Journal articles on the topic 'Proton rest mass'

In the framework of a multi-source thermal model at the partonic level, we have analyzed transverse momentum spectra of hadrons measured by the ALICE Collaboration in proton–proton (pp or p–p) collisions at the center-of-mass energy of s=7 and 13 TeV, proton–lead (p–Pb) collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV, and lead–lead (Pb–Pb) collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV. For mesons (baryons), the contributions of two (three) constituent quarks are considered, in which each quark contributes to hadron transverse momentum to obey the revised phenomenological Tsallis transverse momentum distribution for Maxwell–Boltzmann particles (the TP-like function, in short) with isotropic random azimuthal angles. Three main parameters, namely, the revised index a0, effective temperature T, and entropy-related index n, are obtained, showing the same tendency for both small and large systems with respect to the centrality (or multiplicity) of events, the rest mass of hadrons, and the constituent mass of quarks.

The Schrödinger spectrum of a hydrogen atom, modeled as a two-body system consisting of a point electron and a point proton, changes when the usual Coulomb interaction between point particles is replaced with an interaction which results from a modification of Maxwell’s law of the electromagnetic vacuum. Empirical spectral data thereby impose bounds on the theoretical parameters involved in such modified vacuum laws. In the present paper the vacuum law proposed, in the 1940s, by Bopp, Landé–Thomas, and Podolsky (BLTP) is scrutinized in such a manner. The BLTP theory hypothesizes the existence of an electromagnetic length scale of nature — the Bopp length [Formula: see text] —, to the effect that the electrostatic pair interaction deviates significantly from Coulomb’s law only for distances much shorter than [Formula: see text]. Rigorous lower and upper bounds are constructed for the Schrödinger energy levels of the hydrogen atom, [Formula: see text], for all [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The energy levels [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] are also computed numerically and plotted versus [Formula: see text]. It is found that the BLTP theory predicts a nonrelativistic correction to the splitting of the Lyman-[Formula: see text] line in addition to its well-known relativistic fine-structure splitting. Under the assumption that this splitting does not go away in a relativistic calculation, it is argued that present-day precision measurements of the Lyman-[Formula: see text] line suggest that [Formula: see text] must be smaller than [Formula: see text]. Finite proton size effects are found not to modify this conclusion. As a consequence, the electrostatic field energy of an elementary point charge, although finite in BLTP electrodynamics, is much larger than the empirical rest mass ([Formula: see text]) of an electron. If, as assumed in all “renormalized theories” of the electron, the empirical rest mass of a physical electron is the sum of its bare rest mass and its electrostatic field energy, then in BLTP electrodynamics the electron has to be assigned a negative bare rest mass.

ABSTRACT The energetic composition of radio lobes in the FR II galaxies – estimated by comparing their radio luminosities with the powers required to inflate cavities in the external medium – seems to exclude the possibility of their energetic domination by protons. Furthermore, if the jets were dominated by the kinetic energy of cold protons, it would be difficult to efficiently accelerate leptons in the jets’ terminal shocks. Assuming that the relative energy contents of leptons, protons, and magnetic fields are preserved across the shocks, the above implies that the large-scale jets should also be energetically dominated by leptons: Pe,j ≳ Pp,j. On the other hand, previous studies of small-scale jets in blazars and radio cores suggest a pair content (number of electrons and positrons per proton) of the order of ne/np ∼ 20. Assuming further that the particle composition of jets does not evolve beyond the blazar scales, we show that this implies an average random Lorentz factor of leptons in large-scale jets of $\bar{\gamma }_{\rm e,j} \gtrsim 70(1+\chi _{\rm p})(20n_{\rm p}/n_{\rm e})$, and that the protons should be mildly relativistic with χp ≡ (ϵp + pp)/ρpc2 ≲ 2, pp the pressure of protons, ϵp the internal energy density of protons, and ρpc2 the rest-mass energy density of protons. We derive the necessary conditions for loading the inner jets by electron–positron pairs and proton–electron plasma, and provide arguments that heating of leptons in jets is dominated by magnetic reconnection.

This paper attempts to understand the role of the four gravitational constants in the nuclear structure whichhelps in understanding the nuclear elementary charge, the strong coupling constant, nuclear charge radii,nucleon magnetic moments, nuclear stability, nuclear binding energy and Neutron life time. The three assumed atomic gravitational constants help in understanding neutron-proton stability. Electromagnetic and nuclear gravitational constants play a role in understanding proton-electron mass ratio, Bohr radius and characteristic atomic radius. With reference to the weak gravitational constant, it is possible to predict the existence of a weakly interacting fermion of rest energy 585 GeV, called Higg’s fermion. Cosmological ‘dark matter’ research and observations can be carried out in this direction also.

Understanding why the scale of emergent hadron mass is obvious in the proton but hidden in the pion may rest on mapping the distribution functions (DFs) of all partons within the pion and comparing them with those in the proton; and since glue provides binding in quantum chromodynamics, the glue DF could play a special role. Producing reliable predictions for the proton’s DFs is difficult because the proton is a three-valence-body bound-state problem. As sketched herein, the situation for the pion, a two-valence-body problem, is much better, with continuum and lattice predictions for the valence-quark and glue DFs in agreement. This beginning of theory alignment is timely because experimental facilities now either in operation or planning promise to realize the longstanding goal of providing pion targets, thereby enabling precision experimental tests of rigorous theory predictions concerning Nature’s most fundamental Nambu–Goldstone bosons.

ABSTRACT A small fraction of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with available data down to soft X-rays (∼0.5 keV) has been shown to feature a spectral break in the low-energy part (∼1–10 keV) of their prompt emission spectrum. The overall spectral shape is consistent with optically thin synchrotron emission from a population of particles that have cooled on a time-scale comparable to the dynamic time to energies that are still much higher than their rest-mass energy (marginally fast cooling regime). We consider a hadronic scenario and investigate if the prompt emission of these GRBs can originate from relativistic protons that radiate synchrotron in the marginally fast cooling regime. Using semi-analytical methods, we derive the source parameters, such as magnetic field strength and proton luminosity, and calculate the high-energy neutrino emission expected in this scenario. We also investigate how the emission of secondary pairs produced by photopion interactions and γγ pair production affect the broad-band photon spectrum. We support our findings with detailed numerical calculations. Strong modification of the photon spectrum below the break energy due to the synchrotron emission of secondary pairs is found, unless the bulk Lorentz factor is very large (Γ ≳ 103). Moreover, this scenario predicts unreasonably high Poynting luminosities because of the strong magnetic fields (106–107 G) that are necessary for the incomplete proton cooling. Our results strongly disfavour marginally fast cooling protons as an explanation of the low-energy spectral break in the prompt GRB spectra.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is the highest energy machine for particle physics research ever built. In the years 2010–2012 this accelerator has collided protons to a centre-mass-energy up to 8 TeV (note that 1 TeV corresponds to the energy of about 1000 protons at rest; the mass of one proton is about 1.67×10–24 g). The events delivered by the LHC have been collected and analysed by four apparatuses placed alongside this machine. The search for the Higgs boson predicted by the Standard Model and the search for new particles and fields beyond this theory represent the most important points of the scientific programme of the LHC. In July 2012, the international collaborations ATLAS and CMS, consisting of more than 3000 physicists, announced the discovery of a new neutral particle with a mass of about 125 GeV, whose physics properties are compatible, within present experimental and theoretical uncertainties, to the Higgs boson predicted by the Standard Model. This discovery represents a major milestone for particle physics, since it indicates that the hypothesized Higgs mechanism seems to be responsible for the masses of elementary particles, in particular W± and Z0 bosons, as well as fermions (leptons and quarks). The 2013 Physics Nobel Prize has been assigned to F. Englert and P. Higgs, ‘for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider’.

