessariamente, à interrupção imediata de funções cardiorrespiratórias, sendo definida a partir de critérios pré-estabelecidos pelo Conselho Federal de Medicina. Todavia, a dificuldade de compreensão do conceito de morte encefálica, por parte dos familiares, constitui a principal causa referida para a não doação de órgãos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o processo de comunicação do diagnóstico de morte encefálica, no contexto da equipe de Organização de Procura de Órgãos (OPO), do principal hospital da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do DF (SES/DF), bem como das equipes de Comissão Intra-hospitalar de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos para Transplante (CIHDOTT) dos demais hospitais de ensino da SES/DF. Constituíram objetivos secundários: (a) investigar como os profissionais de saúde, que efetuam as comunicações de morte encefálica, percebem e realizam esta tarefa; (b) identificar os fatores (pessoais, profissionais, acadêmicos, sociais) apontados como favoráveis, ou desfavoráveis, para uma eficiente comunicação com os familiares; (c) investigar se os profissionais de saúde percebem carências em suas formações, acadêmicas e/ou profissionais, que limitem a tarefa de comunicação e a obtenção de consentimento para doação de órgãos e tecidos; (d) verificar os principais motivos, referidos pelos familiares, para recusa à doação; e (e) verificar possíveis discrepâncias no preenchimento dos prontuários dos pacientes em ME. Os profissionais convidados a participar, após assinarem TCLE, responderam, individualmente, a um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado, que analisava o processo de comunicação de morte encefálica, os dados do contexto sociocultural da família entrevistada que eram levados em consideração no momento da comunicação e indicadores de percepção de sofrimento atrelados à execução da tarefa. O roteiro ainda continha questões sobre a natureza técnica dos critérios diagnósticos de morte encefálica. As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio e transcritas na íntegra. As transcrições foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, com criação de categorias funcionais temáticas. Outra etapa da coleta de dados consistiu na análise documental de prontuários de pacientes não doadores, do ano de 2014, por motivo de recusa familiar. Dos 20 profissionais entrevistados, cinco não souberam apontar quais funções cerebrais deveriam estar ausentes para diagnóstico de morte encefálica. Todos os profissionais souberam apontar, corretamente, o horário de óbito em caso de morte encefálica. Quanto à análise de conteúdo, a categoria com maior frequência foi a de foco no receptor como forma de enfrentamento, tendo sido referida em 19 entrevistas. A formação profissional foi citada pelos profissionais como ferramenta indispensável ao processo de comunicação (n = 18). Quanto às variáveis que influenciavam o modo de comunicação, a idade do paciente foi a mais referida (n = 14). No levantamento dos prontuários, a maioria dos pacientes (64 de 77) estava internado na rede pública de saúde. O principal motivo, apontado pelas famílias, para recusa à doação foi o paciente já ter declarado, em vida, não ser doador de órgãos e tecidos. Observou-se significativo preenchimento incorreto dos prontuários, dificultando a elaboração de conclusões. Os dados obtidos reproduzem indicações da literatura nacional e internacional, destacando-se, que os motivos referidos, pelos familiares, para recusa à doação, são passíveis de intervenção e manejo pelos profissionais, suscitando campo de trabalho potencial para psicólogos. Aponta-se que uma efetiva comunicação, não apenas no momento de declarar a morte encefálica, poderia aumentar a adesão familiar à doação. O trabalho destaca a necessidade de discussão da temática sobre morte ser incluída nos cursos de graduação da área de saúde. A formação continuada, particularmente, dos profissionais envolvidos no contexto de doação de órgãos para transplante, aparece como caminho a ser trilhado a fim de proporcionar processos comunicativos mais adequados e efetivos.
Organ transplantation is a treatment modality that consists in the replacement of a diseased organ by a healthy one, being able to provide a cure to a disease or an increase in the quality of life of a patient who no longer responds to other available therapies. Organ donation can be done between live or postmortem (cadaver donor), the latter being the most common category. Postmortem donation occurs from the declaration of death, with the cessation of biological activities necessary to maintain the life system. Currently in force, Federal Law No. 10.211 provides that post-mortem donation must be performed by close relatives’ authorization (informed consent) and depends on the confirmation of brain death diagnosis, which refers to the cessation of brain functions, but not necessarily to the immediate interruption of cardiorespiratory functions, being defined based on criteria established by the Federal Medical Council. However, the difficulty of understanding the concept of brain death by relatives is the main cause of non-organ donation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the brain death’s communication process, in the context of the teams of publics hospitals in Distrito Federal (DF). Secondary objectives were: (a) to investigate how healthcare professionals, who perform brain death communications, perceive and perform this task; (b) identify factors (personal, professional, academic, social) that are considered propitious or adverse for efficient communication with family members; (c) to investigate whether healthcare professionals perceive academic or professional lacks that limit the task of communication and obtaining consent for organ donation; (d) verify the main reasons, referred by family members, for refusal to donate; and (e) verify possible discrepancies in the ME patient medical records. The professionals invited to participate, after signing TCLE, individually responded to a semi-structured interview script, which analyzed the brain death’s communication. Beside that, we sought to understand wich data from the sociocultural context of the interviewed family were taken into account at the time of communication; and perception of suffering linked to the tasks’ execution. The script still contained questions about the technical nature of brain death diagnostic criteria. The interviews were recorded in audio and transcribed in full. Transcripts were submitted to content analysis, with the creation of thematic functional categories. Another step in the collection of data consisted of documentary analysis of non-donor patients’ medical records, from the year 2014, due to family refusal. Of the 20 professionals interviewed, five did not know to indicate which brain functions should be absent to diagnose brain death. All the professionals knew how to correctly indicate the time of death in case of brain death. Regarding content analysis, the category with the highest frequency was focusing on the receiver as a form of coping, having been referred in 19 interviews. Professional training was cited by professionals as an indispensable tool for the communication process (n = 18). As for the variables that influenced the mode of communication, the patient's age was the most reported (n = 14). In the medical records, the majority of the patients (64 of 77) were hospitalized in the public health system. The main reason, as pointed out by the families, for refusal to donate was that the patient had already declared, in life, not to be a donor of organs and tissues. It was observed a significant incorrect filling of medical records, making it difficult to draw conclusions. The obtained data reproduce indications of the national and international literature, emphasizing that the reasons mentioned by the relatives for refusal to donation are susceptible of intervention and management by the professionals, provoking potential field of work for psychologists. It is pointed out that an effective communication, not only at the time of declaring brain death, could increase the family's adhesion to the donation. The work highlights the need to discuss the issue of death to be included in undergraduate courses in the health area. The continuing formation, particularly of the professionals involved in the context of organ donation for transplantation, appears as a path to be followed in order to provide more adequate and effective communicative processes.
Melo, Junior Ivaldo Menezes de. "Espera por um milagre: os médicos diante da morte encefálica de pacientes adultos jovens." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4192.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Communication and health care is a topic that nowadays has been discussed a lot among health professionals, especially when they are asked about the perception of death. Facing the technology development and devaluation of the human being, it s observed a distance among interpersonal relations, making people even more individualists. Facing this, the Intensive Unit Therapy (UTI) has been target of this deshumanization process, due to the many stress factors related to human resources, materials and environmental. Therefore, it is important to identify factors that may contribute in this process, among them stands out the physicians spirituality and religiosity as a central element in the family relationships. Starting on this perception, the present study has as main point to analyze the presence of religiosity and spirituality in physicians communication to the family facing the imminent death of a young adult patient. The methodology had a qualitative approach using the oral history theme. The empirical material was produced by recording ten intensive care physicians of Emergency and Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena Hospital at the city of João Pessoa. This material was analyzed and interpreted based on three axes themes: the physicians perception of the ending of the young patients life, when five of them related to deal with the death naturally for being part of the natural process of life, independent of age. Although the other five related not being prepared to deal with this process, however, traits of alterity were presented, wich shows the humanized care of those professionals; as for the communication and the physician care face to the family, were presented important actions that can improve this process as: let the family members always informed, enable the health professionals and the included the spirituality and religiosity dimension in this relation; those were emphasized in the third axe because they directly influenced in the information conduction about the imminent death of a beloved family member. Thus, no matter wich religion is, it brings subsidy to enable communication of this subject. Therefore, it is believed that humanization rescue at UTI environment by the health professionals spirituality and religiosity, could be very nice to improve the life quality of the patient, family and staff, besides cross of the myth of the unit as being the death place and not the hope of life.
A comunicação e o cuidado em saúde é um tema que, atualmente, está sendo bastante discutido pelos profissionais de saúde, especialmente quando se aborda sobre a percepção destes profissionais sobre a morte. Diante do avanço tecnológico e a consequente desvalorização do ser humano, observa-se um distanciamento nas relações interpessoais, tornando as pessoas cada vez mais individualistas. Diante disso, as Unidades de Terapia Intensiva tem sido alvo desse processo de desumanização, devido aos vários fatores estressores relacionados aos recursos humanos, materiais e ambientais. Portanto, é importante identificar fatores que possam contribuir neste processo, entre eles destaca-se a espiritualidade e religiosidade dos médicos como elemento fundamental na relação com os familiares. Partindo dessa visão, este estudo teve como finalidade analisar a presença da religiosidade e da espiritualidade na comunicação feita pelo médico aos familiares diante da situação de morte iminente de um paciente adulto jovem. A metodologia teve natureza qualitativa, sendo utilizada a história oral temática. A produção do material empírico foi realizada por meio da gravação, quando foram entrevistados dez médicos intensivistas do Hospital de Emergência e Trauma Senador Humberto Lucena da cidade de João Pessoa. Este material produzido foi analisado e interpretado com base em três eixos temáticos, sendo eles: a percepção do médico sobre a terminalização da vida de pacientes jovens, quando cinco deles relataram lidar naturalmente com a morte, por fazer parte do processo natural da vida, independente da idade. Já os outros cinco disseram não se sentir preparados para lidar com este processo, porém, traços de alteridade foram apresentados, o que demonstra o cuidado humanizado desses profissionais; quanto à comunicação e o cuidado do médico diante da família, foram apresentadas ações importantes que podem melhorar este processo como: deixar os familiares sempre informados, capacitar os profissionais de saúde e a inclusão da dimensão espiritualidade e religiosidade nesta relação; estas foram enfatizadas no terceiro eixo, pois influenciam diretamente na condução da informação sobre a morte iminente de um ente querido. Assim, a religião independente de qual seja, trás subsídios para facilitar a comunicação deste assunto. Portanto, acredita-se que o resgate da humanização no atendimento no ambiente de uma UTI, por meio da espiritualidade e religiosidade dos profissionais da área de saúde, seria de grande relevância para a melhora da qualidade de vida do paciente, familiares e equipe, além de poder proporcionar a desmistificação da unidade como sendo o lugar da morte e não da esperança de vida.
Amorim, Tatiana Lima. "Aspectos éticos na doação de órgãos: percepção dos familiares de pacientes com morte encefálica." Faculdades EST, 2013. http://tede.est.edu.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=461.
Full textThe possibility of substituting organs and tissues which are damaged with others which have their vital functions working adequately for the human body, takes place for one main reason, to preserve the health of the person seeking a longer life and mainly to propitiate a better quality of life. This paper deals with the subject of organ donation, where the theme will be explored relating it to the family‟s perception of brain death and the impediments for donation, having as its main goal to get to know the main difficulties and factors which impede relatives of brain dead patients to authorize organ donation. 66 patient records of probable donors (brain dead patients) were analyzed, 36 of which were from the year 2010 and 30 from the year 2011. However, of the 66 likely donors, organs of only 16 patients were donated. There were no donations from the other probable donors (50 patients). The families refused. 46% alleged that they did not have information about what was happening, that there was little dialog of the professionals with the family and mainly, that the initial service in the emergency room was not humanized. Many doubts afflict the families in the whole process with regard to brain death, to liberating the body and other questions which arise. If the health team clarifies and informs the family adequately there will be greater satisfaction with regard to the service rendered during the patient‟s period of internment, propitiating comfort for the families and consequently helping to diminish the pain and suffering.
Meneses, Elienai de Alencar. "Estudo do reflexo vestíbulo-ocular (RVO) : prova calórica (PC) no diagnóstico de morte encefálica." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2008. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/1139.
