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1

Jones, B., and R. D. Errington. "Proton beam radiotherapy." British Journal of Radiology 73, no. 872 (2000): 802–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.73.872.11026853.

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2

Raldow, Ann, James Lamb, and Theodore Hong. "Proton beam therapy for tumors of the upper abdomen." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1107 (2020): 20190226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190226.

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Proton radiotherapy has clear dosimetric advantages over photon radiotherapy. In contrast to photons, which are absorbed exponentially, protons have a finite range dependent on the initial proton energy. Protons therefore do not deposit dose beyond the tumor, resulting in great conformality, and offers the promise of dose escalation to increase tumor control while minimizing toxicity. In this review, we discuss the rationale for using proton radiotherapy in the treatment of upper abdominal tumors—hepatocellular carcinomas, cholangiocarcinomas and pancreatic cancers. We also review the clinical
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3

Fukumitsu, Nobuyoshi. "Particle Beam Therapy for Cancer of the Skull Base, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinus." ISRN Otolaryngology 2012 (May 31, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/965204.

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Particle beam therapy has been rapidly developed in these several decades. Proton and carbon ion beams are most frequently used in particle beam therapy. Proton and carbon ion beam radiotherapy have physical and biological advantage to the conventional photon radiotherapy. Cancers of the skull base, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinus are rare; however these diseases can receive the benefits of particle beam radiotherapy. This paper describes the clinical review of the cancer of the skull base, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinus treated with proton and carbon ion beams, adding some information of
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4

Barker, Claire, Matthew Lowe, and Ganesh Radhakrishna. "An introduction to proton beam therapy." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 80, no. 10 (2019): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2019.80.10.574.

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Radiotherapy is a highly effective anti-cancer treatment commonly used alongside systemic therapies and surgery to achieve long-term cancer-free survival. Conventional radiotherapy uses photon beams to deliver a high dose of radiation to the tumour volume to eradicate cancer cells. This has to be offset against the irradiation of surrounding normal tissues, as increasing this dose causes more treatment-related toxicity. In August 2018, the NHS's first high energy proton beam therapy centre opened at The Christie NHS Foundation Trust in Manchester. A second NHS centre is scheduled to open in 20
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5

Chen, Clark C., Jay S. Loeffler, and Paul H. Chapman. "Proton Beam Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy." Techniques in Neurosurgery 9, no. 3 (2003): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00127927-200309030-00014.

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6

Nahum, A. E., D. P. Dearnaley, and G. G. Steel. "Prospects for proton-beam radiotherapy." European Journal of Cancer 30, no. 10 (1994): 1577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(94)00316-w.

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7

Hughes, Jonathan R., and Jason L. Parsons. "FLASH Radiotherapy: Current Knowledge and Future Insights Using Proton-Beam Therapy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (2020): 6492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186492.

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FLASH radiotherapy is the delivery of ultra-high dose rate radiation several orders of magnitude higher than what is currently used in conventional clinical radiotherapy, and has the potential to revolutionize the future of cancer treatment. FLASH radiotherapy induces a phenomenon known as the FLASH effect, whereby the ultra-high dose rate radiation reduces the normal tissue toxicities commonly associated with conventional radiotherapy, while still maintaining local tumor control. The underlying mechanism(s) responsible for the FLASH effect are yet to be fully elucidated, but a prominent role
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8

Fix, Michael K., and Peter Manser. "Treatment planning aspects and Monte Carlo methods in proton therapy." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 17 (2015): 1540022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732315400222.

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Over the last years, the interest in proton radiotherapy is rapidly increasing. Protons provide superior physical properties compared with conventional radiotherapy using photons. These properties result in depth dose curves with a large dose peak at the end of the proton track and the finite proton range allows sparing the distally located healthy tissue. These properties offer an increased flexibility in proton radiotherapy, but also increase the demand in accurate dose estimations. To carry out accurate dose calculations, first an accurate and detailed characterization of the physical proto
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9

Daw, Najat C., and Anita Mahajan. "Photons or Protons for Non–Central Nervous System Solid Malignancies in Children: A Historical Perspective and Important Highlights." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 33 (May 2013): e354-e359. http://dx.doi.org/10.14694/edbook_am.2013.33.e354.

