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Smith, Edward E. "Rule and similarity as prototype concepts." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, no. 1 (February 2005): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05440017.
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There is a continuum between prototypical cases of rule use and prototypical cases of similarity use. A prototypical rule: (1) is explicitly represented, (2) can be verbalized, and (3) requires that the user selectively attend to a few features of the object, while ignoring the others. Prototypical similarity-use requires that: (1) the user should match the object to a mental representation holistically, and (2) there should be no selective attention or inhibition. Neural evidence supports prototypical rule-use. Most models of categorization fall between the two prototypes.
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Lesmo, Leonardo, and Pietro Torasso. "Prototypical knowledge for interpreting fuzzy concepts and quantifiers." Fuzzy Sets and Systems 23, no. 3 (September 1987): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(87)90048-0.
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Spetea, Mariana, and Helmut Schmidhammer. "Opioids and Their Receptors: Present and Emerging Concepts in Opioid Drug Discovery." Molecules 25, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 5658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235658.
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Kövecses, Zoltán. "Surprise as a conceptual category." Expressing and Describing Surprise 13, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 270–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.13.2.01kov.
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In this paper, I examine the concept of surprise from a cognitive linguistic perspective. As previous studies indicate, surprise is a not-quite-prototypical emotion category. My focus will be on the structure and content of surprise as an emotion category, as this can be revealed on the basis of the language speakers of English use to talk about it. As regards methodology, I will follow my earlier work and employ a “lexical approach” to emotion concepts (see, e.g., Kövecses, 1986, 1990, 2000) to explore the language-based folk model of surprise in English. I will investigate the conceptual metaphors and metonymies associated with surprise and will propose a cognitive model for the emotion. It is hoped that this methodology enables us to see why surprise is not a prototypical emotion concept on a par with, for example, anger or fear.
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BRANDES, ULRIK, and JAN HILDENBRAND. "Smallest graphs with distinct singleton centers." Network Science 2, no. 3 (November 20, 2014): 416–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nws.2014.25.
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An incredible number of centrality indices has been proposed to date (Todeschini & Consonni, 2009). Four of them, however, can be considered prototypical because they operationalize distinct concepts of centrality and together cover the bulk of analyses and empirical uses: degree, closeness, betweenness, and eigenvector centrality.
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Al-Ajaleen, Mohammad, and Rajai Al-Khanji. "Prototype Semantic Analysis of Abstract and Concrete Concepts Among Jordanian and American Students." International Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 2 (March 18, 2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i2.16468.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the extent to which culture may play a role in constructing the prototypical structure of every daily life concepts. Two concepts were investigated in this study: an abstract concept (freedom) and a concrete concept (drinks). The sample of the study comprised two distinct cultures, Jordanians and Americans, who are undergraduate students. To come up with the findings, the researchers carried out two experiments. The first experiment aimed at examining the impact of culture on generating semantic features and examples of the target concepts. The second one investigated the effect of culture on rating the prototypicality of the generated features and examples. To answer the first research question, the researcher calculated the frequency and the percentage of each response. The researcher used the SPSS to answer the second research question. The researcher used the t-test for independent samples (Jordanians and Americans) to calculate the means and the standard deviations in order to examine any possible significant differences that may result from cultural difference. Briefly, the findings showed that culture affected, to a considerable extent, the processes of generating and prototypicality rating of the examples and features of the target concepts.
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TAMMA, VALENTINA, and TREVOR BENCH-CAPON. "An ontology model to facilitate knowledge-sharing in multi-agent systems." Knowledge Engineering Review 17, no. 1 (March 2002): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888902000371.
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This article presents and motivates an extended ontology knowledge model which represents explicitly semantic information about concepts. This knowledge model results from enriching the standard conceptual model with semantic information which precisely characterises the concept's properties and expected ambiguities, including which properties are prototypical of a concept and which are exceptional, the behaviour of properties over time and the degree of applicability of properties to subconcepts. This enriched conceptual model permits a precise characterisation of what is represented by class membership mechanisms and helps knowledge engineers to determine, in a straightforward manner, the meta-properties holding for a concept. Meta-properties are recognised to be the main tool for a formal ontological analysis that allows us to build ontologies with a clean and untangled taxonomic structure.This enriched semantics can prove useful to describe what is known by agents in a multi-agent system, and might facilitate the use of reasoning mechanisms on the knowledge that instantiates an ontology. These mechanisms can be used to solve ambiguities that can arise when agents with heterogeneous ontologies have to interoperate in order to perform a task.
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Latu, Maksim, and Olga Gukosyants. "Prototypical Models of the Terms Interaction in the Terminological Network." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 1 (April 2019): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.1.8.
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The research is devoted to the current cross-disciplinary problem of the knowledge organization for information search intellectualization and knowledge extraction acceleration by means of the specialized software - the expert system. The paper shows that an effective form of knowledge organization in the expert system is the terminological network of subject domain; the network can be structured on the basis of prototypical semantic models of terms interaction which reflect the relations of the concepts designated by terms. The authors reconstruct the fragment of the terminological network of nanotechnologies with the top-term nanoliquid and present it in the article. While analyzing definitions of the terms included into the network and the fragments of scientific publications with terminological units of the analyzed subject domain, the authors define the following semantic categories: Material, Substance, Natural object, Tool, Characteristic, Process. The paper reveals the prototypical models of the terms interaction reflecting the systemic relations between the term "nanoliquid" and its adjacent terms: generic, partitive, attributive, the relations between targeted object and result, between material and process. The article shows that the term "nanoliquid" is introduced in hierarchical classification of the nanostructured materials and has various semantic relations both with terms of one category and with terms of all other semantic categories.
