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Journal articles on the topic 'Protons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Farahani, Ramin M. "An Addendum to the Chemiosmotic Theory of Mitochondrial Activity: The Role of RNA as a Proton Sink." Biomolecules 15, no. 1 (2025): 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15010087.

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Mitochondrial ATP synthesis is driven by harnessing the electrochemical gradient of protons (proton motive force) across the mitochondrial inner membrane via the process of chemiosmosis. While there is consensus that the proton gradient is generated by components of the electron transport chain, the mechanism by which protons are supplied to ATP synthase remains controversial. As opposed to a global coupling model whereby protons diffuse into the intermembrane space, a localised coupling model predicts that protons remain closely associated with the lipid membrane prior to interaction with ATP

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2

Abdallat, Mahmoud, Abdallah Barjas Qaswal, Majed Eftaiha, et al. "A mathematical modeling of the mitochondrial proton leak via quantum tunneling." AIMS Biophysics 11, no. 2 (2024): 189–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2024012.

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<abstract> <p>The mitochondrion is a vital intracellular organelle that is responsible for ATP production. It utilizes both the concentration gradient and the electrical potential of the inner mitochondrial membrane to drive the flow of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix to generate ATP via ATP-synthase. However, the proton leak flow, which is mediated via the inner mitochondrial membrane and uncoupling proteins, can reduce the efficiency of ATP production. Protons can exhibit a quantum behavior within biological systems. However, the investigation of the quantum be

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3

Wobig, Lea, Thérèse Wolfenstetter, Sylvia Fechner, et al. "A family of hyperpolarization-activated channels selective for protons." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 24 (2020): 13783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001214117.

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Proton (H+) channels are special: They select protons against other ions that are up to a millionfold more abundant. Only a few proton channels have been identified so far. Here, we identify a family of voltage-gated “pacemaker” channels, HCNL1, that are exquisitely selective for protons. HCNL1 activates during hyperpolarization and conducts protons into the cytosol. Surprisingly, protons permeate through the channel’s voltage-sensing domain, whereas the pore domain is nonfunctional. Key to proton permeation is a methionine residue that interrupts the series of regularly spaced arginine residu

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4

Potgieter, Marius S., O. P. M. Aslam, Driaan Bisschoff, and Donald Ngobeni. "A Perspective on the Solar Modulation of Cosmic Anti-Matter." Physics 3, no. 4 (2021): 1190–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics3040076.

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Global modulation studies with comprehensive numerical models contribute meaningfully to the refinement of very local interstellar spectra (VLISs) for cosmic rays. Modulation of positrons and anti-protons are investigated to establish how the ratio of their intensity, and with respect to electrons and protons, are changing with solar activity. This includes the polarity reversal of the solar magnetic field which creates a 22-year modulation cycle. Modeling illustrates how they are modulated over time and the particle drift they experience which is significant at lower kinetic energy. The VLIS

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5

Granado-González, M., C. Jesús-Valls, T. Lux, T. Price, and F. Sánchez. "A novel range telescope concept for proton CT." Physics in Medicine & Biology 67, no. 3 (2022): 035013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac4b39.

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Abstract Proton beam therapy can potentially offer improved treatment for cancers of the head and neck and in paediatric patients. There has been a sharp uptake of proton beam therapy in recent years as improved delivery techniques and patient benefits are observed. However, treatments are currently planned using conventional x-ray CT images due to the absence of devices able to perform high quality proton computed tomography (pCT) under realistic clinical conditions. A new plastic-scintillator-based range telescope concept, named ASTRA, is proposed here to measure the proton’s energy loss in

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6

Trzebiński, M., R. Staszewski, and J. Chwastowski. "LHC High- Runs: Transport and Unfolding Methods." ISRN High Energy Physics 2012 (September 25, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/491460.

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The paper describes the transport of the elastically and diffractively scattered protons in the proton-proton interactions at the LHC for the high- runs. A parametrisation of the scattered proton transport through the LHC magnetic lattice is presented. The accuracy of the unfolding of the kinematic variables of the scattered protons is discussed.

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7

Giovannini, Daniela, Cinzia De Angelis, Maria Denise Astorino, et al. "In Vivo Radiobiological Investigations with the TOP-IMPLART Proton Beam on a Medulloblastoma Mouse Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9 (2023): 8281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098281.

