Academic literature on the topic 'Protologue'

In the course of revising the family Commelinaceae in India, it has been found that no type was indicated in the protologue of Streptolirion volubile Edgew. Thus, it warrants typification under execute Art. 9.2 of the International Code of Nomenclature (McNeill & al. 2012). Though not cited explicitly in the protologue, we consider Edgeworth’s own material collected in 1844 from the Indian Himalaya and annotated by him to constitute original material and therefore appropriate for typification. We herein designate a specimen at Kew that unequivocally agrees with the protologue as lectotype.

The name Viscum orientale is here lectotypified. For precise application of the name, an epitype is also designated. Fruit colour of the species as stated in the protologue differs from our observation from Indian Sundarban. The probable reasons for incorrect information in the protologue have been clarified.

Three names in Tripogon Roem. & Schult.: T. jacquemontii Stapf, T. lisboae Stapf and T. wightii Hook.f. are lectotypified here. Among seven specimens considered as original materials available at K, Jacquemont 320 (K000245018) perfectly agreeing with the protologue is selected as the lectotype of T. jacquemontii. Within the four various specimens cited in the protologue available at K, collection by Lisboa 03 (K barcode K0005013) with the drawings of floral parts with annotations by the author is selected as the lectotype of T. lisboae. Since only one specimen (Wight 1793 ?, K barcode K000245012) was cited in the protologue of T. wightii, it is designated as the lectotype of T. wightii.

During a taxonomic study of Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium, it was found that the names of four species required typification. Verification of the protologues and cited collections is discussed and typifications are proposed as follows: the illustration Schott Icones Aroideae No. 465 is designated as the neotype of A. affine Schott. A lectotype is designated for A. bonplandii G.S.Bunting since the holotype, cited in the protologue at MY, was not found there. An epitype is selected for A. solitarium Schott because the lectotype illustration of J.M.C. Vellozo (Flora Fluminensis t. 123) lacks sufficient detail to determine it unambiguously to species in A. sect. Pachyneurium. A lectotype is selected for A. glaziovii Hook.f., a synonym of A. solitarium.

During a taxonomic study of Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium, it was found that the names of four species required typification. Verification of the protologues and cited collections is discussed and typifications are proposed as follows: the illustration Schott Icones Aroideae No. 465 is designated as the neotype of A. affine Schott. A lectotype is designated for A. bonplandii G.S.Bunting since the holotype, cited in the protologue at MY, was not found there. An epitype is selected for A. solitarium Schott because the lectotype illustration of J.M.C. Vellozo (Flora Fluminensis t. 123) lacks sufficient detail to determine it unambiguously to species in A. sect. Pachyneurium. A lectotype is selected for A. glaziovii Hook.f., a synonym of A. solitarium.

The binomial Cotoneaster symondsii was published eight years earlier than Cotoneaster simonsii. Some authors have argued that Cotoneaster simonsii should be synonymized under Cotoneaster symondsii, based on priority. Foliar characters provided in the protologue of Cotoneaster symondsii are not a good match for Cotoneaster simonsii. In the absence of original material, a neotype is chosen for Cotoneaster symondsii, in accordance with its protologue, which places it in synonymy with Cotoneaster marginatus.

It is obvious that an illustration cited or provided in the protologue of a name can play vital role in typifying the name. In several cases it is observed that an illustration has been designated as lectotype. However, while selecting an illustration as lectotype it should be ensured that no cited isotype, syntype, isosyntype or paratype exists (which are to be given precedence), otherwise the lectotype designation will not be in conformity with Art. 9.12 of ICN (McNeill et al. 2012). If no cited specimens exist, the lectotype must be chosen from among the uncited specimens and then from the cited and uncited illustrations that comprise the remaining original material, if such exist. Clarke (1874) in the protologue of Championia multiflora Clarke (1874: 99) [currently accepted as Leptoboea multiflora (Clarke) Benth. ex Gamble (1881: 274)] cited “Hab. In collibus Khasia ad 500–5000 ped. alt. In Assam et Bhotan. In Sikkim ad 1000–5000 ped. alt. frequens”. Hence, the relevant specimens from the cited localities, i.e. Assam, Bhotan and Sikkim, studied by Clarke qualify as syntypes. Sinha & Datta (2016: 30) designated the plate (t. 68) given in the protologue as the lectotype of C. multiflora, but this is also contradictory to Art. 9.12 (also see Ex. 13 of Art. 9.19) of ICN (McNeill et al. 2012) because the cited syntypes should get priority over illustration given in the protologue during lectotype designation. We searched for these type specimens at CAL, K and P, and found that six of these specimens [CAL0000027254!; CAL0000027256!; CAL0000027257! P03552784 (image!); P03552790 (image!); P03552791 (image!); P03552792 (image!)] are present at CAL and P, which completely agree with the protologue.