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Floyd, Rick. "Experience, certainty and control, and the direct evidential in Wanka Quechua questions." Functions of Language 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.3.1.04flo.
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Evidentiality is traditionally discussed in terms of information source and its relation to the degree of commitment a speaker has with respect to a proposition. Furthermore, it is a notion that is usually thought to apply principally to assertions. A consideration of the full range of uses of the Wanka Quechua direct evidential shows that while these concepts are generally sufficient for the description of prototypical usage, understanding other uses requires explanation along different lines. Certain non-prototypical uses exemplify a type of subjectification, a process of semantic change that has been observed cross-linguistically (cf. Traugott 1989, Langacker 1990). The use of the direct evidential as a grammaticalized marker of content (WH) questions is particularly anomalous from a traditional perspective. However, it can be shown to be a well-motivated extension from other uses within the semantic network.
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McDonald, Janet L. "Cognitive Development and the Structuring of Geometric Content." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 20, no. 1 (January 1989): 76–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.20.1.0076.
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From a pool of secondary students (n = 161), 20 students were chosen who had high (formal operations) scores and 20 who had low (concrete operations) scores on two paper-and-pencil measures of Piagetian formal reasoning (the Test of Logical Thinking and the Longeot Test). The students made similarity judgments among all possible concept pairs from 13 geometric concepts and 10 mathematical expressions from a unit on ratio, proportion, and similarity. Multidimensional scaling procedures showed that despite idiosyncrasies in individual structures, clear prototypical maps could be derived for both the formal and concrete groups. In addition, formal operational students structured subject matter content significantly more like subject matter experts than concrete operational students did.
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Kiseleva, S. V., M. Yu Mironova, and N. А. Trofimova. "The Problems of Conceptualization and Categorization in English Terminology." Discourse 6, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-2-115-124.
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Introduction. The paper focuses on the linguistic concepts of terminology and a term system, provides the views of linguists on the definition and differentiation of these terms, explains the semantics of the word and the term, as well as the role of the cognitive approach in modern terminology. The scientific work defines a concept and a category, and describes the role of the processes of conceptualization and categorization in English terminology. As more than 90 % of new words appearing in modern languages is vocabulary for special purposes, it is increasingly important to study the ways of their formation. The research is relevant since it provides a deeper understanding of the structure and content of concepts that underlie the formation of language categories, the mechanisms of interaction between cognitive and language structures in the process of forming the terminological meaning.Methodology and sources. In light of the cognitive approach to understanding the semantics of a word the authors emphasize anthropocentrist thinking, language picture of the world and lexical-semantic variants of the word. The cognitive approach allows us to reveal the causes and mechanisms of dynamic processes in the field of professional nomination, taking into account the changing cognitive and communication needs of people. The research is made using corpora data.Results and discussion. It has been found out, that cognitive categories are linked to conceptually defined prototypes that are crucial for the formation of categories. The necessary to define the central elements of prototypical categories has been proved, as they make the category logical, understandable and convenient, since all members of the category meet a given list of characteristics. As a result of the research it has been proved that in an investment terminological system a prototype turns out to be the best representative of a category.Conclusion. It has been concluded that the study of conceptualization and categorization processes is extremely important when analyzing terminological systems in general, and investment terminological system of English, in particular, because it allows to identify the basic concepts underlying the formation of terminological systems. The study of the principles and mechanisms of categorization of language units makes it possible to identify and analyze their prototypical semantics in terms of their common properties with the prototype of the category. This possibility is of paramount importance for research in the field of cognitive linguistics, since it is the prototypical semantics of language units that largely determines their use in a sentence to convey a particular meaning.
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Eikemeier, Sören, Matthias Schuss, Ulrich Pont, Ardeshir Mahdavi, and Robert Wimmer. "Monitoring of a Prototypical Free-Running Building: A Case Study in a Hot-and-Humid Climate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (December 2016): 392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.392.
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The provision of comfortable indoor conditions is widely considered as one of the key tasks of architecture. Hereby, different climatic regions require different concepts for the operation of buildings. Achieving thermal comfort in buildings in hot and humid regions without Air-Conditioning can be considered as a challenging task. In this context we present a monitoring study of the indoor conditions in a new prototype building, called the Zero Carbon Resort Demonstration Cottage. This building was designed according to passive cooling principles with the intent to reach a high degree of sustainability and to have little environmental impact. To explore the viability of this concept, we deployed a comprehensive monitoring of the outdoor conditions via a weather station and of the indoor conditions via air temperature and relative humidity sensors. Moreover, short-term monitoring of thermal comfort was conducted. In a first analysis step we compared the results of the indoor monitoring with the corresponding outdoor measurements. In a second step we conducted a standardized thermal comfort study. Thereby we considered the special circumstances of the thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings. Results suggest that acceptable indoor conditions can be maintained, if passive cooling methods are applied properly.
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Park, Eun-Joo, Mariko Kikutani, Masao Yogo, Naoto Suzuki, and Jang-Han Lee. "Influence of Culture on Categorical Structure of Emotional Words: Comparison Between Japanese and Korean." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 9 (August 5, 2018): 1340–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118789789.