ABSTRACT Accurate line lists are important for the description of the spectroscopic nature of small molecules. While a line list for CN (an important molecule for chemistry and astrophysics) exists, no underlying energy spectroscopic model has been published, which is required to consider the sensitivity of transitions to a variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio. Here we have developed a Duo energy spectroscopic model as well as a novel hybrid style line list for CN and its isotopologues, combining energy levels that are derived experimentally (Marvel), using the traditional/perturbative approach (Mollist), and the variational approach (from a Duo spectroscopic model using standard ExoMol methodology). The final Trihybrid ExoMol-style line list for 12C14N consists of 28 004 energy levels (6864 experimental, 1574 perturbative, the rest variational) and 2285 103 transitions up to 60 000 cm−1 between the three lowest electronic states (X 2Σ+, A 2Π, and B 2Σ+). The spectroscopic model created is used to evaluate CN as a molecular probe to constrain the variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio; no overly promising sensitive transitions for extragalactic study were identified.

Background: In our recent publications pertaining to 4G model of final unification and based on strong and electroweak interactions, we have proposed the existence of a weak fermion of rest energy 585 GeV. Objective: To confirm the physical existence of the proposed 585 GeV weak fermion by analyzing weak and strong interactions in a unified approach via 4G model of final unification, super symmetry and string theory. Method: Considering the proposed nuclear charge of 2.95e, proton, electron mass ratio, specific charge ratios of proton and electron, Fermi’s weak coupling constant, Reduced Planck’s constant, nucleon magnetic moments, nuclear stability, nuclear binding energy, nuclear mass and neutron lifetime, it is planned to confirm the physical existence of the proposed 585 GeV weak fermion. Results: All proposed logics and formulae clearly establish the physical existence of 585 GeV weak fermion directly and indirectly. Proceeding further, including the Fermi’s weak coupling constant and Newtonian gravitational constant, we have developed a procedure for estimating and fitting the fundamental physical constants in a unified approach. Conclusion: Believing in the physical existence of the proposed 585 GeV weak fermion, there is a scope for observing galactic TeV radiation coming by virtue of annihilation of 585 GeV fermions and radiation associated with various astrophysical acceleration mechanisms of 585 GeV fermions. Appeal: As we are beginners of astrophysics domain, we appeal the science community to see the possibility of considering the proposed 585 GeV weak fermion with a charge of in place of electron and proton.

This paper presents a unified semi-classical framework that bridges quantum mechanics and relativity to investigate nucleon structure through quark dynamics, introducing the Quantum Turning Point—a fundamental threshold defined by the product of an elementary particle’s mass and classical radius that distinguishes quantum-scale from classical-scale. By anchoring this threshold to Planck-scale parameters, we demonstrate that nucleon masses emerge not from quark rest masses alone but from relativistic quark dynamics, characterized by large Lorentz factors (γu ≈ 968, γd ≈ 3871) reflecting near-light-speed motion. A key achievement is the derivation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio (∼1837) from first principles, aligning with empirical observations and suggesting a deeper connection between fundamental constants. Remarkably, our unified nucleon mass formula incorporates the fine-structure constant (α) as a scaling factor, revealing an unexpected interplay between electromagnetic and strong interactions in nucleon mass generation. The empirical factor 0.476 in this formula further reflects a geometric symmetry in quark binding, explaining the near-equality of proton and neutron masses despite their differing quark compositions (Nu = 2, Nd = 1 vs. Nu = 1, Nd = 2). These results challenge the conventional separation of forces in the Standard Model, proposing instead that constants like α may emerge from internal particle dynamics rather than being externally imposed. While heuristic, our framework offers numerically consistent predictions and opens new pathways to unify quantum mechanics, relativity, and subatomic structure. This study advances our understanding of nucleon mass origins and hints at a deeper geometric or dynamical symmetry underlying fundamental physics.

Abstract Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) is often described by dispersion relations of the form E i 2 = m i 2+p i 2+δi,n E 2+n with delta different based on particle type i, with energy E, momentum p and rest mass m. Kinematics and energy thresholds of interactions are modified once the LIV terms become comparable to the squared masses of the particles involved. Thus, the strongest constraints on the LIV coefficients δi,n tend to come from the highest energies. At sufficiently high energies, photons produced by cosmic ray interactions as they propagate through the Universe could be subluminal and unattenuated over cosmological distances. Cosmic ray interactions can also be modified and lead to detectable fingerprints in the energy spectrum and mass composition observed on Earth. The data collected at the Pierre Auger Observatory are therefore possibly sensitive to both the electromagnetic and hadronic sectors of LIV. In this article, we explore these two sectors by comparing the energy spectrum and the composition of cosmic rays and the upper limits on the photon flux from the Pierre Auger Observatory with simulations including LIV. Constraints on LIV parameters depend strongly on the mass composition of cosmic rays at the highest energies. For the electromagnetic sector, while no constraints can be obtained in the absence of protons beyond 1019 eV, we obtain δγ,0 > -10-21, δγ,1 > -10-40 eV-1 and δγ,2 > -10-58 eV-2 in the case of a subdominant proton component up to 1020 eV. For the hadronic sector, we study the best description of the data as a function of LIV coefficients and we derive constraints in the hadronic sector such as δhad,0 < 10-19, δhad,1 < 10-38 eV-1 and δhad,2 < 10-57 eV-2 at 5σ CL.

1. We set out to define abnormalities of oxidative ATP synthesis, cellular proton efflux and the efficiency of ATP usage in gastrocnemius muscle of patients with claudication due to peripheral vascular disease, using data obtained by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy during aerobic exercise and recovery. 2. Eleven patients with moderate claudication were studied and results were compared with 25 age-matched control subjects. Changes in pH and phosphocreatine concentration during recovery were used to calculate the maximum rate of oxidative ATP synthesis (Qmax.) and the capacity of net proton efflux. Changes in pH and phosphocreatine concentration were used to estimate rates of non-oxidative and (indirectly) oxidative ATP synthesis throughout exercise, taking account of abnormalities in proton efflux during exercise. 3. In patients with claudication, slow post-exercise phosphocreatine recovery showed a 42 ± 9% decrease in Qmax., and the slow ADP recovery was consistent with this. pH recovery was slow, showing a 77 ± 9% decrease in the capacity for proton efflux. Both abnormalities are compatible with a substantial reduction in muscle blood flow. 4. During exercise, increased phosphocreatine depletion and intracellular acidification were a consequence of impaired oxidative ATP synthesis and the consequent increase in non-oxidative ATP synthesis, compounded by reduced proton efflux. The acidification prevented an increase in ADP concentration which could otherwise partially compensate for the oxidative defect. All these abnormalities are compatible with a reduced muscle blood flow. 5. In addition, initial-exercise changes in pH and phosphocreatine concentration implied a 44 ± 5% reduction in ‘effective muscle mass’, necessitating an ATP turnover (per litre of muscle water) twice as high for given power output as in control muscle. Some of this is probably due to a localized loss of muscle fibres, but the rest appears to reflect reduced metabolic efficiency of the muscle. This is not a direct consequence of reduced blood flow, and may be related to change in muscle fibre type.

