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Journal articles on the topic 'Protoporphyrinogen inhibitor'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Ferreira, G. C., and H. A. Dailey. "Mouse protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Kinetic parameters and demonstration of inhibition by bilirubin." Biochemical Journal 250, no. 2 (1988): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2500597.

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The penultimate step of haem biosynthesis, the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin, was examined with purified murine hepatic protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) in detergent solution. The kinetic parameters for the two-substrate (protoporphyrinogen and oxygen) reaction were determined. The limiting Km for protoporphyrinogen when oxygen is saturating is 6.6 microM, whereas the Km for oxygen with saturating concentrations of protoporphyrinogen is 125 microM. The kcat. for the overall reaction is 447 h-1. The ratio of kcat. to the Km for protoporphyrinogen is approx. 20-fold gr

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2

Hao, Ge-Fei, Yang Zuo, Sheng-Gang Yang, and Guang-Fu Yang. "Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor: An Ideal Target for Herbicide Discovery." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 65, no. 12 (2011): 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2011.961.

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3

Wright, Terry R., E. Patrick Fuerst, Alex G. Ogg, Ujjana B. Nandihalli, and Hee Jae Lee. "Herbicidal Activity of UCC-C4243 and Acifluorfen is Due to Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase." Weed Science 43, no. 1 (1995): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500080814.

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Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the mode of action of soil- and foliar-applied UCC-C4243. Experiments demonstrated that UCC-C4243 required light for phytotoxicity, phytotoxic symptoms were similar to inhibitors of porphyrin synthesis such as acifluorfen, and UCC-C4243 potently inhibited protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Germination and emergence of field pennycress and lentil in the dark were not affected by soil-incorporated UCC-C4243 at rates more than 10 times greater than like treatments that killed all plants in the light. Soil-incorporated UCC-C4243 required light

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4

Jung, Ha Il, and Yong In Kuk. "Resistance mechanisms in protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitor-resistant transgenic rice." Journal of Plant Biology 50, no. 5 (2007): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03030713.

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5

Daugrois, J. H., J. W. Hoy, and J. L. Griffin. "Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor Herbicide Effects on Pythium Root Rot of Sugarcane, Pythium Species, and the Soil Microbial Community." Phytopathology® 95, no. 3 (2005): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-0220.

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The effects of three protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor herbicides, azafenidin, flumioxazin, and sulfentrazone, on Pythium root rot of sugarcane and the soil microbial community were evaluated in greenhouse experiments. Herbicides were applied as foliar and soil treatments. There were no consistent effects on plant growth or disease parameters. However, some herbicide treatments affected the relative frequency of isolation of Pythium spp. from roots and reduced colonization by the pathogenic species Pythium arrhenomanes. A comparison of sole carbon source utilization profiles indicated that

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6

Falk, Jeanne S., Kassim Al-Khatib, and Dallas E. Peterson. "Rapid Assay Evaluation of Plant Response to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (Protox)-Inhibiting Herbicides." Weed Technology 20, no. 1 (2006): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-302r.1.

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Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox)-inhibiting herbicides damage cell membranes, resulting in electrolyte leakage. A whole-plant dose-response study and a rapid assay that measured electrolyte leakage was used to determine the response of wild mustard, soybean, and protox inhibitor–susceptible and protox inhibitor–resistant common waterhemp to increasing doses of three protox inhibitors: acifluorfen, fomesafen, and sulfentrazone. For the dose-response study, whole plants were treated with the three protox-inhibitor herbicides. Electroconductivity assay 1 consisted of cutting discs from leaf ti

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7

BRUSAMARELLO, A. P., P. H. OLIVEIRA, M. M. TREZZI, E. XAVIER, and E. D. DALOSTO. "INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE INHIBITOR HERBICIDES IN WILD POINSETTIA." Planta Daninha 34, no. 3 (2016): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582016340300018.

