Academic literature on the topic 'Protoplasts'

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Journal articles on the topic "Protoplasts"

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Han, Jong-Eun, Han-Sol Lee, Hyoshin Lee, Hyunwoo Cho, and So-Young Park. "Embryogenic Stem Cell Identity after Protoplast Isolation from Daucus carota and Recovery of Regeneration Ability through Protoplast Culture." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (2022): 11556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911556.

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Protoplasts are single cells isolated from tissues or organs and are considered a suitable system for cell studies in plants. Embryogenic cells are totipotent stem cells, but their regeneration ability decreases or becomes lost altogether with extension of the culture period. In this study, we isolated and cultured EC-derived protoplasts (EC-pts) from carrots and compared them with non-EC-derived protoplasts (NEC-pts) with respect to their totipotency. The protoplast isolation conditions were optimized, and the EC-pts and NEC-pts were characterized by their cell size and types. Both types of p
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Perera, Srini C., and Peggy Ozias-Akins. "Regeneration from Sweetpotato Protoplasts and Assessment of Growth Conditions for Flow-sorting of Fusion Mixtures." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 5 (1991): 917–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.5.917.

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Petiole protoplasts of the sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars Red Jewel and Georgia Jet formed cell walls within 24 hours and divided in 2 to 3 days. Pretreating enzyme solutions with activated charcoal increased the viability and division frequency of protoplasts. Culture of protoplast-donor plants in a medium containing STS did not affect plant growth, protoplasm yield, or viability, but did increase the division frequency. Culture of protoplasts for 24 hours in a medium containing DB, a cell wall synthesis inhibitor, or staining of protoplasts with FDA did not significantly a
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Struck, C., R. Rohringer, and R. Heitefuss. "Isolation and lectin-binding properties of barley epidermal and mesophyll protoplasts." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 11 (1994): 1688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-207.

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Protoplasts from primary leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were obtained by enzymatic digestion and fractionated by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation to yield highly enriched fractions of mesophyll and epidermal protoplasts. A characterization of both protoplast types resulted in a clear differentiation of the outer protoplast surfaces. The protoplasts were examined for affinity to various lectins by agglutination tests and by labeling with lectin – fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates. Both types of protoplasts agglutinated with soybean lectin. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labe
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Sinha, Anupam, Andrew C. Wetten, and P. D. S. Caligari. "Effect of biotic factors on the isolation of Lupinus albus protoplasts." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (2003): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01104.

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Several tissue types of Lupinus albus L. were investigated as sources for the isolation of protoplasts. Cotyledons from in vitro seedlings were found to yield the highest number of protoplasts compared with leaves, hypocotyls and roots. A combination of the protoplast isolation enzymes, cellulase and Pectolyase Y23, was capable of releasing the highest number of protoplasts compared with a combination of cellulase and Macerase. Protoplast yield increased with increasing cotyledon age but was accompanied by a progressive decline in protoplast viability. The optimal combination of protoplast yie
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Qiu, Quan-Sheng, Ze-Zhou Wang, Nang Zhang, Qi-Gui Cai, and Rong-Xi Jiang. "Aquaporins in the plasma membrane of leaf callus protoplasts of Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa cv. Hayward." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 1 (2000): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99033.

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The water transport activity of Actinidia deliciosa protoplasts was determined using a cell imaging system. Results showed that the protoplast volume increased swiftly when placed in a hypoton-ic medium, and also increased with an increase in medium osmotic gradients. The osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) values were 0.118 × 10–3, 0.121 × 10–3, and 0.133 × 10–3 cm s–1 when the osmotic gradients were 75, 100, and 125 mosmol, respectively. The water transport activity of protoplas-ts could be inhibited by HgCl2 and stimulated by amphotericin B. Moreover, ZnCl2 and ZnSO4 had a significa
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Ishikawa, Francine Hiromi, Quélen de Lima Barcelos, Elaine Aparecida de Souza, and Eustáquio Souza Dias. "Factors affecting the production and regeneration of protoplasts from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 34, no. 1 (2010): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542010000100009.

