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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Protoplast

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Academic literature on the topic 'Protoplast'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Protoplast"

1

Perera, Srini C., and Peggy Ozias-Akins. "Regeneration from Sweetpotato Protoplasts and Assessment of Growth Conditions for Flow-sorting of Fusion Mixtures." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 5 (1991): 917–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.5.917.

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Petiole protoplasts of the sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars Red Jewel and Georgia Jet formed cell walls within 24 hours and divided in 2 to 3 days. Pretreating enzyme solutions with activated charcoal increased the viability and division frequency of protoplasts. Culture of protoplast-donor plants in a medium containing STS did not affect plant growth, protoplasm yield, or viability, but did increase the division frequency. Culture of protoplasts for 24 hours in a medium containing DB, a cell wall synthesis inhibitor, or staining of protoplasts with FDA did not significantly a

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Sinha, Anupam, Andrew C. Wetten, and P. D. S. Caligari. "Effect of biotic factors on the isolation of Lupinus albus protoplasts." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (2003): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01104.

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Several tissue types of Lupinus albus L. were investigated as sources for the isolation of protoplasts. Cotyledons from in vitro seedlings were found to yield the highest number of protoplasts compared with leaves, hypocotyls and roots. A combination of the protoplast isolation enzymes, cellulase and Pectolyase Y23, was capable of releasing the highest number of protoplasts compared with a combination of cellulase and Macerase. Protoplast yield increased with increasing cotyledon age but was accompanied by a progressive decline in protoplast viability. The optimal combination of protoplast yie

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Sun, M., H. Kieft, and AAM van Lammeren. "Cotyledon-derived diploid and haploid protoplast culture and diploid plant regeneration in Brassica napus cv. ' Topas '." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 3 (1998): 530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-022.

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The present paper describes a simple and reliable protocol for the successful isolation, purification, culture, and regeneration of diploid cotyledon-derived protoplasts of Brassica napus L. cv. 'Topas'. Various protoplast isolation media, nutrient media, subculture procedures, and protoplast sources were tested under two culture temperatures. Protoplast viability, cell wall regeneration, and cell division were monitored. Single cotyledon-derived protoplasts formed calli in liquid protoplast medium, and when these were subcultured on solid proliferation medium and solid regeneration medium of

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Struck, C., R. Rohringer, and R. Heitefuss. "Isolation and lectin-binding properties of barley epidermal and mesophyll protoplasts." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 11 (1994): 1688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-207.

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Protoplasts from primary leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were obtained by enzymatic digestion and fractionated by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation to yield highly enriched fractions of mesophyll and epidermal protoplasts. A characterization of both protoplast types resulted in a clear differentiation of the outer protoplast surfaces. The protoplasts were examined for affinity to various lectins by agglutination tests and by labeling with lectin – fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates. Both types of protoplasts agglutinated with soybean lectin. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labe

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Liu, Donglong, and Nancy A. Reichert. "PROTOPLAST ISOLATION AND CULTURE OF KENAF (HIBISCUS CANNABINUS L.)." HortScience 29, no. 7 (1994): 729e—729. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.729e.

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Protoplast isolation and culture protocols were developed for leaf tissue from 6 kenaf cultivars [Everglades 41 (E41), E71, Guatemala 4 (G4), G45, G51, and Tainung 1]. For protoplast isolation, the best combination of hydrolytic enzymes was cellulysin (1% w/v; Calbiochem) plus macerase (0.5% w/v; Calbiochem), with a 24 hour digestion at 30°C in the dark. Yields reached 7.2 (10)6 protoplasts/g leaf tissue. Protoplast viabilities ranged from 65% to 96%. Minor cultivar differences were observed related to protoplast yield, but all viability estimates were in an acceptable range. Greatest cell div

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Han, Jong-Eun, Han-Sol Lee, Hyoshin Lee, Hyunwoo Cho, and So-Young Park. "Embryogenic Stem Cell Identity after Protoplast Isolation from Daucus carota and Recovery of Regeneration Ability through Protoplast Culture." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (2022): 11556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911556.