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Protons are now increasingly used to treat pediatric medulloblastoma (MB) patients. We designed and characterized a setup to deliver proton beams for in vivo radiobiology experiments at a TOP-IMPLART facility, a prototype of a proton-therapy linear accelerator developed at the ENEA Frascati Research Center, with the goal of assessing the feasibility of TOP-IMPLART for small animal proton therapy research. Mice bearing Sonic-Hedgehog (Shh)-dependent MB in the flank were irradiated with protons to test whether irradiation could be restricted to a specific depth in the tumor tissue and to compare

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8

Bellomo, Giovanni, Enrico Ravera, Vito Calderone, et al. "Revisiting paramagnetic relaxation enhancements in slowly rotating systems: how long is the long range?" Magnetic Resonance 2, no. 1 (2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/mr-2-25-2021.

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Abstract. Cross-relaxation terms in paramagnetic systems that reorient rigidly with slow tumbling times can increase the effective longitudinal relaxation rates of protons of more than 1 order of magnitude. This is evaluated by simulating the time evolution of the nuclear magnetization using a complete relaxation rate-matrix approach. The calculations show that the Solomon dependence of the paramagnetic relaxation rates on the metal–proton distance (as r−6) can be incorrect for protons farther than 15 Å from the metal and thus can cause sizable errors in R1-derived distance restraints used, fo

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9

Patyal, Baldev. "Dosimetry Aspects of Proton Therapy." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 6, no. 4_suppl (2007): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15330346070060s403.

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High-energy photons and high-energy protons are very different in the ways they interact with matter. These differences lead to distinct advantages of protons over photons for treatment of cancer. Some aspects of proton interactions with tissue that make this modality superior for treating cancer are: (i) Initially, the protons lose energy very slowly as they enter the body; this results in a low entrance dose and low doses to the normal tissues proximal to the tumor. (ii) Near the end of range, protons lose energy very rapidly and deposit all their energy over a very small volume before they

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10

Liu, Huiya, Anle Lei, Ning Kang, et al. "Characterization of Energetic Protons Generated in the ShenGuang-II UP Petawatt Laser Interactions with Foil Targets." Laser and Particle Beams 2021 (August 17, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7205383.

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The characterization of energetic protons generated in the ShenGuang-II UP petawatt laser interactions with foil targets has been systematically studied. The proton energy spectra and angular distributions are measured with a radiochromic film stack. It shows that the proton energy spectra have a Boltzmann distribution with temperature of about 2.8 MeV and cutoff energy of about 20 MeV. The divergence angles of protons vary from 10° to 60°, dependent on the proton energy. The proton source size and location are investigated via the proton point-projection mesh imaging. The proton virtual sourc

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11

Fan, Jieqing, Qun Tan, and Jianhong Hao. "Analysis of displacement damage mechanism and simulation proton irradiation on GaAs." AIP Advances 12, no. 9 (2022): 095304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0104457.

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GaAs is an important material for preparing power supply for space vehicles, satellites, and space systems. To study the displacement damage of GaAs material caused by protons in the space environment, in this article, the Monte Carlo software Geant4 was used to simulate the transport process of space protons in GaAs; calculate the non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) of protons with different energies; and obtain the species, energy range, and proportion of primary knock-on atom produced by proton irradiation with different energies. The results show that with the increase in the incident proton e

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12

Sopczak, A. "Overview of ATLAS Forward Proton Detectors: Status, Performance and New Physics Results." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 70, no. 2 (2025): 71. https://doi.org/10.15407/ujpe70.2.71.

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A key focus of the physics program at the LHC is the study of head-on proton-proton collisions. However, an important class of physics can be studied for cases where the protons narrowly miss one another and remain intact. In such cases, the electromagnetic fields surrounding the protons can interact producing high-energy photon-photon collisions. Alternatively, interactions mediated by the strong force can also result in intact forward scattered protons, providing probes of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In order to aid identification and provide unique information about these rare interaction

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13

XING Tian, LIU Shuhuan, WANG Xuan, et al. "Monte Carlo simulations of proton-induced displacement damage in SiGe alloys and SiGe/Si heterostructures." Acta Physica Sinica 74, no. 16 (2025): 0. https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.74.20250162.

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SiGe-based electronics possess a promising prospect in the space exploration field owing to a controllable bandgap of SiGe alloys and high compatibility with Si technology, but they may be susceptible to energetic particles in space radiation environments. In order to interpret the potential displacement damage in SiGe-based electronics, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to investigate the displacement damage in SiGe alloys and SiGe/Si heterostructures induced by 1 ~ 1000 MeV protons. The displacement damage in SiGe alloys was explored via the energy spectra and species as well as the per

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14

Sakai, Jun-ichi, and Ryo Sugihara. "Non-Stochastic Acceleration of Protons in the Magnetic Neutral Sheet." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 107 (1985): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090007604x.