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This study targeted individuals from Korea and Japan to investigate whether their concepts of emotion can be classified as more prototypical (central concepts) and less typical exemplars (peripheral concepts), and how they distinguish them. In Study 1, participants listed examples of “emotion,” and the most frequently reported words were defined as central and others as peripheral concepts. Five central and five peripheral concepts chosen from Study 1 were used in the following four studies, which examined the characteristics of the two conceptual classes and how clearly these are distinguished by Japanese and Koreans. Study 2 identified how strongly the central and peripheral concepts were associated with the word “emotion,” and Study 3 evaluated how good these words were as examples of emotion. In Study 4, the central and peripheral words replaced a word “emotion” in a given sentence and participants assessed how natural the sentence sounded. Study 5 evaluated the fuzziness of the boundary between the central and peripheral concepts. The results of all the studies demonstrated that the concepts of emotion for both Japanese and Koreans are organized based on their typicality. The distinction between the central and peripheral concepts is, however, found to be much more ambiguous for Koreans than for Japanese. The present research revealed that there is a common structure for the concepts of emotion, but it also showed that culturally specific categorization styles as well as language variation can influence how people conceptualize emotion.
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Wick, Thomas. "Goal-Oriented Mesh Adaptivity for Fluid-Structure Interaction with Application to Heart-Valve Settings." Archive of Mechanical Engineering 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10180-012-0005-2.
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Goal-Oriented Mesh Adaptivity for Fluid-Structure Interaction with Application to Heart-Valve SettingsWe apply a fluid-structure interaction method to simulate prototypical dynamics of the aortic heart-valve. Our method of choice is based on a monolithic coupling scheme for fluid-structure interactions in which the fluid equations are rewritten in the ‘arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian’ (ALE) framework. To prevent the backflow of structure waves because of their hyperbolic nature, a damped structure equation is solved on an artificial layer that is used to prolongate the computational domain. The increased computational cost in the presence of the artificial layer is resolved by using local mesh adaption. In particular, heuristic mesh refinement techniques are compared to rigorous goal-oriented mesh adaption with the dual weighted residual (DWR) method. A version of this method is developed for stationary settings. For the nonstationary test cases the indicators are obtained by a heuristic error estimator, which has a good performance for the measurement of wall stresses. The results for prototypical problems demonstrate that heart-valve dynamics can be treated with our proposed concepts and that the DWR method performs best with respect to a certain target functional.
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Da'as, Rima'a, Sherry Ganon-Shilon, Chen Schechter, and Mowafaq Qadach. "Implicit leadership theory: principals' sense-making and cognitive complexity." International Journal of Educational Management 35, no. 3 (February 5, 2021): 726–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-02-2020-0086.
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PurposeThis conceptual paper explores a novel model explaining teachers' perceptions of their effective leader through the lens of implicit leadership theory (ILT), using the concepts of school principals' sense-making and cognitive complexity (CC).Design/methodology/approachThe sense-making framework and CC theory were used to explain ILT, which focuses on individuals' perceptions of leaders' prototypical and anti-prototypical attributes.FindingsThe theoretical model suggests that school principals as sense-makers with high levels of CC will be perceived by teachers as effective in terms of leadership prototypes, whereas teachers' perceptions of principals with low levels of CC will be related to leadership anti-prototypes.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper suggests a model for a multidimensional understanding of the relationship between principals' sense-making and CC and their influence on teachers' perceptions of an effective leader.Originality/valueOpening avenues for future research into employee perceptions of different leadership characteristics, this model emphasizes the cognitive aspects of school principals within implicit leadership theories. This theoretical model should be further examined empirically, and other types of CC, such as social and behavioral aspects, or affective complexity and self-complexity, should be considered.
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Sartwelle, Thomas, and James Johnston. "Continuous Electronic Fetal Monitoring during Labor: A Critique and a Reply to Contemporary Proponents." Surgery Journal 04, no. 01 (January 2018): e23-e28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632404.
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AbstractA half century after continuous electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) became the omnipresent standard of care for the vast majority of labors in the developed countries, and the cornerstone for cerebral palsy litigation, EFM advocates still do not have any scientific evidence justifying EFM use in most labors or courtrooms. Yet, these EFM proponents continue rationalizing the procedure with a rhetorical fog of meaningless words, misleading statistics, archaic concepts, and a complete disregard for medical ethics. This article illustrates the current state of affairs by providing an evidence-based review penetrating the rhetorical fog of a prototypical EFM advocate.
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Gräßler, Nadine. "„Verhülle nicht dein Gesicht vor mir“ – Konzepte von Gesicht und Wahrnehmung im alten Ägypten." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 148, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaes-2021-0100.
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Summary The face (ḥr) is one of the most documented body parts in ancient Egyptian texts and its semantics covers a wide range of meanings. The face is especially involved in bodily perception linked with the facial senses (eyes, ears, nose and mouth). In this paper concepts of the face in connection with perception and communication will be examined. The first part focuses on prototypical considerations about the composition of the face and Egyptian iconographic characteristics. The second part explores textual sources to illustrate the usages of the word ḥr in connection with perception, attention and communication.
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Fox, Melodie J. "Prototype theory: An alternative concept theory for categorizing sex and gender?" NASKO 3, no. 1 (November 2, 2011): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/nasko.v3i1.12799.
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Classical theories of classification and concepts, originating in ancient Greek logic, have been criticized by classificationists, feminists, and scholars of marginalized groups because of the rigidity of conceptual boundaries and hierarchical structure. Despite this criticism, the principles of classical theory still underlie major library classification schemes. Rosch’s prototype theory, originating from cognitive psychology, uses Wittgenstein’s “family resemblance” as a basis for conceptual definition. Rather than requiring all necessary and sufficient conditions, prototype theory requires possession of some but not all common qualities for membership in a category. This paper explores prototype theory to determine whether it captures the fluidity of gender to avoid essentialism and accommodate transgender and queer identities. Ultimately, prototype theory constitutes a desirable conceptual framework for gender because it permits commonality without essentialism, difference without eliminating similarity. However, the instability of prototypical definitions would be difficult to implement in a practical environment and could still be manipulated to subordinate. Therefore, at best, prototype theory could complement more stable concept theories by incorporating contextual difference.