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ABSTRACT Weed resistance to herbicides is a major global problem for agriculture. In recent years, the increased use of herbicides, without proper planning, has led to a large increase in the number of cases of weed biotypes that are resistant to one or more herbicide mechanism of action. Wild poinsettia biotypes (Euphorbia heterophylla), discovered in the State of Paraná, with resistance to herbicides that inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) and acetolactate synthase (ALS), are the first case to exhibit multiple resistance in Brazil. This study analyzed the genetic inheritance of PROT

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8

Beckie, Hugh J., Eric N. Johnson, and Anne Légère. "Negative Cross-Resistance of Acetolactate Synthase Inhibitor–Resistant Kochia (Kochia scoparia) to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase– and Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase–Inhibiting Herbicides." Weed Technology 26, no. 3 (2012): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00020.1.

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This greenhouse experiment examined the response of homozygous susceptible and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor–resistant plants from six Canadian kochia accessions with the Pro197 or Trp574 mutation to six alternative herbicides of different sites of action. The null hypothesis was ALS-inhibitor–resistant and –susceptible plants from within and across accessions would respond similarly to herbicides of different sites of action. This hypothesis was accepted for all accessions except that of MBK2 with the Trp574 mutation. Resistant plants of that accession were 80, 60, and 50% more sensit

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9

Cahoon, Charles W., Alan C. York, David L. Jordan, Wesley J. Everman, and Richard W. Seagroves. "An Alternative to Multiple Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor Applications in No-Till Cotton." Weed Technology 28, no. 1 (2014): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-13-00078.1.

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Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth is a widespread problem in southeastern cotton production areas. Herbicide programs to control this weed in no-till cotton commonly include flumioxazin applied with preplant burndown herbicides approximately 3 wk before planting followed by fomesafen applied PRE and then glufosinate or glyphosate applied POST. Flumioxazin and fomesafen are both protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors. Multiple yearly applications of PPO inhibitors in cotton, along with widespread use of PPO inhibitors in rotational crops, raise concerns over possible selection for

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10

Umphres, Alinna M., Lawrence E. Steckel, and Thomas C. Mueller. "Control of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibiting Herbicide Resistant and Susceptible Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) with Soil-Applied Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase–Inhibiting Herbicides." Weed Technology 32, no. 1 (2017): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.78.

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AbstractPalmer amaranth resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides has become an increasing problem to producers throughout the southeast region of the United States. Traditionally, these herbicides can be used as foliar-applied and soil-applied in glyphosate resistant (GR) cropping systems to control GR Palmer amaranth. Heavy reliance on PPO herbicides has contributed to the increased selection for PPO inhibitor-resistant (PPO-R) Palmer amaranth biotypes. Dose response greenhouse research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of soil-applied flumioxazin, fomesafen,

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11

Grossmann, Klaus, Ricarda Niggeweg, Nicole Christiansen, Ralf Looser, and Thomas Ehrhardt. "The Herbicide Saflufenacil (Kixor™) is a New Inhibitor of Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Activity." Weed Science 58, no. 1 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-09-00004.1.

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Saflufenacil (Kixor™) is a new herbicide of the pyrimidinedione chemical class for preplant burndown and selective preemergence dicot weed control in multiple crops, including corn. In this study, the mode of action of saflufenacil was investigated. For initial characterization, a series of biotests was used in a physionomics approach for comprehensive physiological profiling of saflufenacil effects. With the use of treated duckweed plants, metabolite profiling was performed based on quantification of metabolite changes, relative to untreated controls. Physiological and metabolite profiling su

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12

Corradi, Hazel R., Anne V. Corrigall, Ester Boix, et al. "Crystal Structure of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase fromMyxococcus xanthusand Its Complex with the Inhibitor Acifluorfen." Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, no. 50 (2006): 38625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m606640200.

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13

Varanasi, Vijay K., Chad Brabham, Nicholas E. Korres, and Jason K. Norsworthy. "Nontarget site resistance in Palmer amaranth [Amaranthus palmeri(S.) Wats.] confers cross-resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides." Weed Technology 33, no. 2 (2019): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.12.