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A rapid non-stochastic proton acceleration mechanism by electrostatic waves during the substorm activity in the magnetospheric tail is presented to explain the origin of energetic protons (up to MeV). The protons are accelerated normal to the neutral sheet. Near a reconnection point, however, the protons are also accelerated along the sheet by a second process.

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15

Nishino, M. N., M. Fujimoto, T. Terasawa, et al. "Temperature anisotropies of electrons and two-component protons in the dusk plasma sheet." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 6 (2007): 1417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1417-2007.

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Abstract. To investigate the cold plasma sheet formation under northward IMF, we study the temperature anisotropies of electrons and two-component protons observed by the Geotail spacecraft. The two-component protons, which are occasionally observed in the dusk plasma sheet near the low-latitude boundary, are the result of spatial mixing of the hot protons of the magnetosphere proper and the cold protons from the solar wind. Recent research focusing on the two-component protons reported that the cold proton component at times has a strong anisotropy, and that the sense of the anisotropy depend

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16

Wan, Q., R. K. Xu, and X. H. Li. "Proton release by tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) roots as affected by nutrient solution concentration and pH." Plant, Soil and Environment 58, No. 9 (2012): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/326/2012-pse.

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Solution culture experiments were conducted and the protons released were measured with an automatic titration system to determine the main factors affecting proton release by tea roots. Results indicated that the higher were the cation concentrations, the more protons were released from the roots, suggesting that tea roots took up a large amount of cations during growth, and then released protons to maintain charge balance of the plant body. The amount of protons released from tea roots at controlled pH was much higher than that in the treatments with uncontrolled pH. Stepwise multiple linear

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17

OELERT, WALTER. "ELENA: AN UPGRADE TO THE ANTI-PROTON DECELERATOR AT CERN." International Journal of Modern Physics A 26, no. 03n04 (2011): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x11051718.

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CERN has a long tradition of pursuing fundamental physics on a variety of energy scales. For anti-protons CERN famously produced the high-energy SPS beam but also the world's only and unique sources of low-energy anti-protons – first the Low Energy Anti-proton Ring (LEAR) and thereafter the Anti-proton Decelerator (AD). The scientific demand for low-energy anti-protons at the AD continues to grow. More rapid progress and much higher measurement precision might be possible by upgrading the AD to increase and optimize the number of cold anti-protons that can be trapped and accumulated. To achiev

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18

Mirabutalybov, Mirteimour, and Mina Aliyeva. "Study of Average Characteristic Parameters of Isotopes, Isotones and Isobars by Electron and Proton Scattering." Quantum Beam Science 9, no. 2 (2025): 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs9020018.

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By way of studying the difference of the proton and neutron distributions in isotopes, isotones and isobars, we used the results of theoretical calculations obtained from the scattering of protons and electrons on nuclei. To calculate the differential cross section of proton scattering, an expression was obtained for the distorted-wave formfactor of the nucleus, which, using the mathematical method proposed by us, is expressed through the plane-wave Born formfactor. In addition, using the data for elastic scattering of electrons on nuclei, the average characteristic parameters of C2040a, C2048

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19

Sokolov, Valerij S., Vsevolod Yu Tashkin, Darya D. Zykova, Yulia V. Kharitonova, Timur R. Galimzyanov, and Oleg V. Batishchev. "Electrostatic Potentials Caused by the Release of Protons from Photoactivated Compound Sodium 2-Methoxy-5-nitrophenyl Sulfate at the Surface of Bilayer Lipid Membrane." Membranes 13, no. 8 (2023): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13080722.

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Lateral transport and release of protons at the water–membrane interface play crucial roles in cell bioenergetics. Therefore, versatile techniques need to be developed for investigating as well as clarifying the main features of these processes at the molecular level. Here, we experimentally measured the kinetics of binding of protons released from the photoactivated compound sodium 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl sulfate (MNPS) at the surface of a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM). We developed a theoretical model of this process describing the damage of MNPS coupled with the release of the protons at the

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20

Grigorieva, I. Yu, A. B. Struminsky, Yu I. Logachev, and A. M. Sadovskii. "Coronal Propagation of Solar Protons during and after Their Stochastic Acceleration." Космические исследования 61, no. 3 (2023): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0023420622600246.