A new mechanism for the production and acceleration of relativistic outflows in active galactic nuclei is presented. When copious pair production occurs in a hot accretion plasma, optically thin to absorption but optically thick to scattering, the free energy per electron or positron can exceed its rest mass. Then, if pairs can escape, they produce a powerful outflow of a large bulk Lorentz factor. We show analytically and numerically that this picture holds for spherically symmetric flows of pure pairs and radiation. We further simulate the generation process of a pair outflow from a hot plasma with normal proton-electron composition. Using a multifluid approximation and a Monte Carlo method of radiative transfer, we obtain spherically symmetric steady solutions of radiation and pair outflows, taking Coulomb friction into account. We show that a powerful and moderately relativistic flow is realized and discuss several possibilities to realize a highly relativistic flow.

Decays into π+π- of the f0(1370) are the main source of an isolated structure localized between 1.2 and 1.5 GeV in the π+π- mass spectrum measured in pp Central Exclusive Production (CEP) at √s=200 GeV at very low four momentum transfer ltl by the STAR experiment. These data confirm in the π+π- decay channel the existence of the f0(1370) as an isolated well identified structure previously observed in K+K-, KsKs, π+π-π+π-, 2π0π+π- and 4π0 decays measured in pbar annihilations at rest. The ensemble of these data point at a high gg content of the f0(1370). CEP interactions at higher energies favour production of 0++ and 2++ mesons. Selection of events with lower ltl at both proton vertices suppresses 2++ structures. LHC runs dedicated to pp CEP measurements at low ltl could then provide a unique source of all the low energy scalars. This would make it clear if and where scalar gluonium is resident and the nature (composition in terms of qqbar, qqqbarqbar, qqbar-qqbar and gg) of f0(500), f0(980), f0(1370), f0(1500) and f0(1710).

Abstract. An Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) was deployed at the CENICA Supersite during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field study from 31 March–4 May 2003. The AMS provides real time information on mass concentration and composition of the non-refractory species in particulate matter less than 1 µm (NR-PM1) with high time and size-resolution. Measurements of Black Carbon (BC) using an aethalometer, and estimated soil concentrations from Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) analysis of impactor substrates are also presented and combined with the AMS in order to include refractory material and estimate the total PM2.5 mass concentration at CENICA during this campaign. In Mexico City, the organic fraction of the estimated PM2.5 at CENICA represents 54.6% of the mass, with the rest consisting of inorganic compounds (mainly ammonium nitrate and sulfate/ammonium salts), BC, and soil. Inorganic compounds represent 27.5% of PM2.5; BC mass concentration is about 11%; while soil represents about 6.9%. The NR species and BC have diurnal cycles that can be qualitatively interpreted as the interplay of direct emissions, photochemical production in the atmosphere followed by condensation and gas-to-particle partitioning, boundary layer dynamics, and/or advection. Bi- and trimodal size distributions are observed for the AMS species, with a small combustion (likely traffic) organic particle mode and an accumulation mode that contains mainly organic and secondary inorganic compounds. The AMS and BC mass concentrations, size distributions, and diurnal cycles are found to be qualitatively similar to those from most previous field measurements in Mexico City.

We have studied the structure of K-pp by solving this system in a variational method, starting from the ansatz that Λ* = Λ(1405) is a K-p quasi-bound state. The structure of K-pp reveals a molecular feature, namely, the K- in Λ* as an "atomic center" plays a key role in producing strong covalent bonding with the other proton. Deeply bound [Formula: see text] nuclear systems are formed by this "super-strong" nuclear force due to migrating real bosons [Formula: see text]a la Heitler-London-Heisenberg, which overcompensates the stiff nuclear incompressibility. Theoretical background of our phenomenological [Formula: see text] interaction is discussed, in connection with "decaying-state" description of kaonic nuclear clusters, concerning the effective [Formula: see text] interaction based on chiral SU (3) dynamics. It is of virtual importance to determine whether the Λ* mass is 1405 MeV or 1420 MeV. It is found that a K- absorption at rest in 3 He provides a testing ground better than that in 4 He .

In a previous paper, we reported the results of a partial-wave analysis (PWA) of the pion–nucleon (πN) differential cross-sections (DCSs) of the CHAOS Collaboration and came to the conclusion that the angular distribution of their π+p data sets is incompatible with the rest of the modern (meson factory) database. The present work, re-addressing this issue, has been instigated by a number of recent improvements in our analysis, namely regarding the inclusion of the theoretical uncertainties when investigating the reproduction of experimental data sets on the basis of a given "theoretical" solution, modifications in the parametrization of the form factors of the proton and of the pion entering the electromagnetic part of the πN amplitude, and the inclusion of the effects of the variation of the σ-meson mass when fitting the ETH model of the πN interaction to the experimental data. The new analysis of the CHAOS DCSs confirms our earlier conclusions and casts doubt on the value for the πN Σ term, which Stahov, Clement and Wagner have extracted from these data.

ABSTRACT We present the abundance analyses of seven carbon enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars to understand the origin of carbon in them. We used high-resolution optical spectra to derive abundances of various elements. We also used low-resolution near-infrared (NIR) spectra to derive the abundance of O and 12C/13C from the CO molecular band and compared their values with those derived from high-resolution optical spectra. We identified a good agreement between the values. Thus, in cool CEMP stars, the NIR observations complement the high-resolution optical observations to derive the oxygen abundance and the 12C/13C ratio. This enables us to probe fainter cool CEMP stars using NIR spectroscopy. C, N, O abundances of all the program stars in this study show abundances that are consistent with binary mass transfer from a low-mass, low-metallicity asymptotic giant branch (AGB) companion which is further supported by the presence of enhancement in neutron-capture elements and detection of radial velocity variation. One of the stars shows abundance patterns similar to a CEMP-s star whereas the abundance pattern of the rest of the stars satisfy the criteria required to classify them as CEMP-r/s stars. The subclassification of some of the stars studied here is revisited. The abundance of neutron-capture elements in these CEMP-r/s stars resembles to that of i-process models where proton ingestion episodes in the companion low-mass, low-metallicity AGB stars produce the necessary neutron density required for the onset of i-process.

AbstractActive galactic nuclei (AGNs) emit continuum radiation evenly spread over up to ten decades in frequency from the radio into the gamma-ray range. Plausible emission mechanisms and their characteristics are reviewed. In the deep potential wells around black holes the mean energy per proton can reach 100 MeV. Part or all of this energy may be channeled to all electrons equally (thermal plasma) or, preferentially, into only a small fraction of the electrons (nonthermal plasma). In the former case thermal Comptonization of soft photons may be the dominant emission mechanism, while in the latter case the synchrotron and the inverse Compton scattering process (synchro-self-Compton) are likely to dominate.When the compactness parameter L (hν≈mc2 )/R. (power L, radius R) exceeds about 1030 ergs cm−1s−1 or L>Lc ≡ 1030R ergs s−1, then electron-positron pair production takes place due to photon-photon interactions causing the source to shroud itself with an electron-positron atmosphere. The efficiency of pair cascades in converting injected energy into electron-positron rest mass can reach levels of about 10% in static pair atmospheres. The emerging radiation is strongly modified by the pair atmosphere causing the spectrum to soften and to have characteristic breaks.For emission coming from a region near the Schwarzschild radius, L>10-3LEdd is sufficient to cause prolific pair production. Radiation pressure then drives a mildly relativistic pair wind with Compton drag limiting the Lorentz factor to be less then 10. The pair rest mass power is at most of the order of Lc.Most results so far on static pair atmospheres and pair winds are either qualitative or based on simple analytical models. Needed numerical treatments of both time dependent and steady radiative transfer of both the continuum and the annihilation line radiation in mildly relativistic flows are relevant not only for AGNs but also for gamma ray bursts and galactic black hole sources.