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AbstractPalmer amaranth is one of the most problematic weeds in cropping systems of North America, especially in midsouthern United States, because of its competitive ability and propensity to evolve resistance to several herbicide sites of action. Previously, we confirmed and characterized the first case of nontarget site resistance (NTSR) to fomesafen in a Palmer amaranth accession from Randolph County, AR (RCA). The primary basis of the present study was to evaluate the cross- and multiple-resistance profile of the RCA accession. The fomesafen dose-response assay in the presence of malathio

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14

Yun, Young-Beom, Oh-Do Kwon, Kyoung-Whan Back, Do-Jin Lee, Ha-Il Jung, and Yong-In Kuk. "Relationship of Fitness and Substance of Porphyrin Biosynthesis Pathway in Resistant Transgenic Rice to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (Protox) Inhibitor." Korean Journal of Weed Science 31, no. 2 (2011): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5660/kjws.2011.31.2.134.

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15

Shoup, Douglas E., and Kassim Al-Khatib. "Control of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor–Resistant Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) in Corn and Soybean." Weed Technology 18, no. 2 (2004): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-079r1.

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Field experiments were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides on protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox, EC 1.3.3.4) inhibitor–resistant common waterhemp in corn and soybean. All corn herbicides tested gave greater than 90% common waterhemp control by 8 wk after postemergence herbicide treatment (WAPT). In soybean, common waterhemp control was less than 40% by 8 WAPT with postemergence protox-inhibiting herbicides lactofen and acifluorfen. However, preemergence protox-inhibiting herbicides sulfentrazone and flumioxazin gave greater than 85% common waterhemp control in bo

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16

Hao, Ge-Fei, Yang Zuo, Sheng-Gang Yang, et al. "Computational Discovery of Potent and Bioselective Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Inhibitor via Fragment Deconstruction Analysis." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, no. 28 (2017): 5581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01557.

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17

Jung, Ha Il, Yong In Kuk, Kyoungwhan Back, and Nilda R. Burgos. "Resistance pattern and antioxidant enzyme profiles of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitor-resistant transgenic rice." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 91, no. 1 (2008): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2008.01.005.

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18

Sarangi, Debalin, Trey Stephens, Abigail L. Barker, Eric L. Patterson, Todd A. Gaines, and Amit J. Jhala. "Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor–resistant waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Nebraska is multiple herbicide resistant: confirmation, mechanism of resistance, and management." Weed Science 67, no. 05 (2019): 510–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.29.

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AbstractA waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer] biotype (designated as “NER”) collected from a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production field in eastern Nebraska survived the POST application of fomesafen at the labeled rate. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the level of resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors (acifluorfen, fomesafen, and lactofen) applied POST, (2) determine the mechanism of PPO-inhibitor resistance in the NER biotype, (3) determine whether NER possessed multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-, 5-enolpyruvylsh

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19

Wu, Chenxi, Michael-Rock Goldsmith, John Pawlak, et al. "Differences in efficacy, resistance mechanism and target protein interaction between two PPO inhibitors in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)." Weed Science 68, no. 2 (2020): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.4.

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AbstractA weed survey was conducted on 134 Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) populations from Mississippi and Arkansas in 2017 to investigate the spread of resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors using fomesafen as a proxy. Fomesafen resistance was found in 42% of the A. palmeri populations. To investigate the resistance basis of different PPO inhibitors, we further characterized 10 representative populations by in planta bioassay in a controlled environment and molecular characterizations (DNA sequencing and TaqMan® gene expression assay). A total of 160 plants

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20

Salas-Perez, Reiofeli A., Nilda R. Burgos, Gulab Rangani, et al. "Frequency of Gly-210 Deletion Mutation among Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor–Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Populations." Weed Science 65, no. 6 (2017): 718–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.41.