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A revisão do conceito de morte, com base no conceito de morte encefálica, tornou-se necessária, em conseqüência da evolução científica e do desenvolvimento das ciências médicas. Mas o grande causador de impactos e fomentos de desafios éticos na comunidade cientifica foi o fato da necessidade crescente para o transplante de órgãos, forçando a criação de leis, protocolos, parâmetros e critérios na redefinição do conceito de morte. Atualmente o conceito de morte encefálica é a perda total da função encefálica e do tronco cerebral de causa conhecida. O tronco cerebral é uma parte integrativa indispensável de todas as funções vitais, e a avaliação da sua função, com a pesquisa do reflexo vestíbulo ocular (RVO) por meio da prova calórica, é descrita em todos os protocolos, parâmetros e critérios neurológicos de avaliação clínica do paciente em coma e no diagnóstico clínico de morte encefálica. O presente estudo avalia o valor preditivo da prova calórica no diagnóstico de Morte Encefálica, analisando as respostas do RVO em pacientes em coma, comparando as taxas de incidências de recuperação, estado vegetativo e morte dos pacientes com RVO presente e ausente. Foram estudados 60 pacientes em coma por causa conhecida, que apresentaram índice igual ou menor a 8 na escala de Glasgow, sendo 49 pacientes do sexo masculino e 11 do sexo feminino. A idade variou entre 7 e 83 anos e as principais causas de coma foram: traumatismo crânio-encefálico, em 28 pacientes, acidente vascular cerebral, em 18 pacientes e em 14 pacientes o coma determinado por outras causas (traumatismos raquimedular, politraumatismo, meningite; hidrocefalia; parada cardio-respiratória e após choque séptico ou hipovolêmico). Realizado a pesquisa do reflexo vestibulo ocular por meio da prova calórica, os 60 pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: 30 pacientes com reflexo vestibulo-ocular (RVO) presente e outros 30 pacientes com RVO ausente. Ambos os grupos foram acompanhados analisando a incidência dos desfechos: recuperação, estado vegetativo e morte. Dentre aqueles que apresentaram RVO presente, 19 pacientes apresentaram desvio conjugados dos olhos para o lado estimulado e foram classificados como RVO presente e normal e 11 pacientes apresentaram desvio desconjugado dos olhos, ou tiveram movimento lento ou irregular, foram classificados como RVO presente e alterado. Os 30 pacientes com RVO ausente foram aqueles que não apresentaram nenhum movimento ocular. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo com RVO presente e normal apresentou melhor prognóstico, com as seguintes taxas de incidência, por desfecho: recuperação (42%), estado vegetativo (37%) e morte (21%). O grupo com RVO presente e alterado teve pior prognóstico, apresentando taxa de incidência: morte 73%, estado vegetativo 18% e recuperação 9% dos pacientes. No grupo com RVO ausente a taxa de incidência do desfecho de morte foi de 100%. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The revision of the death concept, based on the concept of brain death became necessary as a consequence of the scientific evolution and the development of the medical sciences. However the major cause of impacts and fomentations of ethical challenges in the scientific community was the fact of the growing need for organs transplants, forcing the creation of laws, protocols, parameters and criteria for redefinition of the concept of death. The concept of brain death is the total loss of function of the brain and brainstem with known causes. The brain stem is an integrative essential part of all vital functions, and the evaluation of the it’s function by the vestibulo ocular reflex (VOR) through caloric test, is described in all protocols, parameters and criteria of neurological clinical evaluation of the patient in coma and in the clinical diagnosis of brain death. This study evaluates the predictive value of caloric test in the diagnosis of brain death, analyzing the responses of VOR in patient in coma, comparing the incidence rates of recovery, vegetative state and death of patients in coma with VOR present and absent We studied 60 patients in coma by known cause, with score equal to or less than 8, based on the Glasgow coma scale, with 49 male patients and 11 female .with age from 7 to 83 years. The main causes of coma were: head injury in 28 patients, stroke in 18 patients and in 14 patients coma was determined by other causes (spinal trauma, multiple trauma, meningitis, hydrocephaly, cardiac and respiratory arrest and cerebral hypoperfusion after septic or hypovolemic shock. The caloric tests of the study group (60 patients) were divided into 2 categories: 30 patients with vestibulo Ocular Reflex (VOR) present and 30 patients with (VOR) absent. Both groups were followed, to determine the outcomes: recovery, vegetative state or death. Among those 30 patients who had VOR present, 19 had combined ocular deviation to side stimulated and were classified as (VOR) present and normal, 11 patients had disconjugate ocular deviation, or slow movement, irregular and were classified as: (VOR) present altered. The 30 patients with RVO absent were those who showed no eye movement. The group of patients with normal VOR showed better prognosis, recovery (42%), vegetative state (37%) and death (21%). The group with VOR present altered and the group with VOR absent, had worse prognosis: death 73%, vegetative state 18% and recovery 9%, whereas the group with VOR absent, all had death as an outcome (100%).
Schwarz, Patrícia. "Atividade inflamatória induzida pela morte encefálica em comparação a atividade inflamatória induzida pela doença crítica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/165677.
Full textGrafts from brain death (BD) donors in have worse outcomes as compared to grafts from living donors, even HLA-unmatched living donors. Besides the injuries related to organ retrieval and transplantation procedure, organs are also exposed to the intense systemic inflammatory response that occurs in BD. The deleterious effects of inflammation, with upregulation of cytokine expression, have already been documented in kidney, liver, lung, heart and pancreas. Most of these studies evaluated cytokine levels after BD confirmation or before organ retrieval. However, it is possible that the massive catecholamine release present at the time of BD installation might lead to a precocious cytokine increase. Moreover, brain-dead patients frequently suffer from other injuries that might also trigger an inflammatory cascade, such as mechanical ventilation, hemorrhagic shock, cardiac arrest and sepsis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare, by means of plasmatic cytokines measurement, the level of inflammation in braindead patients and in critically ill patients, septic and non-septic, and to evaluate plasmatic cytokine kinetics in BD. We demonstrated that BD is associated with a higher level of inflammation than that induced by critical illness, which was similar to the induced by sepsis. Even when brain-dead patients with sepsis were excluded from the analysis, the results remain, corroborating the hypothesis that BD itself triggers a systemic inflammatory response.
Castro, Cibele Canal. "Investigação do efeito neuroprotetor do coumestrol em modelos in vitro e in vivo na isquemia cerebral experimental." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/72609.
Full textPatients who survive cardiac arrest or stroke demonstrate a high incidence of neurological impairment as a result of delayed ischemic neuronal damage. Proper pharmacological intervention during the therapeutic window between the resumption of normal blood flow and the onset of neuronal damage would be of great benefit, but the current experimental approaches have yielded only limited success. Over the last decade, data from many studies support the idea that estrogens provide neuroprotective effects in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebral global ischemia. The potent feminizing hormone 17-β-estradiol (E2) is neuroprotective in a host of cell and animal models of stroke, however the side effects inherent its therapeutics doesn’t allow its use in a large scale. Considering the similar structure of phytoestrogens and its similar actions within the CNS, the aim of this study was verify the neuroprotective effects of coumestrol, a potent isoflavonoid with high binding affinities for both estrogen receptors (ERs) and significant antioxidant activity, against neurodegeneration usually observed in global ischemic events. We demonstrate here that coumestrol was able to rescue neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 subfield induced by global ischemia in female rats in a cell survival evaluation, including 24h after ischemia, and its neuroprotective actions seems to be through the ERs. In a next step, we evaluated if coumestrol pre-administration could rescue the Na+/K+-ATPase activity that is found severely impaired after ischemic insults, and if its administration would be equally neuroprotective in male rats. The analysis showed that coumestrol was able to reverse the Na+/K+-ATPase activity in all times of evaluation, including 24h after ischemia. The effectiveness in preventing neuronal death in male rats was also observed in all time-points evaluated, including 24h after ischemia. These two 24h correspondence in neuroprotection suggests one possible mechanism by which coumestrol could be acting to afford neuroprotection in a long term. Knowing that the delayed neuronal death in global ischemia is associated with a reduced GluR2 expression in CA1 hippocampal field just before the cell death onset, we examined the possible role of coumestrol at the level of GluR2 expression of male mice in three different time-points after ischemia. The ischemic event induced high suppression of GluR2 in all evaluated times and coumestrol pre-treatment was able in preventing this reduction. In addition, being aware that excitotoxicity is one of the cellular mechanisms linked to cerebral ischemic neurodegeneration, we sought to determine if coumestrol could be neuroprotective in vitro as well, against a NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in hippocampal neuronal culture. We observed that coumestrol was skilled to afford neuroprotection only when its administration was next to the excitotoxic event. We attribute this longest reach inability of neuroprotection due the glial inhibitor present in the neuronal culture, which limits the glial cells proliferation in 10% or less, suggesting the glial system as an important adjuvant in the context of the coumestrol longer therapeutic window. Extending our investigation in a behavior assessment, we examined if the coumestrol could be also virtuous in preventing the memory deficits present after an ischemic insult. The histological analysis confirmed the reduction in neuronal loss afforded by coumestrol administration as expected, and its pre ischemic administration was able to rescue the memory impairment promoted by the global ischemia. Therefore, our collective results indicate that coumestrol spread new perspectives in the context of global ischemia therapeutics and unlock new possibilities for the stroke investigation.
Ferreira, Sueli Gomes. "Influência do gênero nas alterações microcirculatórias e no processo inflamatório em modelo de morte encefálica em ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5156/tde-22092017-151745/.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Clinical and experimental evidence highlight the impact of brain death on the viability of the organs to be transplanted and show the importance of the donor state in the results of this procedure. Clinical studies show differences in the prognosis of short and long-term follow-up after transplantation due to donor gender and sex hormones may exert modulatory role on the inflammatory and immune response. Therefore, based on the idea that sexual dimorphism exists in the immune response to brain death and can be responsible for the differences found in the prognosis of organ transplants, this study evaluated the differences between the genders regarding the microcirculatory changes and the evolution of the inflammatory process in different organs in a model of brain death in rats. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided in the following groups: Proestro (rats in the proestrus phase of the estral cycle), Estro (rats in the estrus phase of the estral cycle), OVx (rats submitted to ovariectomy 10 days before the experiments) and Male rats. All animals were submitted to brain death by rapid inflation of a balloon catheter inserted in the intracranial space and maintained under mechanical ventilation for three or six hours. Microcirculatory changes in the mesentery, and systemic and local inflammatory process (lung and intestine) were analyzed. RESULTS: The results showed that the mobilization of inflammatory cells from bone marrow to the circulation and to the lung and intestine was exacerbated in females in relation to males, evidencing the importance of the cellular component of inflammatory response in the females after brain death. In the lungs, besides the increase of leukocyte infiltrate, the female group presented superior edema, characterized by increased lung microvascular permeability. In relation to the mesenteric microvascular alterations after brain death, the female rats maintained the mesenteric microvascular blood flow, while mesenteric hypoperfusion was observed in male animals after brain death. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the brain death effects differ between genders in relation to microvascular changes and inflammatory process, including lower microvascular impairment associated with more severe inflammation in female animals, which occurs concomitantly with decreases in the levels of females sex hormones
Vieira, Roberta Figueiredo. "Estudo dos efeitos do 17Îbeta-estradiol sobre a microcirculação em modelo de morte encefálica em ratos machos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5156/tde-22102018-101835/.
Full textBACKGROUND: Brain death (BD) is associated with hemodynamic instability, microvascular dysfunction and inflammation, which compromise the viability of the organs for transplantation. The hormone 17?-estradiol is known to display vascular protective effects and anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of 17beta-estradiol, as a microcirculatory modulator, in a sudden onset BD model in male rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats underwent rapid onset BD by inflating a Fogarty catheter in the intracranial space. Rats were randomly divided in three groups: sham-operated rats submitted to trepanation only (SH, n=11); rats submitted to BD (BD, n=11); and rats treated with 17beta-estradiol (E2, 280 ug/kg, iv) 60 min after BD (E2, n=11). Experiments were performed 180 min thereafter. Laser Doppler flowmetry and intravital microscopy were used to evaluate mesenteric microvascular alterations. Gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and endothelin-1 in the mesentery and lungs were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression of eNOS, endothelin-1, Pselectin, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Lung histopathological changes were evaluated by histomorphometry and tissue expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by immunohistochemistry. Cytokines, chemokines, 17beta- estradiol, and corticosterone were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The proportion of mesenteric perfused small vessels ( < 30 um diameter) was reduced in BD rats compared to SH and E2 rats at 180 min (p=0.0117), without changes in mesenteric blood flow (p=0.3692). Protein expression of eNOS was increased in E2 group (p < 0.0001), as well gene expression of eNOS (p=0.0009). There were no differences in protein and gene expression of endothelin-1 between groups. The expression of ICAM-1 on mesenteric vessels was increased in BD group (p < 0.0001) and expression of VCAM-1 was reduced in E2 rats (p=0.0008). There were no differences in the expression of P-selectin between groups (p=0.0675). Lung histopathological analyses showed increased edema (p < 0.0001) and hemorrhage (p < 0.0001) in BD group compared to SH and E2 groups, without differences in the number of inflammatory cells (polymorphonuclear cells: p=0.4033; lymphomononuclear cells: p=0.5003). The expression of iNOS on lung tissue was increased in BD group, compared with SH and E2 groups (p < 0.0001). Lung protein expression of eNOS decreased in BD rats, and increased in E2 rats (p=0.0002). Protein expression of lung endothelin-1 as well as gene expression of lung eNOS and endothelin-1 did not differ among groups. Regarding the expression of adhesion molecules on lung microcirculation, it was observed that ICAM-1 levels did not differ between groups (p=0.4550); levels of VCAM-1 decreased in E2 group (p < 0.0001); PECAM-1 levels were reduced in BD rats (p=0.0037). BD rats showed increased levels of TNF-alpha (p=0.0004), and a reduction in the levels of VEGF (p=0,0380) in the serum. BD-E2 rats exhibited reduced CINC-1 levels (p=0.0020) and increased levels of MCP-1 (p=0,0094) in the serum. CONCLUSION: Data presented showed that 17beta-estradiol treatment was effective in restoring mesenteric perfusion and reducing lung injury in braindead rats. Estradiol, as a microcirculatory modulator, is a promise therapy to improve organs viability to transplant
Silva, Isaac Azevedo. "Avaliação dos efeitos da anestesia peridural torácica sobre as alterações miocárdicas associadas à morte encefálica: estudo experimental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5156/tde-08082013-154929/.