AbstractEntanglement is a key feature of quantum mechanics1–3, with applications in fields such as metrology, cryptography, quantum information and quantum computation4–8. It has been observed in a wide variety of systems and length scales, ranging from the microscopic9–13 to the macroscopic14–16. However, entanglement remains largely unexplored at the highest accessible energy scales. Here we report the highest-energy observation of entanglement, in top–antitop quark events produced at the Large Hadron Collider, using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 inverse femtobarns (fb)−1 recorded with the ATLAS experiment. Spin entanglement is detected from the measurement of a single observable D, inferred from the angle between the charged leptons in their parent top- and antitop-quark rest frames. The observable is measured in a narrow interval around the top–antitop quark production threshold, at which the entanglement detection is expected to be significant. It is reported in a fiducial phase space defined with stable particles to minimize the uncertainties that stem from the limitations of the Monte Carlo event generators and the parton shower model in modelling top-quark pair production. The entanglement marker is measured to be D = −0.537 ± 0.002 (stat.) ± 0.019 (syst.) for $$340\,{\rm{GeV}} < {m}_{t\bar{t}} < 380\,{\rm{GeV}}$$ 340 GeV < m t t ¯ < 380 GeV . The observed result is more than five standard deviations from a scenario without entanglement and hence constitutes the first observation of entanglement in a pair of quarks and the highest-energy observation of entanglement so far.

Abstract. An Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) was deployed at the CENICA Supersite, during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field study (MCMA-2003) from 31 March-4 May 2003 to investigate particle concentrations, sources, and processes. The AMS provides real time information on mass concentration and composition of the non-refractory species in particulate matter less than 1 µm (NR-PM1) with high time and size-resolution. In order to account for the refractory material in the aerosol, we also present estimates of Black Carbon (BC) using an aethalometer and an estimate of the aerosol soil component obtained from Proton-Induced X-ray Emission Spectrometry (PIXE) analysis of impactor substrates. Comparisons of AMS + BC + soil mass concentration with other collocated particle instruments (a LASAIR Optical Particle Counter, a PM2.5 Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM), and a PM2.5 DustTrak Aerosol Monitor) show that the AMS + BC + soil mass concentration is consistent with the total PM2.5 mass concentration during MCMA-2003 within the combined uncertainties. In Mexico City, the organic fraction of the estimated PM2.5 at CENICA represents, on average, 54.6% (standard deviation σ=10%) of the mass, with the rest consisting of inorganic compounds (mainly ammonium nitrate and sulfate/ammonium salts), BC, and soil. Inorganic compounds represent 27.5% of PM2.5 (σ=10%); BC mass concentration is about 11% (σ=4%); while soil represents about 6.9% (σ=4%). Size distributions are presented for the AMS species; they show an accumulation mode that contains mainly oxygenated organic and secondary inorganic compounds. The organic size distributions also contain a small organic particle mode that is likely indicative of fresh traffic emissions; small particle modes exist for the inorganic species as well. Evidence suggests that the organic and inorganic species are not always internally mixed, especially in the small modes. The aerosol seems to be neutralized most of the time; however, there were some periods when there was not enough ammonium to completely neutralize the nitrate, chloride and sulfate present. The diurnal cycle and size distributions of nitrate suggest local photochemical production. On the other hand, sulfate appears to be produced on a regional scale. There are indications of new particle formation and growth events when concentrations of SO2 were high. Although the sources of chloride are not clear, this species seems to condense as ammonium chloride early in the morning and to evaporate as the temperature increases and RH decreases. The total and speciated mass concentrations and diurnal cycles measured during MCMA-2003 are similar to measurements during a previous field campaign at a nearby location.

Abstract Particle acceleration behind a shock wave due to interactions between magnetic islands in the heliosphere has attracted attention in recent years. The downstream acceleration may yield a continuous increase of particle flux downstream of the shock wave. Although it is not obvious how the downstream magnetic islands are produced, it has been suggested that current sheets are involved in the generation of magnetic islands due to their interaction with a shock wave. We perform 2D hybrid kinetic simulations to investigate the interaction between multiple current sheets and a shock wave. In the simulation, current sheets are compressed by the shock wave and a tearing instability develops at the compressed current sheets downstream of the shock. As the result of this instability, the electromagnetic fields become turbulent and magnetic islands form well downstream of the shock wave. We find a “post-cursor” region in which the downstream flow speed normal to the shock wave in the downstream rest frame is decelerated to ∼ 1V A immediately behind the shock wave, where V A is the upstream Alfvén speed. The flow speed then gradually decelerates to 0 accompanied by the development of the tearing instability. We also observe an efficient production of energetic particles above 100 E 0 during the development of the instability some distance downstream of the shock wave, where E 0 = m p V A 2 and m p is the proton mass. This feature corresponds to Voyager observations showing that the anomalous cosmic-ray intensity increase begins some distance downstream of the heliospheric termination shock.

Background: 1,3,4-thiadiazole is a lead molécule which is versatile for a wide variety of biological activities and in continuation of our interest in establishing some novel heterocyclic compounds for antitumor activity. Objective: The objective of the study was to synthesize series of 5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3,4- thiadiazol-2-amine derivative and evaluated for their possible in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. Methods: The synthesis of 2-aminonaphthoxy-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3,4- thiadiazol-2-amine as intermediates were carried out by cyclization method. A mixture of thiosemicarbazide and naphthoxyacetic acid/piperonylic acid and phosphoryl chloride were subjected to cyclization with phosphorous oxychloride to obtain compound 3. Further compounds 1 and 3 were reacted with different aromatic aldehydes in methanol to form compounds 2a-e and 4a-e. The compounds 2a-e and 4a-e were characterized for the melting points, IR, Proton NMR and Mass spectra. The compounds were further evaluated for their anticancer activity. The docking study was performed using Discovery studio 4.1 (Accelrys) software against DNA-binding domain of STAT3. The compounds were analyzed for the ligand-protein binding interaction(s) by molecular docking into the active site of STAT3β using the CDOCKER protocol of Discovery studio (v4.1). Results: The title compounds were screened for in vitro anticancer on human breastadenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7 and Vero). Compounds 4c, 4d and 2d against MCF 7 and 4d against Vero cell lines were found to be the most active dérivatives with IC50 values of 1.03, 2.81 and 3.45 µg/ml against MCF 7 and 31.81 µg/ml against Vero cell lines, respectively. Conclusion: From the in vivo anticancer studies, it was concluded that the synthesized compounds 4c and 4d displayed anticancer activity comparable to the standard drug, while the rest of the compounds demonstrated mild potency for anticancer studies.

Abstract Recent cosmic-ray (CR) studies have claimed the possibility of an excess on the antiproton flux over the predicted models at around 10 GeV, which can be the signature of dark matter annihilating into hadronic final states that subsequently form antiprotons. However, this excess is subject to many uncertainties related to the evaluation of the antiproton spectrum produced from spallation interactions of CRs. In this work, we implement a combined Markov-Chain Monte Carlo analysis of the secondary ratios of B, Be and Li and the antiproton-to-proton ratio (p̅/p), while also including nuisance parameters to consider the uncertainties related to the spallation cross sections. This study allows us to constrain the Galactic halo height and the rest of propagation parameters, evaluate the impact of cross sections uncertainties in the determination of the antiproton spectrum and test the origin of the excess of antiprotons. In this way, we provide a set of propagation parameters and scale factors for renormalizing the cross sections parametrizations that allow us to reproduce all the ratios of B, Be, Li and p̅ simultaneously. We show that the energy dependence of the p̅/p ratio is compatible with a pure secondary origin. In particular, we find that the energy dependence of the evaluated p̅/p spectrum matches that observed from AMS-02 data at energies above ∼3 GeV, although there is still a constant ∼10% excess of p̅ over our prediction. We discuss that this discrepancy is more likely explained from a ∼10% scaling in the cross sections of antiproton production, rather than a component of dark matter leading to antiprotons. In particular, we find that the best-fit WIMP mass (∼300 GeV) needed to explain the discrepancy lies above the constraints from most indirect searches of dark matter and the resultant fit is poorer than with a cross sections scaling.

