Academic literature on the topic 'Proton rest mass'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Proton rest mass.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Proton rest mass"

1

Oakley, William S. "Validating internal electron and proton energy configurations via a theoretical derivation of the mass ratio mp/me." International Journal of Scientific Reports 3, no. 4 (2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20171472.

Full text
Abstract:
<p><strong>Background:</strong> There are no particle models giving theoretical rest mass energy values for the electron or proton, and their internal energy configurations are unknown. Consequently there is no theoretical basis for the proton/electron rest mass ratio m<sub>p/</sub>m<sub>e</sub>. Previous articles established both electrons and protons consist of quantum loops of the same 6.8MeV base quantum energy, albeit in different relativistic states.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Prior work is extended by considering internal particle energy cross coupling factors to derive detailed theoretical expressions for the internal energy distributions of electrons and protons. These expressions consist of the base quantum energy modified by terms containing only relativistic factors of the fine structure constant, α ~ 1/137. For m<sub>p</sub>/m<sub>e</sub> the base quantum energy cancels and the derived mass ratio is given by the particle’s internal quantum loop relativistic states. The derived mass ratio is compared to the empirical value. Newton’s gravitational constant, G, is calculated from the electron internal energy configuration.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Derived particle energy configurations give proton mass and proton/electron mass ratio values fully consistent with empirical data. The common base quantum loop energy is obtained to 6ppm. Combining particle mass energy expressions gives m<sub>p</sub>/m<sub>e</sub> to ten digits and consistent with the 2014 CODATA value via an expression containing only the fine structure constant. A theoretical value for Newton’s gravitational constant is obtained to an uncertainty of 6ppb. The Hierarchy problem is resolved, and the Planck scale of matter is adjusted. </p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The particle energy configurations are validated by providing particle mass energy values and a proton/electron mass ratio consistent with empirical data. Newton’s G is shown not a natural constant, and misunderstanding its nature gave rise to the Hierarchy problem and an erroneous value for the Planck scale of matter, both now resolved.</p>
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Oakley, William S. "Deducing the proton energy configuration." International Journal of Scientific Reports 2, no. 11 (2016): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20163968.

Full text
Abstract:
<p class="abstract">Articles published prior to 1994 by various authors indicate a mass energy sequence for the pion, muon, and electron in the ratios 4: 3: 2 respectively with increments of about 35.3 MeV, with the electron “rest mass” energy rotationally relativistic at α<sup>-1</sup>m<sub>e</sub>c<sup>2</sup>, ~ 70 MeV. Considering 35.3 MeV rotationally relativistic by α<sup>-2/3</sup> (≈ 26.58) extends the sequence to include the proton mass energy at 938 MeV, i.e. 26.58 <em>x</em> 35.3 MeV = 938.274 MeV. This observation leads to describing the proton as a single EM wave propagating in a toroidal path with volume contracted by α and thereby exhibiting unit charge in the far field, and evidencing partial charges in the near field consistent with the UUD quarks of the Standard Model. As with quantum chromodynamics (QCD), over 99% of the proton rest mass is relativistic in nature. A value for the proton radius is obtained within the empirical uncertainty<span lang="EN-IN">s. </span></p>
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

GRANEK, HENRY, and BRUCE H. J. McKELLAR. "CONSTRAINTS ON HEAVY NEUTRINO DECAYS IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE." International Journal of Modern Physics A 06, no. 14 (1991): 2387–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x91001180.

Full text
Abstract:
A numerical model of interactions of photons with the electron-proton plasma in the early universe at temperatures below the electron rest mass is used to constrain the branching ratio for massive neutrinos and photons. The model includes the double Compton process, which was shown49, 80 to be more important than bremsstrahlung at the relatively low densities of electrons and protons encountered. A generalised kinetic equation for interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter in an expanding universe is derived.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Persinger, Michael A. "Variability of Hubble’s Parameter, Geomagnetic Activity, and Putative Changes in Space-Mass Density: Implications for Terrestrial Cell Growth." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 53 (July 2015): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.53.137.