Full textBACKGROUND: Currently, the main limitation to cardiac transplantation, worldwide, is the shortage of donors whose number is always smaller than the number of patients with terminal heart disease, and this gap is even greater because about 25 % of donated hearts are not used due to severe dysfunction of unknown cause. Brain-death associated catecholaminergic storm may be implicated in this dysfunction. Thus, therapeutic interventions aiming to reduce the sympathetic stimulation result, ultimately, in an increase in the number of organs for transplantation. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the hypothesis that thoracic epidural anesthesia is capable of blocking the sympathetic discharge inherent to brain death, by acute intracranial hypertension, minimizing hemodynamic changes, and reducing the inflammatory response improving, therefore, the graft outcome. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (250 - 350 g) anesthetized (5 % isoflurane) and continuously monitored to record mean arterial pressure, underwent insertion of a catheter into the epidural space, at the thoracic level. Brain death was induced by acute intracranial hypertension by inflating an intracranially inserted Fogarty catheter. The animals (n = 28) were divided into 4 groups: saline group - infusion of 20 uL of saline through the epidural catheter before induction of brain death; pre-bup group - infusion of 20 uL of bupivacaine through epidural catheter before induction of brain death; bup-20 group - infusion of 20 uL of bupivacaine through epidural catheter 20 min after induction of brain death; bup-60 group - infusion of 20 uL of bupivacaine through epidural catheter 60 min after induction of brain death. After 6 h the animals were exsanguinated. Serum and cardiac tissue concentrations of cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alfa, were performed by ELISA. The endothelial adhesion molecules, vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, proteins involved in apoptosis, Bcl-2 and caspase-3, and ?-actin were evaluated in myocardial tissue by immunohistochemistry. Longitudinal sections of the heart were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and evaluated for the presence of edema, vascular congestion and leukocyte infiltration. White blood cell counts were obtained prior to induction of brain death, 3 and 6 h thereafter. RESULTS: Clinical signs of brain death, fixed dilated pupils and absence of corneal reflex, were observed immediately after catheter insuflation. The sudden increase in mean arterial pressure was observed in all animals except in those receiving bupivacaine prior to brain death induction (pre-bup) (p<0.05). There was a marked and progressive leukopenia in all groups. Cytokine levels, IL-1beta and TNF-alfa, in serum and cardiac tissue, showed no significant differences among groups. Adhesion molecules, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, the proteins, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and ?-actin, and the histological analysis of the myocardium showed no significant differences among groups. CONCLUSIONS: The thoracic epidural anesthesia was effective to block the hypertensive peak associated with brain death. However, this blockage does not correlate to changes in the levels of cytokines, expression of adhesion molecules and expression of apoptosis-linked proteins, and alfa-actin. Furthermore, no changes in histological analysis and white blood cell counts were observed. The autonomic storm does not seem to be responsible for the activation of the inflammatory response and, ultimately, for the myocardial dysfunction associated with brain death
Simas, Rafael. "Estudo das alterações microcirculatórias e da evolução do processo inflamatório em modelo de morte encefálica em ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5156/tde-07082013-143220/.
Full textBACKGROUND: Studies indicate that brain death is associated with hemodynamic, hormonal and inflammatory alterations, compromising the viability of organs to transplantation. However, it is necessary to clarify which of these alterations are consequences of brain death and which are due to brain death-associated trauma. This study aims to evaluate the mesenteric microcirculation, quantify systemic markers of the inflammatory response, and analyze the histopathological changes in rats submitted to brain death compared with sham operated animals. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (300 50 g) anesthetized with isoflurane (5-2 %) were intubated and mechanically ventilated (10 mL/kg, 70 breaths/min). Through trepanation, a Fogarty 4 F catheter was inserted intracranially and quickly inflated with 500 L of water to induce brain death. After brain death confirmation, anesthesia was stopped and the animals received 0.9 % saline solution intravenously (2 mL/h). Sham operated animals were just trepanned. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were continuously monitored. After 30, 180 or 360 min, the following parameters were evaluated: 1) perfusion of microvessels and leukocyte- endothelial interactions in the mesenteric microcirculation by intravital microscopy; 2) expression of endothelial adhesion molecules (P-selectin and ICAM-1) by immunohistochemistry; 3) quantification of serum cytokines (TNF-?, IL-1?, IL-6 and IL-10), chemokines (CINC-1 and CINC-2), and corticosterone; 4) determination of white blood cell counts, hematocrit, and blood gases; 5) histological assessment of heart, lung, liver, and kidney. RESULTS: Brain death induced an immediate hypertensive peak followed by hypotension associated with a reduction in mesenteric perfusion to 30% of microvessels with normal blood flow (p<0.0001). Number of rolling leukocytes was reduced (p<0.0001), and migrated leukocytes to perivascular tissue increased after 180 min (p=0.03). The expression of P-selectin did not differ between groups, whereas the expression of ICAM-1 was increased 3 h after brain death induction (p<0.01). Increased serum concentrations of cytokines and chemokines were observed in both brain death and sham operated rats. Brain death rats showed a decrease in serum corticosterone levels after 3 h (p<0.0001). Total white blood cell counts in brain death rats was reduced when compared with sham operated rats (p<0.05), associated with an increase in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio after 3 h in both groups. No significant changes in hematocrit and blood gases were observed. Brain death induced histopathological alterations in the evaluated organs: vascular congestion in the heart and lungs (p=0.02), pulmonary alveolar edema (p=0.001), leukocyte infiltration in the liver (p=0.01), and renal tubular edema (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Brain death triggered hemodynamic instability associated with tissue hypoperfusion, and a decrease in the concentration of endogenous corticosterone, resulting in increased expression of ICAM-1 with increased migration of leukocytes at mesenteric microcirculation, associated with a paradoxical leukopenia. The main histopathological alteration in brain death rats was vascular congestion, and the lungs are the most compromised organs
Carlessi, Rodrigo Maron. "Exendin-4 na prevenção de danos teciduais decorrentes da morte encefálica e no controle bioenergético da célula β pancreática." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/139769.
Full textReplacement of pancreatic islets is an effective way to restore glucose homeostasis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with unstable metabolic control ("T1DM labile"). However, along the isolation procedure from brain dead organ donors and later recipient engraftment, significant losses, both in number and quality of islets take place, limiting the effectiveness of islet transplantation as a whole. Often, sequential transplants of two or three donors are necessary in order to achieve exogenous insulin independence. Even with recent advances and transplant centers already reporting good success rates using only one donor per patient, the shortage of donors is still a strong limitation of this therapy, hindering the adoption of islets reposition as routine clinical practice for the treatment of patients with T1DM labile. Several factors are responsible for islets loss, including intense inflammatory stress produced by the donor’s brain death (BD). Similarly to what happens with pancreatic islets, clinical and experimental studies show that BD induces irreversible tissue damage in several other organs and tissues destined for transplantation, such as heart, lungs, kidneys and liver. In general, organs from living donors result in more favorable post-transplant outcomes when compared to organs procured from cadaveric donors. Recent studies indicate that Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog, has anti-inflammatory, proliferative and anti-apoptotic properties in pancreatic β cells. Interestingly, this analog has also shown protective effects in several animal models of liver disease. Thus, we hypothesized that administration of this drug to cadaveric donors could mitigate damage caused by BD in the pancreatic islets and liver tissue. Such treatment could preserve islets and liver quality for use in transplantation and possibly improve outcomes. In order to test the suggested hypothesis, we developed two studies using a rat model of BD. Administration of Exendin-4 to animals that underwent experimental BD was evaluated against various parameters of tissue damage and quality, as well as inflammatory markers and gene expression of genes linked to inflammation and stress. Groups of animals that did not undergo BD or that underwent BD, but have not been given the drug were used as controls in these experiments. Results generated in these studies indicate that administration of Exendin-4 to brain dead rats improves the viability and function of isolated pancreatic islets. This was accompanied by a decrease in gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-1 beta (Il1b) in the pancreatic tissue. In addition, treatment with Exendin- 4 also modulated the expression of genes encoding cellular oxidative stress control proteins, the superoxide dismutase-2 (Sod2), and uncoupling protein-2 (Ucp2). Genes related to stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), C/EBP Homologous Protein (Chop) and Heat Shock 70kDa Protein 5 (Hspa5), also known as heavy-chain binding protein immunoglobulin (BiP), were found to be reduced in islets isolated from treated animals. Recently, ER stress has been shown to participate in the mechanism of β cell death induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, we suggest that the protective effect of Exendin-4 against damage caused by BD probably occurs through a decrease in inflammation and oxidative stress in the pancreatic environment, which translates into a lower activation of ER stress in the β cells, hence reducing cell death of isolated islets. In resonance with the beneficial effects observed in islets, treated animals also showed reduced levels of circulating liver damage markers, and a significant decrease in the rate of apoptosis in the liver. Our results, therefore, suggest that administration of Exendin-4 to cadaveric organ donors has the potential to minimize the deleterious effects caused by BD in the pancreatic islets and liver. GLP-1, a gastrointestinal incretin secreted by the L-cells of the small intestine, stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner from pancreatic β cells. Recent studies have shown that GLP-1 is able to protect β cells from oxidative stress and inflammatory damage, which are considered important factors not only in mediating tissue damage induced by BD, but also in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Such glucose-dependent stimulatory effect can be exploited as an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with T2DM in order to reestablish glucose homeostasis and to eliminate the risk of hypoglycemia associated with exogenous insulin injection. Recently, several clinical trials have confirmed the beneficial effects of GLP-1 analogs, which include better glycemic control and weight loss, resulting in the approval of such analogs for the clinical treatment of T2DM. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate stimulation of insulin secretion by GLP-1 are not fully characterized. Thus, detailed biochemical studies aiming at elucidating intracellular signal transduction pathways responsible for the execution of GLP-1 stimulatory effects on insulin secretion are of high interest. Due to glucose-dependence for activation of its stimulatory effect, we hypothesized that GLP-1 may act in the regulation of β cell bioenergetics and glucose metabolism. Using the clonal rat insulin-secreting cell line BRIN-BD11, and isolated mouse islets, we have demonstrated that signaling via the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) promotes glycolysis and consequently increases intracellular ATP content. Our data suggest that this is likely mediated by activation of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in the accumulation of the transcription factor Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), which, in turn, promotes gene expression of genes that encode for glycolytic enzymes. We suggest that such increase in the glycolytic rate strengthens coupling between metabolic stimulus and secretion, ultimately resulting in exacerbated glucose-induced insulin secretion.
Maria, de Carvalho Monteiro Ana. "Doação de órgãos: um olhar na compreensão dos adolescentes." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2009. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/9125.