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Over the years, major advances have occurred in radiotherapy techniques, delivery, and treatment planning. Although radiotherapy is an integral treatment component of pediatric solid tumors, it is associated with potential acute and long-term untoward effects and risk of secondary malignancy particularly in growing children. Two major advances in external beam radiotherapy are intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and proton beam radiotherapy. Their use in the treatment of children with cancer has been steadily increasing. IMRT uses multiple modulated radiation fields that enhance the confor
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10

Rutenberg, Michael S., and Romaine C. Nichols. "Proton beam radiotherapy for pancreas cancer." Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 11, no. 1 (2020): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo.2019.03.02.

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11

Afshar, Armin R., Jay M. Stewart, Andrew A. Kao, Kavita K. Mishra, Inder K. Daftari, and Bertil E. Damato. "Proton beam radiotherapy for uveal melanoma." Expert Review of Ophthalmology 10, no. 6 (2015): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17469899.2015.1120671.

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12

Damato, Bertil, Andrzej Kacperek, Doug Errington, and Heinrich Heimann. "Proton beam radiotherapy of uveal melanoma." Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology 27, no. 3 (2013): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjopt.2013.06.014.

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13

Howarth, Ashley L., Joshua R. Niska, Kenneth Brooks, et al. "Tissue Expanders and Proton Beam Radiotherapy." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 5, no. 6 (2017): e1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000001390.

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14

DESJARDINS, L. "Proton beam radiotherapy of uveal melanomas." Acta Ophthalmologica 92 (August 20, 2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2014.2743.x.

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15

Damato, Bertil, Andrzej Kacperek, Mona Chopra, Martin A. Sheen, Ian R. Campbell, and R. Douglas Errington. "Proton beam radiotherapy of iris melanoma." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 63, no. 1 (2005): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.01.050.

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16

Bush, David A., Calvin J. McAllister, Lilia N. Loredo, Walter D. Johnson, James M. Slater, and Jerry D. Slater. "Fractionated Proton Beam Radiotherapy for Acoustic Neuroma." Neurosurgery 50, no. 2 (2002): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200202000-00007.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study evaluated proton beam irradiation in patients with acoustic neuroma. The aim was to provide maximal local tumor control while minimizing complications such as cranial nerve injuries. METHODS Thirty-one acoustic neuromas in 30 patients were treated with proton beam therapy from March 1991 to June 1999. The mean tumor volume was 4.3 cm3. All patients underwent pretreatment neurological evaluation, contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and audiometric evaluation. Standard fractionated proton radiotherapy was used at daily doses of 1.8 to 2.0 cobalt Gray equiv
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17

Thornton, Allan F., Markus Fitzek, Susan Klein, et al. "Proton beam radiotherapy: a specialized treatment alternative." Community Oncology 4, no. 10 (2007): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1548-5315(11)70041-9.

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18

Konstantinidis, Lazaros, Dawn Roberts, R. Douglas Errington, Andrzej Kacperek, Heinrich Heimann, and Bertil Damato. "Transpalpebral proton beam radiotherapy of choroidal melanoma." British Journal of Ophthalmology 99, no. 2 (2014): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305313.

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19

Bush, David A., Calvin J. McAllister, Lilia N. Loredo, Walter D. Johnson, James M. Slater, and Jerry D. Slater. "Fractionated Proton Beam Radiotherapy for Acoustic Neuroma." Neurosurgery 50, no. 2 (2002): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-200202000-00007.

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20

Vernimmen, F. J., Z. Mohamed, and J. Slabbert. "Stereotactic Proton Beam Radiotherapy for Acoustic Neuromas." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 63 (October 2005): S269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.07.461.