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The widespread occurrence of Palmer amaranth resistant to acetolactate synthase inhibitors and/or glyphosate led to the increased use of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides. This research aimed to: (1) evaluate the efficacy of foliar-applied fomesafen to Palmer amaranth, (2) evaluate cross-resistance to foliar PPO inhibitors and efficacy of foliar herbicides with different mechanisms of action, (3) survey the occurrence of the PPO Gly-210 deletion mutation among PPO inhibitor–resistant Palmer amaranth, (4) identify other PPO target-site mutations in resistant individuals, an

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21

Benoit, Lauren, Brittany Hedges, Mike G. Schryver, et al. "The first record of protoporphyrinogen oxidase and four-way herbicide resistance in eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 100, no. 3 (2020): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0326.

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This is the first record of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor resistance in eastern Canada, and the second record of a glyphosate-resistant weed in Quebec. In 2016 and 2017, waterhemp seed was collected from 25 locations across Ontario and Quebec. All populations tested positive for imazethapyr resistance. Three-way resistance to imazethapyr, atrazine, and glyphosate was confirmed in 80% of the samples. Additionally, between 2015 and 2017, waterhemp seed was collected from 74 locations in Ontario or Quebec and resistance to lactofen was confirmed in 28% of the seed lots screened.

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22

Jung, H. I., Y. I. Kuk, H. Y. Kim, et al. "Resistance levels and fitness of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitor-resistant transgenic rice in paddy fields." Field Crops Research 115, no. 2 (2010): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.10.010.

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23

Riggins, Chance W., and Patrick J. Tranel. "Will theAmaranthus tuberculatusResistance Mechanism to PPO-Inhibiting Herbicides Evolve in OtherAmaranthusSpecies?" International Journal of Agronomy 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/305764.

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Resistance to herbicides that inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) has been slow to evolve and, to date, is confirmed for only four weed species. Two of these species are members of the genusAmaranthusL. Previous research has demonstrated that PPO-inhibitor resistance inA. tuberculatus(Moq.) Sauer, the first weed to have evolved this type of resistance, involves a unique codon deletion in thePPX2gene. Our hypothesis is thatA. tuberculatusmay have been predisposed to evolving this resistance mechanism due to the presence of a repetitive motif at the mutation site and that lack of this motif

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24

Johnson, Eric N., Zhijie Wang, Charles M. Geddes, Ken Coles, Bill Hamman, and Brian L. Beres. "Pyroxasulfone Is Effective for Management ofBromusspp. in Winter Wheat in Western Canada." Weed Technology 32, no. 6 (2018): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2018.70.

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AbstractIn response to concerns about acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor–resistant weeds in wheat production systems, we explored the efficacy of managingBromusspp., downy and Japanese bromes, in a winter wheat system using alternative herbicide treatments applied in either fall or spring. Trials were established at Lethbridge and Kipp, Alberta, and Scott, Saskatchewan, Canada over three growing seasons (2012–2014) to compare the efficacy of pyroxasulfone (a soil-applied very-long-chain fatty acid elongase inhibitor; WSSA Group 15) and flumioxazin (a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor; WS

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25

Tranel, Patrick J., Chenxi Wu, and Ahmed Sadeque. "Target-Site Resistances to ALS and PPO Inhibitors Are Linked in Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)." Weed Science 65, no. 1 (2016): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-16-00090.1.

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It is generally expected that, in the case of multiple herbicide resistance, different resistance mechanisms within a weed will follow Mendel’s law of independent assortment. Research was conducted to investigate anecdotal observations suggesting that target site–based resistances to inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (ALS) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) did not follow independent assortment in common waterhemp. Cosegregation of the two resistances was observed in backcross lines (population sensitive to both herbicides as recurrent parent). Specifically, whereas 52% of backcross plants

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26

Mendes, Rafael R., Hudson K. Takano, Fernando S. Adegas, Rubem S. Oliveira, Todd A. Gaines, and Franck E. Dayan. "Arg-128-Leu target-site mutation in PPO2 evolves in wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) with cross-resistance to PPO-inhibiting herbicides." Weed Science 68, no. 5 (2020): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.42.