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Protoplasts are single cells isolated from tissues or organs and are considered a suitable system for cell studies in plants. Embryogenic cells are totipotent stem cells, but their regeneration ability decreases or becomes lost altogether with extension of the culture period. In this study, we isolated and cultured EC-derived protoplasts (EC-pts) from carrots and compared them with non-EC-derived protoplasts (NEC-pts) with respect to their totipotency. The protoplast isolation conditions were optimized, and the EC-pts and NEC-pts were characterized by their cell size and types. Both types of p

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Ahmed, Mohamed A. A., Miao Miao, Emmanouil D. Pratsinakis, et al. "Protoplast Isolation, Fusion, Culture and Transformation in the Woody Plant Jasminum spp." Agriculture 11, no. 8 (2021): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080699.

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Plant protoplasts are significant for plant cell culture, somatic cell fusion, genetics, and breeding studies. In addition, in vitro plant regeneration has great importance for developmental biology, manifesting potential applications in agriculture and biotechnology. In this regard, we present a well-established protocol regarding protoplast isolation, cell culture and protoplast fusion of Jasminum spp. In particular, different tissues of Jasminum samab L. and Jasminum mesnyi were employed for protoplast isolation, and stem explants provided a high callus induction rate in a short period of t

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Li, Xiaobin, Ying Qin, Yufei Kong, Samantha Chandranath Karunarathna, Yunjiang Liang, and Jize Xu. "Optimization of Protoplast Preparation Conditions in Lyophyllum decastes and Transcriptomic Analysis Throughout the Process." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 12 (2024): 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10120886.

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Protoplasts are essential tools for genetic manipulation and functional genomics research in fungi. This study systematically optimized protoplast preparation conditions and examined transcriptional changes throughout the preparation and regeneration processes to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and regeneration of protoplasts in Lyophyllum decastes. The results indicated an optimal protoplast yield of 5.475 × 106 cells/mL under conditions of fungal age at 10 days, digestion time of 2.25 h, enzyme concentration of 2%, and digestion temperature of 28 °C. The Z5 medium

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Kurita-Tashiro, Asami, Noriko Hayashi, Tomoya Oyanagi, and Hamako Sasamoto. "New Factors for Protoplast-Callose-Fiber Formation in Salt-Tolerant Mangrove Plants, Avicennia alba and Bruguiera sexangula and Analysis of Fiber Substructures." Journal of Plant Studies 9, no. 2 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v9n2p1.

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Elongated and spiral &beta;-1,3-glucan (callose) fibers were obtained by new factors from protoplasts cultured in liquid medium from suspension cultured cells of two salt-tolerant mangrove species; Avicennia alba and Bruguiera sexangula. Differences in salt factor for protoplast-fiber formation were compared with those of the callose fibers developed from protoplasts of non-mangrove tree plants, Larix leptolepis and Betula platyphylla, which high concentrations of divalent cations, Mg2+ (50 mM) or Ca2+ (100 mM), were stimulatory. In the halophilic A. alba protoplasts, whose cell division w

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Shao, Yingying, Detian Mu, Limei Pan, et al. "Optimization of Isolation and Transformation of Protoplasts from Uncaria rhynchophylla and Its Application to Transient Gene Expression Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (2023): 3633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043633.

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Protoplast-based engineering has become an important tool for basic plant molecular biology research and developing genome-edited crops. Uncaria rhynchophylla is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with a variety of pharmaceutically important indole alkaloids. In this study, an optimized protocol for U. rhynchophylla protoplast isolation, purification, and transient gene expression was developed. The best protoplast separation protocol was found to be 0.8 M D-mannitol, 1.25% Cellulase R-10, and 0.6% Macerozyme R-10 enzymolysis for 5 h at 26 °C in the dark with constant oscillation at 40 rpm/

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Protoplast"

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Cheng, Jianping. "Inheritance of protoplast culturability and improvement in pollen development by protoplast manipulation in solanum." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09162005-115010/.