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Solar protons in eruptive flares are stochastically accelerated in a wide spatial angle, and then they are effectively kept behind the expanding coronal mass ejection (CME) front, which can either bring protons to the magnetic-field line going to a remote observer or carry them away. We consider 13 solar proton events of cycle 24 in which protons with energy E 100 MeV were recorded and were accompanied by the detection of solar hard X-ray (HXR) radiation with E 100 keV by an ACS SPI detector and γ-radiation with E 100 MeV by the FermiLAT telescope with a source in the western hemisphere of the

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21

Rohollahpour, Elham, and Hadi Taleshi Ahangari. "Feasibility of Proton Range Estimation with Prompt Gamma Imaging in Proton Therapy of Lung Cancer: Monte Carlo Study." Journal of Medical Physics 49, no. 4 (2024): 531–38. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmp.jmp_74_24.

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Context: Using prompt gamma (PG) ray is proposed as a promising solution for in vivo monitoring in proton therapy. Despite significant and diverse approaches explored over the past two decades, challenges still persist for more effective utilization. Aims: The feasibility of estimating proton range with PG imaging (PGI) as an online imaging guide in an anthropomorphic phantom with lung cancer was investigated through GATE/GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation. Setting and Design: Once the GATE code was validated for use as a simulation tool, the gamma energy spectra of NURBS-based cardiac-torso (NCAT)

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22

Pae, K. H., I. W. Choi, and J. Lee. "Effect of target composition on proton acceleration by intense laser pulses in the radiation pressure acceleration regime." Laser and Particle Beams 29, no. 1 (2011): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034610000674.

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AbstractThe characteristics of high energy protons generated from thin carbon-proton mixture targets via circularly polarized intense laser pulses are investigated using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. It is found that the density ratio n between protons and carbon ions plays a key role in determining the acceleration dynamics. For low n values, the protons are mainly accelerated by the radiation pressure acceleration mechanism, resulting in a quasi-monoenergetic energy spectrum. The radiation pressure acceleration mechanism is enhanced by the directed-Coulomb-explosion of carbon

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23

Bushinsky, D. A. "Effects of parathyroid hormone on net proton flux from neonatal mouse calvariae." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 252, no. 4 (1987): F585—F589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1987.252.4.f585.

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Bone mineral buffers protons during acute metabolic acidosis; whether parathyroid hormone (PTH) augments proton buffering is controversial. To determine whether PTH augments proton buffering by bone, we cultured neonatal mouse calvariae with or without PTH (10(-8) M) for 3 h in medium that was physiologically acid (pH approximately 7.20), neutral (pH approximately 7.40), or alkaline (pH approximately 7.60). Over the entire pH range studied there was less influx of protons into calvariae treated with PTH than into control calvariae, indicating that PTH does not augment but instead inhibits prot

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Ardalan, Afshan, Matthew D. Smith, and Masoud Jelokhani-Niaraki. "Uncoupling Proteins and Regulated Proton Leak in Mitochondria." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (2022): 1528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031528.

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Higher concentration of protons in the mitochondrial intermembrane space compared to the matrix results in an electrochemical potential causing the back flux of protons to the matrix. This proton transport can take place through ATP synthase complex (leading to formation of ATP) or can occur via proton transporters of the mitochondrial carrier superfamily and/or membrane lipids. Some mitochondrial proton transporters, such as uncoupling proteins (UCPs), transport protons as their general regulating function; while others are symporters or antiporters, which use the proton gradient as a driving

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Li, G., A. Bruno, M. A. Lee, N. Lugaz, G. A. de Nolfo, and J. M. Ryan. "Interpreting the Observed Positive Correlation between the Event-integrated Fluence and the Rollover Energy of Solar Energetic Particle Events by the PAMELA Mission with Coupled Hydromagnetic Wave Excitation and Proton Acceleration at Shocks in the Low Corona." Astrophysical Journal 936, no. 1 (2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac81c2.

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Abstract An analytical model for diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at one-dimensional stationary planar shocks in the lower corona is presented. The model introduces an upstream escape boundary through which a constant flux of protons streaming upstream out of the system is allowed. The nonvanishing flux of streaming protons out of the system limits the maximum attainable energy of DSA and produces a rollover in the high-energy spectra of the shock-accelerated protons. The condition for the rollover energy derived from the model can account for the approximately linear relation between the na

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Dirajlal, Sahera, Laura E. Pauers, and Cheryl L. Stucky. "Differential Response Properties of IB4-Positive and -Negative Unmyelinated Sensory Neurons to Protons and Capsaicin." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 1 (2003): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00371.2002.