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AbstractWild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) is a troublesome broadleaf weed in grain production areas in South America. Herbicide resistance to multiple sites of action has been documented in this species, including protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors. We investigated the physiological and molecular bases for PPO-inhibitor resistance in a E. heterophylla population (RPPO) from Southern Brazil. Whole-plant dose–response experiments revealed a cross-resistance profile to three different chemical groups of PPO inhibitors. Based on dose–response parameters, RPPO was resistant to la

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27

Yu, Jialin, Patrick E. McCullough, and Mark A. Czarnota. "Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Biotypes Exhibit Differential Levels of Susceptibility and Biochemical Responses to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors." Weed Science 66, no. 5 (2018): 574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.30.

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AbstractAn annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL.) biotype with limited susceptibility to POST flumioxazin applications was identified in Georgia. The objectives of this research were to quantify tolerance levels of this biotype (R-biotype) to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors and characterize physiological responses to flumioxazin. In dose–response experiments on 3- to 5-tiller plants, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone rates required to reduce dry-shoot biomass 50% from the nontreated were >14.5 and 10.4 times greater for the R-biotype, as compared with a susceptible (S)-biotype, respectively

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28

Birchfield, Norman B., and John E. Casida. "Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase: High Affinity Tetrahydrophthalimide Radioligand for the Inhibitor/Herbicide-Binding Site in Mouse Liver Mitochondria." Chemical Research in Toxicology 9, no. 7 (1996): 1135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx960074h.

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29

Li, Jialong, Fan Zhang, Yuhong Li, Weicai Yang, and Rongcheng Lin. "Chloroplast-Localized Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase1 Is Involved in the Mitotic Cell Cycle in Arabidopsis." Plant and Cell Physiology 60, no. 11 (2019): 2436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz135.

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Abstract Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase1 (PPO1) catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to form protoporphyrin IX in the plastid tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway and is also essential for plastid RNA editing in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Arabidopsis ppo1-1 mutation was previously shown to be seedling lethal; however, in this study, we showed that the heterozygous ppo1-1/+ mutant exhibited reproductive growth defects characterized by reduced silique length and seed set, as well as aborted pollen development. In this mutant, the second mitotic division was blocked during male gametogenes

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30

Evans, Cody M., Seth A. Strom, Dean E. Riechers, Adam S. Davis, Patrick J. Tranel, and Aaron G. Hager. "Characterization of a waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) population from Illinois resistant to herbicides from five site-of-action groups." Weed Technology 33, no. 03 (2019): 400–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.19.

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AbstractExperiments were initiated to characterize a waterhemp population (CHR) discovered in a central Illinois corn field after it was not controlled by the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor topramezone. Field experiments conducted during 2014–2015 indicated that acetolactate synthase (ALS)-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-, photosystem II (PSII)-, and HPPD-inhibiting herbicides and the synthetic auxin 2,4-D did not control the CHR population. Laboratory experiments confirmed target site–based resistance mechanisms to ALS- and PPO-inhibiting herbicides. Herbicide doses r

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Oshio, Hiromichi, Hideyuki Shibata, Nobuaki Mito, et al. "Isolation and Characterization of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Mutant Resistant to Photobleaching Herbicides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 3-4 (1993): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-3-436.

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A group of highly active N -phenylimide photobleaching herbicides have been synthesized. These N -phenylimide herbicides as well as diphenyl ether herbicides induce protoporphyrin IX accumulation and inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity at extremely low concentrations in higher plants. The binding of a 14C -labeled N -phenylimide herbicide S-23121 [N-[4-chloro- 2-fluoro-5-[(1-m ethyl-2-propynyl)oxy]phenyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide] to the solubilized plastid fractions of greening corn seedlings is competed by the diphenyl ether herbicide acifluorfen-ethyl, but not by diuron, an inh

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32

Velini, Edivaldo D., Maria L. B. Trindade, Luis Rodrigo M. Barberis, and Stephen O. Duke. "Growth Regulation and Other Secondary Effects of Herbicides." Weed Science 58, no. 3 (2010): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-09-00028.1.