Full textHospital das Clínicas da UFPE
Os transplantes ocasionam modificação no paradigma do conceito de morte - um acontecimento pontual decorrente da parada simultânea da consciência, respiração, batimentos cardíacos, circulação e falência de outros órgãos - para o de morte encefálica - na qual há constatação do coma não reativo, apneia, abolição dos reflexos do tronco e espinhais. A Bioética surge, como um instrumento para orientar as condutas no campo da doação de órgãos para transplantes. Este ramo da Ciência baseia-se em quatro princípios: Justiça, Não Maleficência, Beneficência e Autonomia. No que diz respeito à doação de órgãos nas categorias populacionais, uma merece destaque, por ser composta de sujeitos em formação, os adolescentes. Estes, que na contemporaneidade têm status de maior visibilidade e participação na vida social e alguns conflitos éticos e legais, podem fazer parte da adolescência. O presente estudo teve como objetivo: Compreender a visão dos adolescentes sobre a doação de órgãos. Constituiu-se em estudo descritivo, exploratório, conduzido pela abordagem qualitativa com base nas falas de 13 adolescentes entre os 16 e os 19 anos, estudantes brasileiros de duas escolas de nível secundário da rede pública, na cidade do Recife - Pernambuco, Brasil. A escolha dos sujeitos foi por conveniência, baseou-se no critério da saturação teórica das dimensões exploradas. A coleta dos dados ocorreu no período de fevereiro a maio de 2008, utilizando-se um formulário com roteiro para entrevista semi estruturada com duas questões norteadoras: 1) O que você entende sobre doação de órgãos? 2) O que você pensa sobre a doação de seus órgãos e de familiares? As falas foram gravadas, transcritas e submetidas à análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática, que após refinamento classificatório resultaram em quatro categorias temáticas: 1) Concepções que podem salvar vidas, 2) Conhecimentos revelados, 3) Sentimentos facilitadores e complicadores à doação de órgãos, 4) Outras influências sobre doação que repercutem na tomada de decisão. Concluiu-se que os adolescentes possuem conhecimentos que envolvem o processo da doação de órgãos, como a necessidade de existir compatibilidade entre o doador e o receptor, tempo de vida útil do órgão após sua retirada até o transplante e dos órgãos que podem ser doados. Além do mais, reconhecem a importância dessa decisão para salvar vidas, expressam um desejo altruístico em serem doadores, autorizarem a doação de órgãos de familiares e da importância da autonomia na tomada de decisão. Em contra partida, expressaram dúvidas em relação à mudança de paradigma da morte envolvendo parada dos batimentos cardíacos e dos movimentos respiratórios para a morte encefálica, o que gera sentimentos como: o medo de ser enterrado vivo, a perda de partes do corpo, mutilação, consequências da doação em vida e o desejo de continuidade da vida no receptor. Deste modo, tais dúvidas, suscitaram medo diante da tomada de decisão, apontaram para a necessidade de informações práticas e sistemáticas, por meio de campanhas de sensibilização e esclarecimentos direcionados a esta população, além de programas comunitários e acadêmicos, incluindo o trabalho de coordenadores educacionais e estudantes
Araujo, Luiz Felipe Lopez. "Efeitos da administração sistêmica de metilprednisolona em pulmões de ratos doadores em morte encefálica submetidos a transplante pulmonar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/71631.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Lung transplantation is the only therapeutic option for a subset of patients with end-stage lung disease. Most lung transplantations are performed using brain-dead donors, a condition that compromises the success of the procedure. The physiopathology of brain death is complex and involves haemodynamics, the sympathetic nervous system and inflammatory mechanisms. Administering methylprednisolone 60 minutes after inducing brain death in rats has been shown to modulate pulmonary inflammatory activity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of methylprednisolone on transplanted rat lungs from donors treated 60 minutes after brain death. METHODS: Twelve Wistar rats were anaesthetised and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n=6): a control group that underwent the induction of brain death and the administration of saline solution and a methylprednisolone (MET) group that underwent the induction of brain death and the administration of methylprednisolone after 60 minutes. All of the animals were observed and ventilated for 120 minutes and then submitted to lung transplantation. We evaluated haemodynamic and blood gas parameters, the histologic score, the lung tissue determination of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the level of TNF-α and the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the group that received methylprednisolone (p=0.0084 and p=0.0155, respectively). There were no significant differences in TBARS and SOD between the control and MET groups (p=0.2644 and p=0.7461, respectively). There were no significant differences in the blood gas parameters, the haemodynamic parameters and the histologic alterations between the control and MET groups. CONCLUSION: The administration of methylprednisolone after brain death in donor rats reduces inflammatory activity in transplanted lungs but has no influence on oxidative stress.
Comiran, Ricardo Argenta. "Investigação do efeito neuroprotetor do alcalóide boldina sobre a morte celular induzida pela privação de oxigênio e glicose em culturas organotípicas de hipocampo de rato." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17497.
Full textIschemic stroke is among the major causes of mortality and morbidity in industrialized countries and, in spite of several studies, no efficient treatment is available to the patients. In this work, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of boldine, an alkaloid present in leaves and bark of Peumus boldus Molina, against the damage caused by an in vitro lesion that mimics ischemic stroke. For these experiments, we used an in vitro model of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Our results showed that the treatment with boldine in the concentrations of 120 µM and 250 µM caused a significant reduction in cellular death after OGD from 36%, observed in OGDvehicle exposed cultures, to 20% and 11%, respectively. Boldine was not cytotoxic in basal conditions in any of the tested concentrations. The neuroprotective effect of boldine was observed when it was present during the period of OGD, showing no difference when it was used only during the recovery period of 24 hours. To elucidate a possible mechanism by which boldine exerts its neuroprotective effect we investigated the microglial activation, production of reactive species and the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3b proteins involved in PI3K cell signaling pathway. Our results showed that, when used during the OGD period, boldine 250 µM induced a marked microglial activation, as shown by isolectin B4 binding, increased reactive species production, as shown by DCF-DA oxidation and had no effect on Akt and GSK-3ß phosphorylation. Taken together, the results presented here suggest a promising neuroprotective effect of boldine against the damage caused by OGD, but the mechanism of action of this compound must be better elucidated.
Cavalcante, Layana de Paula. "Assistência do enfermeiro ao potencial doador de órgãos : implicações no processo doação-transplante." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/8293.
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Objetivou-se analisar a prática dos Enfermeiros de terapia intensiva junto ao paciente potencial doador de órgãos e tecidos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e analítica, com abordagem qualitativa. O estudo foi realizado em um Centro de Terapia Intensiva (CTI) clínico de um hospital público estadual em Fortaleza - CE. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 30 Enfermeiros que atuam no serviço. A produção de dados ocorreu entre agosto e dezembro de 2013, após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Instituição, conforme Parecer nº 376.423. Os dados deste estudo foram produzidos através de entrevista e a partir da observação sistemática. Na análise do material optamos pela técnica de análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática, segundo Bardin (2011). Para a ordenação do material empírico e constituição do corpus, aplicamos a técnica de análise categorial. O processo de análise e discussão foi construído com base no discurso do Enfermeiro do CTI, nas informações da observação e diário de campo. O processo de análise e discussão iniciou-se com o agrupamento e classificação do material produzido em quatro categorias e dez subcategorias. As categorias definidas foram: O processo de doação de órgãos; Dimensões do cuidado do Enfermeiro ao paciente potencial doador; Percepção do Enfermeiro sobre a sua prática junto ao paciente potencial doador de órgãos e tecidos; Impacto da assistência do Enfermeiro na concretização da doação de órgão e tecidos. A observação sistemática da assistência dos Enfermeiros ao potencial doador de órgãos foi utilizada como contra ponto ao discurso dos sujeitos ao definirem sua prática junto ao paciente e sua família. A percepção dos Enfermeiros acerca do processo de doação de órgãos está permeada por questões culturais, filosóficas, éticas e emocionais, relacionadas ao: significado da doação de órgãos; falta de capacitação técnico-científica; dificuldades emocionais de lidar com o paciente e com a família. O processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos é complexo e, muitas vezes, difícil para os envolvidos. Constatamos que o Enfermeiro, apesar de reconhecer que não possui formação técnica específica para atuar junto a este tipo de clientela, considera que desempenha um papel determinante no processo doação-transplante. Em sua prática, desenvolve o cuidado voltado, principalmente, para a monitorização e manutenção hemodinâmica e, também, para orientar e acolher os familiares, considerando que todos estes cuidados podem ser determinante ao sucesso da concretização da doação. As dificuldades vivenciadas pelo Enfermeiro têm repercussões pessoais que influenciam em sua saúde física e emocional, e, também, na qualidade da assistência ou desassistência ao paciente e sua família. A aproximação da realidade estudada nos permitiu conhecer um pouco da prática complexa e multifacetada, desenvolvida pelo Enfermeiro, em um ambiente tenso e crítico, onde a dor, o sofrimento, a morte, a vida, a esperança, a insegurança e tantos outros sentimentos, se misturam e se dimensionam na individualidade de cada profissional e do paciente e da sua família.
Pilla, Eduardo Sperb. "Influência da administração de metilprednisolona na atividade inflamatória e no estresse oxidativo de pulmões de ratos submetidos a morte encefálica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/97203.
Full textLung transplantation is an established therapy for patients with end-stage lung disease. The main source of lungs for transplantation is brain-dead donors. The pathophysiology of brain death is complex and involves sympathetic, hemodynamic and inflammatory mechanisms that can injure the lung. It has been previously shown that brain-dead donor treatment with methylprednisolone reduces reperfusion injury after lung transplantation in animals. We hypothesized that early administration of methylprednisolone after brain death could result in reduced lung inflammatory injury in the donor lung. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar rats were anesthetized and randomly allocated into four groups (n=6): Sham (sham), Brain Death (BD), methylprednisolone 5min. (mt5) and methylprednisolone 60min. (mt60). BD, met5 and met60 groups were submitted to brain death by extradural space balloon inflation. Methylprednisolone (i.v. 30mg/kg) was administered to met5 and met60 groups, 5 or 60 minutes after brain death confirmation, respectively. The animals of all groups were observed and ventilated for 120 minutes. Hemodynamics, arterial blood gases, wet/dry weight ratio, bronchoalveolar lavage (white cell count, total protein and LDH concentration), histological score, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase determination were analyzed. Lipid peroxidation and TNF-α determination were assessed in lung tissue. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in hemodynamics, arterial blood gases, wet/dry weight ratio, bronchoalveolar lavage analysis, histological score, SOD and catalase in the different groups. TBARS determination was statistically higher in both methylprednisolone groups when compared to sham (p<0.001) and BD (p<0.001) groups. TNF-α concentration was significantly lower in met5 (p<0.001) and met60 groups (p<0.001) when compared to BD group. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that early or late administration of methylprednisolone in this model of brain death has similar effect regarding inflammatory and lipid peroxidation activity on lung tissue.
Menegat, Laura. "Estudo dos processos de mobilização, ativação e apoptose das células da medula óssea em modelo de morte encefálica em ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5156/tde-04082016-161413/.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Experimental findings support the evidence of a persistent leucopenia triggered by brain death (BD). AIMS: This study aimed to investigate leukocyte behavior in bone marrow and blood after BD in rats. METHODS: BD was induced by quickly inflation of an intracranial balloon catheter. Sham operated (SH) rats were trepanned only. Six hours thereafter bone marrow cells harvested from the femoral cavity were used for total and differential counts, and analyzed by flow cytometry to characterize lymphocyte subsets, granulocyte adhesion molecules expression, and apoptosis/necrosis (annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) protocol). RESULTS: BD rats exhibited a 30% reduction in bone marrow cells due to a reduction in lymphocytes (40%) and segmented cells (45%). Bone marrow lymphocyte subsets were similar in BD and SH rats (CD3, p=0.1; CD4, p=0.4; CD3/CD4, p=0.4; CD5, p=0.4, CD3/CD5, p=0.2; CD8, p=0.8). Expression of L-selectin and ?2-integrins on granulocytes did not differ (CD11a, p=0.9; CD11b/c, p=0.7; CD62L, p=0.1). There were no differences in the percentage of apoptosis and necrosis (Annexin V, p=0.73; PI, p=0.21; Annexin V/PI, p=0.29). CONCLUSIONS: Data presented suggest that the down-regulation of the bone marrow triggered by BD is not related to changes in lymphocyte subsets, granulocyte adhesion molecules expression, or apoptosis and necrosis
Magalhães, Daniel Marcelo Silva. "Estudo dos efeitos da solução salina hipertônica sobre a função e alterações do tecido cardíaco em modelo de morte encefálica em ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5156/tde-05102017-095840/.