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21

DeLaney, Thomas F., and Rick L. M. Haas. "Innovative radiotherapy of sarcoma: Proton beam radiation." European Journal of Cancer 62 (July 2016): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.04.015.

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22

Vitti, Eirini Terpsi, and Jason L. Parsons. "The Radiobiological Effects of Proton Beam Therapy: Impact on DNA Damage and Repair." Cancers 11, no. 7 (2019): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11070946.

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Proton beam therapy (PBT) offers significant benefit over conventional (photon) radiotherapy for the treatment of a number of different human cancers, largely due to the physical characteristics. In particular, the low entrance dose and maximum energy deposition in depth at a well-defined region, the Bragg peak, can spare irradiation of proximal healthy tissues and organs at risk when compared to conventional radiotherapy using high-energy photons. However, there are still biological uncertainties reflected in the relative biological effectiveness that varies along the track of the proton beam
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23

Press, Robert H., Richard L. Bakst, Sonam Sharma, et al. "Clinical Review of Proton Therapy in the Treatment of Unilateral Head and Neck Cancers." International Journal of Particle Therapy 8, no. 1 (2021): 248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14338/ijpt-d-20-00055.1.

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Abstract Radiotherapy is a common treatment modality in the management of head and neck malignancies. In select clinical scenarios of well-lateralized tumors, radiotherapy can be delivered to the primary tumor or tumor bed and the ipsilateral nodal regions, while intentional irradiation of the contralateral neck is omitted. Proton beam therapy is an advanced radiotherapy modality that allows for the elimination of exit-dose through nontarget tissues such as the oral cavity. This dosimetric advantage is apt for unilateral treatments. By eliminating excess dose to midline and contralateral organ
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24

Ishikawa, Hitoshi, Kayoko Ohnishi, Masashi Mizumoto, Yoshiko Oshiro, Toshiyuki Okumura, and Hideyuki Sakurai. "Particle Beam Therapy: Proton Beam Therapy and Carbon Ion Radiotherapy." Haigan 54, no. 7 (2014): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2482/haigan.54.917.

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25

Spasic-Jokic, Vesna, Aleksandar Dobrosavljevic, and Petar Belicev. "Absorbed dose uncertainty estimation for proton therapy." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 27, no. 3 (2012): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1203297s.

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Successful radiotherapy treatment depends on the absorbed dose evaluation and the possibility to define metrological characteristics of the therapy beam. Radiotherapy requires tumor dose delivery with expanded uncertainty less than ?5 %. It is particularly important to reduce uncertainty during therapy beam calibration as well as to apply all necessary ionization chamber correction factors. Absorbed dose to water was determined using ionometric method. Calibration was performed in reference cobalt beam. Combined standard uncertainty of the calculated absorbed dose to water in 65 MeV proton bea
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26

Biegun, A. K., J. Takatsu, M.-J. van Goethem, et al. "Proton Radiography to Improve Proton Radiotherapy: Simulation Study at Different Proton Beam Energies." Acta Physica Polonica B 47, no. 2 (2016): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.5506/aphyspolb.47.329.

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27

Vaios, Eugene J., and Jennifer Y. Wo. "Proton beam radiotherapy for anal and rectal cancers." Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 11, no. 1 (2020): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo.2019.04.03.

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28

Rossi, Carl J. "Review of Proton-Beam Radiotherapy of Prostate Cancer." Radiation Medicine Rounds 1, no. 3 (2010): 471–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5003/2151-4208.1.3.471.

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29

Bush, David A., Jerry D. Slater, Reiner Bonnet, et al. "Proton-Beam Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Lung Cancer." Chest 116, no. 5 (1999): 1313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.116.5.1313.

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30

SHARP, Gregory C., Hsiao Ming LU, Alexei TROFIMOV, et al. "Assessing Residual Motion for Gated Proton-Beam Radiotherapy." Journal of Radiation Research 48, Suppl.A (2007): A55—A59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1269/jrr.48.a55.