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Ma'ayan, Avi. "Complex systems biology." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 134 (September 2017): 20170391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0391.
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Complex systems theory is concerned with identifying and characterizing common design elements that are observed across diverse natural, technological and social complex systems. Systems biology, a more holistic approach to study molecules and cells in biology, has advanced rapidly in the past two decades. However, not much appreciation has been granted to the realization that the human cell is an exemplary complex system. Here, I outline general design principles identified in many complex systems, and then describe the human cell as a prototypical complex system. Considering concepts of complex systems theory in systems biology can illuminate our overall understanding of normal cell physiology and the alterations that lead to human disease.
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Wang, Chunying. "Implicit cognitive meanings of the spatial prepositions in, on, and at in English." International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies 1, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v1i2.33.
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Learning English prepositions is deemed as a difficult task for EFL learners (Cheng, 2006) because some English prepositions have many similar but slightly different meanings (Boers & Demecheleer, 1998; Radden, 1985). EFL leaners face difficulty in using English prepositions because they may only learn the linguistic forms but not the conceptual meanings embedded in prepositions. The purpose of this research is to investigate English spatial prepositions in, on, and at from a cognitive perspective, e.g. the theory of conceptual metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) and cognitive grammar (Langacker, 2008). The investigation of the present study was mainly done with document analysis (Bowen, 2009; O’Leary, 2014). After reviewing many primary and previous studies (Dikken, 1995; Freeborn, 1987; Lindstromberg, 1996, 2010; Nishimura, 2005; Radden, 1985), the findings show that English prepositions in, on, and at have not only their prototypical meanings but also implicit meanings, which may be extended by metaphors. It is also found that there is an intimate relationship between the spatial and temporal meanings of prepositions. Besides, the prototypical meanings of in, on, and at can be the foundation to learn other spatial or temporal concepts. Therefore, it is suggested that understanding metaphors and the implicit meanings embedded in prepositions can help EFL students’ learning of English language.
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SAADEH, EMMAD, and DERRICK G. KOURIE. "REFACTORING WITH ORDERED COLLECTIONS OF FINE-GRAIN TRANSFORMATIONS." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 23, no. 03 (April 2013): 309–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194013500095.
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The objective of this paper is to explain the notion of fine-grain transformations (FGTs), showing how they can be used as prototypical building blocks for constructing refactorings of a design-level system description. FGT semantics are specified in terms of pre- and postconditions which, in turn, also determines the sequential dependency relationships between them. An algorithm is provided which uses sequential dependency relationships to convert an FGT-list to a set of so-called FGT-DAGs. It is shown how to compute the precondition of such ordered collections of FGTs. The paper introduces a new approach to deal with refactoring pre- and postconditions by defining them at two different levels. To give these concepts syntactical form, we rely on the Prolog formats used by an FGT-based refactoring prototype tool. An example is provided to illustrate the various concepts and to demonstrate that, because of their simplicity, well-defined pre-post semantics and their intuitive nature, FGTs provide a pragmatic basis for building refactorings.
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Litvinenko, Tatiana E. "Literary and Aesthetic Continuum as an Object of Categorization and its Representation in Language and Text." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 18, no. 4 (2020): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2020-18-4-133-145.
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The article deals with the problem of structural organization of liberal arts fragments in the diachronic world view. It considers the application of a prototypical approach to the knowledge categorization about the types and directions of culture and to the differentiation of the tools of their verbal representation in the metalanguage. The classification of the concepts “Renaissance” and “Baroque” under the criteria of modern linguo-cognitive science is proposed. The article provides definitions of prototypical and peripheral units of the categories analyzed and substantiates the differences in their significates. Special attention is paid to non-central category members, as well as to parameters that confirm their categorical status and place them in the general subsystems’ hierarchy. The study substantiates the polysemy of the terms “Renaissance” and “Baroque”, which is caused by the heterogeneity of the classes they represent. Based on the material of specific category units, it demonstrates the possibility of changing their positions as class members and analyzes the causes and consequences of their re-categorization. The article considers the problem of variability and openness of the range of the categories under study, as well as the criteria of their autonomy and integrity. It is shown that the category stability depends on the prototype identification degree and its differences from the central units in other classes. The main conclusions were obtained by analyzing the meanings of the investigated terms and identifying patterns of their attribution to the texts of the corresponding cultural stages. The study novelty lies in the application of cognitive analysis methods to the concepts and term units of the Humanities metalanguage. The research relevance is accounted for by the need to further study the semantics and functioning of interdisciplinary special units in poetics, literary history, art history, cultural studies, and aesthetics. It helps to distinguish the meanings and contexts of using names that are synonymous and antonymous.
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Mahmoud, Tariq, Barbara Rapp, and Sebastian van Vliet. "Green Web Services Integration and Workflow Execution within Next Generation CEMIS." International Journal of Web Portals 6, no. 2 (April 2014): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwp.2014040105.
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This article presents a detailed implementation of the Corporate Environmental Management Information Systems (CEMIS) Next Generation platform of the IT-for-Green research project. The provided services within this platform are grouped based on the module to which they belong. These services will be the main realization of the workflows activities of the system's business processes. In the frame of this project, the Next Generation CEMIS will be developed, to integrate research concepts of current interest and investigate their feasibility through a prototypical implementation. In this paper the authors focus on two major components: the workflow engine implemented using State Chart XML (SCXML) and the Green Service Mall realized as a set of standardized Web Services.