Full textBACKGROUND: Heart transplantation represents the most effective treatment for end-stage heart failure. Brain death (BD) is responsible for hemodynamic instability and organ hypoperfusion leading to inflammatory changes and myocardial dysfunction in potential organ donors. Hypertonic saline (HS) is a volume expander capable of restoring hemodynamics in addition to having an immunomodulatory effect. OBJECTIVE: In a rat model of BD, we tested the hypothesis that treatment with HS would prevent left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and myocardial injury. METHODS: BD was induced in anesthetized Wistar rats by inflating a subdurally placed balloon catheter, except in Sham operated animals (n=6). After BD induction, control animals received only common saline solution (n=6). Treated animals were randomly divided to receive HS (7.5% NaCl, 4mL/kg) 1 min (HS1; n=6) or 60 min (HS60; n=6) after BD induction. We continuously assessed cardiac function for 6h by LV pressure-volume analysis. Inflammatory response, markers of myocardium injury and cellular apoptosis related proteins were investigated in serum or tissue fragments by immunohistochemistry or enzyme-immune-assay when appropriated. RESULTS: Compared with Sham, BD was associated with decreased LV systolic and diastolic function. HS treatment after BD induction improved LV systolic function (end-systolic pressure, maximum rate of rise of LV pressure, stroke volume, ejection fraction, systolic work and cardiac output) 6h later when compared with Control. However, no ventricular relaxation advantages were observed (maximum rate of fall of LV pressure and time constant of LV pressure decay - Tau) after the same time. In addition, compared with BD groups HS treatment increased anti-apoptotic protein expression and decreased vascular adhesion molecule and tumor necrosis factor alfa expression. No significant histologic or structural proteins changes were observed between groups. CONCLUSION: Observed data show that HS improves LV systolic function and reduces myocardial tissue compromise in BD rats, even when the treatment was performed during the process triggered by this event
Pestana, Aline Lima. "Desvelando relações e interações múltiplas do ser enfermeiro na complexidade do cuidado ao ser em morte encefálica na unidade de terapia intensiva." Florianópolis, 2011. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/130861.
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No contexto da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) são cada vez mais frequentes as situações de cuidados aos pacientes em morte encefálica (ME), em especial nas instituições que realizam transplantes de órgãos. O cuidado e o cuidar na ME têm por finalidade preservar a condição de potencial doador. O estudo teve como objetivo compreender os significados do cuidado ao paciente em morte encefálica para enfermeiros de um hospital universitário da região Nordeste do Brasil. O referencial metodológico adotado foi a Grounded Theory ou Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados (TFD). O pensamento complexo proposto por Edgar Morin foi utilizado na análise e construção do Modelo Teórico. Participaram da investigação quatro enfermeiras assistenciais da UTI de um Hospital Universitário, quatro enfermeiros que desenvolviam suas atividades no serviço de captação de órgãos e transplante do referido hospital e quatro enfermeiros que haviam trabalhado na UTI daquele hospital em período anterior à implantação do serviço de transplante. Totalizaram 12 enfermeiros que constituíram três grupos amostrais. Utilizou-se a entrevista aberta para a coleta de dados. O processo da investigação foi desenvolvido por meio da coleta e análise simultânea e comparativa dos dados, sendo orientado pela codificação aberta, axial e seletiva, ordenação, integração dos conceitos, amostragem e saturação teórica. As entrevistas, diagramas e memorandos constituíram o material empírico da investigação. Desse processo emergiu o fenômeno "Desvelando as relações e interações múltiplas do ser enfermeiro na complexidade do cuidado ao ser em morte encefálica" definido pela interrelação de cinco categorias: Cuidando em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva; Tendo que organizar as práticas de cuidado em UTI ao ser em ME; Considerando as interveniências facilitadoras e dificultadoras do cuidado ao ser em ME na perspectiva das relações/interações entre o ser enfermeiro, ser equipe e família; Incorporando atitudes para cuidar da complexidade do ser em ME; e Emergindo a complexidade do cuidado ao ser em ME. Cuidar do paciente em ME para o enfermeiro é estabelecer múltiplas relações e interações no ambiente de terapia intensiva, seja com o ser em ME, com o ser equipe e com a família. Este cuidado é tecido por um emaranhado de concepções que é permeado por dúvidas, incertezas e questionamentos sobre o diagnóstico da ME. Isso porque este paciente está clinicamente morto, mas traz dentro de si a morte e a vida, configurando-se como um ser dialógico e complexo. Assistir o ser em ME exige que o enfermeiro assuma diferentes modos de cuidar e direcione-se para o cuidado complexo, incorporando uma nova consciência, que transpõe o pensamento reducionista de que este paciente não precisa de cuidados.
Othero, Jairo Constante Bitencourt. "A terminalidade humana assistida em ambientes de alta tecnologia médica: a natureza da morte na experiência humana, o diagnóstico médico e a boa morte." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2016. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5957.
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UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
A tese apresenta a terminalidade humana assistida em ambientes de alta tecnologia médica como um novo fenômeno social, médico e tecnológico. Discute a experiência do assistir ao morrer, o papel do médico, impacto da tecnologia usada, os atuais modelos para o diagnóstico clínico da morte. Sugere práticas assistenciais para a Boa Morte e examina suas bases morais e cognitivas. Aborda as perspectivas filosóficas, científicas e sociais do tema com ênfase na análise reflexiva dos fenômenos vividos na prática médica. A metodologia foi a revisão e análise histórico-crítica dessas práticas, e as raízes norteadoras filosóficas e científicas. O conteúdo tem três capítulos, antecedidos pela introdução e se completam nas conclusões. Na introdução uma entrevista médica inicia o tema com as dificuldades do morrer assistido. O primeiro capítulo mostra a evolução sociocultural da terminalidade humana, o papel do médico e da tecnologia. No segundo capítulo descreve-se, seguida de análise e interpretação, as vivências do processo da morte pelos que assistem o moribundo e o impacto das mesmas no processo. A análise crítica dos modelos de diagnóstico da morte está no terceiro capítulo, contrapondo fundamentos com a prática clínica. A conclusão discute as práticas médicas para a Boa Morte em seus prós e contras. No primeiro capítulo se conclui que a heteronomia acaba por fragmentar a percepção da morte. No segundo que a morte é um processo tríptico de difícil percepção na terminalidade em UTI. O terceiro capítulo nega os modelos biológico e neocortical para diagnóstico da morte humana.
This dissertation presents assisted human terminal condition in high-tech medical environments as a new social, medical and technological phenomenon. It discusses the experience of assisting death, the doctor's role, the impact of technology used and the current models for clinical diagnosis of death. The text also suggests care practices for Good Death and examines their moral and cognitive bases, addressing philosophical, scientific and social perspectives on the topic, emphasizing reflective analysis of the phenomena in medical practice. The methodology was a review and a historical-critical analysis of these practices and their philosophical and scientific roots. The dissertation is divided in three chapters, preceded by the introduction and followed by the conclusion. There is also an article attached. In the introduction, a medical interview starts tackling the theme concerning the difficulties of assisted dying. The first chapter shows the sociocultural evolution of the human terminal condition and the role of medical staff and technology in the process. The second chapter describes the experiences of the dying process by those who assist the dying and their impact on the process. The third chapter presents critical analysis of death diagnosis models, contrasting fundamentals with clinical practice. The conclusion discusses medical practices for Good Death, with its pros and cons. The conclusion brings some ideas of each chapter: based on the first chapter, it is concluded that heteronomy ultimately fragment the perception of death. In the second chapter, the conclusion is that death is a triptych process, difficult to understand in an ICU. Finally, the third chapter denies the biological and neocortical models for diagnosis of human death.
Lago, Patrícia Miranda do. "Intervenções médicas nas últimas 48 horas de vida de pacientes internados em UTIP em três regiões do Brasil." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4705.
Full textResumo de Limitação no Suporte de vida Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência de limitação de suporte de vida (LSV) e as condutas médicas nas últimas 48 horas de vida de crianças internados em 7 UTIP de 3 regiões brasileiras. Desenho: Estudo transversal, multicêntrico e retrospectivo por revisão de prontuário. Local (setting): 7 UTIP de hospitais universitários e terciários localizados em 3 regiões Brasileiras, em Porto Alegre (2), São Paulo (2) e Salvador(3) Pacientes: todos pacientes que faleceram nas 7 UTIP no período entre Janeiro de 2003 e dezembro de 2004. Métodos e principais resultados: Dois residentes de cada serviço preencheram um protocolo padrão com dados demográficos, classificando o óbito (reanimação completa, ordem de não reanimar ou retirada de tratamento) e as condutas tomadas nas últimas 48 horas de vida. Os dados foram comparados utilizando teste t de Student, Anova, Qui quadrado e RR. Dos 561 óbitos, foram excluídos 36 com menos de 24 horas de internação, 61 com morte encefálica e 36 prontuários não localizados. Em 56,5% dos óbitos foram oferecidas manobras de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar, com diferença entre região sudeste e nordeste (p<0,001). A maior faixa etária (p=0,025) e maior tempo de internação na UTIP (p=0,001) foram fatores associados a não reanimação. Em apenas 52,7% dos pacientes com LSV houve descrição de plano no prontuário. O óbito sem suporte respiratório ocorreu em apenas 14 pacientes. Em 66,1% pacientes com ordem de não reanimar as drogas inotrópicas foram mantidas ou aumentadas. Conclusão: A incidência de LSV tem aumentado nas UTIP brasileiras, havendo diferenças entre regiões. A ordem de não reanimação ainda é a pratica mais em nosso meio, havendo tímidas iniciativas de retirada de suporte. Resumo de Morte encefálica Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência de Morte Encefálica (ME) bem como as condutas e protocolos adotados após esta confirmação diagnóstica em 7 UTIP localizadas em 3 regiões Brasileiras. Método: Estudo transversal e multicêntrico baseado na revisão e análise retrospectiva de prontuários de todos os óbitos ocorridos entre janeiro de 2003 e dezembro de 2004 em 7 UTIP localizadas em Porto Alegre (2), São Paulo (2) e Salvador (3). Dois residentes de cada serviço previamente treinados preencheram protocolo padronizado avaliando dados demográficos, a causa do óbito, critérios para diagnostico de ME e a conduta médica adotada. Resultados: Identificamos 525 óbitos, sendo 61 (11,6%) com diagnóstico de ME. A incidência de ME diferiu entre as 7 UTIP (24,2% a 4,5%; p=0,015), porém, sem diferença nas 3 regiões (12% x 15% x 7%; p=0,052).A causa mais freqüente foi Hemorragia Intracraniana (31,1%). Em 80% dos casos o diagnostico clinico de ME foi confirmado por exame complementar (100% na região sul, 68% na sudeste e 72% na nordeste, p=0,02). A retirada de suporte vital após diagnostico de ME diferiu nas 3 regiões, sendo mais rápida (p=0,04) no sul (1,8 ±1,9 hs) que no Sudeste (28,6 ±43,2hs) e Nordeste (15,5 ±17,1hs). Apenas 6 (9,8%) crianças com ME foram doadoras de órgãos. Conclusão: Apesar da lei que define critérios para Morte Encefálica existir no Brasil desde 1997, verificamos que ela não é obedecida uniformemente. Consequentemente, suporte vital desnecessário é ofertado a indivíduos já mortos, existindo ainda um modesto envolvimento das UTIP com doações de órgãos.
Correia, Cristiano de Jesus. "Estudo dos efeitos da solução salina hipertônica nas alterações microcirculatórias e no desenvolvimento do processo inflamatório em modelo de morte encefálica em ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5156/tde-09052018-102929/.
Full textBACKGROUND: Brain death (BD) induces hemodynamic instability with microcirculatory hypoperfusion leading to increased organ inflammation and dysfunction. OBJETIVE: To investigate the effects of 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (HS) on the course of the inflammatory response in rats submitted to BD. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. BD was induced by rapid inflation of intracranial balloon catheter (Fogart 4F). Rats were randomly divided in: 1) Sham-operated, rats submitted only to trepanation (SH, n=17); 2) Control, rats treated with normal saline solution (NaCl 0.9%, 4 mL/kg) immediately after BD (CO, n=17); 3) Hypertonic solution 1, rats treated with hypertonic solution (NaCl 7.5%, 4 mL/kg) immediately after BD (HS1, n=17); 4) Hypertonic solution 60, rats treated with hypertonic solution 60 min after BD (HS60, n=17). Hundred eighty minutes thereafter the following experiments were performed: (a) mesenteric perfusion, blood flow, and leukocyte-endothelial interactions, by intravital microscopy; (b) protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), endothelin-1, P-selectin, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, by immunohistochemistry; (c) gene expression of eNOS, and endothelin-1, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR); (d) serum concentrations of cytokines, chemokines and corticosterone by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: All BD groups presented similar hypertensive peak followed by hypotension. The proportion of perfused small vessels was decreased in CO group (46%) compared to SH (74%, p=0.0039). HS was able to restore the proportion of perfused vessels (HS1=71%, p=0.0018). There were no differences in mesenteric blood flow between groups. eNOS protein expression significantly increased in rats given HS (HS1, and HS60, p=0.0002). Similar results were observed regarding endothelin-1 (p < 0.0001). There were no differences in eNOS and endothelin-1 gene expression. Increased numbers of rolling (p=0.0015) and migrated (p=0.0063) leukocytes were observed in CO group compared to SH. Rats given HS demonstrated an overall reduction in leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Levels of ICAM-1 increased in CO group compared to SH, and decreased in HS-treated groups (p=0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertonic saline improves mesenteric perfusion, increased eNOS and endothelin-1 protein expression, and reduced inflammation by decreasing leukocyte adhesion and migration in BD rats
Virginio, Bárbara Cristina de Aguiar Ernesto. "Gerência do cuidado de enfermagem no processo de notificação de morte encefálica em uma unidade de terapia intensiva: a construção de um fluxograma gerencial." Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2012. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/1052.