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is an enigmatic condition characterized by exacerbation of symptoms after exertion (post-exertional malaise or “PEM”), and by fatigue whose severity and associated requirement for rest are excessive and disproportionate to the fatigue-inducing activity. There is no definitive molecular marker or known underlying pathological mechanism for the condition. Increasing evidence for aberrant energy metabolism suggests a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in ME/CFS. Our objective was therefore to measure mitochondrial function and cellular stress sensing in actively metabolizing patient blood cells. We immortalized lymphoblasts isolated from 51 ME/CFS patients diagnosed according to the Canadian Consensus Criteria and an age- and gender-matched control group. Parameters of mitochondrial function and energy stress sensing were assessed by Seahorse extracellular flux analysis, proteomics, and an array of additional biochemical assays. As a proportion of the basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), the rate of ATP synthesis by Complex V was significantly reduced in ME/CFS lymphoblasts, while significant elevations were observed in Complex I OCR, maximum OCR, spare respiratory capacity, nonmitochondrial OCR and “proton leak” as a proportion of the basal OCR. This was accompanied by a reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, chronically hyperactivated TOR Complex I stress signaling and upregulated expression of mitochondrial respiratory complexes, fatty acid transporters, and enzymes of the β-oxidation and TCA cycles. By contrast, mitochondrial mass and genome copy number, as well as glycolytic rates and steady state ATP levels were unchanged. Our results suggest a model in which ME/CFS lymphoblasts have a Complex V defect accompanied by compensatory upregulation of their respiratory capacity that includes the mitochondrial respiratory complexes, membrane transporters and enzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. This homeostatically returns ATP synthesis and steady state levels to “normal” in the resting cells, but may leave them unable to adequately respond to acute increases in energy demand as the relevant homeostatic pathways are already activated.

Abstract If dark matter is millicharged or darkly charged, collective plasma processes may dominate momentum exchange over direct particle collisions. In particular, plasma streaming instabilities can couple the momentum of the dark matter to counter-streaming baryons or other dark matter and result in the counter-streaming fluids coming to rest with each other, just as happens for baryonic collisionless shocks in astrophysical systems. While electrostatic plasma instabilites (such as the two-stream) are highly suppressed by Landau damping when dark matter is millicharged, in the cosmological situations of interest, electromagnetic instabilities such as the Weibel can couple the momenta, assuming that the linear instability saturates in the manner typically found for baryonic plasmas. We find that the streaming of dark matter in the pre-Recombination universe is affected more strongly by direct collisions than collective processes, validating previous constraints. However, when considering unmagnetized instabilities the properties of the Bullet Cluster merger and other merging cluster systems (which show dark matter streaming through itself) are likely to be substantially altered if [qχ /mχ ] ≳ 10-4, where [qχ /mχ ] is the charge-to-mass ratio of the dark matter relative to that of the proton. When a magnetic field is added consistent with cluster observations, the Weibel and Firehose instabilities result in sufficiently fast growth to reach saturation for [qχ /mχ ] ≳ 10-12–10-11. The Weibel growth rates are even faster in the case of a dark-U(1) charge (because “hot” electrons do not damp the instability), potentially ruling out [qχ /mχ ] ≳ 10-14 in the Bullet Cluster system, in agreement with [1]. The strongest previous limits on millicharged dark matter (mDM) arise from considering the spin-down of galactic disks [2]. We show that plasma instabilities or tangled background magnetic fields could lead to diffusive propagation of the dark matter, weakening these spin-down limits. Thus, plasma instabilities may place some of the most stringent constraints over much of the millicharged, and our results corroborate previous extremely stringent potential constraints on the dark-charged parameter space.

The law of conservation of mass which suggests the absoluteness of mass by stating that the mass can never be created nor destroyed nor changed even at nuclear species level and during nuclear processes(nuclear reactions, radioactive decays, etc.), is no longer founded. Of course, within some problem domain, the amount of mass remains constant-mass is neither created nor destroyed. This seems quite obvious, as long as we are not talking about nuclear species or very exotic physics problems and processes. When we move a solid object the object retains its shape, density, and volume. On the other hand, in another domain, the result of the law of conservation of mass is quite not the same. It is found that the rest mass of nuclear species is measurably smaller than the sum of the rest masses of its constituent protons and neutrons. Mass is no longer considered unchangeable in this domain. Besides, the law of conservation of mass is proved to be invalid in basic nuclear processes like nuclear decays and nuclear reactions. Therefore, the aim of this article is to discuss some problem domain where the law of conservation of mass is not valid and along the way to reveal that the absoluteness of mass is recently not acceptable.

Context. Methanol is an important tracer to probe physical and chemical conditions in the interstellar medium of galaxies. Methanol is also the most sensitive target molecule for probing potential space-time variations of the proton-electron mass ratio, μ, a dimensionless constant of nature. Aims. We present an extensive study of the strongest submillimeter absorption lines of methanol (with rest frequencies between 300 and 520 GHz) in the z = 0.89 molecular absorber toward PKS 1830−211, the only high-redshift object in which methanol has been detected. Our goals are to constrain the excitation of the methanol lines and to investigate the cosmological invariance of μ based on their relative kinematics. Methods. We observed 14 transitions of methanol, five of the A-form and nine of the E-form, and three transitions of A-13CH3OH, with ALMA. We analyzed the line profiles with a Gaussian fitting and constructed a global line profile that is able to match all observations after allowing for variations of the source covering factor, line opacity scaling, and relative bulk velocity offsets. We explore methanol excitation by running the non local thermal equilibrium radiative transfer code RADEX on a grid of kinetic temperatures and H2 volume densities. Results. Methanol absorption is detected in only one of the two lines of sight (the southwest) to PKS 1830−211. There, the excitation analysis points to a cool (∼10 − 20 K) and dense (∼104 − 5 cm−3) methanol gas. Under these conditions, several methanol transitions become anti-inverted, with excitation temperatures below the temperature of the cosmic microwave background. In addition, we measure an abundance ratio A/E = 1.0 ± 0.1, an abundance ratio CH3OH/H2 ∼ 2 × 10−8, and a 12CH3OH/13CH3OH ratio 62 ± 3. Our analysis shows that the bulk velocities of the different transitions are primarily correlated with the observing epoch due to morphological changes in the background quasar’s emission. There is a weaker correlation between bulk velocities and the lower level energies of the transitions, which could be a signature of temperature-velocity gradients in the absorbing gas. As a result, we do not find evidence for variations of μ, and we estimate Δμ/μ=(−1.8 ± 1.2) × 10−7 at 1-σ from our multivariate linear regression. Conclusions. We set a robust upper limit |Δμ/μ| < 3.6 × 10−7 (3σ) for the invariance of μ at a look-back time of half the present age of the Universe. Our analysis highlights that systematics need to be carefully taken into account in future radio molecular absorption studies aimed at testing Δμ/μ below the 10−7 horizon.