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Brites, Anny Stella Monteiro. "Seleção de linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae potencializadas pelo fator Killer, H2S- e o carater floculante." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-19052003-144728/.

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Dentre as características desejáveis em leveduras fermentadoras alcóolicas estão a capacidade de floculação, a não produção de H2S e o caráter "killer". Neste trabalho foram selecionadas sete linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com algumas destas características, que passaram por testes confirmativos e pela cariotipagem eletroforética resultando na escolha de duas linhagens: ATCC 26602 (altamente floculante) e K1 (H2S - e possuidoras do caráter "killer"). Estas linhagens foram utilizadas em um cruzamento via fusão de protoplasto para se obter um produto de fusão estável com as característica

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Wilson, J. M. "Protoplast-mediated genetic manipulation of brewing yeasts." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355426.

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Illing, G. T. "Protoplast fusion and regeneration in Streptomyces clavuligerus." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378980.

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Dunn, R. M. "The protoplast mediated genetics of thermophilic bacilli." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380254.

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Mandegaran, Zohreh. "Genetic improvement of roses by protoplast fusion." Thesis, University of East London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339583.

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Seear, Paul James. "Protoplast production and interspecific hybridisation in Lupinus albus." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326751.

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Maren, Nathan Allen. "Symmetric Protoplast Fusion in Interserial Syringa (Oleaceae) Hybridization." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28026.

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Few other woody plants embody the preeminence of temperate woody plants in garden cultivation like the lilacs. In spite of their relationship, the trees lack the diversity of cultivated floral forms observed within the shrub lineages. Typical selection and cross-pollination schemes within the tree lilacs or between trees and shrubs have failed to yield the diversity of colors and fragrances on a tree form. With somatic fusion in Citrus spp. as a guideline for Syringa spp. protoplast isolation and culture, experiments were designed to optimize the conditions through somatic fusion. Protoplast i

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Attree, S. M. "Properties of Pteridium protoplasts." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378009.

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Thompson, J. A. "Plant regeneration from cell and protoplast cultures of rice." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378368.

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Books on the topic "Protoplast"

1

Wang, Kan, and Feng Zhang, eds. Protoplast Technology. Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2164-6.

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Puite, K. J., J. J. M. Dons, H. J. Huizing, A. J. Kool, M. Koornneef, and F. A. Krens, eds. Progress in Plant Protoplast Research. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2788-9.

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International, Protoplast Symposium (7th 1987 Wageningen Netherlands). Progress in plant protoplast research: Proceedings of the 7th International Protoplast Symposium, Wageningen, the Netherlands, December 6-11, 1987. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.

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Mandegaran, Zohreh. Genetic improvement of roses by protoplast fusion. University of East London, 1996.

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J, Reinert, and Binding H. 1939-, eds. Differentiation of protoplasts and of transformed plant cells. Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Ghadimzadeh, Mortaza. Studies of protoplast and liposome techniques in plant tissue culture. University of Salford, 1990.

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Bhat, Shripad. Tissue and protoplast culture of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) aimed at plant improvement. University of Birmingham, 1986.

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8

Clugston, Denise B. Embryo culture and protoplast fusion for the introduction of Mexican wild species germplasm into the cultivated potato. University of Birmingham, 1988.

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Bengochea, Teresa, and John H. Dodds. Plant Protoplasts. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4095-6.

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I͡Akovenko, K. N. Protoplasty mikroorganizmov. "Nauka i tekhnika", 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Protoplast"

1

Amils, Ricardo. "Protoplast." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1302.

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Amils, Ricardo. "Protoplast." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1302.