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Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial
O processo de notificação de morte encefálica é uma das primeiras etapas do processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos que possibilita o aumento do número de transplantes no País. Neste contexto, a notificação de morte encefálica é uma ação primordial para obter êxito no aumento de potenciais doadores, o que exige do enfermeiro e entre outros profissionais inseridos no processo, conhecimentos fisiopatológicos e suas peculiaridades à assistência ao potencial doador. O estudo objetivou construir o fluxograma do processo de notificação de morte encefálica para nortear as ações de gerência do cuidado na UTI, levantar as ações de gerência do cuidado de enfermagem realizadas no processo de notificação de morte encefálica na UTI, caracterizar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros da UTI do HUAP acerca do processo de notificação de morte encefálica. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva, norteada pelo referencial teórico-metodológico da gestão por processos. O estudo foi realizado em um hospital universitário federal, no município de Niterói, credenciado para realização de transplantes renais, tendo como sujeitos quinze enfermeiros da unidade de terapia intensiva do referido hospital. Utilizou-se como técnica de coleta de dados a entrevista semiestruturada, com aplicação de um instrumento para levantamento das características demográficas dos sujeitos e um roteiro orientador da entrevista. Para tratamento dos dados coletados utilizou-se o software Alceste. A análise de co-ocorrências realizada pelo Alceste no corpus formado pelas entrevistas resultou em quatro classes, as quais foram agrupadas em três categorias de análise segundo a diferenciação e aproximação dos contextos temáticos das classes, a saber: Doação e Captação de Órgãos: Dimensões com a Prática do Enfermeiro; As Ações Instrumentais da Gerência do Cuidado no Processo de Notificação de Morte Encefálica; Gestão do Processo de Notificação de Morte Encefálica – Conhecimento dos Enfermeiros acerca das Diretrizes Norteadoras. Os enfermeiros expressaram limitações, desafios, conflitos, em gerenciar o processo de doação. Expressaram também o despreparo em lidar com a finitude e a morte, bem como a dificuldade na abordagem e acolhimento das famílias do potencial doador, em decorrência da falta de capacitação da equipe de saúde do setor para atuar no processo de notificação de morte encefálica e de doação de órgãos. Evidenciou-se que o cuidado dispensado ao potencial doador é constituído majoritariamente por ações instrumentais de cuidado técnico voltados à manutenção hemodinâmica do corpo do potencial doador. Os discursos apontam para uma dialética entre as ações instrumentais e expressivas necessárias à realização da gerência do cuidado pelo enfermeiro em sua prática. Os enfermeiros ressaltaram a falta de conhecimento acerca das etapas e as ações de gerência do cuidado no processo de notificação de morte encefálica, porém, os discursos mostram que apesar da instituição carecer de rotinas específicas para as situações de notificação, eles realizam de forma assistemática ações de gerência do cuidado. Destarte, com os resultados deste estudo depreende-se a necessidade de capacitação dos enfermeiros e da equipe de saúde do setor para atuarem de forma sistemática nas etapas do processo de notificação de morte encefálica, bem como a elaboração e implementação de protocolos institucionais voltados para este fim e, a implantação de uma Comissão Intra Hospitalar de Doação de Órgãos, tecidos e Transplantes. Destaca-se que a contribuição deste estudo para a instituição, a prática, o ensino e a pesquisa, relacionada à gerência do cuidado de enfermagem está na construção do fluxograma gerencial do processo de notificação de morte encefálica, produto desta pesquisa. Ressalta-se a necessidade de realização de outros estudos para validação do produto e produção de novos conhecimentos sobre a temática a partir dos resultados desta pesquisa
The process of notification of brain death is one of the first steps of the process of donation of organs and tissues that makes possible the increase in the number of transplants in the country. In this context, the notification of brain death is a primary action to achieve success in the increase of potential donors, which requires from the nurse and between other professionals in the process, pathophysiological knowledge and its peculiarities to the assistance to the potential donor. The study aimed to create flowchart of the process of notification of brain death to guide the actions of management of ICU care, raise the actions of management of nursing care carried out in the process of notification of brain death in the ICU, characterize the knowledge of ICU nurses from the HUAP about the notification process of brain death. It was performed a qualitative descriptive study, guided by a theoretical-methodological management by processes. The study was conducted in a university hospital in the federal city of Niteroi, accredited to perform kidney transplants, having as subjects fifteen nurses from the intensive care unit of the hospital. It was used as the method of data collection the semi-structured interview, with implementation of an instrument for the survey of the demographic characteristics of the subjects and a roadmap guiding the interview. For the treatment of the collected data it was used the Alceste software. The analysis of co-occurrences performed by Alceste in corpus formed by interviews resulted in four classes, which were grouped into three categories of analysis according to the differentiation and approximation of thematic contexts of classes, namely: Donation and harvesting of organs: Dimensions with the practice of nurse; The Instrumental shares of the management of care in the process of notification of brain death; Management of the process of notification of brain death - nurses' knowledge about the Guiding Guidelines. The nurses have expressed limitations, challenges, conflicts, to manage the donation process. Also expressed the unprepared to deal with the finiteness and death, as well as the difficulty in approach and host families of the potential donor, due to the lack of training of the healthcare team in the sector to act in the process of notification of brain death and organ donation. It was shown that the care given to the potential donor is composed mostly by instrumental actions of technical care focused on the hemodynamics maintenance of the body of the potential donor. The words point to a dialectic between the expressive and instrumental shares necessary to the implementation of the management of care by nurses in their practice. The nurses have highlighted the lack of knowledge about the steps and the actions of management of care in the process of notification of brain death, however, the speeches show that despite the institution lacks specific routines for the situations of notification, they carry out of unsystematic way shares of management of care. Thus, with the results of this study, it appeared the need for training of nurses and the health team of the sector to act in a systematic way in the stages of the process of notification of brain death, as well as the preparation and implementation of institutional protocols directed for this purpose, and the establishment of a Hospital Commission of donation of organs, tissues and organ transplantation. It highlighted that the contribution of this study for the institution, the practice, teaching and research, related to the management of nursing care, is in the construction of managerial flowchart of the notification process of brain death, product of this research. It also points out the need to carry out further studies to validation of the product and production of new knowledge about the topic from the results of this research
Luca, Fábio Augusto de. "Efeitos hemodinâmicos e metabólicos imediatos da infusão de solução hidroxietilamido (450/0,7) em modelo canino de morte cerebral." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5152/tde-23032010-100303/.
Full textHydroxyethylstarch (HES) is a synthetic polymer of glucose that has been suggested for therapeutic use in long-term plasma expansion. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the infusion of a small volume of HES may provide benefits in systemic and regional hemodynamics and metabolism in a brain-dead canine model when compared to large volume crystalloid resuscitation. METHODS: Fourteen mongrel dogs were subjected to a brain-death protocol by consecutive insufflations of a balloon catheter in the epidural space. One hour after induction of brain-death, the animals were randomly assigned to two groups: NS (0.9% NaCl, 33 ml/kg) and HES (6%HES 450/0.7, 17 ml/Kg). Systemic and regional hemodynamics were evaluated using Swan-Ganz, ultrasonic flowprobes, and arterial catheters. Serial blood samples were collected for blood gas, electrolyte and serum chemistry analysis. Systemic, hepatic and splanchnic O2-derived variables were also calculated. RESULTS: Epidural balloon insufflations induced a significant increase in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output (MAP and CO, respectively), regional blood flow and systemic vascular resistance. Following the hyperdynamic phase, severe hypotension with normalization of systemic and regional blood flows was observed. Fluid resuscitation induced a prompt increase in MAP, CO, and portal vein blood flow and a significant reduction in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. There were no differences observed between groups in metabolic indices, LFTs or renal function tests. Both tested solutions partially and temporarily restored systemic and regional oxygen delivery. CONCLUSION: Small volumes of 6% HES 450/0.7 infusion provided the same systemic and regional hemodynamic and metabolic benefits of large volumes of isotonic crystalloid solutions in a hypotensive brain-dead canine model.
Deniz, Bruna Ferrary. "Caracterização da morte celular e efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento após o tratamento com ácido fólico em animais submetidos à hipóxia-isquemia neonatal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/117644.
Full textNeonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) causes diverse permanent motor and cognitive sequelae due to extensive cellular degeneration that occurs in the brain of neonates. This damage is progressive and generates visible atrophy in several brain structures, particularly the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and striatum. A recent study from our research group demonstrated that treatment with folic acid (FA) reversed cognitive deficits and decreased activity of the enzyme Na+, K+-ATPase in rats submitted to neonatal HI. Thus, in order to better understand the possible effectiveness of folic acid in recovering and / or preventing the damage caused by neonatal HI, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of treatment with folic acid on cell degeneration in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus 24 hours after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and at different developmental milestones of animals submitted to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Wistar rats of both sexes were submitted to the Levine - Rice model on the 7th postnatal day, being divided into four experimental groups: 1) control treated with saline (CTS); 2) control treated with folic acid (CTAF); 3) HI treated with saline (HIS) 4) HI treated with folic acid (HIAF). Animals received an intraperitoneal dose of FA (0.011μmol/g of body weight) 24 hours before, immediately before and 24 hours after the HI. No differences were found in the quantification of positive cells for cleaved caspase-3 by immunohistochemistry, but in the assessment of cell density was observed a decrease of cells in the HIS group when compared with the CTFA and HIFA groups in the right hippocampus. In the analysis of the ultrastructure of pyramidal neurons of the 15 hippocampal CA1 region was also possible to find an important cellular degeneration in the groups subjected to neonatal HI, predominantly characterized by necrotic pattern, but in the group treated with FA this degeneration was less expressive. As for developmental milestones, no significant difference was observed either by injury or by treatment. Concluding, 24 hours after HI occurs decreased cell density and evident degeneration process to hippocampal tissue, most significantly with death by necrosis. Yet, supplementation with folic acid was able to reduce and / or prevent cell damage in the CA1 region of the hippocampus ipsilateral to the arterial occlusion.
Batista, Marco Paulo Job. "Cuidar na doação de orgãos." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/15875.
Full textMestrado, Pessoa em Situação Crítica, 2012, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa
A transplantação é uma das possibilidades terapêuticas em alguns tipos de doenças terminais beneficiando os doentes que delas padecem. Mas para existir transplantação é essencial ter órgãos para colher, o que nem sempre é possível em tempo útil. Nesta perspectiva um doente crítico que, infelizmente, evolua para morte cerebral poderá ser considerado um potencial dador. Assim, as intervenções de enfermagem tanto na coordenação da colheita como na manutenção de um dador multiorgânico são importantes pois permitem limitar a progressão da morte somática, que normalmente sucede após a morte cerebral, garantindo uma adequada pressão de perfusão dos órgãos a transplantar. Além disso, o enfermeiro encontra-se na melhor posição para estabelecer uma relação de ajuda com a família do potencial dador, esclarecendo-a de todos os procedimentos legais e clínicos a realizar em todo o processo da doação, colheita e transplantação de órgãos. Com a realização deste relatório pretende-se atingir os seguintes objectivos: (1) adquirir competências especializadas na prestação de cuidados de enfermagem ao doente crítico e seus familiares e (2) desenvolver competências de proficiente/perito no processo de doação de órgãos num dador em morte cerebral. Para atingir os objectivos delineados previamente optou-se por cumprir um percurso de aquisição de competências tanto na área da enfermagem à pessoa em situação crítica como da doação e transplantação de órgãos, que incluiu uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema e a realização de estágios num Gabinete Coordenador de Colheita e Transplantação, numa Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neurocirúrgicos, num Serviço de Urgência Polivalente e numa Unidade de Transplantação. Durante a realização dos vários estágios foram concretizadas as várias actividades planeadas de forma a atingir os objectivos previamente delineados e adquirir competências especializadas em enfermagem à pessoa em situação crítica e na área da doação e transplantação de órgãos, nomeadamente ao nível da responsabilidade profissional, da melhoria contínua da qualidade, da gestão de cuidados, das aprendizagens profissionais, do cuidar ao doente crítico e na prevenção e controlo da infecção.