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As all herbicides act on pathways or processes crucial to plants, in an inhibitory or stimulatory way, low doses of any herbicide might be used to beneficially modulate plant growth, development, or composition. Glyphosate, the most used herbicide in the world, is widely applied at low rates to ripen sugarcane. Low rates of glyphosate also can stimulate plant growth (this effect is called hormesis). When applied at recommended rates for weed control, glyphosate can inhibit rust diseases in glyphosate-resistant wheat and soybean. Fluridone blocks carotenoid biosynthesis by inhibition of phytoen

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33

Aulakh, Jatinder S., P. S. Chahal, and Amit J. Jhala. "Glyphosate-Resistant Weed Control and Soybean Injury in Response to Different PPO-Inhibiting Herbicides." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 2 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n2p1.

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<p>In Nebraska, 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) as well as acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor-resistant weeds occur in many soybean fields where herbicides from these modes-of-action have been frequently used in the past. Currently, the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibitors are the only effective herbicides for POST control of both glyphosate- and ALS-inhibitor-resistant weeds in soybean. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2014 to evaluate the efficacy of PPO-inhibitors applied POST for the control of three glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds and potential

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34

Lillie, Kathryn J., Darci A. Giacomini, and Patrick J. Tranel. "Comparing responses of sensitive and resistant populations of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis) to PPO inhibitors." Weed Technology 34, no. 1 (2019): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.84.

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AbstractResistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors was first observed in waterhemp in 2001 and was conferred by the deletion of a glycine residue at the 210th position (ΔGly-210) of the PPO enzyme. PPO-inhibitor resistance in Palmer amaranth was first observed in 2011, 10 years later. The objectives of this study were to directly compare PPO inhibitor responses in plants of both species with or without the ΔGly-210 mutation. Using greenhouse experiments, early (EPOST) and late (LPOST) postemergence dose responses using lactofen and fomesafen, and preemergence (PRE) dose response

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35

Braswell, Lewis R., Charles W. Cahoon, Alan C. York, David L. Jordan, and Richard W. Seagroves. "Fluridone and Encapsulated Acetochlor Reduce Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor Use in a Glufosinate-Based Palmer Amaranth Management Program for Cotton." Weed Technology 30, no. 4 (2016): 838–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-16-00025.1.

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Flumioxazin and fomesafen are commonly used to control glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in cotton and other crops, thus increasing risk to select for Palmer amaranth biotypes resistant to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors. A field experiment was conducted to determine the potential for fluridone and acetochlor to substitute for soil-applied PPO inhibitors in a Palmer amaranth management system with glufosinate applied twice POST and diuron plus MSMA POST-directed in conservation tillage cotton. Fluridone and flumioxazin applied preplant 23 to 34 d prior to planting were similarly

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Houston, Michael M., Jason K. Norsworthy, Tom Barber, and Chad Brabham. "Field evaluation of preemergence and postemergence herbicides for control of protoporphyrinogen oxidase-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson)." Weed Technology 33, no. 04 (2019): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.37.

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AbstractPalmer amaranth accessions resistant to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicides are widespread in the Midsouth, making control difficult. Field experiments were conducted in Marion and Crawfordsville, AR, in 2016 and 2017 to assess PRE and POST herbicides labeled for use in corn, cotton, or soybean for control of multiresistant Palmer amaranth. Accessions at both locations were resistant to glyphosate and ALS inhibitors and segregating for both the R128 and ΔG210 PPO resistance mechanisms. Of t

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Bi, Bo, Qiang Wang, Jeffrey J. Coleman, et al. "A novel mutation A212T in chloroplast Protoporphyrinogen oxidase ( PPO1 ) confers resistance to PPO inhibitor Oxadiazon in Eleusine indica." Pest Management Science 76, no. 5 (2020): 1786–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.5703.

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Roy, Kunal, and Somnath Paul. "Docking and 3D QSAR studies of protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor 3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-one derivatives." Journal of Molecular Modeling 16, no. 1 (2009): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00894-009-0528-8.

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Soldatova, Olga, Alexey Apchelimov, Natalia Radukina, et al. "An Arabidopsis mutant that is resistant to the protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor acifluorfen shows regulatory changes in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 273, no. 4 (2005): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-005-1129-6.