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31

Budyashov, Yu G., V. O. Karpunin, P. E. Kolonuto, G. V. Mitsyn, A. G. Molokanov, and S. V. Shvidky. "A system for proton beam control during radiotherapy." Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters 3, no. 1 (2006): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1547477106010080.

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32

KHURSHID, G., C. GROENWALD, and B. DAMATO. "Endoresection of choroidal melanoma after proton beam radiotherapy." Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 85 (October 2, 2007): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01063_3555.x.

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33

Mosci, Carlo, Sofia Mosci, Annalisa Barla, Sandro Squarcia, Pierre Chauvel, and Nicole Iborra. "Proton Beam Radiotherapy of Uveal Melanoma: Italian Patients Treated in Nice, France." European Journal of Ophthalmology 19, no. 4 (2009): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067210901900421.

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Purpose To evaluate the results of 15 years of experience with proton beam radiotherapy in the treatment of intraocular melanoma, and to determine univariate and multivariate risk factors for local failure, eye retention, and survival. Methods A total of 368 cases of intraocular melanoma were treated with proton beam radiotherapy at Centre Lacassagne Cyclotron Biomedical of Nice, France, between 1991 and 2006. Actuarial methods were used to evaluate rate of local tumor control, eye retention, and survival after proton beam radiotherapy. Cox regression models were extracted to evaluate univaria
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34

Görte, Josephine, Elke Beyreuther, Erik H. J. Danen, and Nils Cordes. "Comparative Proton and Photon Irradiation Combined with Pharmacological Inhibitors in 3D Pancreatic Cancer Cultures." Cancers 12, no. 11 (2020): 3216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113216.

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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly therapy-resistant tumor entity of unmet needs. Over the last decades, radiotherapy has been considered as an additional treatment modality to surgery and chemotherapy. Owing to radiosensitive abdominal organs, high-precision proton beam radiotherapy has been regarded as superior to photon radiotherapy. To further elucidate the potential of combination therapies, we employed a more physiological 3D, matrix-based cell culture model to assess tumoroid formation capacity after photon and proton irradiation. Additionally, we investigated proton- a
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Beketov, E. E., E. V. Isaeva, N. V. Nasedkina, et al. "Acquired resistance of B16 tumor cells to protons after prolonged fractional electron irradiation." "Radiation and Risk" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry 29, no. 4 (2020): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2020-29-4-69-83.

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Cancer radiotherapy effectiveness largely depends on tumor cells radiosensitivity. Inherent or acquired radioresistance of tumor cells is important challenge in radiation therapy. Response of tumor cells to fractionated radiation therapy has been investigated by many research groups. At present time the use of protons for cancer research and treatment has expanded rapidly. In this connection research on sensitivity of tumor cells to proton beam therapy is an urgent task. The aim of the study was to assess sensitivity of irradiated with electrons or protons B16 melanoma cells to the next electr
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36

Cheng, Tiffany W., Nathan Y. Yu, Mahesh Seetharam, and Samir H. Patel. "Radiotherapy for malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac." Rare Tumors 12 (January 2020): 203636132097194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2036361320971943.

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Malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac is an exceptionally rare tumor with a poor prognosis. We report two cases of malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac: a 73 year-old female treated with primary surgical resection and a 75 year-old male treated with surgical resection, adjuvant proton beam radiotherapy, and adjuvant immunotherapy. We discuss the role of post-operative proton beam therapy and recent advancements in immunotherapy. These cases highlight the importance of early diagnosis and multi-modality treatment in this aggressive malignancy.
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37

Jäkel, Oliver. "Physical advantages of particles: protons and light ions." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1107 (2020): 20190428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190428.