Cinque, Valdir Moreira. "Fatores de stress vivenciados pelos familiares no processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplante." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7139/tde-14052009-092914/.
Full textThe objectives of this work were: (1) identify the stressors experienced by the family on the organs and tissues donation process for transplant; (2) to determine the hardest moment; (3) identify the facilities and difficulties the family had to decide about the donation and (4) verify the association of the interest variables with the experience of the family on the organs donation process. The sample was constituted by 16 (sixteen) families that made donation of organs in the Search of Organ Procurement Organization of Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo - Brazil, in 2007. The interviews were done between March and June of 2008. To collect the information it was used a structured instrument that consisted of two parts: in the first one, we studied the sociodemographic characteristics of the family, the demographics and epidemiologic profile of the dead donor and in the second, questions about the experience and evaluation of the family since the admission until the liberation of the body. To verify the degree of associations between the interest variables, it was used the phi coefficient () and the contingency coefficient (CC). The following stressors were identified: dissatisfaction with the attending provided to the family and the donor, during the hospitalization (31,25%); to receive the information of the brain death in an inappropriate way (62,50%); difficulties to take the decision about the donation (31,25%); fear and suspicion of forging the clinical state of the brain death and the feeling of killing the person (18,75%); do not know the organ receivers (12,50%) and the delay to the body liberation (62,50%). It was noticed that the body liberation was the hardest moment experienced by the family (31,25%). The main facilitators to take the decision about the organs donation included: the altruism and the participation of the whole family in favor of it (62,50%) and the knowledge of the wish of the donor in life (31,25%). The difficulties found to decide for the donation were: family against the donation (18,75%), indecision about the brain death (12,50%) and none (68,75%). In the statistic analysis, it was verified a weak to moderate association between the interest variables and the experience of the family on the organs donation process
Kurtz, Carina Teixeira Leite. "DOAÇÃO DE ÓRGÃOS: UM ESTUDO EM REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS NA SAÚDE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10318.
Full textOrgan transplant emerged in human medicine as a virtual possibility to prolong life. The organ transplant became routine in the hospitals, demanding that all health professionals be capable of dealing with this matter as well as be able to work effectively in order to ensure that the organ transplant is accomplished. The focus of this research was to elucidate the perception of the intensive care doctors and nurses that work in an adult ICU located in the inner part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, about organ donation. The study consisted of a descriptive exploratory analysis from semi-structured individual interviews and content analysis. Death was a frequent issue brougth up during the interviews since its precise diagnosis is absolutely necessary for the organ transplant. The lack of well-equipped facilities and human resources, in addition to communication flaws between teams in the process was pointed as a frustrating experience for the professionals. The study and the training about the subject were considered important to better qualify the health professionals practice, both considering the discussion and the argument of the ambiguities when talking about death and organ donation. The possibility of organ donation was influenced by the perception of death, defined by health professionals as cardio respiratory arrest. The diagnosis of brain death was presented as a the beginning of death, which differed from the meaning of passing away: death and passing did not appeared as sinonimous, rather a consecutive phenomenon. Facing the possibility of organ donation and, more importantly of death, caused an impact in the health professional performance and a certain disagreement among the professionals involved. This situation lead them to seek ―pain relieve‖ in their daily routine. The process of organ donation was compromised by the hesitation of health professionals. At the same time, the resistance showed by the interviewed people to accept death created an opportunity for the organ transplant procedure and a life saving act.
O transplante surge na medicina como uma possibilidade para o prolongamento da vida humana. Tal prática passa a ser rotineira nos hospitais e demanda que os profissionais de saúde estejam aptos para lidar com o assunto, assim como atuar de forma que a doação de órgãos seja efetivada. Esta pesquisa teve como enfoque elucidar a percepção de médicos intensivistas e enfermeiros alocados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva adulto do interior do Rio Grande do Sul sobre a doação de órgãos. Constituiu-se num estudo descritivo-exploratório, a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais e de análise de conteúdo temático. A morte foi um tema recorrente nas entrevistas, já que seu diagnóstico é pré-requisito para o transplante. A carência de recursos estruturais e de profissionais, assim como a descontinuidade do processo devido à comunicação falha entre equipes frustrou a prática dos profissionais. O estudo e o treinamento sobre o assunto figuraram como importantes para qualificar a prática dos profissionais, tanto quanto o diálogo e o confronto das ambiguidades presentes na consideração da morte e da doação de órgãos. A ideia de doação surgiu influenciada pela noção de morte, representada pelos profissionais como a parada cardiorrespiratória. O diagnóstico de morte encefálica foi apresentado como sinônimo de início do processo de morrer, que destoou do significado de óbito: morte e óbito não apareceram como sinônimos, e sim como fenômenos consecutivos. O defrontar-se com a possibilidade de doação de órgão e, mais que isso, com a morte, causou impacto na atuação do profissional e certa incongruência entre os profissionais envolvidos. Com isso, buscaram também a ―analgesia‖ em seu fazer. O processo de doação de órgãos foi comprometido por resistências dos profissionais. Ao mesmo tempo, a resistência dos entrevistados em aceitar a morte proporcionou o anseio pela realização do transplante e o salvamento de vidas.
Silva, Márcia Floro da [UNESP]. "Doação de órgãos: sim e não." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98591.
Full textA doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes está diretamente relacionada ao consentimento familiar e acontece em três momentos: o primeiro em vida nos casos de pessoas com boas condições de saúde cuja retirada não comprometa as funções vitais; o segundo momento em casos de pessoas com morte de coração parado e o terceiro momento em pessoas com morte encefálica. Este estudo teve por objetivo a busca da compreensão do significado da doação de órgãos para os familiares de potenciais doadores, com morte encefálica, que participaram da entrevista para autorização da retirada de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes, na Santa Casa de Franca. Entender a decisão da família sobre a doação de órgãos é um processo de ampla complexidade, que pressupõe ao pesquisador várias questões a serem consideradas como o atendimento que a família recebe no hospital; a experiência vivenciada durante o processo saúde doença, a experiência da perda diante da morte, a decisão sobre a doação dos órgãos, bem como a concepção do sagrado e formação religiosa. A escolha do método é de extrema importância para elucidar fatos da realidade e contribuir com o conhecimento científico. A pesquisa qualitativa foi o percurso metodológico encontrado para a realização deste estudo. Sua capacidade de aprofundar a complexidade dos acontecimentos a serem estudados, envolvendo os seres humanos em suas relações sociais propicia ao pesquisador o contato com as reais condições de vivência dos sujeitos, o seu modo de vida, suas experiências sociais, o significado atribuído à sua vivência, bem como o que pensam a respeito do objeto pesquisado. A pesquisa tem como sujeitos os familiares de potenciais doadores de órgãos e tecidos internados na Santa Casa de Franca com o diagnóstico de morte encefálica, durante o ano de 2007 e que participaram do processo de captação de órgãos...
The donation of organs and tissues for transplantation is directly related to family consent and happens in three moments: the first during life, in cases of people with good health in which the removal will not compromise the individual’s vital functions; the second in cases of people who died of cardiac arrest and the third moment in people with brain death. This study aims to search for understanding the meaning of organ donation to relatives of potential donors in brain death, who attended the interview to authorize the removal of organs and tissues for transplant, at Santa Casa de Franca. Understanding the family’s decision about organs donation is a process of huge complexity, in which the researcher has to consider several issues such as the care that a family receives at the hospital; the lived experience during the health–disease process, the experience of loss before death, the decision about organ donation, as well as their conception of sacred and religion education. The method choice is of extreme importance in order to clear facts of reality and also to contribute to scientific knowledge. A qualitative research was the methodological approach found to perform this study. Its ability to deepen the complexity of the facts being studied, involving human beings and their social relationships provides the researcher contact with real living conditions of the subjects, their lifestyle, social experiences, the meaning ascribed to their living, and how they feel about the target being researched. The subjects of the research are the relatives of potential organs and tissues donors hospitalized at Santa Casa de Franca with the diagnosis of brain death, during the year of 2007 and that took part in the process of organ-raising. This year, Santa Casa indicators showed that the number of relative’s rejections was of 50% in relation to brain death notifications... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Júnior, Nabor Bezerra de Moura. "Estudo anátomo-funcional de glânglios da cadeia simpática torácica na hiperidrose primária." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5156/tde-25052012-174823/.
Full textIntroduction: Primary hyperhidrosis (PH) is a disorder that impairs the quality of life of its bearers. The PH physiopathology is not well understood and a complex sympathetic nervous system dysfunction seems to be related with its etiology. The resection of one or more thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia is the most effective PH treatment; however sympathetic ganglia function in normal subjects and in PH patients is unknown. Objectives: Analyzing the immunohistochemical expression of acetylcholine and its neuronal nicotinic receptors 3 and 7 subunits in thoracic sympathetic ganglia of PH patients and compare the results with those obtained from subjects without this disorder; identifying possible differences in size of these ganglia. Methods: Cross-sectional study, in which two groups of 20 subjects were analyzed: the Hyperhidrosis group, with palmar PH patients eligible to thoracic sympathectomy and the Control group, with organ donators after brain death without hyperhidrosis historical. For each subject it were performed: resection of the third left sympathetic ganglion; measurement of the ganglions diameter; immunohistochemical evaluation by quantification of intense and mild expression areas of primary antibodies against acetylcholine and its neuronal nicotinic receptors 3 and 7 subunits. Results: The median of participants age was smaller in Hyperhidrosis group than in Control; the male/female ratio was 3:17 in Hyperhidrosis group and 9:11 in Control. The 3 subunit expression was similar in both groups (p = 0.78 for intense expression and p = 0.31 for mild expression). Intense 7 subunit expression area was 4.85% in PH patients and 2.34% in controls (p < 0.001) whereas mild expression area was 11.48% in Hyperhidrosis group and 4.59% in Control (p < 0.001). Intense acetylcholine expression was found in 4.95% of total area in Hyperhidrosis group and in 1.19% in Control (p < 0.001); mild expression was found in 18.55% and 6.77%, respectively (p < 0.001). Ganglia diameter was 0.71cm in Hyperhidrosis group and 0.53cm in Control (p < 0.001). Conclusions: There is a higher expression of acetylcholine and its neuronal nicotinic receptors 7 subunit in sympathetic ganglia of PH patients; the 3 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor shows similar expression in sympathetic ganglia of PH patients and subjects without this disorder; thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia diameter is bigger in PH patients
Martins, Edmilson [UNESP]. "Análise dos processos de decomposição e sucessão ecológica em carcaças de suínos (Sus scrofa L.) mortos por disparo de arma de fogo e overdose de cocaína e protocolo de procedimento diante de corpo de delito." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87786.
Full textHá muito, a criminalística vem buscando soluções para superar um dos maiores desafios no atendimento de locais de crime, qual seja a determinação do intervalo de tempo entre o fato penal ocorrido e o início dos trabalhos de investigação policial. Não somente o intervalo pósmorte (IPM) representa um desses desafios, mas também o tempo decorrido em casos de maus tratos a crianças, idosos ou animais, além dos casos em que a determinação da causa da morte torna-se imprescindível no curso da investigação policial. Assim tornou-se a Entomologia Forense um parâmetro importante na busca por soluções capazes de nortear os trabalhos de apuração de diversos tipos de delito, recorrendo-se a informações sobre a idade do inseto, quando leva em conta sua biologia, bem como o comportamento de toda fauna presente em um corpo, tendo em conta o processo de sucessão ecológica. Para tanto, o conhecimento da fauna existente em diferentes áreas do país é primordial, de modo que a Entomologia Forense possa ser usada como um método corrente junto às técnicas periciais já existentes, além de aumentar a confiabilidade acerca dos laudos emitidos atualmente. Assim, neste estudo, objetivou-se analisar de maneira sistemática, usando como modelo animal carcaças de suínos domésticos (Sus scrofa L.) de aproximadamente 15 Kg, expostas em ambiente rural da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, Alta Mogiana, por meio de armadilhas apropriadas. Um dos animais foi morto por disparo de arma de fogo, enquanto o outro, por overdose de cocaína via intramuscular. Nossos resultados mostram que não houve diferença significativa na abundância e diversidade das espécies devido à intoxicação, porém as carcaças de porcos mortas por cocaína foram consumidas primeiro que as mortas por disparo de arma de fogo. Outra observação importante foi em relação ao primeiro registro...