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Activation of unmyelinated (C-fiber) nociceptors by noxious chemicals plays a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of injury-induced pain. C-fiber nociceptors can be divided into two groups in which one class depends on nerve growth factor during postnatal development and contains neuropeptides, and the second class depends on glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor during postnatal development and contains few neuropeptides but binds isolectin B4 (IB4). We determined the sensitivity of these two populations to protons and capsaicin using whole cell recordings of dorsal root gan

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Yajima, T., and S. P. Pati. "Controlling proton volatility in SiO₂-capped TiO₂ thin films for neuromorphic functionality." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 24 (2022): 241601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094481.

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Volatile memories are one of the essential analog devices used in recent electronics, such as neuromorphic circuits and reservoir computing. However, since the application of volatile memories is relatively recent, basic research on the volatility function in the materials is still lacking. In this study, we focused on electrochemically doped protons inside the TiO2 thin film as one of the simplest platforms for volatile functions and aimed to clarify the design principle for volatile memories. It was found that the proton volatility from the TiO2 surface can be controlled by the slow proton d

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Jones, S. B., T. S. Nonnenmacher, E. Atkin, et al. "Off-Axis Characterisation of the CERN T10 Beam for low Momentum Proton Measurements with a High Pressure Gas Time Projection Chamber." Instruments 4, no. 3 (2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4030021.

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We present studies of proton fluxes in the T10 beamline at CERN. A prototype high pressure gas time projection chamber (TPC) was exposed to the beam of protons and other particles, using the 0.8 GeV/c momentum setting in T10, in order to make cross section measurements of low energy protons in argon. To explore the energy region comparable to hadrons produced by GeV-scale neutrino interactions at oscillation experiments, i.e., near 0.1 GeV of kinetic energy, methods of moderating the T10 beam were employed: the dual technique of moderating the beam with acrylic blocks and measuring scattered p

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Gary, S. Peter, Lin Yin, and Dan Winske. "Electromagnetic proton cyclotron instability: heating of cool magnetospheric helium ions." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 1 (1996): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0001-2.

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Abstract. The electromagnetic proton cyclotron anisotropy instability is excited if the hot proton temperature anisotropy, T⊥h/T\\mid\\mid h, is sufficiently large compared to unity, where the subscript h denotes the hot protons and the perpendicular and parallel symbols denote directions relative to the background magnetic field. This instability is important in the outer magnetosphere because it has been shown to lead to an upper bound on T⊥h/T\\mid\\mid h and to cool iron heating. Here one-dimensional initial-value hybrid simulations with spatial variations in the direction of the backgroun

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Isoda, Yosuke, Daisuke Kan, Yumie Ogura, Takuya Majima, Takashi Tsuchiya, and Yuichi Shimakawa. "Electrochemical control and protonation of the strontium iron oxide SrFeO_y by using proton-conducting electrolyte." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 9 (2022): 091601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083209.

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To electrochemically control structural and transport properties of oxygen-deficient perovskite SrFeO y (2.5 ≦ y ≦ 3) (SFO) epitaxial films, we employed electric-field-effect transistor structures in which the proton-conducting solid electrolyte Nafion is used as a gate insulator. When a positive gate voltage ( VGS) is applied and protons are injected toward the film channel layer, the SFO films are electrochemically reduced, leading to increases in the channel resistance. On the other hand, when a negative VGS is applied and protons are removed, the SFO films are oxidized, and as a result, th

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Kovtyukh, Alexander S. "Distribution of Earth's radiation belts' protons over the drift frequency of particles." Annales Geophysicae 39, no. 1 (2021): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-171-2021.

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Abstract. Using data on the proton fluxes of the Earth's radiation belts (ERBs) with energy ranging from 0.2 to 100 MeV on the drift L shells ranging from 1 to 8, the quasi-stationary distributions over the drift frequency fd of protons around the Earth are constructed. For this purpose, direct measurements of proton fluxes of the ERBs during the period from 1961 to 2017 near the geomagnetic equator were employed. The main physical processes in the ERB manifested more clearly in these distributions, and for protons with fd>0.5 mHz at L>3, their distributions in the {fd,L} space have a mo

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Kim, Juye, and Andrew A. Peterson. "Investigating the Existence of a Pseudo-Initial State in Proton Transfer during the Volmer Reaction in a Grand Canonical Environment." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 45 (2024): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01452518mtgabs.