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Amils, Ricardo. "Protoplast." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_1302.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Protoplast." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14601.

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Amils, Ricardo. "Protoplast." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1302-2.

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Neumann, Karl-Hermann, Ashwani Kumar, and Jafargholi Imani. "Protoplast Cultures." In Plant Cell and Tissue Culture – A Tool in Biotechnology. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49098-0_5.

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Griesbach, R. J., and R. H. Lawson. "Protoplast Evacuolation." In Proceedings in Life Sciences. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70144-3_12.

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Bengochea, Teresa, and John H. Dodds. "Protoplast fusion." In Plant Protoplasts. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4095-6_4.

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Neumann, Karl-Hermann, Jafargholi Imani, and Ashwani Kumar. "Protoplast Cultures." In Plant Cell and Tissue Culture - A Tool in Biotechnology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-93883-5_5.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Protoplast Fusion." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14602.

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Conference papers on the topic "Protoplast"

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Ando, Daito, Bilal Turan, Satoshi Amaya, Yuko Ukai, Yoshikatsu Sato, and Fumihito Arai. "Single Protoplasts Pickup System Combining Brightfield and Confocal Images." In 2024 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iros58592.2024.10801320.

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Chaushev, Alexander, Stephanie Sallum, Julien Lozi, et al. "Pushing the limits of kernel phase interferometry for protoplanet discovery." In Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging IX, edited by Stephanie Sallum, Joel Sanchez-Bermudez, and Jens Kammerer. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3020575.

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Абрамова, А. С., and Ц. С. Гарибян. "ISOLATION OF SUNFLOWER PROTOPLASTS." In Биотехнология в растениеводстве, животноводстве и сельскохозяйственной микробиологии. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.48397/arriab.2021.21.xxi.069.

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Протопласты растений представляют собой отправную точку многих методик для генетической модификации целых растений и в настоящее время широко используются в качестве исходного материала для генетических манипуляций с культурными растениями. Несмотря на значительные успехи в технологии получения протопластов для ряда культурных растений, подсолнечник (Heliánthus ánnuus) является одним из наиболее сложных культур в этом отношении. Plant protoplasts represent the starting point of many techniques for the genetic modification of whole plants and are now widely used as starting material for genetic

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Stevanović, Katarina, Tanja Pajić, Aleksandar Krmpot, et al. "Patch clamp pipette giga seal forming success on the nanosurgery-obtained filamentous fungi protoplasts." In 2nd International Conference on Chemo and Bioinformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi23.221s.

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The success of patch-clamp giga-ohm seal formation on filamentous fungi Phycomyces blakesleeanus protoplasts was investigated to evaluate their usefulness in ion channel studies on filamentous fungi. Protoplasts were obtained by laser-mediated nanosurgery of the cell wall stained with Calcofluor White. To enable a successful seal formation, it is critical to prevent cell wall regeneration. Since wall integrity responses in fungi involve kinase-dependent pathways, we aimed to sufficiently reduce intracellular ATP availability using the respiratory inhibitor azide. The effect of azide on phospha

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Nawawi, Norazah Mohammad, Farah Diba Abu Bakar, Zulkiflie Zamrod, and Roohaida Othman. "Preparation of protoplast from Glomerella cingulata." In PROBLEMS IN THE TEXTILE AND LIGHT INDUSTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM: (PTLICISIWS-2022). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0129252.

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Luo, Jianmei, Jianshu Li, Yanting Wang, Shenheng Luo, and Min Wang. "Protoplast Formation and Regeneration Conditions of Streptomyces gilvosporeus." In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5163260.

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Yuwei, Dong, Miao Jingzhi, Tang Shirong, Chen Shanglong, and Wu Yonghua. "Chemical Mutagenesis Breeding of Protoplast of Ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria." In 2015 AASRI International Conference on Circuits and Systems (CAS 2015). Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cas-15.2015.22.