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Torbiak, Alysha T., Robert E. Blackshaw, Randall N. Brandt, Bill Hamman, and Charles M. Geddes. "Herbicide strategies for managing glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible kochia (Bassia scoparia) in spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 101, no. 4 (2021): 607–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2020-0303.

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Kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is a summer annual tumbleweed that is tolerant of heat, drought, and salinity and capable of causing large yield losses in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Increased incidence of glyphosate- and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor-resistant kochia in western Canada warrants investigation of alternative herbicides to manage these biotypes. Herbicides applied pre- or post-emergence in spring wheat were evaluated based on crop tolerance and control of ALS inhibitor-resistant kochia accessions with and without the glyphosate resistance trait in five en

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Zhao, Yin, Wang, et al. "Novel Thiazole Phenoxypyridine Derivatives Protect Maize from Residual Pesticide Injury Caused by PPO-Inhibitor Fomesafen." Biomolecules 9, no. 10 (2019): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9100514.

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The herbicide fomesafen has the advantages of low toxicity and high selectivity, and the target of this compound is protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4). However, this herbicide has a long residual period and can have phytotoxic effects on succeeding crops. To protect maize from fomesafen, a series of thiazole phenoxypyridines were designed based on structure–activity relationships, active substructure combinations, and bioisosterism. Bioassays showed that thiazole phenoxypyridines could improve maize tolerance under fomesafen toxicity stress to varying degrees at a dose of 10 mg·kg

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Zhang, Li, Ge-Fei Hao, Yin Tan, Zhen Xi, Ming-Zhi Huang, and Guang-Fu Yang. "Bioactive conformation analysis of cyclic imides as protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor by combining DFT calculations, QSAR and molecular dynamic simulations." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 17, no. 14 (2009): 4935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.003.

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Wuerffel, R. Joseph, Julie M. Young, Joseph L. Matthews, and Bryan G. Young. "Characterization of PPO-Inhibitor–Resistant Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Response to Soil-Applied PPO-Inhibiting Herbicides." Weed Science 63, no. 2 (2015): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-14-00108.1.

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Waterhemp resistance to foliar applications of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)–inhibiting herbicides has become increasingly disconcerting given the widespread distribution of glyphosate resistance. Fortunately, soil-residual PPO-inhibiting herbicides remain efficacious in waterhemp populations resistant to PPO-inhibiting herbicides; however, these herbicides should theoretically select for the resistant biotype as herbicide concentrations diminish in the soil. Accordingly, the objectives of this research were twofold: (1) evaluate the efficacy of three PPO-inhibiting herbicides, foliar- and

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Varanasi, Vijay K., Chad Brabham, Jason K. Norsworthy, et al. "A Statewide Survey of PPO-Inhibitor Resistance and the Prevalent Target-Site Mechanisms in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Accessions from Arkansas." Weed Science 66, no. 2 (2017): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.68.

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Palmer amaranth is one of the most problematic weeds in the midsouthern United States, and the evolution of resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors in biotypes already resistant to glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors is a major cause of concern to soybean and cotton growers in these states. A late-season weed-escape survey was conducted in the major row crop–producing counties (29 counties) to determine the severity of PPO-inhibitor resistance in Arkansas. A total of 227 Palmer amaranth accessions were sprayed with fomesafen at 395 g ha−1to identify putative

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Nicolaus, Beate, Gerhard Sandmann, and Peter Böger. "Molecular Aspects of Herbicide Action on Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 3-4 (1993): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-3-434.

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Abstract Protoporphyrinogen oxidase, the last enzyme of the common tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway, is inhibited by several peroxidizing compounds resulting in accumulation of photodynamic tetrapyrroles, mainly protoporphyrin IX. The inhibition characteristics of two chemically unrelated compounds were studied using membrane bound protoporphyrinogen oxidase from corn etioplasts. As shown by Lineweaver-Burk-analysis, the inhibition of enzyme activity by the diphenyl ether oxyfluorfen and the cyclic imide MCI 15 are competitive with respect to the substrate. The competitive interaction of pro

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Bell, Michael S., Aaron G. Hager, and Patrick J. Tranel. "Multiple Resistance to Herbicides from Four Site-of-Action Groups in Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)." Weed Science 61, no. 3 (2013): 460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-12-00166.1.