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Greenwood, Royston, and C. R. Hinings. "Organizational Design Types, Tracks and the Dynamics of Strategic Change." Organization Studies 9, no. 3 (July 1988): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084068800900301.
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Change and stability in organizations is to be understood through the twin concepts of design archetypes and tracks. Organizations operate with structural designs which are given meaning and coherence by underlying interpretive schemes. Particular interpre tive schemes coupled with associated structural arrangements constitute a design archetype. The temporal relationship between an organization and one or more archetypes defines an organization's track. Prototypical tracks include inertia, aborted excursions, re-orientations and unresolved excursions. The particular track followed by an organization will be a function of the degree of alignment or compatibility between structures and contingency constraints, the pattern of commitment to prevailing and alternative interpretive schemes and the incidence of interest dissatisfaction of powerful groups.
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Firsova, Svitlana. "Examining Institutional Content of the Balanced Scorecard: Logics and Translations in Ukrainian Business Environment." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 8, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 142–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2017.8.2.14184.
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This study examines institutional definitions and meanings Ukrainian managers attach to one of the most popular management concepts – the Balanced Scorecard. Socially constructed discourses, that is, beliefs, understandings, expectations, interpretations, collective cognitions and meanings beyond initial technical purposes of the BSC are treated as an institutional content that infuses and distorts technical aspects of the practice. Results confirm that technical foundations of this practice have been infused with institutionally constructed meanings and understandings generated from the local dominant institutional order, constructing the meaning of the BSC as a coercive, command-and control management system. Gathering information from local sources of information and strengthening them with collective understandings, the BSC has been infused with new meanings and beliefs, dramatically changing the original technical core of the concept. The study shows how the meaning of the management concept changed in the new institutional context under the dominance of the local logic. Specifically, the study contributes to the individual-level research on the impact of institutional logics on actors’ actions by showing the process of individuals’ responses to two macro-level meaning systems materialized in the BSC – prototypical and home institutional logics.
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Halas, Zdeněk, Jarmila Robová, Vlasta Moravcová, and Jana Hromadová. "Students’ Concepts of the Trapezoid at the End of Lower Secondary Level Education." Open Education Studies 1, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/edu-2019-0013.
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AbstractUnderstanding basic geometric concepts is important for the development of students’ thinking and geometric imagination, both of which facilitate their progress in mathematics. Factors that may affect students’ understanding include the teacher of mathematics (in particular his/her teaching style) and the textbooks used in mathematics lessons. In our research, we focused on the conceptual understanding of trapezoids among Czech students at the end of the 2nd level of education (ISCED 2). As part of the framework for testing the understanding of geometrical concepts, we assigned a task in which students had to choose trapezoids from six figures (four trapezoids and two other quadrilaterals). In total, 437 students from the 9th grade of lower secondary schools and corresponding years of grammar schools participated in the test. The gathered data were subjected to a qualitative analysis. We found that less than half of the students commanded an adequate conceptual understanding of trapezoids. It turned out that some students did not recognise the non-model of a trapezoid, or vice versa, considering a trapezoid in an untypical position to be a non-model. Our research was supplemented by analysis of geometry textbooks usually used in the Czech Republic which revealed that the trapezoid is predominantly presented in a prototypical position. Moreover, we investigated how pre-service teachers define a trapezoid. Finally, we present some recommendations for mathematics teaching and pre-service teacher training that could help.
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Kempson, Ruth M., Jieun Kiaer, and Ronnie Cann. "Topic and focus at the peripheries: the dynamics of tree growth." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 261–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.35.2004.229.
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In this paper topic and focus effects at both left and right periphery are argued to be epiphenomena of general properties of tree growth. We incorporate Korean into this account as a prototypical verb-final language, and show how long- and short-distance scrambling form part of this general picture. Multiple long-distance scrambling effects emerge as a consequence of the feeding relationship between different forms of structural under-specification. We also show how the array of effects at the right periphery, in both verb-final and other language-types, can also be explained with the same concepts of tree growth. In particular the Right Roof Constraint, a well-known but little understood constraint, is an immediate consequence of compositionality constraints as articulated in this system.
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Manoharan, Christopher, and Victor de Munck. "The Conceptual Relationship Between Love, Romantic Love, and Sex." Journal of Mixed Methods Research 11, no. 2 (July 7, 2016): 248–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558689815602151.
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Certain methodological techniques blend quantitative and qualitative elements, defying explicit characterization as either. Placing focus on the distinction between methods for data collection and methods for analysis ameliorates this confusion and identifies the occasionally ambiguous quantitative/qualitative designation of highly convergent methods as largely subject to researchers’ goals. We use free listing and prototype analysis, two methods which are variously characterized as either quantitative or qualitative, to investigate the conceptual relationship between love, romantic love, and sex. A methodological framework is presented in which open-ended questionnaires and structured interviews are analyzed comparatively to clarify the relationship between the three concepts. Results suggest that romantic love is conceptualized as a synthesis of prototypical “caring” love and noncrude attributes of sex.
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Strkalj, Nives, Elzbieta Gradauskaite, Johanna Nordlander, and Morgan Trassin. "Design and Manipulation of Ferroic Domains in Complex Oxide Heterostructures." Materials 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 3108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193108.
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The current burst of device concepts based on nanoscale domain-control in magnetically and electrically ordered systems motivates us to review the recent development in the design of domain engineered oxide heterostructures. The improved ability to design and control advanced ferroic domain architectures came hand in hand with major advances in investigation capacity of nanoscale ferroic states. The new avenues offered by prototypical multiferroic materials, in which electric and magnetic orders coexist, are expanding beyond the canonical low-energy-consuming electrical control of a net magnetization. Domain pattern inversion, for instance, holds promises of increased functionalities. In this review, we first describe the recent development in the creation of controlled ferroelectric and multiferroic domain architectures in thin films and multilayers. We then present techniques for probing the domain state with a particular focus on non-invasive tools allowing the determination of buried ferroic states. Finally, we discuss the switching events and their domain analysis, providing critical insight into the evolution of device concepts involving multiferroic thin films and heterostructures.
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Andersen, Björn, Martin Kasparick, Hannes Ulrich, Stefan Franke, Jan Schlamelcher, Max Rockstroh, and Josef Ingenerf. "Connecting the clinical IT infrastructure to a service-oriented architecture of medical devices." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 63, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2017-0021.
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AbstractThe new medical device communication protocol known as IEEE 11073 SDC is well-suited for the integration of (surgical) point-of-care devices, so are the established Health Level Seven (HL7) V2 and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standards for the communication of systems in the clinical IT infrastructure (CITI). An integrated operating room (OR) and other integrated clinical environments, however, need interoperability between both domains to fully unfold their potential for improving the quality of care as well as clinical workflows. This work thus presents concepts for the propagation of clinical and administrative data to medical devices, physiologic measurements and device parameters to clinical IT systems, as well as image and multimedia content in both directions. Prototypical implementations of the derived components have proven to integrate well with systems of networked medical devices and with the CITI, effectively connecting these heterogeneous domains. Our qualitative evaluation indicates that the interoperability concepts are suitable to be integrated into clinical workflows and are expected to benefit patients and clinicians alike. The upcoming HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) communication standard will likely change the domain of clinical IT significantly. A straightforward mapping to its resource model thus ensures the tenability of these concepts despite a foreseeable change in demand and requirements.
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Kollia, I., and B. Glimm. "Optimizing SPARQL Query Answering over OWL Ontologies." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 48 (October 30, 2013): 253–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.3872.
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The SPARQL query language is currently being extended by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) with so-called entailment regimes. An entailment regime defines how queries are evaluated under more expressive semantics than SPARQL's standard simple entailment, which is based on subgraph matching. The queries are very expressive since variables can occur within complex concepts and can also bind to concept or role names. In this paper, we describe a sound and complete algorithm for the OWL Direct Semantics entailment regime. We further propose several novel optimizations such as strategies for determining a good query execution order, query rewriting techniques, and show how specialized OWL reasoning tasks and the concept and role hierarchy can be used to reduce the query execution time. For determining a good execution order, we propose a cost-based model, where the costs are based on information about the instances of concepts and roles that are extracted from a model abstraction built by an OWL reasoner. We present two ordering strategies: a static and a dynamic one. For the dynamic case, we improve the performance by exploiting an individual clustering approach that allows for computing the cost functions based on one individual sample from a cluster. We provide a prototypical implementation and evaluate the efficiency of the proposed optimizations. Our experimental study shows that the static ordering usually outperforms the dynamic one when accurate statistics are available. This changes, however, when the statistics are less accurate, e.g., due to nondeterministic reasoning decisions. For queries that go beyond conjunctive instance queries we observe an improvement of up to three orders of magnitude due to the proposed optimizations.
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Engberg, Jan. "Legal linguistics as a mutual arena for cooperation." AILA Review 26 (December 31, 2013): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.26.03eng.
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This article reports on some of the recent projects and individual works in the field of Legal Linguistics as examples of cooperation between Applied Linguistics and law. The article starts by discussing relevant prototypical concepts of Legal Linguistics. Legal Linguistics scrutinizes interactions between human beings in the framework of legal institutions involving language as a means of communication. Focus is upon creating a mutual arena for cooperation between disciplines, including Applied Linguistics. Legal Linguistics is thus seen as an interdisciplinary approach treating problems of relevance to the law from the point of view of non-legal disciplines. Subsequently, the paper presents four domains of study in Legal Linguistics all characterised by offering opportunities for interdisciplinary cooperation: Forensic linguistic evidence analysis, Drafting and intelligibility, Legal interpretation and meaning, and Discourse studies of law.
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Ngan, A. H. W. "On the distribution of elastic forces in disordered structures and materials. II A statistical mechanics theory." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 461, no. 2057 (April 26, 2005): 1423–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2004.1417.
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Based on computer simulated results in prototypical examples of granular packings and random open-cell foams in part I of the present study, a theoretical framework based on statistical physics concepts is developed in this work to describe the internal force distributions in random materials under external loadings. The theory involves the use of an entropy functional to represent the effect of structural randomness on the force distribution, and this is assumed to remain constant during energy minimization in the search of equilibrium states. The theory accurately predicts the form of the force distributions obtained by computer simulations up to an unknown parameter, which is analogous to the temperature in a thermal system. The predicted internal force distributions can be used to construct failure surfaces based on a first-yield criterion.
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DeCorla-Souza, Patrick. "Trade-Off for Road Pricing between Transportation Performance and Financial Feasibility." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1932, no. 1 (January 2005): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193200104.