Full text
Abstract:
The quotient for Planck’s Length divided by the product of Hubble’s parameter and twice the width of the Compton wave length for a proton has been considered a critical increment for the time required for a proton to expand one Planck’s Length. The empirical time of 3.25 ms, found in magnetic field effectiveness for multiple physical and biochemical reactions, requires a local Hubble constant (H) of 58 km·s-1·MPar-1 with a resulting mass density of 0.14 protons per cubic meter. This mass density multiplied by the cube of the galactic orbital velocity is within error measurement of the background photon flux density measured locally by photomultiplier units over the last four years. Regression analyses for the weak positive correlation between Huchra’s annual fluctuations in H and global annual geomagnetic activity over the last 30 years indicated that every 1 nT increase was associated with 0.44 km·s-1·MPar-1 increase in H. The required average density is equivalent to that of the rest mass of the electron. The results and quantitative solutions indicate that the measurement of H is affected by geomagnetic activity and that the time for a proton to expand 1 Planck’s Length can vary over time. Unless earth-based reactions from exposures to pulsed or “quantum well” like magnetic fields that depend upon resonant precision with this value are adjusted appropriately their efficacy could vary significantly.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Persinger, Michael A. "Variability of Hubble’s Parameter, Geomagnetic Activity, and Putative Changes in Space-Mass Density: Implications for Terrestrial Cell Growth." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 53 (July 1, 2015): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-w3lm9u.

Full text
Abstract:
The quotient for Planck’s Length divided by the product of Hubble’s parameter and twice the width of the Compton wave length for a proton has been considered a critical increment for the time required for a proton to expand one Planck’s Length. The empirical time of 3.25 ms, found in magnetic field effectiveness for multiple physical and biochemical reactions, requires a local Hubble constant (H) of 58 km·s-1·MPar-1 with a resulting mass density of 0.14 protons per cubic meter. This mass density multiplied by the cube of the galactic orbital velocity is within error measurement of the background photon flux density measured locally by photomultiplier units over the last four years. Regression analyses for the weak positive correlation between Huchra’s annual fluctuations in H and global annual geomagnetic activity over the last 30 years indicated that every 1 nT increase was associated with 0.44 km·s-1·MPar-1 increase in H. The required average density is equivalent to that of the rest mass of the electron. The results and quantitative solutions indicate that the measurement of H is affected by geomagnetic activity and that the time for a proton to expand 1 Planck’s Length can vary over time. Unless earth-based reactions from exposures to pulsed or “quantum well” like magnetic fields that depend upon resonant precision with this value are adjusted appropriately their efficacy could vary significantly.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Varró, Sándor. "Proposal for an Electromagnetic Mass Formula for the X17 Particle." Universe 10, no. 2 (2024): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe10020086.

Full text
Abstract:
Recent observations of anomalous angular correlations of electron–positron pairs in several nuclear reactions have indicated the existence of a hypothetical neutral boson of rest mass ~17 MeV/c2, called the X17 particle. Similarly, one has interpreted an independent set of experiments on photon pair spectra around the invariant mass ~38 MeV/c2, by assuming the existence of the so-called E38 particle. In the present paper, we derive analytical mass formulas for the X17 particle and the E38 particle, on the basis of quantum electrodynamics. We shall use the exact solutions of the Dirac equation of the joint system of a charged particle and plane waves of the quantized electromagnetic radiation. When these solutions are applied to a proton, they lead to dressed radiation quanta with a rest mass of 17.0087 MeV/c2, which may be identified with the X17 vector bosons. A similar consideration, applied to the udd quarks of the neutron, yields dressed quanta, whose mass equals 37.9938 MeV/c2, corresponding to the E38 particle. These formulas, besides the Sommerfeld fine structure constant and the masses of the nucleons, do not contain any adjustable parameters. The present analysis also delivers the value 0.846299 fm for the proton radius.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Yang, Pei-Pin, Mai-Ying Duan, Fu-Hu Liu, and Raghunath Sahoo. "Analysis of Identified Particle Transverse Momentum Spectra Produced in pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb Collisions at the LHC Using TP-like Function." Symmetry 14, no. 8 (2022): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14081530.

Full text
Abstract:
In the framework of a multi-source thermal model at the partonic level, we have analyzed transverse momentum spectra of hadrons measured by the ALICE Collaboration in proton–proton (pp or p–p) collisions at the center-of-mass energy of s=7 and 13 TeV, proton–lead (p–Pb) collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV, and lead–lead (Pb–Pb) collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV. For mesons (baryons), the contributions of two (three) constituent quarks are considered, in which each quark contributes to hadron transverse momentum to obey the revised phenomenological Tsallis transverse momentum distribution for Maxwell–Boltzmann particles (the TP-like function, in short) with isotropic random azimuthal angles. Three main parameters, namely, the revised index a0, effective temperature T, and entropy-related index n, are obtained, showing the same tendency for both small and large systems with respect to the centrality (or multiplicity) of events, the rest mass of hadrons, and the constituent mass of quarks.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Carley, Holly K., Michael K. H. Kiessling, and Volker Perlick. "On the Schrödinger spectrum of a hydrogen atom with electrostatic Bopp–Landé–Thomas–Podolsky interaction between electron and proton." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 26 (2019): 1950146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1950146x.

Full text
Abstract:
The Schrödinger spectrum of a hydrogen atom, modeled as a two-body system consisting of a point electron and a point proton, changes when the usual Coulomb interaction between point particles is replaced with an interaction which results from a modification of Maxwell’s law of the electromagnetic vacuum. Empirical spectral data thereby impose bounds on the theoretical parameters involved in such modified vacuum laws. In the present paper the vacuum law proposed, in the 1940s, by Bopp, Landé–Thomas, and Podolsky (BLTP) is scrutinized in such a manner. The BLTP theory hypothesizes the existence of an electromagnetic length scale of nature — the Bopp length [Formula: see text] —, to the effect that the electrostatic pair interaction deviates significantly from Coulomb’s law only for distances much shorter than [Formula: see text]. Rigorous lower and upper bounds are constructed for the Schrödinger energy levels of the hydrogen atom, [Formula: see text], for all [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The energy levels [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] are also computed numerically and plotted versus [Formula: see text]. It is found that the BLTP theory predicts a nonrelativistic correction to the splitting of the Lyman-[Formula: see text] line in addition to its well-known relativistic fine-structure splitting. Under the assumption that this splitting does not go away in a relativistic calculation, it is argued that present-day precision measurements of the Lyman-[Formula: see text] line suggest that [Formula: see text] must be smaller than [Formula: see text]. Finite proton size effects are found not to modify this conclusion. As a consequence, the electrostatic field energy of an elementary point charge, although finite in BLTP electrodynamics, is much larger than the empirical rest mass ([Formula: see text]) of an electron. If, as assumed in all “renormalized theories” of the electron, the empirical rest mass of a physical electron is the sum of its bare rest mass and its electrostatic field energy, then in BLTP electrodynamics the electron has to be assigned a negative bare rest mass.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Kunst, Ernst Karl. "Relativistic resolution of the “proton radius puzzle,” in association with the physical origin of the proton rest mass and time." Physics Essays 32, no. 2 (2019): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-32.2.184.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Sikora, Marek, Krzysztof Nalewajko, and Greg M. Madejski. "On the significance of relativistically hot pairs in the jets of FR II radio galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499, no. 3 (2020): 3749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3128.

Full text
Abstract:
ABSTRACT The energetic composition of radio lobes in the FR II galaxies – estimated by comparing their radio luminosities with the powers required to inflate cavities in the external medium – seems to exclude the possibility of their energetic domination by protons. Furthermore, if the jets were dominated by the kinetic energy of cold protons, it would be difficult to efficiently accelerate leptons in the jets’ terminal shocks. Assuming that the relative energy contents of leptons, protons, and magnetic fields are preserved across the shocks, the above implies that the large-scale jets should also be energetically dominated by leptons: Pe,j ≳ Pp,j. On the other hand, previous studies of small-scale jets in blazars and radio cores suggest a pair content (number of electrons and positrons per proton) of the order of ne/np ∼ 20. Assuming further that the particle composition of jets does not evolve beyond the blazar scales, we show that this implies an average random Lorentz factor of leptons in large-scale jets of $\bar{\gamma }_{\rm e,j} \gtrsim 70(1+\chi _{\rm p})(20n_{\rm p}/n_{\rm e})$, and that the protons should be mildly relativistic with χp ≡ (ϵp + pp)/ρpc2 ≲ 2, pp the pressure of protons, ϵp the internal energy density of protons, and ρpc2 the rest-mass energy density of protons. We derive the necessary conditions for loading the inner jets by electron–positron pairs and proton–electron plasma, and provide arguments that heating of leptons in jets is dominated by magnetic reconnection.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Proton rest mass"