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In 2006 and 2007, farmers from two counties in Illinois reported failure to control waterhemp with glyphosate. Subsequent onsite field experiments revealed that the populations might be resistant to multiple herbicides. Greenhouse experiments therefore were conducted to confirm glyphosate resistance, and to test for multiple resistance to other herbicides, including atrazine, acifluorfen, lactofen, and imazamox. In glyphosate dose-response experiments, both populations responded similarly to a previously characterized glyphosate-resistant population (MO1). Both Illinois populations also demons

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Singh, Vijay, Russ Garetson, Josh McGinty, et al. "Distribution of herbicide-resistant waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) across row crop production systems in Texas." Weed Technology 34, no. 1 (2019): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.78.

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AbstractWe conducted a survey in the major row-crop production regions of Texas to determine the response of waterhemp to glyphosate (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase [EPSPS] inhibitor), atrazine (photosystem II [PSII] inhibitor), pyrithiobac (acetolactate synthase [ALS] inhibitor), tembotrione (hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase [HPPD] inhibitor), fomesafen (protoporphyrinogen oxidase [PPO] inhibitor), and dicamba (synthetic auxin). We evaluated 127 accessions for these herbicides. Resistance was confirmed on the basis of plant survival within an accession, and the injury ratings of

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Curran, William S., John M. Wallace, Steven Mirsky, and Benjamin Crockett. "Effectiveness of Herbicides for Control of Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa) in Winter Wheat." Weed Technology 29, no. 3 (2015): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-14-00139.1.

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A field experiment was conducted in 2009–2010 at Pennsylvania and Maryland locations, and repeated it in 2010–2011 to test the effectiveness of POST-applied herbicides at fall and spring timings on seeded hairy vetch in winter wheat. A total of 16 herbicide treatment combinations was tested that included synthetic auxins, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, and a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor. Spring applications tended to be more effective than fall applications. Among synthetic auxins, clopyralid (105 g ae ha−1) and treatments containing dicamba (140 g ae ha−1) were effective at b

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Reed, Thomas V., Nathan S. Boyd, P. Christopher Wilson, and Peter J. Dittmar. "Effect of Plastic Mulch Type on Fomesafen Dissipation in Florida Vegetable Production Systems." Weed Science 66, no. 1 (2017): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.48.

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Mulches used in plasticulture systems could decrease dissipation of fomesafen, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, and dissuade producers from using the herbicide for fear of crop injury in subsequent growing seasons. Field experiments were conducted in Balm, FL, in 2015 and 2016 to investigate the effect of different plastic mulches on fomesafen dissipation, squash tolerance, and efficacy on purple nutsedge. Squash was injured less than 5% from fomesafen applications. The use of plastic mulches reduced purple nutsedge density at transplant by 60% compared with the no-mulch treatment. At t

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Wuerffel, R. Joseph, Julie M. Young, Ryan M. Lee, Patrick J. Tranel, David A. Lightfoot та Bryan G. Young. "Distribution of the ΔG210 Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Mutation in Illinois Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) and an Improved Molecular Method for Detection". Weed Science 63, № 4 (2015): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00037.1.

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Molecular assays are often implemented by weed scientists for detection of herbicide-resistant individuals; however, the utility of these assays can be limited if multiple mechanisms of evolved resistance exist. Waterhemp resistant to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)– inhibiting herbicides is conferred by a target-site mutation in PPX2L (a gene coding for PPO), resulting in the loss of a glycine at position 210 (ΔG210). This ΔG210 mutation of PPX2L is the only known mechanism responsible for PPO-inhibitor resistance (PPO-R) in waterhemp from five states (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, and Mi

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