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This study estimates the transportation performance and financial impacts of express toll (ET) lane and high-occupancy toll (HOT) lane concepts, with and without new bus rapid transit (BRT) service. Estimates are made for a prototypical suburban transportation corridor in a major metropolitan area with the use of the Spreadsheet Model for Induced Travel Estimation, Managed Lanes (SMITE-ML), which was enhanced to analyze the conventional build concept with no priced lanes. The analysis demonstrates that in a typical case a HOT alternative may mitigate congestion more cost-effectively than an ET alternative. Combining BRT with ET may make this alternative much more effective, perhaps more effective than a HOT alternative with no BRT. BRT increases the benefits and economic efficiency of both ET and HOT alternatives, but it reduces financial feasibility because of the need for public tax support for transit. ET alternatives tend to be more financially feasible than HOT alternatives primarily because of the additional revenues generated from tolls; under this alternative, HOVs are not exempt from tolls. These conclusions hold up for the case study corridor even under extreme assumptions with regard to demand elasticity and value of time.
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Borrett, Donald S., Tet H. Yeap, and Hon C. Kwan. "Neural Networks and Parkinson's Disease." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 20, no. 2 (May 1993): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100047648.
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ABSTRACT:A closed-loop or recurrent neural network was taught to generate output discharges to reproduce the prototypical activations in agonist and antagonist muscles which produce the displacement of a limb about a single joint. By introducing a generalized decrease in the excitability of the pre-output layer in the network, the network made the displacement more slowly and also showed an inability to maintain a repetitive movement. These concepts can be applied to the human nervous system in the understanding of the physical basis of movement and its disorders. It is suggested that a movement represents the output of a closed-loop network, such as the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical motor loop, which iterates repetitively to its end point or attractor. The model provides an explanation of how the state of thalamic inhibition seen in Parkinson's disease physically may produce bradykinesia and the inability to maintain a repetitive movement.
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Cambouropoulos, Emilios. "Melodic Cue Abstraction, Similarity, and Category Formation: A Formal Model." Music Perception 18, no. 3 (2001): 347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2001.18.3.347.
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In the first part of this article, the notions of identity, similarity, categorization, and feature salience are explored; musical examples are provided at various stages of the discussion. Then, formal working definitions are proposed that inextricably bind these concepts together. These definitions readily lend themselves to the development of a formal model for clustering - the Unscramble algorithm - which, given a set of objects and an initial set of properties, generates a range of plausible categorizations for a given context. Finally, as a test case, the clustering algorithm is used to organize a number of melodic segments, taken from a monophonic piece by J. S. Bach, into motivic categories; the algorithm also determines a prototype for each cluster and uses these prototypical descriptions for membership prediction tasks. The results of the computational system are compared with the empirical results obtained for the same data in two earlier studies (I. Delièège, 1996, 1997).
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Mehlhorn, Kurt, and Michael Seel. "Infimaximal Frames: A Technique for Making Lines Look Like Segments." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 13, no. 03 (June 2003): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195903001141.
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Many geometric algorithms that are usually formulated for points and segments generalize easily to inputs also containing rays and lines. The sweep algorithm for segment intersection is a prototypical example. Implementations of such algorithms do, in general, not extend easily. For example, segment endpoints cause events in sweep line algorithms, but lines have no endpoints. We describe a general technique, which we call infimaximal frames, for extending implementations to inputs also containing rays and lines. The technique can also be used to extend implementations of planar subdivisions to subdivisions with many unbounded faces. We have used the technique successfully in generalizing a sweep algorithm designed for segments to rays and lines and also in an implementation of planar Nef polyhedra.14,1 Our implementation is based on concepts of generic programming in C++ and the geometric data types provided by the C++ Computational Geometry Algorithms Library (CGAL).
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HURLEMANN, RENÉ, BARBARA HAWELLEK, WOLFGANG MAIER, and RAYMOND J. DOLAN. "Enhanced emotion-induced amnesia in borderline personality disorder." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 7 (January 16, 2007): 971–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706009792.
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Background. Current biological concepts of borderline personality disorder (BPD) emphasize the interference of emotional hyperarousal and cognitive functions. A prototypical example is episodic memory. Pre-clinical investigations of emotion–episodic memory interactions have shown specific retrograde and anterograde episodic memory changes in response to emotional stimuli. These changes are amygdala dependent and vary as a function of emotional arousal and valence.Method. To determine whether there is amygdala hyper-responsiveness to emotional stimuli as the underlying pathological substrate of cognitive dysfunction in BPD, 16 unmedicated female patients with BPD were tested on the behavioural indices of emotion-induced amnesia and hypermnesia established in 16 healthy controls.Results. BPD patients displayed enhanced retrograde and anterograde amnesia in response to presentation of negative stimuli, while positive stimuli elicited no episodic memory-modulating effects.Conclusion. These findings suggest that an amygdala hyper-responsiveness to negative stimuli may serve as a crucial aetiological contributor to emotion-induced cognitive dysfunction in BPD.
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ISMAIL, MOHAMED MAHER BEN, and OUIEM BCHIR. "AUTOMATIC IMAGE ANNOTATION BASED ON SEMI-SUPERVISED CLUSTERING AND MEMBERSHIP-BASED CROSS MEDIA RELEVANCE MODEL." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 06 (September 2012): 1255009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001412550099.
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In this paper, we propose a system for automatic image annotation that has two main components. The first component consists of a novel semi-supervised possibilistic clustering and feature weighting algorithm based on robust modeling of the generalized Dirichlet (GD) finite mixture. This algorithm is used to group image regions into prototypical region clusters that summarize the training data and can be used as the basis of annotating new test images. The constraints consist of pairs of image regions that should not be included in the same cluster. These constraints are deduced from the irrelevance of all concepts annotating the training images to help in guiding the clustering process. The second component of our system consists of a probabilistic model that relies on the possibilistic membership degrees, generated by the clustering algorithm, to annotate unlabeled images. The proposed system was implemented and tested on a data set that include thousands of images using four-fold cross validation.
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Ellis, James. "Anglican Indigenization and Contextualization in Colonial Hong Kong: Comparative Case Studies of St. John’s Cathedral and St. Mary’s Church." Mission Studies 36, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341650.
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Abstract The British Empire expanded into East Asia during the early years of the Protestant Mission Movement in China, one of history’s greatest cross-cultural encounters. Anglicans, however, did not accommodate local Chinese culture when they built St. John’s Cathedral in the British Crown Colony of Hong Kong. St. John’s had a prototypical English style and was a gathering place for the colony’s political and social elites, strengthening the new social order. The Cathedral spoke a Western architectural language that local residents could not understand and many saw Christianity as a strange, imposing, foreign religion. As indigenous Chinese Christians assumed leadership of Hong Kong’s Anglican Church, ecclesial architecture took on more Chinese elements, a transition epitomized by St. Mary’s Church, a Chinese Renaissance masterpiece featuring symbols from Taoism, Buddhism, and Chinese folk religions. This essay analyzes the contextualization of Hong Kong’s Anglican architecture, which made Christian concepts more relevant to the indigenous community.
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Hom, Mary Katherine Yem Hing. "Water, Wisdom, and Life: Literary Insights on the Use of נַחַל in Job 28:4 with Reference to 28:1-28 and 38:22-30." Vetus Testamentum 67, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341259.
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נַחַל in Job 28:4, an unusual use of a word in a profoundly nuanced passage, is discussed—first with regard to the popular interpretation of ‘(mine) shaft’ (and, relatedly, ‘excavation’), then with regard to a proposed literary reading for נַחַל within the broader context of Job 28 and beyond. Key to interpretation is the pairing of waterways and forceful verbs, along with the absence or presence of water, which has associations with life. Thus, in Job 28:1-11, seemingly incompatible concepts concerning the presence of water are created across the prototypical and cognitive levels, creating tension and driving the narrative forward towards resolution in 28:23-28 and, ultimately, to YHWH’s appearance and rhetorical self-declarations in Job 38:22-30. The point is made that humanity and YHWH both conduct works that offer what is life-giving, but only YHWH truly delivers this, whether it be water, wisdom, or life itself.
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Monnier, Moana. "Difficulties in Defining Social-Emotional Intelligence, Competences and Skills - a Theoretical Analysis and Structural Suggestion." International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13152/ijrvet.2.1.4.
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Demands related to the frequency of and time required for interactional tasks in everyday occupational routines are continuously growing. When it comes to qualifying a person’s ability to interact with others, two prototypical concepts are often used: social competences and emotional intelligence. In connection to discussions about curriculum standards in Germany, these are viewed as important attributes that should be taught, supported and if possible assessed in educational pathways toward an occupation. However, in looking for a generally approved and widely used definition, many problems arise on the inter-conceptual and intra-conceptual level, triggering implementation difficulties in educational curricula. This article highlights these difficulties by selecting five well-established key theories and comparing their communalities and differences. Analyzing definitions of intelligence, competences and skills, taking an action regulation perspective and highlighting the interdependence of social and emotional aspects, a structural system to facilitate the transfer into the educational context is proposed.
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Huang, Danqing, Dirk Geeraerts, and Weiwei Zhang. "A diachronic analysis of the FIRE character." Chinese Semiotic Studies 17, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2021-0001.
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Abstract Chinese radicals are the semantic components of Chinese characters that generally indicate major concepts and categories. Characters that share the same radical may be semantically linked in various ways to the broad semantic category that the radical represents, and radicals may thus be considered a categorization mechanism to distinguish lexical meanings. Given the fact that FIRE is an independent character that can also be used as a radical in composite characters, the question arises as to what extent the semantic developments of the FIRE character and the FIRE radical are similar, i.e. does the FIRE radical develop independently of the FIRE character? Against the background of this question, this paper studies the diachronic semantic structure of the FIRE character, which will be compared to the FIRE radical in composite characters in follow-up studies. The analysis shows that the overall diachronic development of the FIRE character exhibits prototypical characteristics and a radial network structure.
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Sowa, Rochus. "Deictic Abstractions:On the Occasional References to Ideal Objectivities Producible with the Words “This” and “Thus”*." Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 42, no. 1 (2011): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916211x567451.
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AbstractThis essay introduces the concept of deictic abstraction (deictic ideation), taking as a point of departure Husserl’s prototypical but insufficient description of the act of ideation in which a shade of color comes to givenness as an ideal object, i.e., a non-individual or abstract object, on the basis of a perceived individual object. This concept comprises not only color-ideation and ideations (abstractions) of universalities of the sensuous sphere (species infima of certain sounds, noises, smells, tastes), but all acts founded in perceptions in which ideal objects are directly referred to by means of demonstrative expressions (“this,” “like this,” “such,” etc.). This allows various types of deictic ideations or abstractions, corresponding to the degree of universality and the kind of ideal object concerned, to be brought to light through the analysis of particular cases of everyday acts of deictic abstraction, including deictic abstractions of predicative universals of the lowest level of universality (e.g., “this smell of perfume,” “a bug like this”); deictic abstractions of non-predicative universals, especially of universal ways (manners, schemata) of doing something (e.g., of tying a shoelace); and deictic abstractions of individual styles of doing something (e.g., of playing a musical composition in a typical individual way). Deictic abstractions not only turn out to be constitutive for the formation of perceptual concepts of the lower and lowest levels, but also prove to be foundational for all kinds of learning in which schemata of actions are acquired from a model (observational learning).
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Janda, