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1

Xylander, Willi E. R., and Thomas Bartolomaeus. "Protonephridien: neue Erkenntnisse über Funktion und Evolution." Biologie in unserer Zeit 25, no. 2 (1995): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19950250211.

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2

Br�ggemann, Jochen. "Feinstruktur der Protonephridien von Paromalostomum proceracauda (Plathelminthes, Macrostomida)." Zoomorphology 106, no. 3 (1986): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00312203.

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3

Br�ggemann, Jochen. "Zur Feinstruktur der Protonephridien von Provortex psammophilus (Plathelminthes, Rhabdocoela)." Zoomorphology 107, no. 2 (1987): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00312119.

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4

SATO, H., J. R. KUSEL, and J. THORNHILL. "Excretion of fluorescent substrates of mammalian multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in theSchistosoma mansoniexcretory system." Parasitology 128, no. 1 (2004): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003004177.

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The protonephridium of platyhelminths includingSchistosoma mansoniplays a pivotal role in their survival by excretion of metabolic wastes as well as xenobiotics, and can be revealed in the living adult parasite by certain fluorescent compounds which are concentrated in excretory tubules and collecting ducts. To determine the presence of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) as a possible transporter in protonephridial epithelium, adult schistosomes were exposed to a fluorescent Ca2+indicator, fluo-3 acetyloxymethyl ester, which is a potential substrate of mammalian MRP. Specific fl
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5

Bartolomaeus, Thomas. "Head Kidneys in Hatchlings of Scoloplos Armiger (Annelida: Orbiniida): Implications for the Occurrence of Protonephridia in Lecithotrophic Larvae." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 1 (1998): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400040017.

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It is generally believed that lecithotrophic larvae of annelids do not possess functional excretory organs. However, as in certain annelids the planktotrophic trochophora larva has been secondarily modified into a lecithotrophic developmental stage and because protonephridia are characteristic for the trochophora, lecithotrophic developmental stages should also possess such organs. To test this assumption hatchlings of the orbiniidan Scoloplos armiger, which develops directly without a free-living larval stage, were investigated ultrastrucrurally. Each hatchling possesses a pair of protonephri
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6

Pietsch, Arnold, and Wilfried Westheide. "Protonephridial organs inMyzostoma cirriferum(Myzostomida)." Acta Zoologica 68, no. 3 (1987): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1987.tb00891.x.

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7

Rimskaya-Korsakova, N. N., N. P. Karaseva, E. N. Temereva, and V. V. Malakhov. "Protonephridial Excretory System in Vestimentifera (Siboglinidae, Annelida)." Doklady Biological Sciences 478, no. 1 (2018): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496618010064.

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8

Dunagan, T. T., and R. M. A. Rashed. "Capsular Protonephridia in Male Oligacanthorhynchus atrata (Acanthocephala)." Journal of Parasitology 74, no. 1 (1988): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3282495.

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9

Rohde, Klaus. "The evolution of protonephridia of the Platyhelminthes." Hydrobiologia 227, no. 1 (1991): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00027617.

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10

Rohde, K., and N. Watson. "Development of the protonephridia of Austramphilina elongata." Parasitology Research 74, no. 3 (1988): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00539574.

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11

Dunagan, T. T., and Donald M. Miller. "A Review of Protonephridial Excretory Systems in Acanthocephala." Journal of Parasitology 72, no. 5 (1986): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3281449.

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12

Rohde, Klaus, and Nikki A. Watson. "The Terminal Protonephridial Complex ofHaplopharynx rostratus(Platyhelminthes, Haplopharyngida)." Acta Zoologica 79, no. 4 (1998): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1998.tb01282.x.

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13

Bartolomaeus, Th, and P. Ax. "Protonephridia and Metanephridia - their relation within the Bilateria." Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 30, no. 1 (2009): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1992.tb00388.x.