1

Allen, M. "Ion Acceleration from the Interaction of Ultra-Intense Lasers with Solid Foils." Washington, D.C : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : United States. Dept. of Energy ; distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2004. http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15011790-SSm9hY/native/.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to the Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (US); 24 Nov 2004.<br>Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "UCRL-TH-208645" Allen, M. 11/24/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic "Proton rest mass"

1

Puthucheary, Zudin, Hugh Montgomery, Nicholas Hart, and Stephen Harridge. Skeletal Muscle Mass Regulation in Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0035.

Full text
Abstract:
Muscle is a dynamic, plastic, and malleable tissue that is highly sensitive to mechanical and metabolic signals. Muscle mass is regulated by protein homeostasis, with protein being continually turned over, reflecting a balance between synthesis and breakdown. This chapter discusses the effect of critical illness on skeletal muscle mass, protein homeostasis, and the intracellular signalling driving anabolism and catabolism. The focus will be on the unique challenges to which the skeletal muscle are exposed, such as inflammation, sepsis, sedation, and inadequate nutrition, which, in combination with the disuse signals of immobilization and bed rest, engender dramatic changes in muscle structure and function. The mechanisms regulating muscle loss during critical illness are being unravelled, but many questions remain unanswered. Detailed understanding of these mechanisms will help drive strategies to minimize or prevent intensive care-acquired muscle weakness and the long-term consequences experienced by ICU survivors.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Book chapters on the topic "Proton rest mass"

1

Lin, Fanglei. "Electron Polarization." In Polarized Beam Dynamics and Instrumentation in Particle Accelerators. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16715-7_6.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThis chapter focuses on the introduction and discussion of electron polarization. In addition to the gyromagnetic ratio, the most different character of electrons compared to protons is that electrons radiate electromagnetic energy in a circular accelerator. A very small correction has to be applied to the electron spin flip to account for the synchrotron radiation. The different instantaneous spin flip probabilities, up to down and down to up, can build up the electron beam polarization state. However, mostly synchrotron radiation tends to disturb the electron orbital motion that is eventually balanced by the radiation damping along an equilibrium orbit. The electron spin motion is described by the modified Thomas-BMT equation with the radiative spin transition term included. Detail of the electron (de)polarization phenomena is described in this chapter. The lecture is extracted from various early theoretical papers, lectures, thesis and presentations (Lee, Accelerator Physics. World Scientific Publishing, 1999; Buon and Koutchouk, Polarization of Electron and Proton Beams. CERN-SL-94-80-AP, 1994; Montague, Phys. Rep. 113(1):1–96, 1984; Lee, Spin Dynamics and Snakes in Synchrotrons. World Scientific Publishing, 1997; Barber and Ripken, Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering, 1st edn. World Scientific Publishing, 2006; Barber, An Introduction to Spin Polarisation in Accelerators and Storage Rings. Cockcroft Institute Academic Training Winter Term, 2014; Mane, Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. A 292:52–74, 1990; Berglund, Spin-Orbit Maps and Electron Spin Dynamics for the Luminosity Upgrade Project at HERA. DESY-THESIS-2001-044, 2001; Electron-Ion Collider Conceptual Design Report, 2020).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Flammarion, Hubert. "La nécropole de Morimond, essai de restitution." In Morimond 1117-2017 : approches pluridisciplinaires d’un réseau monastique. Éditions de l’Université de Lorraine, 2021. https://doi.org/10.4000/13nzi.

Full text
Abstract:
L’abbaye de Morimond a été une nécropole, mais il ne reste quasiment rien des pierres tombales. Celles-ci sont connues par un certain nombre de manuscrits ou d’ouvrages édités, la liste la plus complète étant celle de l’Histoire de l’abbaye de Morimond, de Dubois. Le propos de cette étude est de présenter d’abord un bilan des sources, puis d’exposer les grandes lignes des caractères de ces sépultures : à partir de quand y a-t-il des pierres tombales ? Que peut-on dire de la sépulture des abbés au xiie siècle, puis dans les siècles suivants ? Comment et à partir de quand une nécropole de la famille de Choiseul, fondatrice de l’abbaye, se met-elle en place ? Quelles caractéristiques ont eu les sépultures des laïcs n’appartenant pas à cette famille de Choiseul ? A partir de quand peut-on constater un désintérêt progressif pour l’inhumation des laïcs à l’abbaye ?La majeure partie des pierres tombales a disparu. Les fouilles successives ont mis au jour des fragments de deux d’entre elles, une troisième a été retrouvée récemment en des mains privées et a repris le chemin de l’abbaye. L’essentiel des renseignements sur cette question se trouve dans le catalogue des sépultures fourni à la fin de l’étude, liste s’appuyant sur les sources disponibles, mais tributaires des aspects lacunaires de celles-ci.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

"Hydrogen." In Around the World in 18 Elements. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781849738040-00104.

Full text
Abstract:
“In the beginning, there was hydrogen…”, well, OK, not right at the beginning. Before the inconceivably short time of 1.33×10−43 seconds “nothing scientific can be said about the conditions” of the universe.1 For the next eight minutes or so, protons, electrons and neutrons formed and consorted to form matter that was about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium. Today, those proportions have not changed much and less than 1% of the observable mass of the universe constitutes the rest of the periodic table. Down here on Earth we have a hugely disproportionate amount of the heavier elements and most elemental hydrogen around when the Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago has long since drifted off into space. However, chemically bonded hydrogen is very much still with us as water and numerous other compounds, and our planet is lucky enough to orbit the right kind of sun, at the right kind of distance, to allow water to exist in all three states at the planet's surface. In this chapter we are going to consider what is probably one of the most common molecular species in the universe: water. Hydrogen does, after all, mean “water generator” and so it is in this chapter that this remarkable molecule will be considered. We will also get the chance to look at pH, a little bit of proton NMR and the all important hydrogen bond. Even though it makes a relatively minor contribution in terms of mass, it is, in terms of number, the tenth most common element at the Earth's surface.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Wille, Klaus. "Radiative effects." In The Physics of Particle Accelerators. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505501.003.0006.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract In Chapter 2 we showed that electron beams of sufficiently high energy emit synchrotron radiation according to (2.15) with a power Because of their high rest mass, this effect is negligible for protons until they reach extremely high energies of at least 1 TeV. In this chapter we will consider how the emission of synchrotron radiation determines many of the properties of electron beams, in particular by damping synchrotron and betatron oscillations.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Boelaert, Kristien, and Anthony P. Weetman. "Thyroid cancer." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Mark Gurnell. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0247.

Full text
Abstract:
Thyroid cancers are the most common endocrine malignancies and their incidence is rising globally, largely due to significant increases in small, incidentally detected low-risk tumours. Follicular epithelial cell cancer is the commonest type; this usually presents with usually well differentiated tumours and has an excellent prognosis, but occasionally highly undifferentiated; it may be induced by exposure to ionizing radiation. Medullary thyroid carcinoma arises from parafollicular C cells; it comprises 3–5% of all thyroid cancers; usually hereditary autosomal dominant forms associated with germline point mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. Rare thyroid tumours include anaplastic carcinomas, which present as a rapidly enlarging and fixed thyroid masses, sometimes with local pain; they are rapidly fatal; sarcomas; and primary lymphomas—these usually present as a rapidly enlarging thyroid mass in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Posner, Richard A. "Introduction." In Catastrophe. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195178135.003.0003.