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Protons play a significant role in electrochemical reactions. In a simulated Volmer reaction, we can imagine the initial state as a situation where protons are in a bulk state with an empty metal slab. To study the reaction barrier, we need to move the protons from the reservoir to the surface of the electrode. We term the state where the proton has reached the near-surface layer the pseudo-initial state. This prompts the question of how protons from the bulk migrate to the near-surface and whether this pseudo-initial state truly exists. If protons don't become localized at the near-surface la

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Prosser, S., and H. Peemoeller. "Nature of lysozyme–water interactions by proton NMR." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 69, no. 5-6 (1991): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o91-053.

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Proton spin-lattice relaxation measurements were performed in 10 mM lysozyme solution as a function of temperature and degree of substitution of solvent H2O with D2O. The results show that in the temperature range from 274 to 323 K, the intermolecular lysozyme proton water proton coupling contributes appreciably to the observed water proton relaxation rate. In this system exchange between water protons and labile protein protons does not dominate the behaviour with temperature of the water–lysozyme intermolecular contribution to the spin-lattice relaxation.Key words: NMR, lysozyme, relaxation-

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Рыжков, В. А., Г. Е. Ремнев, И. Н. Пятков та М. В. Журавлев. "Вклад газов остаточной атмосферы в поток коллективно ускоренных протонов в диоде Люса". Письма в журнал технической физики 46, № 8 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2020.08.49299.18147.

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Contribution of gases of residual atmosphere on number of protons collectively accelerated in Luce diode was determined by comparison of the number of protons generated with polyethylene and boron nitride anodes. The proton average number and energy were determined by a use of the radioactivation diagnostics via nuclear reactions 10B(p,α)7Be and 12C(p,γ)13N. It was found that the number of protons collectively accelerated due to adsorption of water vapors and hydrocarbons from the residual camera atmosphere can be comparable with the number of protons accelerated due to sublimation of surface

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Vanderwaeren, Laura, Rüveyda Dok, Kevin Verstrepen, and Sandra Nuyts. "Clinical Progress in Proton Radiotherapy: Biological Unknowns." Cancers 13, no. 4 (2021): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040604.

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Clinical use of proton radiation has massively increased over the past years. The main reason for this is the beneficial depth-dose distribution of protons that allows to reduce toxicity to normal tissues surrounding the tumor. Despite the experience in the clinical use of protons, the radiobiology after proton irradiation compared to photon irradiation remains to be completely elucidated. Proton radiation may lead to differential damages and activation of biological processes. Here, we will review the current knowledge of proton radiobiology in terms of induction of reactive oxygen species, h

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Culfa, O., G. J. Tallents, M. E. Korkmaz, et al. "Plasma scale length effects on protons generated in ultra-intense laser–plasmas." Laser and Particle Beams 35, no. 1 (2016): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034616000811.

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AbstractThe energy spectra of protons generated by ultra-intense (1020 W cm−2) laser interactions with a preformed plasma of scale length measured by shadowgraphy are presented. The effects of the preformed plasma on the proton beam temperature and the number of protons are evaluated. Two-dimensional EPOCH particle-in-cell code simulations of the proton spectra are found to be in agreement with measurements over a range of experimental parameters.

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Iwata, Hiromitsu, Tsuyoshi Shuto, Shunsuke Kamei, et al. "Combined effects of cisplatin and photon or proton irradiation in cultured cells: radiosensitization, patterns of cell death and cell cycle distribution." Journal of Radiation Research 61, no. 6 (2020): 832–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rraa065.

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Abstract The purpose of the current study was to investigate the biological effects of protons and photons in combination with cisplatin in cultured cells and elucidate the mechanisms responsible for their combined effects. To evaluate the sensitizing effects of cisplatin against X-rays and proton beams in HSG, EMT6 and V79 cells, the combination index, a simple measure for quantifying synergism, was estimated from cell survival curves using software capable of performing the Monte Carlo calculation. Cell death and apoptosis were assessed using live cell fluorescence imaging. HeLa and HSG cell

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M., Ambaga, Tumen-Ulzii A., and Buyantushig T. "THE BUFFERING CAPACITY OF ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE SURROUNDINGS IN RELATION TO FREE PROTONS INSIGHTOF NEW ELUCIDATION OF EIGTH AND NINTH STAGES OF THE MEMBRANE REDOXY POTENTIAL THREE STATE DEPENDENT 9 STEPPED FULL CYCLE OF PROTON CONDUCTANCE IN THE HUMAN BODY." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 11 (2022): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15638.