The Forensic Science has been researching solutions to overcome one of the greatest challenges in the crime scene, which is determining the time interval between the criminal act occurred and the beginning of the investigation, ie, the post mortem interval (PMI). Among other challenges, is possible estimate the time since a child, aged people were neglected, beside the facts that the determination of the cause of death becomes vital in the course of police investigation. Thus became the entomology an important parameter in the search for solutions that can guide the work for various types of offence, using information about the insect age, when it takes in consideration their biology, as well as the behavior of the fauna present on the body, considering the ecological succession process. Thus, the knowledge of the existing fauna in different areas of the country is necessary for that the forensic entomology can be used as a common method within the forensic scope, as well as increasing the reliability of reports about currently issued. This study aimed at analyze, using as an animal model domestic pig (Sus scrofa L.) of approximately 15 kg, exposed in a rural environment of the Northeast from São Paulo State, Mogiana, by appropriate traps. One of the animal was killed by firearm, while another, by cocaine overdose intramuscularly. Our results showed that there was no significant difference on abundance and species diversity due to intoxication, but the carcasses killed by overdose were consumed by insects before that those killed by shooting. Another important observation regarding to the firt record of breeding of Ornidia obesa (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the carcasses in an attempt to gather enough data to support the possible inclusion of this syrphid fly in the ecological category of necrophagic insects... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Martins, Edmilson. "Análise dos processos de decomposição e sucessão ecológica em carcaças de suínos (Sus scrofa L.) mortos por disparo de arma de fogo e overdose de cocaína e protocolo de procedimento diante de corpo de delito /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87786.
Full textAbstract: The Forensic Science has been researching solutions to overcome one of the greatest challenges in the crime scene, which is determining the time interval between the criminal act occurred and the beginning of the investigation, ie, the post mortem interval (PMI). Among other challenges, is possible estimate the time since a child, aged people were neglected, beside the facts that the determination of the cause of death becomes vital in the course of police investigation. Thus became the entomology an important parameter in the search for solutions that can guide the work for various types of offence, using information about the insect age, when it takes in consideration their biology, as well as the behavior of the fauna present on the body, considering the ecological succession process. Thus, the knowledge of the existing fauna in different areas of the country is necessary for that the forensic entomology can be used as a common method within the forensic scope, as well as increasing the reliability of reports about currently issued. This study aimed at analyze, using as an animal model domestic pig (Sus scrofa L.) of approximately 15 kg, exposed in a rural environment of the Northeast from São Paulo State, Mogiana, by appropriate traps. One of the animal was killed by firearm, while another, by cocaine overdose intramuscularly. Our results showed that there was no significant difference on abundance and species diversity due to intoxication, but the carcasses killed by overdose were consumed by insects before that those killed by shooting. Another important observation regarding to the firt record of breeding of Ornidia obesa (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the carcasses in an attempt to gather enough data to support the possible inclusion of this syrphid fly in the ecological category of necrophagic insects... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Wesley Augusto C. de Godoy
Coorientador: Patrícia Jacqueline Thyssen
Banca: Reinaldo José da Silva
Banca: Carolina Reigada
Mestre
Silva, Tatiane Ribeiro da. "O pensado e o vivido no cotidiano da Comissão Intra-Hospitalar de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos para Transplante: com a palavra os enfermeiros." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/7207.
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Objetivo: compreender o cotidiano vivido dos enfermeiros da Comissão Intra Hospitalar de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos para Transplante (CIHDOTT) em uma instituição hospitalar privada da Zona da Mata Mineira. Método: pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa. Utilizou-se como referencial metodológico para coleta e análise dos depoimentos “a Sociologia Compreensiva do Cotidiano de Michel Maffesoli”. Em seguida, foram elaboradas as categorias analíticas. Resultados: participaram do estudo 11 enfermeiros atuantes na comissão. As informações foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas de julho a dezembro de 2017. Dos 11 participantes do estudo, 72% eram mulheres e 28% homens. Os participantes possuíam média de idade de 35 anos, variando de 29 a 51 anos. Quanto à raça, oito se declararam brancos e três, negros. O tempo de trabalho na comissão variou de dois meses a seis anos, com média de dois anos e sete meses. Os enfermeiros em sua totalidade informaram não possuir especialização na área de transplantes. O tempo de duração das entrevistas variou entre 30 minutos e duas horas. Para a análise das informações, constituiu-se as categorias analíticas, a saber: O ser enfermeiro da CIHDOTT; Relação com a família; Abordagem Sensível; Treinamento e Capacitação como necessidades desse fazer. Conclusão: o cotidiano do enfermeiro da comissão é permeado por inúmeras fragilidades no que tange ao processo de doação e transplante de órgãos, na sua inserção na comissão, identificação do potencial doador, abordagem, relação com os familiares e no conhecimento adquirido do processo de doação. A atuação do enfermeiro da CIHDOTT é primordial e influencia diretamente a efetivação da doação na instituição.
Objective: to understand the everyday life of nurses at the Intra-Hospital Commission for Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation Commission (CIHDOTT in Portuguese) at a private hospital in Zona da Mata Mineira. Method: qualitative research. Michel Maffesoli’s Comprehensive Sociology was used as a methodological framework to collect and analyze the interviews, then analytical categories were elaborated. Results: Eleven nurses working in the Commission participated in the study and information was obtained through a semi-structured interview carried out from July to December 2017. Among eleven participants in the study, 72% were women and 28% were men, the participants aging around 35 years (29-51 years old). Related to race, eight participants self-declared as white and three as black. The working time in the Commission ranged from two months to six years, with an average of 2 years and 7 months. All the nurses reported that they did not attend specialization course in the field of transplantation. The interviews lasted between 30-120 minutes. For the analysis of the information, the analytical categories were constituted, namely: Relation with the family; Sensitive Approach; Training and Capacity building as essential needs to perform this task. Conclusion: the everyday life as a nurse at the Commission is permeated by several shortcomings in the process of organ donation and transplantation, starting at his/her inclusion in the Commission, identification of potential donors, approach, relationship with family members and knowledge acquired from the donation process. The performance of the CIHDOTT nurse is paramount and directly influences the donation's effectiveness in the institution.
Ludwig, Erika Fernanda dos Santos Bezerra. "Desenvolvimento e aplicação de escala informatizada para busca ativa de potenciais doadores de órgãos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-26012017-170218/.
Full textCare of severe patients, as potential organ donors, required individualized, coordinated and continuous actions among professionals, which are considered essential for the transplantation efficacy and quality. In this sense, access to information in real time, combining different patient data, is essential for the speed and maintenance of care quality, favored by informatics and the use of electronic medical charts. The objective of this study was to develop and apply a computerized scale for actively searching for potential organ donors in a philanthropic hospital in Londrina, Paraná. This is an applied, descriptive, retrospective and correlational study, with a documentary analysis. Data were collected from electronic medical charts of patients who died in intensive care units of the studied hospital in 2014. The analysis included clinical conditions, cause for hospitalization and demographic data. Deaths by heart arrest were evaluated as for the absence of brain stem reflexes, since in this case the patient was a potential donor who was not identified. The APACHE II and SOFA severity indices were applied to patients with brain death. The sample was made up of 377 charts of deceased patients. Of these deaths, 346 (91.8%) were due to a heart arrest and 31 (8.2%) to brain death. A total 34 cases of underreporting were identified among patients deceased by heart arrest. The main causes for hospitalization for patients in brain death protocol were hemorrhagic stroke 15 (48.4%) and severe traumatic brain injury 12 (38.7%), with prevalence of male patients (67.7%). Only 15 (48.4%) patients completed the protocol, six (19.3%) became donors. In addition, there were 10 (40%) family refusals and 15 (60%) contraindications for donation. The interval for verifying brain death was between 8 and 72 hours, with a mean of 24 (SD=20.6) hours. A statistically significant difference was observed, by means of the Wilcoxon test, between the scores of admission to the intensive care unit and the opening of the brain death protocol, for both severity indices, APACHE II (p=0.001) and SOFA (p<0.001), evidencing the importance of the daily application of the scale for active search for potential donors, for timely and appropriate maintenance of severe patients who may become potential donors. Later, the first version of the scale for active search for potential organ donors was created and submitted to face and content validity by five experts. This enabled the creation of its second version, which was computerized and applied, according to the prototype model. The scale for active search for potential organ donors is expected to serve as a tool for organizing the process of identification and maintenance of potential donors. This favors notification of all patients with brain death, a reduction of avoidable losses, and an increase in quantity and quality of the organs available for transplantation.
Nogueira, Emília Cervino. "Captação de órgãos em Sergipe e fatores associados à efetivação de potenciais doadores." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2009. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3731.
Full textExiste uma desproporção entre o número de pacientes em lista de espera para transplante e a obtenção de órgãos, que pode estar relacionada a possíveis falhas na identificação dos potenciais doadores. Estimar o número de potenciais doadores de órgãos em Sergipe; caracterizar os potenciais doadores; determinar a freqüência de efetivação de doação e conhecer os fatores associados à não doação. Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e retrospectivo utilizando dados dos prontuários de pacientes até 65 anos de idade que faleceram por traumatismo crânio-encefálico, acidente vascular encefálico e neoplasia primária do sistema nervoso central nos anos 2005 a 2007 em três hospitais de Aracaju. Dos 766 prontuários analisados, 257 tiveram registro sugestivo de morte encefálica, sendo 148 com o Termo de Declaração preenchido. Oitenta e cinco por cento dos potenciais doadores se encontravam no Hospital Público A. A mediana da idade foi de 33 anos, com predomínio do sexo masculino (71,6%). A causa de óbito mais freqüente foi o traumatismo crânio encefálico (59,5%). A maioria encontrava-se internada nas unidades de Urgência (35,8%) e de Terapia Intensiva (34,5%). Metade deles apresentou sinais de morte encefálica nos dois primeiros dias de hospitalização. Dezesseis (10,8%) potenciais doadores completaram todos os exames do protocolo de morte encefálica e 12 (8,1%) se tornaram doadores efetivos, sendo a ausência do diagnóstico da morte encefálica a principal causa da não efetivação da doação. O tempo entre o primeiro registro e a remoção dos órgãos foi inferior a 40 horas em 50% dos doadores. O número de potenciais doadores de órgãos em Sergipe tem sido subestimado devido a falhas no diagnóstico e na notificação, resultando em um baixo índice de doação. As taxas de recusa da família e parada cardíaca irreversível sugerem a necessidade de ações educativas dirigidas aos profissionais de saúde e à sociedade em geral.
Oliveira, Flavio Roberto Garbelini de. "Análise morfométrica de neurônios de gânglios simpáticos torácicos de pacientes com e sem hiperidrose primária palmar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5156/tde-26022014-091524/.
Full textIntroduction: Primary hyperhidrosis consists of excessive sweating in small areas of the body. The video-assisted thoracic sympathectomy is one of the suggested treatments for primary palmar hyperhidrosis, which combines high therapeutic success with low risk. The pathophysiology of primary hyperhidrosis is not fully understood yet. Objectives: Analyzing the morphometric characteristics of the thoracic sympathetic ganglion (G3) surgically removed from patients with palmar hyperhidrosis. The sympathetic ganglion removed at the same level (G3) from patients who are organ donors after brain death and who did not have hyperhidrosis were used as control. Stereology and cellular apoptosis, as well as the fibers of the collagen/elastin system of the extracellular matrix were subjected to scrutiny. Methods: Cross-sectional study, which included 40 thoracic sympathetic ganglion (G3) removed from the left hemithorax of patients who have palmar hyperhidrosis (Group I) and underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy, and also 14 sympathetic ganglion from control patients who did not have hyperhidrosis (Group II), which were removed with median sternotomy. Results: In regards to gender , the proportion of women to men was 30:10 in Group I and 7:7 in Group II, with p = 0.103. The age Group I ranged from 10 to 42 years, with an average of 23.73 (+ 7.51) years and in Group II, from to 17 to 68 years, with an average of 37.57 (+ 16.65) years, with p = 0.009. The average of ganglion cells in Group I was 14.25 (+ 3.81) and in Group II, 10.65 (+ 4.93) with p = 0.007. The average ganglion cells stained by Caspase (apoptosis) in Group I was 2.37 (+0.79) and in Group II, 0.77 (+ 0.28) with p = 0.001. The median collagen area by Picrosirius in Group I was 0.80 IQ (0.08-1.87) and in Group II, 2.36 IQ (0.49-5.98) with p = 0.061. Conclusions: Patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis have an increased number of ganglion cells in the sympathetic ganglion in comparison to the control group. There are a higher number of sympathetic ganglion cells in apoptosis in hyperhidrosis. Patients with hyperhidrosis have less collagen in sympathetic ganglion
Faria, Susana Saraiva. "Intervenção especializada de enfermagem ao potencial dador de órgãos em morte cerebral." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/21127.
Full textRasquinho, Mónica Raquel Roseiro. "Intervenções de enfermagem na deteção e tratamento ativo do potencial dador de órgãos." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/36998.
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