Full text
Abstract:
You wouldn’t see the asteroid, even though it was several miles in diameter, because it would be hurtling toward you at 15 to 25 miles a second. At that speed, the column of air between the asteroid and the earth’s surface would be compressed with such force that the column’s temperature would soar to several times that of the sun, incinerating everything in its path. When the asteroid struck, it would penetrate deep into the ground and explode, creating an enormous crater and ejecting burning rocks and dense clouds of soot into the atmosphere, wrapping the globe in a mantle of fiery debris that would raise surface temperatures by as much as 100 degrees Fahrenheit and shut down photosynthesis for years. The shock waves from the collision would have precipitated earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, gargantuan tidal waves, and huge forest fires. A quarter of the earth’s human population might be dead within 24 hours of the strike, and the rest soon after. But there might no longer be an earth for an asteroid to strike. In a high-energy particle accelerator, physicists bent on re-creating conditions at the birth of the universe collide the nuclei of heavy atoms, containing large numbers of protons and neutrons, at speeds near that of light, shattering these particles into their constituent quarks. Because some of these quarks, called strange quarks, are hyperdense, here is what might happen: A shower of strange quarks clumps, forming a tiny bit of strange matter that has a negative electric charge. Because of its charge, the strange matter attracts the nuclei in the vicinity (nuclei have a positive charge), fusing with them to form a larger mass of strange matter that expands exponentially. Within a fraction of a second the earth is compressed to a hyperdense sphere 100 meters in diameter, explodes in the manner of a supernova, and vanishes. By then, however, the earth might have been made uninhabitable for human beings and most other creatures by abrupt climate changes.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Zalasiewicz, Jan. "Stardust." In The Planet in a Pebble. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199569700.003.0007.

Full text
Abstract:
What is a pebble? It is a wave-smoothed piece of rock, and a complex mineral framework, and a tiny part of a beach, and a capsule of history too. All these guises have their own stories, and these we shall come to. But from yet another viewpoint the pebble is a collection of atoms of different kinds—of many, many atoms—and that might be the best way to start. Considering it at this level, it is a little like taking the equivalent of a large sack of mixed sweets and separating them out into their different types. How big a sack, though? Or, to put it another way, how many atoms in our pebble? There is a simple formula for estimating the number of atoms in a piece of anything. The basic idea was first glimpsed by Amadeo Avogadro, Count of Quereta and Cerreto in Piedmont, now Italy: scholar, savant and teacher (though his teaching was briefly interrupted because of his revolutionary and republican leanings—a little impolitic when the king lives nearby). Avogadro was interested in how the particles (atoms, molecules) in matter are related to the volume and mass of that matter. Years later, his early studies were refined by other scientists and the upshot, a century or so later, came to be called Avogadro’s constant. Thus, in what is called the mole of any element there are a little over 600,000 million million million—or, to put it more briefly, 623—atoms. A mole here is not a small furry burrowing quadruped, or a minor skin blemish, but the atomic weight of any element expressed in grams. For oxygen a mole would therefore be 16 grams, as 16 is its atomic weight, an oxygen atom having a total of 16 protons and neutrons in its nucleus. The kitchen scales tell us that our pebble weighs some 50 grams. About half of it is made up of oxygen, and much of the rest is silicon (atomic weight 28) and aluminium (atomic weight 27) with a scattering of other elements, most somewhat heavier. A judiciously averaged atomic weight might therefore reasonably be something like 25.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Raynaud, Philippe. "Iraq 2003 : le moment gibelin de la politique américaine." In Annuaire français de relations internationales. Éditions Panthéon-Assas, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/epas.ferna.2023.01.0137.