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Proton and ion beam therapy has been introduced in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the mid-1950s, when protons and helium ions have been used for the first time to treat patients. Starting in 1972, the scientists at Berkeley also were the first to use heavier ions (carbon, oxygen, neon, silicon and argon ions). The first clinical ion beam facility opened in 1994 in Japan and since then, the interest in radiotherapy with light ion beams has been increasing slowly but steadily, with 13 centers in clinical operation in 2019. All these centers are using carbon ions for clinical applic
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38

Gleeson, Ferga, Erik Tryggestad, Nicholas Remmes, et al. "Knowledge of endoscopic ultrasound-delivered fiducial composition and dimension necessary when planning proton beam radiotherapy." Endoscopy International Open 06, no. 06 (2018): E766—E768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0588-4800.

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Abstract Background and study aims Little consideration has been given to selection of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fiducials for proton radiotherapy and the resulting perturbations in the therapy dose and pattern. Our aim was to assess the impact of perturbations caused by six fiducials of different composition and dimensions in a phantom gel model. Materials and methods The phantom was submerged in a water bath and irradiated with a uniform 10 cm × 10 cm field of 119.7 MeV monoenergetic spot scanning protons delivered through a 45 mm range shifter. The proton “Bragg Peak” was evaluated. Resu
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39

Qin, Bin, Runxiao Zhao, Xu Liu, et al. "Comparison of beam optics for normal conducting and superconducting gantry beamlines applied to proton therapy." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 36 (2019): 1942015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19420156.

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Due to the unique “Bragg peak” dose-distribution characteristics of proton beams, the proton therapy (PT) is recognized as one of the most precise and effective radiotherapy methods for tumors. A gantry is required to project the beam onto a tumor at various angles for multiple-field irradiation, and a superconducting beamline can significantly reduce the size and weight of the gantry. A PT system is under development at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), and this paper presents a comparison study of the beam optics and related design considerations for normal conducting and
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40

Dini, Valentina, Mauro Belli, and Maria Antonella Tabocchini. "Targeting cancer stem cells: protons versus photons." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1107 (2020): 20190225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190225.

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Recent studies on cancer stem cells revealed they are tumorigenic and able to recapitulate the characteristics of the tumour from which they derive, so that it was suggested that elimination of this population is essential to prevent recurrences after any treatment. However, there is evidence that cancer stem cells are inherently resistant to conventional (photon) radiotherapy. Since the use of proton beam therapy in cancer treatment is growing rapidly worldwide, mainly because of their excellent dosimetric properties, the possibility could be considered that they also have biological advantag
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41

Psomiadi, Angeliki, Gertrud Haas, Michael Edlinger, Nikolaos E. Bechrakis, and Georgios Blatsios. "Ultra-wide-field imaging of choroidal melanoma before and after proton beam radiation therapy." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 6 (2019): 1397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672119873210.

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Objective: To evaluate the imaging characteristics of choroidal melanoma before and after proton beam radiotherapy via Optos® ultra-wide-field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study of choroidal melanoma patients treated with proton beam radiotherapy. All patients underwent full clinical evaluation, including best-corrected visual acuity, ultrasound examination and ultra-wide-field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy imaging in the pseudo-colour (red and green channel) as well as auto-fluorescence mode. Tumours were classified and evaluated according to their locati
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Thomas, Heike, and Beate Timmermann. "Paediatric proton therapy." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1107 (2020): 20190601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190601.

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Proton beam therapy is a highly conformal form of radiation therapy, which currently represents an important therapeutic component in multidisciplinary management in paediatric oncology. The precise adjustability of protons results in a reduction of radiation-related long-term side-effects and secondary malignancy induction, which is of particular importance for the quality of life. Proton irradiation has been shown to offer significant advantages over conventional photon-based radiotherapy, although the biological effectiveness of both irradiation modalities is comparable. This review evaluat
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Spiotto, Michael T., Susan L. McGovern, G. Brandon Gunn, et al. "Proton Radiotherapy to Reduce Late Complications in Childhood Head and Neck Cancers." International Journal of Particle Therapy 8, no. 1 (2021): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14338/ijpt-20-00069.1.