The protologue of Balanostreblus ilicifolius Kurz included the citation of specimens from Bangladesh and Myanmar of a plant now called Taxotrophis ilicifolia (Kurz) S.Vidal. However, the description in the protologue and the accompanying illustration were based largely on the Neotropical Sorocea guilleminiana Gaudich., which was cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta and has similar vegetative characters. This paper seeks to resolve a century of confusion over the identity of Balanostreblus ilicifolius and reviews its history in light of historical correspondence relating to its identity and the trans-continental exchange of plants under British colonialism. The paper concludes that a previous attempt to typify Balanostreblus ilicifolius with an uncited cultivated specimen of Sorocea guilleminiana should be superseded with material from Myanmar cited in the protologue. A lectotype is designated, fixing the application of the name, which can now serve as the basionym of Taxotrophis ilicifolia.

There is confusion on the type collection of the name Nothaphoebe baviensis Lecomte, which had been cited either as Balansa 1445 or as Balansa 2445. We clarified this confusion by checking both collections. It turned out that the type is Balansa 2445, and Lecomte made an error in citation of the type in the protologue. Duplicates of the collection Balansa 1445 actually consist of a mixture including materials of Sapindaceae and Primulaceae. In addition, we found that the type collection of C. laotica Airy Shaw is Kerr 20893, not Kerr 20983, although the latter was cited in the protologue.

Conversation Theory is a theory of interaction. From interaction (the theory asserts) arises all individuals and all concepts. Interaction, if it is to allow for evolution, must perforce contain conflict, and, if concepts and individuals are to endure, resolution of conflict. Conversation Theory as developed by Pask led to the protologic called Lp which describes the interaction of conceptual entities. Lp contains injunctions as to how entities can and may interact, including how they may conflict and how their conflict may be resolved. Unlike existing software implementations based on Conversation Theory, Lp in its pure form is a logic of process as well as coherence and distinction. The hypothesis is that a low-level simulation of Lp, that of an internal and microscopic level in which topics are influenced by "forces" that are exerted by the topology of the conceptual space, would, in its activation as a dynamic process of appropriate dimension, produce as a result (and hence be a confirmation of) the macroscopically-observed behaviour of the system manifest as conflict and resolution of conflict. Without this confirmation, the relationships between Conversation Theory and Lp remain only proposed; with it, their mutual consistencies and validity as a model of cognition, are affirmed. The background of Conversation Theory and Lp necessary to support the thesis is presented a long with a comparison of other software approaches to related problems. A description of THOUGHTSTICKER, a current embodiment of Lp at the macro level, provides a detailed sense of the Lp operations. Then a computer program (developed to provide a proof by demonstration of the thesis) is described, in which a microscopic simulation of Lp processes confirms the macroscopic behaviour predicted by Conversation Theory. Conversation Theory thereby gains support f or its use as a valid observer's language for every-day experience owing to this confirmation and its protologic as a basis for psychological phenomena in the interaction of conceptual entities of mind.