Full text
Abstract:
Le propos de cet article est de montrer ce qui fait la singularit&amp;#233; de la guerre d&amp;#8217;Iraq de 2003 &amp;#224; travers une comparaison avec des conflits ant&amp;#233;rieurs, comme la guerre du Golfe ou les guerres de Yougoslavie. Ces guerres se sont produites dans un contexte d&amp;#8217;optimisme g&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ral, marqu&amp;#233; par une foi nouvelle dans une possible pacification des relations internationales. La guerre du Golfe &amp;#233;tait fond&amp;#233;e sur une interpr&amp;#233;tation minimaliste du droit international, selon laquelle cette guerre devait avoir pour but de prot&amp;#233;ger les &amp;#201;tats et de s&amp;#233;curiser leurs fronti&amp;#232;res sous l&amp;#8217;&amp;#233;gide de l&amp;#8217;Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU). Les guerres de Yougoslavie se sont pass&amp;#233;es du soutien de l&amp;#8217;ONU mais elles &amp;#233;taient cens&amp;#233;es aider &amp;#224; stabiliser le nouvel ordre mondial n&amp;#233; apr&amp;#232;s la fin de la Guerre froide. La guerre d&amp;#8217;Iraq de 2003 &amp;#233;tait beaucoup plus ambitieuse&amp;#160;: elle &amp;#233;tait suppos&amp;#233;e conduire &amp;#224; une compl&amp;#232;te red&amp;#233;finition de la politique &amp;#233;trang&amp;#232;re am&amp;#233;ricaine, en opposition &amp;#224; la Realpolitik des r&amp;#233;publicains comme au lib&amp;#233;ralisme de Clinton, et son but ultime &amp;#233;tait de r&amp;#233;volutionner le syst&amp;#232;me international afin de faire des &amp;#201;tats-Unis la puissance h&amp;#233;g&amp;#233;monique dans un monde cosmopolitique en formation. La conclusion prend acte du d&amp;#233;clin de cette ambition, de Barack Obama &amp;#224; Donald Trump, et propose une br&amp;#232;ve comparaison avec la situation pr&amp;#233;sente.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Cárdenas, Janina Di Pierro, and Renata De Rugeriis Juárez. "Inteligencia artificial y SoftPower de la traducción asistida y automática: perspectivas en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de idiomas." In Traduction automatique et usages sociaux des langues. Quelle conséquences pour la diversité linguistique ? Observatoire européen du plurilinguisme, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/oep.beacc.2021.01.0083.

Full text
Abstract:
Intelligence artificielle et softpower de la traduction assist&amp;#233;e par ordinateur et de la traduction automatique : perspectives sur le processus d&amp;#8217;enseignement et d&amp;#8217;apprentissage des langues. En raison de la croissance de l&amp;#8217;utilisation des traducteurs automatiques, il est important de se poser la question &amp;#225; propos de quand ou bien si l&amp;#8217;intelligence artificielle a p&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;tr&amp;#233; ce domaine de l&amp;#8217;enseignement-apprentissage des langues. Malgr&amp;#233; les nombreux traducteurs automatiques et d&amp;#8217;outils de traduction assist&amp;#233;e existants, il est &amp;#233;vident que la main de l&amp;#8217;homme est unique. N&amp;#233;anmoins, si le travail d&amp;#8217;un traducteur pourrait b&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ficier d&amp;#8217;un gain de temps de temps, en m&amp;#234;me temps que d&amp;#8217;une am&amp;#233;lioration concernant le choix lexical, il vaut la peine d&amp;#8217;&amp;#233;tudier ce domaine dans l&amp;#8217;int&amp;#233;r&amp;#234;t de la traduction. Dans cette &amp;#233;tude, on se propose d&amp;#8217;analyser l&amp;#8217;intelligence artificielle dans le champ de la traduction et enseignement des langues &amp;#233;trang&amp;#232;res, en s&amp;#8217;appuyant sur les outils de la traduction automatique d&amp;#233;j&amp;#224; existants. &amp;#192; partir d&amp;#8217;une analyse minutieuse de la litt&amp;#233;rature et recherches disponibles, on examinera la traduction automatique neuronale (NMT), le ICALL, d&amp;#233;rivant du CALL, pour terminer par les outils de la traduction automatique tels que Google Translator, Translation Online et d&amp;#8217;autres, qui s&amp;#8217;am&amp;#233;liorent avec le temps, malgr&amp;#233; le fait que le traducteur humain doive r&amp;#233;viser dans la phase de post-&amp;#233;dition. Pour ce faire, nous avons analys&amp;#233; un corpus bas&amp;#233; sur les commentaires des traducteurs dans des groupes priv&amp;#233;s de Facebook et LinkedIn &amp;#225; propos de la r&amp;#233;vision. Dans le m&amp;#234;me temps, nous avons constat&amp;#233; que l&amp;#8217;intelligence artificielle remplacera les professeurs, mais red&amp;#233;finira leur r&amp;#244;le en tant que professeurs, les convertissant &amp;#171; des guides lat&amp;#233;raux &amp;#187; (Morrison, 2014), puisque avec l&amp;#8217;apprentissage des langues utilisant les outils de l&amp;#8217;intelligence artificielle dans le domaine de la correction, de la notation et des papiers administratifs, les professeurs pourraient avoir plus de temps pour coordonner le processus de d&amp;#8217;apprentissage et orienter leurs &amp;#233;tudiants. Cette recherche se compose de trois parties : r&amp;#233;vision bibliographique et de ces &amp;#233;tudes ant&amp;#233;rieures et analyse des outils de traduction automatique, &amp;#233;tude d&amp;#8217;un corpus des commentaires de traducteurs et enfin, implication/int&amp;#233;gration de l&amp;#8217;intelligence artificielle dans les domaines de la traduction et de l&amp;#8217;apprentissage des langues.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Proton rest mass"

1

Rodrigues, Antonio Rony da S. P., and Edinalda Maria Cavalcante. "ESTUDO GENÉTICO DO CÂNCER DE TIREOIDE – UMA REVISÃO." In I SIMPÓSIO MARANHENSE DE GENÉTICA E GENÔMICA EM SAÚDE. Doity - Plataforma de Eventos, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55664/simaggens2022.005.

Full text
Abstract:
INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de tireoide é um dos agravos mais comuns ao sistema endócrino, com o maior aumento anual de incidência em diferentes países, principalmente devido à melhoria das tecnologias de diagnóstico, sendo mais proeminente em regiões com acesso aos cuidados de saúde amplamente disponíveis. Alguns eventos moleculares são descritos tanto na carciogênese da tireoide quanto na evolução do tumor glandular. Dados do Atlas do câncer no Genoma Humano dividiu os carcinomas papilíferos de tireoide nas categorias BRAF e RAS, com base nos resultados do exoma do sequenciamento de DNA, RNA e perfil proteômico, e padrões de metilação. OBJETIVOS: Observar nos estudos da literatura os marcadores genéticos relacionados ao câncer de tireóide. MÉTODOS MÉTODOS: Para alcançar os objetivos propostos neste estudo, o método eleito foi a Revisão Integrativa que inclui a análise de pesquisas relevantes que dão suporte para a tomada de decisão, permitindo a incorporação desses achados na prática clínica. A partir de então, foi feita uma busca, ocorrida entre fevereiro e março de 2022, em 5 bases de dados: LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde) e SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), PubMed (Central: PMC- National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health), ScienceDirect e IBECS (Índice Bibliográfico Espanhol em Ciências da Saúde). A pesquisa por artigos foi feita através dos termos em língua inglesa: “thyroid cancer”, “risk markers” e “thyroid cancer genetics” junto ao operador booleano AND. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados, estabelecendo-se concordância quanto a formulação da amostra final. Os achados foram apresentados a partir do método de “nuvem de palavras”, utilizando o software wordle. Nuvem de palavras é uma forma de facilitar a demonstração de quais são as palavras mais frequentes quando pesquisado por determinado assunto ou tema. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Na etapa de seleção subsequente os artigos foram lidos na íntegra onde 213 artigos foram excluídos por não se apresentarem dentro do objeto estudo, e incluídos 14 trabalhos na versão final da revisão. A análise proteica demostrou projeção da estrutura molecular e homologia proteica dos seguintes marcadores moleculares de câncer de tireoide: proto-oncogene receptor tirosina quinase (RET); proto-oncogene do receptor de tirosina quinase neurotrófico 1 (NTRK1); homólogo de fosfatase tensina (PTEN); gene da proteína tumoral p53 (TP53); fosfoinositida 3-quinase/treonina proteína quinase (PI3K/AKT); catenina beta 1 (CTNNB1); gama de receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma de caixa pareada 8 (PAX8-PPARG); oncogene viral de sarcoma de rato (RAS); proto-oncogene B-raf, serina/treonina quinase (BRAF); e receptor do hormônio estimulante da tireóide (TSHR). Experimentos utilizando o tipo de array identificaram três genes diferencialmente expressos, cuja expressão foi analisada por RT-PCR em 10 amostras de cada tipo de tecido. Dois deles foram capazes de diferenciar carcinomas papilíferos de tecido normal e bócio com 89% de precisão para o tumor maligno e 80% para os tecidos não malignos. Conclusão: Após a análise dos resultados desta RI, foi possível observar alguns marcadores de risco para câncer de tireóide. Desse modo, o presente trabalho contribui para o aprofundamento e desenvolvimento de novas reflexões dos estudos sobre marcadores genéticos canceriginos
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!