If a particle treated as charged sphere and then qualified its electrostatic energy with its rest energy moc2 then, on the same model we can treat a collection of charges as a particle. So, in the form of Einstein equation of the rest mass mo of a particle with rest radius ro, we can put a collection of charges p, - obeying Coulomb force- in a closed sphere with a radius r as; (k e2 ÷ ro) [p ro ÷ r] = moc2 + (0) Where; p is the number of the protons inside a sphere with a radius r, e is the magnitude of the charge in coulomb and k is the electric constant. Where also; the factor inside the big bracket = 1, while the small bracket of the right side is not absolutely empty. Our work lies inside this small bracket.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V3201408566

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are most popular medications for the treatment of pain in common musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) and non-specific low back pain (LBP). However, the factors affecting the effectiveness of these drugs have not been determined fully. Aim: to identify factors affecting the effectiveness of NSAIDs in patients with OA and LBP. Materials and methods. An observational study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a 2-week course of NSAIDs in OA and LBP in real clinical practice. The study group consisted of 3604 patients with OA and LBP (60.6% women and 39.4% men, mean age 55.0±13.4 years). According to the study design, aceclofenac (Airtal) and other NSAIDs used in the ratio 1:1. The main criterion of effectiveness was the frequency of complete pain relief after 2 weeks of therapy. In addition, the decrease of pain and general health were determined on a 10-point numerical rating scale (NRS). We compared the frequency of complete pain relief in patients who had and did not have the studied factors. The value of the studied factors was determined using OR (95% CI). Results and discussion. Most patients received aceclofenac (54.9%), as well as diclofenac (2.0%), ketoprofen (1.9%), lornoxicam (2.2%), meloxicam (13.7%), naproxen (2.1%), nimesulide (5.8%), celecoxib (5.9%), ethicoxib (7.1%) and other NSAIDs (4.4%); 56.2% of patients received muscle relaxants, mainly tolperisone (74.7%), vitamin B (10.4%), and proton pump inhibitors (42.8%). Complete pain relief was achieved in 54.8% of patients. The pain decrease and general health improvement were (for NRS) 63.9±13.4% and 61.7±14.8%, respectively. The efficacy of aceclofenac was slightly higher than in the whole group: complete pain relief was in 59.9% of patients. Adverse events in aceclofenac use were observed in 2.3% of patients, other NSAIDs-from 2.4 to 14.1%. The frequency of complete pain relief was higher in men: OR 1,239 (95% CI 1.08-1.418; p=0.002), who had the first episode of pain - OR 3.341 (95% CI 2.873-3.875; p=0.000), a good" response " to NSAIDs in history - OR 1.656 (95% CI 1.385-1.980; p=0.000) and received NSAIDs in combination with muscle relaxants - OR 1.218 (95% CI 1.067-1.390; p=0.004). The effect of therapy is lower in patients 65 years and older-OR 0,378 (95% CI 0.324-0.442; p=0,000), with body mass index >30 kg/m² - OR 0.619 (95% CI 0.529-0.723; p=0.000), with severe pain (≥7 points NRS) - OR 0.662 (95% CI 0.580-0.756; p=0.002), with pain at rest, - OR 0.515 (95% CI 0.450-0,589; p=0.000), pain at night - OR 0.581 (95% CI 0.501-0.672; p=0.000) and the presence of stiffness - OR 0.501 (95% CI 0.438-0,573; p=0.000). Treatment results are significantly worse in the cases of combination of LBP and joint pain, as well as pain in the trochanter major and pes anserinus area (p

The astronomical contributions of Sir Arthur Eddington have sometimes been distracted by his philosophy and his derivation of ~1079 for the total number of elementary particles in the universe. However, assumptions employed to obtain the universal mass in a volume of ~1079 m3 produce values remarkably commensurate with ~1079 protons. The congruence between the calculated gravitational forces for rest mass photons separated by Planck’s length and potassium ions separated by the distance that maintains a neuron’s resting plasma membrane potential is also consistent with his assumption that universal structure is mirrored within consciousness and its extensions through sensitive instrumentation. Recent measurements of photon emissions during changes in membrane potentials and human beings engaging in visual imagery as well as the concept of entanglement suggest that careful reevaluation of Eddington’s approach in cosmology, astronomy, and astrophysics may be revealing.

The astronomical contributions of Sir Arthur Eddington have sometimes been distracted by his philosophy and his derivation of ~1079 for the total number of elementary particles in the universe. However, assumptions employed to obtain the universal mass in a volume of ~1079 m3 produce values remarkably commensurate with ~1079 protons. The congruence between the calculated gravitational forces for rest mass photons separated by Planck’s length and potassium ions separated by the distance that maintains a neuron’s resting plasma membrane potential is also consistent with his assumption that universal structure is mirrored within consciousness and its extensions through sensitive instrumentation. Recent measurements of photon emissions during changes in membrane potentials and human beings engaging in visual imagery as well as the concept of entanglement suggest that careful reevaluation of Eddington’s approach in cosmology, astronomy, and astrophysics may be revealing.

Abstract Lenalidomide or Revlimid® has recently been approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory MM. It has been demonstrated that Biaxin(Bi) augments tumor mass reduction and improves responses in patients (pts) receiving low-dose thalidomide and/or Dexamethosone (D). The results of a phase II trial exploring the combination of Bi, R & D in newly diagnosed MM are reported here. The planned accrual target was met and additional patients accrued for correlative studies. The BiRD regimen consists of R 25 mg po daily on days 1–21 of a 28-day cycle. D 40 mg once weekly and Bi 500 mg po twice daily. All pts received low dose aspirin (ASA)(81mg) once daily as thrombosis prophylaxis, prophylactic sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim, and a proton pump inhibitor. PATIENTS: 58 pts[median follow-up 9 months (range 2–21)] have been accrued. Median age of 62.5 years (range 36–80), hemoglobin of 10.9 g/dL (range 7.2–15.1), platelets of 242 k/uL (range 51–526), B2M of 3mg/L (range 0.8–12.8), CRP of 0.56 mg/dL (range 0.12–14.2), creatinine (Cr) of 1.2 mg/dL (range 0.6–3.1), albumin of 3.55g/dL (range 2.3–4.9), and calcium of 9.3mg/dL (range 6.9–11.2). 50% of the pts are stage IIIa, 7% are stage IIIb, 41.4% are stage Iia. According to ISS classification 28/58 are stage I (48%), 18/58 are stage II (31%) & 12/58 are stage III (20%). RESULTS: This combination yielded a 95% overall response rate (EBMTR) by ITT with 38% of the pts achieving either a CR(16/58) or a nCR(6/58). Of the remaining 36 pts, 92% achieved a PR. Of those PR pts, 11/36 pts had >90% reduction in the initial paraprotein, while 12/36 pts had >75% decrease. All R dose reductions were due to myelosupression. R dose reduction scheme for myelosupression was defined as follows: Grade≥ 3 Neutropenia: Level −1: 25 mg po daily + G-CSF. Level −2 : 15 mg po daily and Level −3: 10 mg po daily. Thrombocytopenia: Level −2 : 15 mg po daily. Level −3: 10 mg po daily. 18% of the pts required at least one dose reduction. Of these patients, 6% required further dose reductions to level 2, and 2 patients were reduced to level 3. Mean time to R dose reduction level 1 was 65.1 days (range 15 to 142), to level 2 was 113 days (range 35 to 166) and to level 3 was 170 days (range 95 to 244). Baseline Cr level correlated with R dose reductions. Of the 11 patients who were dose-reduced, 1 had a baseline serum Cr level of ≤1.4 mg/dL, while the rest had a baseline serum Cr level >1.4 mg/dL (p<0.0001). Using baseline Cr level as a continuous variable in a Cox proportional hazards regression model results in a hazard ratio of 6.4 (95% CI = 2.1, 19.1), p=0.0009. This indicates a 6.4-fold increased likelihood of a dose reduction for each 1-unit increase in baseline serum creatinine level. Similarly, a Cr clearance (Cl) of ≤40, was associated with R dose-reductions (KM log-rank analysis ≤40 (n=12) versus >40 (p=0.0014). Other toxicities included PE (4%), DVT (9%), AMI (2%), and sudden death (2%). Other non-hematological toxicities included myopathy (6%), diverticular abscess (10%), hand tremor, weakness and hyperglycemia. Conclusions: BiRD is highly effective and safe in the initial Rx of MM. Myelosuppression & renal dysfunction potentiated the need for R dose reduction.