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The present work reports factors affecting the production and regeneration of protoplasts from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. The usefulness of protoplast isolation is relevant for many different applications and has been principally used in procedures involving genetic manipulation. Osmotic stabilizers, lytic enzymes, incubation time and mycelial age were evaluated in terms of their effects on protoplast yield. The optimal condition for protoplast production included the incubation of young mycelia (48 h) in 0.6 mol l-1 NaCl as the osmotic stabilizer, with 30 mg ml-1 Lysing Enzymes from Trich
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Leinhos, Volker, and Rodney Arthur Savidge. "Isolation of protoplasts from developing xylem of Pinusbanksiana and Pinusstrobus." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 3 (1993): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-050.

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Protoplasts were isolated from developing xylem of Pinusbanksiana Lamb, and Pinusstrobus L. by incubating freshly harvested tissue in a cellulose–pectinase mixture having mannitol as osmoticum. Protoplasts were then purified using a discontinuous sucrose–mannitol gradient. More than 70% of the isolated protoplasts were of small diameter (12–27 μm) and had dense cytoplasm and many small vacuoles, suggesting that they originated from ray cells. Larger protoplasts constituted about 25% of the protoplast population; these contained single large vacuoles and only parietal cytoplasm, suggesting that
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Tusa, N., J. W. Grosser, and F. G. Gmitter. "Plant Regeneration of `Valencia' Sweet Orange, `Femminello' Lemon, and the Interspecific Somatic Hybrid following Protoplasm Fusion." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 6 (1990): 1043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.6.1043.

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Protoplasm culture following the chemical fusion of `Valencia' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] protoplasts, isolated from an embryogenic suspension culture, with `Femminello' lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burro. f.] leaf protoplasts resulted in the regeneration of an interspecific allotetraploid somatic hybrid plant, two autotetraploid lemon plants, and diploid plants from both parents. The regeneration of plants from lemon leaf protoplasts is an example of protoplast-to-plant regeneration from non-nucellus-derived tissue for Citrus. Regenerated plants were classified according to leaf mor
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Saxena, Praveen K., and John King. "Optimal conditions for the isolation and culture of protoplasts from a cell suspension culture of an isoleucine–valine-requiring auxotroph of Datura innoxia." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 8 (1987): 1736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-237.

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Conditions have been standardized for obtaining high yields of viable protoplasts from cell suspension cultures of an isoleucine–valine-requiring auxotroph (IV-1) of Datura innoxia P. Mill. Isolation of protoplasts critically required the use of a salt solution, containing sodium chloride and potassium chloride (0.125 M each), as osmotic stabilizers. The yield, viability, and divisional activity of the protoplasts isolated with mannitol or sucrose were poor. Protoplast-releasing enzymes used to isolate IV-1 protoplasts could be used twice without any loss in the yield or viability of the proto
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Liu, Donglong, and Nancy A. Reichert. "PROTOPLAST ISOLATION AND CULTURE OF KENAF (HIBISCUS CANNABINUS L.)." HortScience 29, no. 7 (1994): 729e—729. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.729e.

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Protoplast isolation and culture protocols were developed for leaf tissue from 6 kenaf cultivars [Everglades 41 (E41), E71, Guatemala 4 (G4), G45, G51, and Tainung 1]. For protoplast isolation, the best combination of hydrolytic enzymes was cellulysin (1% w/v; Calbiochem) plus macerase (0.5% w/v; Calbiochem), with a 24 hour digestion at 30°C in the dark. Yields reached 7.2 (10)6 protoplasts/g leaf tissue. Protoplast viabilities ranged from 65% to 96%. Minor cultivar differences were observed related to protoplast yield, but all viability estimates were in an acceptable range. Greatest cell div
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Protoplasts"

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Lynch, Paul Thomas. "The uptake of fungal protoplasts by plant protoplasts." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328131.

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Mullins, P. J. "Protoplasts from Phytophthora." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381366.

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Lawrence, W. A. "Microinjection of tobacco protoplasts." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372559.

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Attree, S. M. "Properties of Pteridium protoplasts." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378009.

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Sheard, J. P. "Glucose uptake by pea mesophyll protoplasts." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235210.

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Hansen, Christine S. "Construction of galactose assimilating, carotenoid producing yeasts by protoplast fusion." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27935.

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Protoplasts were prepared from two yeast strains P. rhodozyma (ATCC 24202) and K. fragilis (ATCC 8455). Protoplasts prepared from P. rhodozyma were facilitated by prior growth of the cells in a media containing S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine. Protoplasts from these two yeast genera were fused either by the use of electrofusion or polyethylene glycol treatment. Stable carotenoid producing cell lines were selected by growth at 30°C on yeast nitrogen base plus galactose. Selected single fusants display taxonomic characteristics common to both genera with a cellular morphology and a carotenoid compo
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Souza, Bárbara Lizandra Perini de. "Fusão de protoplastos entre Penicillium echinulatum e Trichoderma harzianum para obtenção de variabilidade visando a produção de celulases." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2007. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/881.

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O estudo de fungos celulolíticos tem-se mostrado relevante, tendo em vista o interesse econômico do complexo celulases, especialmente na indústria têxtil e, mais recentemente, para propósitos energéticos. No presente trabalho, a fusão de protoplastos foi utilizada para combinar genótipos de mutantes parcialmente desreprimidos para produção de celulases de Penicillium echinulatum (9A02S1B9) e richoderma harzianum (AS5CH3), utilizando a técnica do doador morto, buscando-se obter recombinantes com maior produção de celulases. Nesta estratégia, ambas as linhagens tiveram seu micélio tratado com
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Bourne, N. "The regeneration and transformation of Bacillus protoplasts." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376554.

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Newell, Jane Marie. "Vacuole development in evacuolated oat mesophyll protoplasts." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295919.

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Ward, Kenneth Glenn. "Microinjection and regeneration of tobacco and potato protoplasts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303971.

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Books on the topic "Protoplasts"

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Bengochea, Teresa, and John H. Dodds. Plant Protoplasts. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4095-6.

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C, Fowke L., and Constabel F, eds. Plant protoplasts. CRC Press, 1985.

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J, Reinert, and Binding H. 1939-, eds. Differentiation of protoplasts and of transformed plant cells. Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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I͡Akovenko, K. N. Protoplasty mikroorganizmov. "Nauka i tekhnika", 1985.

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Lawrence, Wendy Ann. Microinjection of tobacco protoplasts. University of East Anglia, 1986.

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Bajaj, Y.P.S., 1936-, ed. Plant protoplasts and genetic engineering. Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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1937-, Peberdy John F., and Ferenczy Lajos, eds. Fungal protoplasts: Applications in biochemistry and genetics. M. Dekker, 1985.

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Bajaj, Y. P. S., ed. Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering I. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73614-8.

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Pilet, Paul-Emile, ed. The Physiological Properties of Plant Protoplasts. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70144-3.

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Bajaj, Y. P. S., ed. Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering III. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78006-6.

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Book chapters on the topic "Protoplasts"

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Tanaka, Ichiro. "Haploid protoplasts: pollen protoplasts." In In Vitro Haploid Production in Higher Plants. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0477-9_13.

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Jones, M. G. K. "Cereal Protoplasts." In Cereal Tissue and Cell Culture. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5133-4_7.

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Peberdy, J. F. "Fungal Protoplasts." In Genetics and Biotechnology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10364-7_4.

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David, A. "Conifer Protoplasts." In Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4484-8_2.

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Bengochea, Teresa, and John H. Dodds. "Introduction." In Plant Protoplasts. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4095-6_1.

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Bengochea, Teresa, and John H. Dodds. "Isolation and culture." In Plant Protoplasts. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4095-6_2.

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Bengochea, Teresa, and John H. Dodds. "Regeneration of plants." In Plant Protoplasts. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4095-6_3.

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Bengochea, Teresa, and John H. Dodds. "Protoplast fusion." In Plant Protoplasts. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4095-6_4.

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Bengochea, Teresa, and John H. Dodds. "Protoplasts as physiological tools." In Plant Protoplasts. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4095-6_5.

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Bengochea, Teresa, and John H. Dodds. "Uptake of foreign materials." In Plant Protoplasts. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4095-6_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Protoplasts"

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Ando, Daito, Bilal Turan, Satoshi Amaya, Yuko Ukai, Yoshikatsu Sato, and Fumihito Arai. "Single Protoplasts Pickup System Combining Brightfield and Confocal Images." In 2024 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iros58592.2024.10801320.

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Julo, R., F. Chatelain, M. Bonnefoy, et al. "Sources Separation in Hyperspectral Images for Protoplanets Detection and Characterization." In 2024 32nd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eusipco63174.2024.10715439.

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Vides, Christina, Stephanie Sallum, Josh Eisner, Andrew Skemer, and Ruth Murray-Clay. "The search for protoplanets with aperture masking (SPAM) survey: progress update and close-in small grain protoplanetary disk features." In Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging IX, edited by Stephanie Sallum, Joel Sanchez-Bermudez, and Jens Kammerer. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3019330.

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Stevanović, Katarina, Tanja Pajić, Aleksandar Krmpot, et al. "Patch clamp pipette giga seal forming success on the nanosurgery-obtained filamentous fungi protoplasts." In 2nd International Conference on Chemo and Bioinformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi23.221s.

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The success of patch-clamp giga-ohm seal formation on filamentous fungi Phycomyces blakesleeanus protoplasts was investigated to evaluate their usefulness in ion channel studies on filamentous fungi. Protoplasts were obtained by laser-mediated nanosurgery of the cell wall stained with Calcofluor White. To enable a successful seal formation, it is critical to prevent cell wall regeneration. Since wall integrity responses in fungi involve kinase-dependent pathways, we aimed to sufficiently reduce intracellular ATP availability using the respiratory inhibitor azide. The effect of azide on phospha
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Абрамова, А. С., and Ц. С. Гарибян. "ISOLATION OF SUNFLOWER PROTOPLASTS." In Биотехнология в растениеводстве, животноводстве и сельскохозяйственной микробиологии. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.48397/arriab.2021.21.xxi.069.

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Протопласты растений представляют собой отправную точку многих методик для генетической модификации целых растений и в настоящее время широко используются в качестве исходного материала для генетических манипуляций с культурными растениями. Несмотря на значительные успехи в технологии получения протопластов для ряда культурных растений, подсолнечник (Heliánthus ánnuus) является одним из наиболее сложных культур в этом отношении. Plant protoplasts represent the starting point of many techniques for the genetic modification of whole plants and are now widely used as starting material for genetic
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Чернова, М. М. "PRODUCTION OF POTATO PROTOPLASTS FOR GENOME EDITING." In Биотехнология в растениеводстве, животноводстве и сельскохозяйственной микробиологии. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48397/arriab.2022.22.xxii.005.

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Микроклональное размножение — метод, основанный на размножении растений in vitro (технология выполнения экспериментов, когда опыты проводятся «в пробирке» — вне живого организма) [1], при котором полученные особи растений генетически идентичны исходному экземпляру [2]. У этого метода есть ряд преимуществ, которые выделяют его, это например: «чистота» организмов от вирусов, сокращение продолжительности селекционного процесса, возможность размножения растений, которые сложно размножить традиционными путями, искусственное ускорение роста растений. Micropropagation is a method based on in vitro re
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Абрамова, А. С., A. A. Соловьев, and Ц. С. Гарибян. "OBTAINING PROTOPLASTS OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) FOR GENOME EDITING." In Биотехнология в растениеводстве, животноводстве и сельскохозяйственной микробиологии. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48397/arriab.2022.22.xxii.091.

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Подсолнечник (Heliánthus ánnuus) является одной из основных масличных культур не только в России, но и в мире. В связи с этим, актуальным является изучение методов увеличения генетического разнообразия данной культуры. В настоящее время широко используются протопласты (клетки, лишенные клеточной стенки) в качестве исходного материала для генетических манипуляций с культурными растениями. Успешное выделение протопластов зависит от многих факторов от сортовых особенностей в том числе, их необходимо индивидуально оптимизировать. Sunflower (Heliánthus ánnuus) is one of the main oilseeds not only i
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Fang, Kefeng, Ping Lu, and Tongquan Yu. "Concanavalin Agglutinin Induced Adhesion of Sexual Protoplasts of Tobacco." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5517502.

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Kaler, K. V. I. S., and A. K. C. Tai. "Dynamic (active feedback controlled) dielectrophoretic levitation of Canola protoplasts." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1988.94510.

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Zhang, Gaina. "Plant regeneration from mesophyll protoplasts of Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5966163.

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Reports on the topic "Protoplasts"

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Steponkus, P. L. Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7302592.

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Steponkus, P. L. Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6551768.

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Steponkus, P. Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7190629.

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Sink, Ken, Shamay Izhar, and Abraham Nachmias. Asymmetric Somatic Hybridization: Developing a Gene Transfer System for Solanaceous Vegetable Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613010.bard.

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Highly asymmetric somatic hybrid plants were obtained by PEG/DMSO fusion of gamma irradiated (100, 250, 7500 and 1000 Gy) protoplasts of a (KmR-) interspecific hybrid Lycopersicon esculentum x L. pennellii (EP) with protoplasts of eggplant (E). Somatic hybrid calli were selected based on kanamycin resistance and verified by PCR of the NptII gene, RAPD's and Southern's using potato rDNA pTHG2 probes. Flow cytometry indicated all hybrid calli that did not regenerate shoots were 5-9n. Three asymmetric plants regenerated only from callus close to 4n and such calli oly occurred when EP received 100
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Steponkus, P. L. Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. Progress report, May 16, 1992--January 9, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10148698.

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Steponkus, P. L. Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. [Annual report], May 16, 1993--January 29, 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10154320.

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Author, Not Given. (Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts): Progress report, 16 May 1988--9 January 1989. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6171109.

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Steponkus, P. L. Effects of freezing and cold acclimation on the plasma membrane of isolated protoplasts. Summary progress report, May 16, 1987--June 1, 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10166751.

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Dawson, William O., and Moshe Bar-Joseph. Creating an Ally from an Adversary: Genetic Manipulation of Citrus Tristeza. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586540.bard.

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Abstract:
Citrus is one of the major agricultural crops common to Israel and the United States, important in terms of nutrition, foreign exchange, and employment. The economy of both citrus industries have been chronically plagued by diseases caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The short term solution until virus-resistant plants can be used is the use of mild strain cross-protection. We are custom designing "ideal" protecting viruses to immunize trees against severe isolates of CTV by purposely inoculating existing endangered trees and new plantings to be propagated as infected (protected) citrus bu
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Lapidot, Moshe, Linda Hanley-Bowdoin, Jane E. Polston, and Moshe Reuveni. Geminivirus-resistant Tomato Plants: Combining Transgenic and Conventional Strategies for Multi-viral Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592639.bard.

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Abstract:
Begomoviruses, which constitute one genus of the Geminiviridae family, are single-stranded DNA viruses that infect many dicotyledonous crops important to large agricultural industries as well as to subsistence growers. Although all begomoviruses are transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), they have proven difficult to manage even with heavy insecticide applications. The begomovirus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), has been a problem in tomato production in Israel since the 1950s and in the United States since 1997. Approximately 89 begomoviruses have now been reported to infect toma
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