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It was became clear that the flow-fate of all many many protons,generated in mitochondria of 50-80 trillion cells (now by us mitochondria flow of protons named as 1-7 stages of proton conductance) have been needed another special structures - another system needs to soak up the extra H+ activity generated as a result of process conducted in the 1-7 stages of proton conductance in order for true buffering to occur, that system consists of intracellular proteins, of which haemoglobin is the key player, concretely speaking,one of these are the erythrocyte membrane surroundings for packaging of pr

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Nie, Lin, Yang Liu, and Zejun Jiang. "Implications of a Possible Spectral Structure of Cosmic-Ray Protons Unveiled by the DAMPE." Astrophysical Journal 952, no. 2 (2023): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acda29.

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Abstract The recent observations revealed that the cosmic-ray (CR) proton spectrum showed a complex structure: the hardening at ∼200 GeV and softening at ∼10 TeV. However, so far, the physical origins of this spectral feature remain strongly debated. In this work, we simulate the acceleration of CR protons in a nearby supernova remnant (SNR) by solving numerically the hydrodynamic equations and the equation for the quasi-isotropic CR momentum distribution in the spherically symmetrical case to derive the spectrum of protons injected into the interstellar medium, and then simulate the propagati

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Vasa, Suresh Kumar, Petra Rovó, Karin Giller, Stefan Becker, and Rasmus Linser. "Access to aliphatic protons as reporters in non-deuterated proteins by solid-state NMR." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 12 (2016): 8359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp06601h.

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Aliphatic protons as reporters: aliphatic protons are abundant nuclei in biopolymers and rich in spectroscopic, chemical, and biophysical information. Readout of individual proton chemical shifts with a backbone amide resolution via iSOCP enables facilitated access to this information content despite minimal protein amounts without deuteration.

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Park, Hyewon, Bokyeong Park, Kyu-Sung Kim, Hyelim Park, and Junbeom Park. "Effects of Proton Therapy on Cardiac Fibrosis, Calcium Homeostasis, and AQP4 Expression in Hypergravity-Exposed Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 13 (2025): 6326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136326.

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Proton therapy is increasingly used to treat pediatric and adult brain tumors, but there is still uncertainty surrounding the biological effects of protons on the heart. Also, the molecular and functional responses to proton irradiation are still unknown. This study investigates the effect of protons on cardiac disease by comparing their effects on the hearts of rats exposed to hypergravity. A total of 20 Sprague Dawley rats were tested, including a group that was irradiated with 0.1 Gy of protons to the heart, a group exposed to hypergravity, a group exposed to both protons and hypergravity,

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Liu, Ruo-Yu, and Xiang-Yu Wang. "PeV Emission of the Crab Nebula: Constraints on the Proton Content in Pulsar Wind and Implications." Astrophysical Journal 922, no. 2 (2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2ba0.

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Abstract Recently, two photons from the Crab Nebula with energy of approximately 1 PeV were detected by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), opening an ultrahigh-energy window for studying pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe). Remarkably, the LHAASO spectrum at the highest-energy end shows a possible hardening, which could indicate the presence of a new component. A two-component scenario with a main electron component and a secondary proton component has been proposed to explain the whole spectrum of the Crab Nebula, requiring a proton energy of 1046–1047 erg remaining in the presen

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Lei, Saobo, Beverley A. Orser, Gregory R. L. Thatcher, James N. Reynolds, and John F. MacDonald. "Positive Allosteric Modulators of AMPA Receptors Reduce Proton-Induced Receptor Desensitization in Rat Hippocampal Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 5 (2001): 2030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.5.2030.

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Whole-cell or outside-out patch recordings were used to investigate the effects of protons and positive modulators of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors on the desensitization of glutamate-evoked AMPA receptor currents in isolated hippocampal CA1 neurons. Protons inhibited glutamate-evoked currents (IC50 of 6.2 pH units) but also enhanced the apparent rate and extent of AMPA receptor desensitization. The proton-induced enhancement of desensitization could not be attributed to a reduction in the rate of recovery from desensitization or to a change in the kinet

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Bandyopadhyay, R., C. M. Meyer, W. H. Matthaeus, et al. "Estimates of Proton and Electron Heating Rates Extended to the Near-Sun Environment." Astrophysical Journal Letters 955, no. 2 (2023): L28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acf85e.

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Abstract A central problem of space plasma physics is how protons and electrons are heated in a turbulent, magnetized plasma. The differential heating of charged species due to dissipation of turbulent fluctuations plays a key role in solar wind evolution. Measurements from previous heliophysics missions have provided estimates of proton and electron heating rates beyond 0.27 au. Using Parker Solar Probe (PSP) data accumulated during the first 10 encounters, we extend the evaluation of the individual rates of heat deposition for protons and electrons to a distance of 0.063 au (13.5 R ⊙) in the

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Talavera, Karel, Annelies Janssens, Norbert Klugbauer, Guy Droogmans та Bernd Nilius. "Extracellular Ca2+ Modulates the Effects of Protons on Gating and Conduction Properties of the T-type Ca2+ Channel α1G (CaV3.1)". Journal of General Physiology 121, № 6 (2003): 511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200308793.