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Cui, Xiangzhen. "Study on Methods of Protoplast Preparation of Aspergillus Niger." In The International Conference on Food Science and Biotechnology. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0012001500003625.

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Nguyen, Thi Thu Tram. "Isolating protoplast and establishing a gene functional analysis system using protoplast transient assay in a gymsperm tree, Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora)." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1052636.

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"Research on Callus Promotion and Protoplast Separate of Lavender Angustifolia." In 2018 3rd International Conference on Materials Science, Machinery and Energy Engineering. Clausius Scientific Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/msmee.2018.72160.

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Reports on the topic "Protoplast"

1

Harman, Gary, and Ilan Chet. Enhancement of Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. for Biological Control Using Protoplast Fusion. United States Department of Agriculture, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1990.7599664.bard.

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Lapidot, Moshe, Linda Hanley-Bowdoin, Jane E. Polston, and Moshe Reuveni. Geminivirus-resistant Tomato Plants: Combining Transgenic and Conventional Strategies for Multi-viral Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592639.bard.

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Begomoviruses, which constitute one genus of the Geminiviridae family, are single-stranded DNA viruses that infect many dicotyledonous crops important to large agricultural industries as well as to subsistence growers. Although all begomoviruses are transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), they have proven difficult to manage even with heavy insecticide applications. The begomovirus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), has been a problem in tomato production in Israel since the 1950s and in the United States since 1997. Approximately 89 begomoviruses have now been reported to infect toma

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Bar-Joseph, Moshe, William O. Dawson, and Munir Mawassi. Role of Defective RNAs in Citrus Tristeza Virus Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575279.bard.

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This program focused on citrus tristeza virus (CTV), the largest and one of the most complex RNA-plant-viruses. The economic importance of this virus to the US and Israeli citrus industries, its uniqueness among RNA viruses and the possibility to tame the virus and eventually turn it into a useful tool for the protection and genetic improvement of citrus trees justify these continued efforts. Although the overall goal of this project was to study the role(s) of CTV associated defective (d)-RNAs in CTV-induced diseases, considerable research efforts had to be devoted to the engineering of the h

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Steponkus, P. L. Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7302592.

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Steponkus, P. L. Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6551768.

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Steponkus, P. Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7190629.

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Brown Horowitz, Sigal, Eric L. Davis, and Axel Elling. Dissecting interactions between root-knot nematode effectors and lipid signaling involved in plant defense. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598167.bard.

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Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogynespp., are extremely destructive pathogens with a cosmopolitan distribution and a host range that affects most crops. Safety and environmental concerns related to the toxicity of nematicides along with a lack of natural resistance sources threaten most crops in Israel and the U.S. This emphasizes the need to identify genes and signal mechanisms that could provide novel nematode control tactics and resistance breeding targets. The sedentary root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogynespp. secrete effectors in a spatial and temporal manner to interfere with and mimic multi

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Sink, Ken, Shamay Izhar, and Abraham Nachmias. Asymmetric Somatic Hybridization: Developing a Gene Transfer System for Solanaceous Vegetable Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613010.bard.

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Abstract:

Highly asymmetric somatic hybrid plants were obtained by PEG/DMSO fusion of gamma irradiated (100, 250, 7500 and 1000 Gy) protoplasts of a (KmR-) interspecific hybrid Lycopersicon esculentum x L. pennellii (EP) with protoplasts of eggplant (E). Somatic hybrid calli were selected based on kanamycin resistance and verified by PCR of the NptII gene, RAPD's and Southern's using potato rDNA pTHG2 probes. Flow cytometry indicated all hybrid calli that did not regenerate shoots were 5-9n. Three asymmetric plants regenerated only from callus close to 4n and such calli oly occurred when EP received 100

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Steponkus, P. L. Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. Progress report, May 16, 1992--January 9, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10148698.

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Steponkus, P. L. Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. [Annual report], May 16, 1993--January 29, 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10154320.

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