The origin of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe (BAU) and the nature of dark matter are two of the most challenging problems in cosmology. We propose a scenario in which the gravitational collapse of large inhomogeneities at the quark-hadron epoch generates both the baryon asymmetry and most of the dark matter in the form of primordial black holes (PBHs). This is due to the sudden drop in radiation pressure during the transition from a quark-gluon plasma to non-relativistic hadrons. The collapse to a PBH is induced by fluctuations of a light spectator scalar field in rare regions and is accompanied by the violent expulsion of surrounding material, which might be regarded as a sort of “primordial supernova". The acceleration of protons to relativistic speeds provides the ingredients for efficient baryogenesis around the collapsing regions and its subsequent propagation to the rest of the Universe. This scenario naturally explains why the observed BAU is of order the PBH collapse fraction and why the baryons and dark matter have comparable densities. The predicted PBH mass distribution ranges from subsolar to several hundred solar masses. This is compatible with current observational constraints and could explain the rate, mass and low spin of the black hole mergers detected by LIGO-Virgo. Future observations will soon be able to test this scenario.

Dry whey enriched with magnesium and manganese (DW) that contains protein in the amount of 13 %, and a whey protein concentrate (WPC) with a protein content of 65 %, have been chosen as functional bases in the production of complex baking improvers with a targeted effect. When developing a composition of the complex improver, the rational dosage of DW is 2 % by weight of flour, and that of WPC – 3 % by weight of flour. Adding DW and WPC during the kneading of wheat flour dough predetermines a decrease in its gluten content, by 4 % and 6.1 %, respectively, after 20 minutes of the dough rest, and by 7.5 and 10.7 % after two hours of the dough fermentation. This is due to the introduction of lactic acid with milk processing products, which peptizes proteins resulting in that the gluten proteins are partially converted into water-soluble ones. If DW and WPC are included in the dough formulation, there is an increase in the total amount of proteins in it, as well as a change in their fractional composition: the mass fraction of water-soluble and intermediate fractions of proteins increases while the amount of gluten proteins decreases. That confirms a decrease in the amount of gluten washed out from the dough with the addition of DW and WPC. Increasing the mass fraction of water-soluble proteins contributes to the intensification of the fermentation process through the additional nutrition of microflora with nitrogenous substances and an increase in the content of free water in the dough, which predetermines its thinning. It was established that despite the high water absorption capacity of DW and WPC, the water-absorbing ability of the dough that contains them decreases compared to control by 8.4 and 10.7 %, respectively. Studying the dough at the farinograph has shown that in the case of using DW, its stability is somewhat prolonged while in the case of WPC introduction the dough stability is extended by almost 10 minutes, which leads to prolonging the dough kneading. Along with this, in the case of using WPC, there is a rapid descent of the farinogram curve, which could lead to a strong weakening of the dough during fermentation and rest, even though that the thinning after 12 minutes is lower than that of control

Introduction With the recent increase in energy demand, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which have high lifetime characteristics and energy density, are being considered for batteries used to stabilize power supply and to store renewable energy. However, the detailed degradation mechanism over a wide range has not yet been clarified. Previous studies have reported that float charging, which assumes the use of LIBs as backup power sources, and the combination of float charging and occasional discharge at room temperature conditions cause significant degradation.1 On the other hand, as suggested by the fact that battery acceleration tests are generally conducted at high temperatures, it is important to understand the degradation conditions at high temperatures. In fact, heat is generated by charging and discharging when large storage batteries are used. Considering the above, the purpose of this study is to clarify the temperature dependence in degradation by conducting degradation tests combining float charge and occasional discharge at 25°C and 40°C in comparison. Experimental Commercially available 18650 cylindrical LIBs (Panasonic, NCR18650R, nominal capacity: 3350 mAh), presumably from the same lot, were used for the degradation test. The uniform performance was validated with some cycling tests. Degradation tests comprise three key parameters: (1) charging and discharging patterns, (2) operating voltage range, and (3) operating temperature. The detailed conditions are shown in Table 1. A total of 12 patterns of degradation tests are conducted under combinations of these conditions. Analysis of the degradation status is regularly performed by differential voltage analysis of discharge curves, electrochemical impedance measurement, and operando neutron diffraction measurement as non-disassembly analysis. Operando neutron diffraction measurements were used to measure changes in the crystal structure of the positive electrode. Diffraction measurements were performed at room temperature using a time-of-flight powder diffractometer at the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility of the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex2. The test cell was first charged at 0.5C (1675 mAh) with a cutoff potential of 4.2 V, followed by constant-voltage charging at a cutoff current of 0.02C (67 mAh), to achieve a fully charged state, and then the diffraction profile in the open circuit state was measured after 1 h rest. Next, diffraction measurements were performed while discharging at a constant current of 0.1 C (335 mAh) up to 2.5 V. One diffraction profile was obtained from the integrated data of signals obtained during 10 minutes. Finally, the diffraction measurement was completed with full discharge. The Rietvelt analysis was performed using the diffraction profiles obtained in these measurements to refine crystal parameters such as lattice constants and mass ratios, which indicate the existence ratio of each constituent material. Results and discussion After 100 days or 100 cycles, the most degraded condition is the mode that combines float charging and once-a-day discharge, operating in a high SOC region and at high temperatures. The differential voltage analysis of discharge curves showed that the loss of lithium inventory (LLI) was rarely observed for the mere float charge whereas LLI was clearly found when the combination of float charging and occasional discharge was employed. It was also confirmed that LLI occurred more when the degradation was operated under high temperature conditions. On the other hand, electrochemical impedance measurements showed that the internal resistance of the positive electrode was significantly increased than that of the negative electrode, suggesting the resistance increase in the positive electrode (RIPE) was caused by the species formed at the negative electrodes re-oxidized at the positive electrode. The operando neutron diffraction profiles of the fresh cells were measured and determined to be layered positive electrode material for the positive electrode and graphite for the negative electrode. The 003 diffraction profiles of the layered positive electrode material in the fresh cell or degraded cell are shown in Fig. 1. Comparing the fresh cell and degraded cell, a broadening of the profile is observed in the early stage of discharging in the latter, which suggests the RIPE causing the charge-discharge reaction distribution. These results indicate that the combination of float charging and discharging under high temperature conditions not only causes LLI, but also significantly causes the RIPE mode, resulting in capacity degradation. References [1] T. Omiya et al., Energy Adv., 3,529-542 (2024) [2] M. Yonemura et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser 502, 012053 (2014) Figure 1

Ground Magnetic measurement was carried out with the aim of delineating the subsurface structures on Dala hill, Kano State. Total magnetic intensity data were acquired using the SCINTREX proton precession magnetometer along closely spaced traverses. The acquired total magnetic intensity data were reduced and plotted using Golden Surfer software to produce the 2D and 3D surface maps for visual inspection. Five profiles AB, CD, EF, GH and IJ were selected for forward modelling using Mag2dc software to give detail information about the causative body parameters. The depths of these bodies from the surface fall in the interval 0.0 m to 8.5 m. The high magnetic anomaly field ranges from -21,752 to 47,205 nT which suggested area of iron occurrences. The study categorized the identified major anomalous features into two: the shallower bodies which penetrated down to a maximum depth of 67.3 m were inferred to be disturbed sediments, fire pits and kilns; whereas the rest, the deep-rooted features with greater depth of penetration reaching up to 193.2m, have high susceptibility range of up to 7.3 SI units, were interpreted to be intrusive ferromagnetic bodies. The findings of the study were in close agreement with recent archaeological findings about the hill.

Abstract The cores of active galactic nuclei are potential accelerators of 10–100 TeV cosmic rays, in turn producing high-energy neutrinos. This picture was confirmed by the compelling evidence of a TeV neutrino signal from the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068, leaving open the question of what is the site and mechanism of cosmic-ray acceleration. One candidate is the magnetized turbulence surrounding the central supermassive black hole. Recent particle-in-cell simulations of magnetized turbulence indicate that stochastic cosmic-ray acceleration is nonresonant, in contrast to the assumptions of previous studies. We show that this has important consequences on a self-consistent theory of neutrino production in the corona, leading to a more rapid cosmic-ray acceleration than previously considered. The turbulent magnetic-field fluctuations needed to explain the neutrino signal are consistent with a magnetically powered corona. We find that strong turbulence, with turbulent magnetic energy density higher than 1% of the rest-mass energy density, naturally explains the normalization of the IceCube neutrino flux, in addition to the neutrino spectral shape. Only a fraction of the protons in the corona, which can be directly inferred from the neutrino signal, are accelerated to high energies. Thus, in this framework, the neutrino signal from NGC 1068 provides a testbed for particle acceleration in magnetized turbulence.

With this work, we try to answer 3 fundamental questions that have plagued mathematicians and physicists for several decades. As known, the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) and the Brout-Englert-Higgs Mechanism (BEH-M) solved the Yang-Mills Mass Gap Problem. However, various mathematicians, even prestigious ones, consider the basic assumptions of the gauge theories to be wrong, as well as in conflict with the experimental evidences and in clear disagreement with the facts, distorcing the physical reality itself. Likewise, the Quantum Fields Theory (QFT) is mathematically inconsistent, adopting a mathematical structure somewhat complicated and arbitrary, which does not satisfy the strong demands for coherence. The weakest point of the gauge theories, in our opinion, consists in imposing that all the particles must be free of an intrinsic mass (massless).
 On the contrary, even for the particle considered universally massless, i.e. the photon (P), our calculations show a dynamic-mass, a push-momentum (p) of 1.325⋅10−22[g⋅cm/s]. That is, an optic P hits a particle with an energy-mass greater than 100 protons rest-mass’. It is clear that if we replaced this value with the full value of the P inserted in the equations of the Perturbation Theory, QFT and Yang-Mills theories, all divergences, that is all zeroes and infinities, would suddenly disappear.
 Consequently, the limits imposed by the SSB disappear so that there is no longer any need to deny the mass to the Nuclear Forces bosons, including the Yang-Mills b quantum. Still, the photons (Ps) are the basis of the quantum vacuum energy, which is distributed ubiquitously, also within the intra-atomic spaces. It is likely that a lot of Ps were trapped in atomic nuclei (at the time of nucleosynthesis) and among quarks (Qs) at the time of primordial nucleonic synthesis. We believe that when Qs get too close to each other, till repelling each other (Asymptotic Freedom of Qs), this may depend on the presence of a multitude of Ps that, no further compressible, begin to exert an antigravity repulsive force, just as a Dark Energy. This limit to Compressibility (C) of the radiation is shown in equation: PV 4/3 = C, where V is the volume, and P is the Pressure of the photonic gas. Quantum Mechanics plays a crucial role, through the Uncertainty Principle, in the spatial Confinement of Qs, which have remained eternally confined in an extremely narrow space by the Strong Interaction, but in primis by the very short range (likely ≈8.44[±1.44]⋅10-16cm) and lifetime of gluon(G) which, from our calculations, is ≈2.73[±0.564]⋅10-26 sec. Therefore, a new parameter may be added to the Qs and G spatial Confinement: the b quantum or G Temporal Confinement (and of their Colours and anti-Colours).

The theory of the Dynamic Medium of Reference has already been presented in several articles, in particular O. Pignard, “Dynamic Medium of Reference: A new theory of gravitation” [Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019)]. The objective of this article is to present a model of a massive particle within the framework of the Dynamic Medium of Reference theory. A concept of elementary wave on the subatomic level is introduced. An elementary wave is always identical to itself while being constantly renewed by new gravitons (entities that make up the medium of propagation of the wave). This elementary wave propagates in its medium (Dynamic Medium of Reference) at the speed of light, whatever its trajectory. A possible model of the elementary wave called vortex is presented in Appendix B. Then, the concept of line of vortices is introduced. The proposed model of a massive particle is then a set of lines of vortices. This model allows to explain that a massive particle has at the same time a wave aspect (because composed only of elementary waves) and a corpuscular aspect (since the elementary waves remain identical to themselves and that the massive particle remains delimited by the same volume). This model makes it possible to attribute to a massive particle a period <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⋅</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mtext>sin</mml:mtext> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mi></mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , a pulsation or angular velocity <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mtext>sin</mml:mtext> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mi></mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , an energy <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⋅</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⋅</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mtext>sin</mml:mtext> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mi></mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and a momentum <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⋅</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mtext>tan</mml:mtext> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mi></mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> are, respectively, the period, the pulsation, the energy, and the mass of the particle at rest in the Privileged Frame of Reference and <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi></mml:mi> </mml:math> designates the angle defined by the relation <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>cos</mml:mtext> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mi></mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where V is the speed of the particle relative to the Privileged Frame of Reference. This same model also makes it possible to attribute to the massive particle the de Broglie wavelength of expression <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>h</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mtext>tan</mml:mtext> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mi></mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>h</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and a frequency of expression <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⋅</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mtext>sin</mml:mtext> <mml:mo> </mml:mo> <mml:mi></mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>h</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> represents the frequency of stationary elementary waves making circular revolutions when the particle is at rest in the Privileged Frame of Reference. Two types of configuration are considered for the particles of matter. In the first type of configuration, the lines of vortices are radial with a spherical envelope. This corresponds to particles of matter free in space, without any field. In the second type of configuration, the lines of vortices are parallel with a cylindrical envelope. This corresponds to nucleons (protons, neutrons) confined in an atomic nucleus by the strong force.

 The rest mass of the proton and the rest mass of the electron can be expressed by the radius of the proton and the radius of the electron. The rest mass of the proton and the rest mass of the electron can be expressed by the radius of the proton and the radius of the electron.

By assuming several simple equations, we try to explain the sources of light speed, Vacuum dielectric constant, Permeability of vacuum,  Elementary charge, electron rest mass, proton mass, Rydberg constant, Boltzmann constant, Bohr radius, Bohr magneton constant,  Gravitational constant and Electrostatic constant.