La patología hemorroidal es una de las causas más frecuentes de consulta en coloproctología. En las fases más avanzadas de la enfermedad el tratamiento es quirúrgico y la técnica más ampliamente utilizada es la hemorroidectomía excisional. El tratamiento quirúrgico presenta una comorbilidad significativa, con el objetivo de disminuirla se han desarrollado técnicas mínimamente invasivas como el HAL-RAR (Ligadura arterial hemorroidal guiada por Doppler y reparación rectoanal). Los objetivos del estudio de la presente tesis son determinar de forma prospectiva la eficacia y seguridad del HAL-RAR a corto y medio plazo en el tratamiento de las hemorroides grado III-IV, estudiar el dolor postoperatorio y la resolución de los síntomas hemorroidales mediante el HAL-RAR comparándolo con la hemorroidectomía excisional, determinar la seguridad y eficacia del HAL-RAR en los programas de cirugía ambulatoria de las hemorroides, comparar las tasas de persistencia, recurrencia y morbilidad del HAL-RAR con la hemorroidectomía excisional, estudiar el impacto en la calidad de vida en los pacientes sometidos a HAL-RAR y la hemorroidectomía excisional y determinar la aplicabilidad en la práctica clínica de los resultados obtenidos con ambas técnicas. Para ello hemos llevado a cabo dos estudios que han sido publicados en revistas internacionales: 1. EL HAL-RAR ES UN PROCEDIMIENTO SEGURO Y EFECTIVO PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE LAS HEMORROIDES. RESULTADOS DE UN ESTUDIO PROSPECTIVO TRAS DOS AÑOS DE SEGUIMIENTO En 2016 realizamos un estudio prospectivo en el que se incluyó a 30 pacientes intervenidos entre Junio de 2012 y Junio de 2014 con enfermedad hemorroidal grado II-IV. 29 (96.6%) pacientes se recuperaron sin observarse complicaciones postoperatorias. Un paciente presentó necrosis de uno de los paquetes hemorroidales, por lo que fue reintervenido de forma urgente realizándose una hemorroidectomía excisional (Complicación grado III-a de la clasificación de Dindo-Clavien). El paciente fue dado de alta a las 48 horas de la segunda reintervención sin presentarse otras complicaciones. Ningún paciente fue reintervenido por hemorragia postoperatoria y la mortalidad en nuestra serie fue nula. 2. ESTUDIO PROSPECTIVO Y ALEATORIZADO COMPARANDO EL HAL-RAR CON LA HEMORROIDECTOMÍA EXCISIONAL Se incluyeron todos los pacientes valorados de forma consecutiva entre Marzo de 2014 y Octubre de 2015, con patología hemorroidal grado II y IV de la clasificación de Goligher, con síntomas hemorroidales refractarios a tratamiento médico. Con éste estudio concluimos que el HAL-RAR es una técnica eficaz y segura, con buenos resultados a corto y medio plazo (26 meses) para el tratamiento de la patología hemorroidal grado III y IV. El HAL-RAR causa un dolor postoperatorio menos intenso y menos duradero que la hemorroidectomía excisional. Además el HAL-RAR consigue una resolución de los síntomas hemorroidales más temprana y con menos molestias postoperatorias, especialmente si el síntoma principal es la rectorragia. Debido al menor dolor postoperatorio y a la ausencia de complicaciones severas, el HAL-RAR puede incorporarse en los programas de cirugía ambulatoria de las hemorroides grado III y IV. El HAL-RAR presenta una tasa de persistencia, recurrencia y morbilidad postoperatoria similar a la hemorroidectomía excisional a los 15 meses de seguimiento. El HAL-RAR consigue una mejoría en todas las esferas de la calidad de vida que se mantiene tras un año de la intervención, la mejoría en la calidad de vida es similar a la que se consigue con la hemorroidectomía excisional. Los estudios realizados en nuestro centro nos han permitido modificar nuestro algoritmo terapéutico de la patología hemorroidal para incorporar el HAL-RAR como técnica de elección para la mayoría de casos de hemorroides grado III y algunos casos de hemorroides grado IV.<br>Hemorrhoidal disease is one of the most frequent causes of consultation in coloproctology. In the advanced stages of the disease, the treatment is surgical and the most widely used technique is the excisional hemorrhoidectomy. Surgical treatment presents a significant comorbidity, with the aim of reducing it, minimally invasive techniques have been developed, such as HAL-RAR (Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal arterial ligation and rectoanal repair). The objectives of the study are to prospectively determine the efficacy and safety of HAL-RAR in the short and medium term in the treatment of grade III-IV hemorrhoids, to study postoperative pain and the resolution of hemorrhoidal symptoms with HAL-RAR comparing it with the excisional hemorrhoidectomy, determine the safety and efficacy of the HAL-RAR in the ambulatory surgery programs of the hemorrhoids, compare the rates of persistence, recurrence and morbidity of the HAL-RAR with the excisional hemorrhoidectomy, study the impact on quality of life in patients undergoing HAL-RAR and excisional hemorrhoidectomy and determine the applicability in clinical practice of the results obtained with both techniques. For this we have carried out two studies that have been published in international journals: 1. HAL-RAR IS A SAFE AND EFFECTIVE PROCEDURE FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS. RESULTS OF A PROSPECTIVE STUDY AFTER TWO YEARS OF FOLLOW UP In 2016, we conducted a prospective study in which 30 patients operated on between June 2012 and June 2014 with grade II-IV hemorrhoidal disease were included. 29 (96.6%) patients recovered without observing postoperative complications. One patient presented necrosis of one of the hemorrhoidal cushions, so he was reoperated urgently, performing an excisional hemorrhoidectomy (Complication grade III-a of the Dindo-Clavien classification). The patient was discharged 48 hours after the second reoperation without presenting other complications. No patient was reoperated for postoperative hemorrhage and the mortality in our series was zero. 2. PROSPECTIVE AND RANDOMIZED STUDY COMPARING HAL-RAR WITH EXCISIONAL HEMORRHOIDECTOMY All patients consecutively assessed between March 2014 and October 2015, with grade II and IV haemorrhoidal pathology of the Goligher classification, with hemorrhoidal symptoms refractory to medical treatment, were included. With this study we conclude that the HAL-RAR is an effective and safe technique, with good results in the short and medium term (26 months) for the treatment of hemorrhoidal pathology grade III and IV. HAL-RAR causes less intense and shorter postoperative pain than excisional hemorrhoidectomy. In addition, the HAL-RAR achieves a resolution of the hemorrhoidal symptoms earlier and with less postoperative discomfort, especially if rectal bleeding is the main symptom. Due to the lower postoperative pain and the absence of severe complications, the HAL-RAR can be incorporated in the ambulatory surgery programs of grade III and IV hemorrhoids. The HAL-RAR presents a rate of persistence, recurrence and postoperative morbidity similar to excisional hemorrhoidectomy at 15 months of follow-up. The HAL-RAR achieves an improvement in all areas of quality of life that is maintained after one year of the intervention, the improvement in quality of life is similar to that achieved with the excisional hemorrhoidectomy. The studies carried out in our center have allowed us to modify our therapeutic algorithm for hemorrhoidal pathology to incorporate the HAL-RAR as the technique of choice for the majority of cases of grade III hemorrhoids and some cases of grade IV hemorrhoids.

This dissertation makes an attempt to scientifically investigate Erich Sauer's theology of salvation history for the first time. Sauer grew up in a vital missionary context in the setting of the Open Brethren fellowship and the Alliance Bible School in Berlin. He studied history, philology and theology at the Humboldt University in Berlin, with the goal of promoting missions. Because of an acute eye ailment he was forced to discontinue his studies. He was invited to Wiedenest, where he found his life's work in the Bible School, which had moved in 1919. Here he worked for almost forty years as a teacher and a writer and travelling unceasingly to preach, lecture and hold biblical seminars on the topic of salvation history and missions. His theology, which is indebted to the theory of revelation history, was influenced by federal theology, theology of salvation history and the scientific, exegetic theology of German theological positivism. Sauer derives the authority of Scripture from history and develops a complex, salvation historical model, which is characterised by the classic structure of protology, soteriology and eschatology. His pre-millennial character is not dispensationally restricted, but has, rather, its own independent formation, that allows for the universal dimensions of God's completion act, without supporting a universal redemption theory. Through the high rating that he gives the position of the ecclesia in salvation history, Sauer has achieved a programmatic missions concept, which sees a missions-oriented church within every local church. With this paradigmatic theory, Sauer contributed to a revival of missions in German Brethren congregations, in conjunction with his professional colleague Schrupp.<br>Christian Spirituality, Church Hist and Missiology<br>D.Th.