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Since Ca2+ is a major competitor of protons for the modulation of high voltage–activated Ca2+ channels, we have studied the modulation by extracellular Ca2+ of the effects of proton on the T-type Ca2+ channel α1G (CaV3.1) expressed in HEK293 cells. At 2 mM extracellular Ca2+ concentration, extracellular acidification in the pH range from 9.1 to 6.2 induced a positive shift of the activation curve and increased its slope factor. Both effects were significantly reduced if the concentration was increased to 20 mM or enhanced in the absence of Ca2+. Extracellular protons shifted the voltage depend

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Sikora, Marek, Krzysztof Nalewajko, and Greg M. Madejski. "On the significance of relativistically hot pairs in the jets of FR II radio galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499, no. 3 (2020): 3749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3128.

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ABSTRACT The energetic composition of radio lobes in the FR II galaxies – estimated by comparing their radio luminosities with the powers required to inflate cavities in the external medium – seems to exclude the possibility of their energetic domination by protons. Furthermore, if the jets were dominated by the kinetic energy of cold protons, it would be difficult to efficiently accelerate leptons in the jets’ terminal shocks. Assuming that the relative energy contents of leptons, protons, and magnetic fields are preserved across the shocks, the above implies that the large-scale jets should

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Kaur, Divya, Xiuhong Cai, Umesh Khaniya, et al. "Tracing the Pathways of Waters and Protons in Photosystem II and Cytochrome c Oxidase." Inorganics 7, no. 2 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020014.

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Photosystem II (PSII) uses water as the terminal electron donor, producing oxygen in the Mn4CaO5 oxygen evolving complex (OEC), while cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reduces O2 to water in its heme–Cu binuclear center (BNC). Each protein is oriented in the membrane to add to the proton gradient. The OEC, which releases protons, is located near the P-side (positive, at low-pH) of the membrane. In contrast, the BNC is in the middle of CcO, so the protons needed for O2 reduction must be transferred from the N-side (negative, at high pH). In addition, CcO pumps protons from N- to P-side, coupled to the

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48

Malthouse, J. P. G., J. J. Milne, and L. S. Gariani. "A comparative study of the kinetics and stereochemistry of the serine hydroxymethyltransferase- and tryptophan synthase-catalysed exchange of the pro-2R and pro-2S protons of glycine." Biochemical Journal 274, no. 3 (1991): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2740807.

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The stereospecificity of the serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1)- and tryptophan synthase (EC 4.2.1.20)- catalysed exchange of the pro-2R and pro-2S alpha-protons of glycine was investigated by using 13C n.m.r. The exchange process is described in terms of a minimal four-step mechanism, and a method for analysing the exchange process by complete progress curves is presented. It is shown that serine hydroxymethyltransferase does not have absolute stereospecificity for the pro-2S-proton of glycine, but it catalyses the exchange of this proton 7400 times faster than the pro-2R proton of

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Radwan, S. I., and H. El-Khabeary. "Effect of 14.7 MeV Protons on Beryllium Micro Brush / Copper ITER First Wall using SRIM." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2304, no. 1 (2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2304/1/012009.

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Abstract Many simulations carried out on the first wall of ITER. Using SRIM program, the mean distance of 14.7 MeV protons produced from the fusion reaction in ITER which propagated parallel and perpendicular to the beryllium micro brush / copper first wall was calculated. Also, the backscattered ions and vacancies produced per incident proton was calculated. In this study, two simulations were used to show the effect of different numbers of protons incident at normal angle on this target and the other effect was the different incident angles of definite protons number. It was clear that by in

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Al-Ajaleen, Musab S., and Károly Tőkési. "Interaction of Electrons and Positrons with Protons Aligned in One-Dimension Line." Atoms 11, no. 3 (2023): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms11030046.

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We present theoretical studies of electron and positron interaction with protons aligned in a one-dimension periodic line. The equally spaced protons were artificially generated where the individual protons are fixed in a certain position. The incident energies were 500 eV and 1000 eV. The electron and positron trajectories passing through these periodic multiple scattering objects were calculated using a classical trajectory Monte Carlo method. We show that this proton configuration has focusing and defocusing properties depending on the certain initial conditions.

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