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Abstract In most childhood head and neck cancers, radiotherapy is an essential component of treatment; however, it can be associated with problematic long-term complications. Proton beam therapy is accepted as a preferred radiation modality in pediatric cancers to minimize the late radiation side effects. Given that childhood cancers are a rare and heterogeneous disease, the support for proton therapy comes from risk modeling and a limited number of cohort series. Here, we discuss the role of proton radiotherapy in pediatric head and neck cancers with a focus on reducing radiation toxicities.
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44

Kaanouch, Othmane, Mustapha Krim, El Madani Saad, et al. "Evaluation of Lateral Deviation of Distribution Dose of Therapeutic Proton Beams in Voxelized Water Phantom Using the Monte Carlo Simulation Platform GEANT4." E3S Web of Conferences 229 (2021): 01040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122901040.

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Proton therapy as Radiotherapy a treatment modality to treat cancer due to the favorable ballistic properties of proton beams. The proton loses the majority of its energy in biological matter by interaction with the electrons of molecules by an inelastic coulomb process which is bigger and maximal in the end of the range causing ionization or excitation, also through the interaction with the nucleus which is a minimal process in biological matter. Otherwise the last process is the responsible of the lateral deviation of the protons from the center. Our work consists to calculate and evaluate t
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45

Egger, Emmanuel, Leonidas Zografos, Ann Schalenbourg, et al. "Eye retention after proton beam radiotherapy for uveal melanoma." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 55, no. 4 (2003): 867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(02)04200-1.

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46

Flampouri, S., B. S. Hoppe, R. L. Slopsema, and Z. Li. "Beam-specific planning volumes for scattered-proton lung radiotherapy." Physics in Medicine and Biology 59, no. 16 (2014): 4549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/59/16/4549.

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47

Bush, David A., Jerry D. Slater, Brion B. Shin, Gregory Cheek, Daniel W. Miller, and James M. Slater. "Hypofractionated Proton Beam Radiotherapy for Stage I Lung Cancer." Chest 126, no. 4 (2004): 1198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.126.4.1198.

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48

Foti, Pietro Valerio, Corrado Inì, Mario Travali, et al. "MR Imaging–Pathologic Correlation of Uveal Melanomas Undergoing Secondary Enucleation after Proton Beam Radiotherapy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (2021): 4310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094310.

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Background: Currently, radiotherapy represents the most widely employed therapeutic option in patients with uveal melanoma. Although the effects of proton beam radiotherapy on uveal melanoma end ocular tissues have been histologically documented, their appearance at MR imaging is still poorly understood. The purpose of our study was to elucidate the magnetic resonance (MR) semiotics of radiotherapy-induced changes to neoplastic tissues and ocular structures in patients with uveal melanoma undergoing secondary enucleation after proton beam radiotherapy. Methods: Nine patients with uveal melanom
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McDonough, James, and Brent Tinnel. "The University of Pennsylvania/Walter Reed Army Medical Center Proton Therapy Program." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 6, no. 4_suppl (2007): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15330346070060s412.

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The design of the proton therapy center being constructed at the University of Pennsylvania is based on several principles that distinguish it from other proton facilities. Among these principles is the recognition that advances in imaging, and particularly in functional imaging, will have a large impact on radiotherapy in the near future and that the conformation of proton dose distributions can utilize that information to a larger degree than other treatment techniques. The facility will contain four-dimensional CT-simulators, an MR-simulator capable of spectroscopy, and a PET-CT scanner. A
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Owen, Hywel, David Holder, Jose Alonso, and Ranald Mackay. "Technologies for delivery of proton and ion beams for radiotherapy." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 14 (2014): 1441002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14410024.

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Abstract:
Recent developments for the delivery of proton and ion beam therapy have been significant, and a number of technological solutions now exist for the creation and utilisation of these particles for the treatment of cancer. In this paper we review the historical development of particle accelerators used for external beam radiotherapy and discuss the more recent progress towards more capable and cost-effective sources of particles.
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