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14

Ahlrichs, Wilko. "Ultrastructure of the protonephridia of Seison annulatus (Rotifera)." Zoomorphology 113, no. 4 (1993): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00403315.

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15

Watson, Nikki A., and Klaus Rohde. "Novel Protonephridial Filtration Apparatus in Cylindrostoma fingalianum, Allostoma sp. and Pseudostomum quadrioculatum (Platyhelminthes: Prolecithophora)." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 6 (1997): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97043.

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The diverse types of protonephridial filtration apparatus in the Platyhelminthes provide valuable characters for phylogenetic resolution, yet only one species from the order Prolecithophora has previously been studied. We examined three further species, two belonging to the family Cylindrostomidae and one from the Pseudostomidae, and found a novel arrangement consisting of scattered, short filtration slits in the cytoplasmic cylinder of the terminal cell surrounding the flame of cilia. In these species there are no regular, longitudinal ‘ribs’, such as are found in many other platyhelminth tax
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16

Jespersen, Åse. "Ultrastructure of the Protonephridium inActeonemertes bathamaePantin (Rhynchocoela: Enopla: Hoplonemertini)." Acta Zoologica 68, no. 2 (1987): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1987.tb00882.x.

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17

Dunagan, T. T., and D. M. Miller. "Protonephridia in Male Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Acanthocephala): An SEM Study." Journal of Parasitology 71, no. 4 (1985): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3281533.

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18

Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg, and Anders Hay-Schmidt. "The Protonephridia of the Arctic KinorhynchEchinoderes aquilonius(Cyclorhagida, Echinoderidae)." Acta Zoologica 70, no. 1 (1989): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1989.tb01048.x.

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19

Neuhaus, Birger. "Ultrastructure of the protonephridia in Pycnophyes kielensis (Kinorhyncha, Homalorhagida)." Zoomorphology 108, no. 4 (1988): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00312224.

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20

Hay-Schmidt, Anders. "The Ultrastructure of the Protonephridium of the Actinotroch Larva (Phoronida)." Acta Zoologica 68, no. 1 (1987): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1987.tb00874.x.

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21

Stewart, Heather, Hannah E. Westlake, and Louise R. Page. "Rhogocytes in gastropod larvae: developmental transformation from protonephridial terminal cells." Invertebrate Biology 133, no. 1 (2013): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12041.

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22

Rohde, K., N. A. Watson, and F. R. Roubal. "Ultrastructure of the protonephridial system of Anoplodiscus cirrusspiralis (Monogenea Monopisthocotylea)." International Journal for Parasitology 22, no. 4 (1992): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(92)90145-b.

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23

Krapf, Keith, and T. T. Dunagan. "Structural Features of the Protonephridia in Female Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Acanthocephala)." Journal of Parasitology 73, no. 6 (1987): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3282303.

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24

Kieneke, Alexander, and Rick Hochberg. "Ultrastructural observations of the protonephridia of Polymerurus nodicaudus (Gastrotricha: Paucitubulatina)." Acta Zoologica 93, no. 1 (2010): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00494.x.

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25

Rohde, K., and N. Watson. "Ultrastructure of the Flame Bulbs and Protonephridial Capillaries ofMicrostomumsp. (Platyhelminthes, Macrostomida)." Acta Zoologica 72, no. 3 (1991): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1991.tb00940.x.

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26

JESPERSEN, ASE. "Ultrastructure of the protonephridium in Prostoma graecense (Bohmig) (Rhynchocoela, Enopla, Hoplonemertini)." Zoologica Scripta 16, no. 3 (1987): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1987.tb00065.x.

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27

Rohde, K., and N. A. Watson. "Ultrastructure of the protonephridial system of regenerating Stenostomum sp. (Plathelminthes, Catenulida)." Zoomorphology 113, no. 1 (1993): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00430977.

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28

Ruthensteiner, B., Andreas Wanninger, and Gerhard Haszprunar. "The protonephridial system of the tusk shell, Antalis entalis (Mollusca, Scaphopoda)." Zoomorphology 121, no. 1 (2001): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004350100040.

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29

WESTHEIDE, WILFRIED. "Ultrastructure of the Protonephridia in the Dorvilleid Polychaete Apodotrocha progenerans (Annelida)." Zoologica Scripta 14, no. 4 (1985): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1985.tb00197.x.

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30

Bartolomaeus, Thomas. "Ultrastructure and relationship between protonephridia and metanephridia in Phoronis muelleri (Phoronida)." Zoomorphology 109, no. 2 (1989): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00312317.

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31

Williams, JB. "Studies on the Epidermis of Temnocephala Vii.* The Basal Region, with Comments on 'Membrane Flow'." Australian Journal of Zoology 33, no. 4 (1985): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9850413.

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Tubular infoldings of the plasmalemma, and other basal structures in the epidermis of Temnocephala novaezealandiae, are described. At times, the tubular invaginations are greatly elaborated, resulting in a considerably increased plasmalemmal area; also, complex lateral interdigitations occur at the boundaries of the differentiated syncytial epithelia. Many mitochondria are associated with the elaborated membrane. These modifications suggest an enhanced ion transport across the epidermis, and the epidermis is assumed to function in combination with the protonephridial tubules in ionic regulatio
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32

Rohde, Klaus. "Ultrastructure of the protonephridial system of the oncomiracidium ofEncotyllabe chironemi (Platyhelminthes, Monopisthocotylea)." Microscopy Research and Technique 42, no. 3 (1998): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19980801)42:3<212::aid-jemt5>3.0.co;2-u.

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33

Temereva, E. N., and V. V. Malakhov. "Development of excretory organs in Phoronopsis harmeri (Phoronida): From protonephridium to nephromixium." Entomological Review 86, S2 (2006): S201—S209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0013873806110145.

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34

Rohde, Klaus, and N. A. Watson. "Ultrastructure of the Flame Bulbs and Protonephridial Capillaries ofArtioposthiasp. (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae)." Acta Zoologica 73, no. 4 (1992): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1992.tb01087.x.

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35

RUTHENSTEINER, BERNHARD, and KURT SCHAEFER. "ON THE PROTONEPHRIDIA AND ‘LARVAL KIDNEYS’ OF NASSARIUS (HINIA) RETICULATUS (LINNAEUS) (CAENOGASTROPODA)." Journal of Molluscan Studies 57, no. 3 (1991): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/57.3.323.

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36

Neuhaus, Birger, and Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen. "Ultrastructure of the protonephridia of larvalRugiloricuscf.cauliculus, maleArmorloricus elegans, and femaleNanaloricus mysticus(Loricifera)." Journal of Morphology 268, no. 4 (2007): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10521.

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37

Lammert, Volker. "The fine structure of protonephridia in Gnathostomulida and their comparison within Bilateria." Zoomorphology 105, no. 5 (1985): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00312062.

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38

Watson, Nikki A. "Characteristics of protonephridial terminal organs and the eyes of four species of Trigonostominae (Platyhelminthes : Rhabdocoela)." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 3 (1998): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo98031.

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Two complex, phylogenetically informative structures were investigated using transmission electron microscopy in four species within a small taxonomic unit of rhabdocoel turbellarians. A synapomorphic modification of the structure of the protonephridial terminal organs, viz. reduced definition of the filtration ribs, was found in three of the species, Ceratopera sp., Proxenetes fasciger and Trigonostomum setigerum. Modifications of the mitochondrial lensing elements found in the eyes of Beklemischeviella contorta implied that it may join with Ptychopera westbladi to form a branch within the su
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39

Ramasamy, P., G. P. Brennan, and K. Stalin. "Ultrastructure of the digestive and protonephridial systems of the metacercaria of Euclinostomum multicaecum." Journal of Helminthology 72, no. 3 (1998): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00016515.

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AbstractThe structure of the digestive tract of Euclinostomum multicaecum (Digenea: Euclinostomatidae) is unusual, comprising several main lateral caeca which extend posteriorly and further divide, giving rise to numerous smaller branches which are widely distributed throughout the fluke. These multicaeca presumably promote nutrient absorption during rapid and prolonged feeding directly following excystment. The caecal wall consists of a syncytial gastrodermal epithelium, bearing loop-like lamellae which extend into the lumen and enclose spherical inclusion bodies and presumably also, increase
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40

Watson, N. A., and K. Rohde. "Ultrastructure of the flame bulbs and protonephridial capillaries ofRugogaster hydrolagi(Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Aspidogastrea)." Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 67, no. 3 (1992): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/199267367.

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41

Xylander, Willi E. R. "Investigations on the protonephridial system of postlarval Gyrocotyle urna and Amphilina foliacea (Cestoda)." International Journal for Parasitology 22, no. 3 (1992): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(05)80006-2.

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42

Baeumler, Natalie, Gerhard Haszprunar, and Bernhard Ruthensteiner. "Development of the excretory system in the polyplacophoran mollusc, Lepidochitona corrugata: The protonephridium." Journal of Morphology 272, no. 8 (2011): 972–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10964.

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43

ROHDE, KLAUS, and NIKKI WATSON. "Ultrastructure of the flame bulbs and protonephridial capillaries of Prorhynchus (Lecithoepitheliata, Prorhynchidae, Turbellaria)." Zoologica Scripta 20, no. 2 (1991): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1991.tb00277.x.

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44

Rohde, K., and N. A. Watson. "Ultrastructure of the developing protonephridial system of the cercaria ofPhilophthalmus sp. (Trematoda, Digenea)." Parasitology Research 78, no. 5 (1992): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00931690.

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45

Rohde, K. "Ultrastructure of flame cells and protonephridial capillaries of Craspedella and Didymorchis (Plathelminthes, Rhabdocoela)." Zoomorphology 106, no. 6 (1987): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00312257.

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46

Rohde, K., NA Watson, and A. Faubel. "Ultrastructure of the Epidermis and Protonephridium of an Undescribed Species of Luridae (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela)." Australian Journal of Zoology 41, no. 4 (1993): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9930415.

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The epidermis of an undescribed species of Luridae possesses many large cavities filled with a medium-dense material, intraepidermal nuclei, glandular ducts, cilia with vertical and horizontal rootlets, surface microvilli, and a thick basal lamina. Cilia have narrow tips, the peripheral axonemal doublets lose one of the microtubules and, finally, whole doublets are lost near the tip. Flame bulbs have a single row of longitudinal ribs containing microtubules and connected by a 'membrane' apparently of extracellular matrix; cilia of flame bulbs possess cross-striated rootlets, and capillary wall
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47

Rohde, K., A. M. Johnson, P. R. Baverstock, and N. A. Watson. "Aspects of the phylogeny of Platyhelminthes based on 18S ribosomal DNA and protonephridial ultrastructure." Hydrobiologia 305, no. 1-3 (1995): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00036359.

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48

Jespersen, Å., and J. Lützen. "Ultrastructure of the Protonephridial Terminal Organ in the Terrestrial NemerteanGeonemertes pelaensis(Rhynchocoela, Enopla, Hoplonemertini)." Acta Zoologica 70, no. 3 (1989): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1989.tb01066.x.

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49

WATSON, NIKKI A., KLAUS ROHDE, and ALBERTO LANFRANCHI. "The ultrastructure of the protonephridial system of Gotte's larva of Stylochus mediterraneus (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes)." Zoologica Scripta 21, no. 3 (1992): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1992.tb00324.x.

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50

Rohde, K., N. Watson, and F. Roubal. "Ultrastructure of the protonephridial system of Dactylogyrus sp. and an unidentified ancyrocephaline (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae)." International Journal for Parasitology 19, no. 8 (1989): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(89)90111-2.

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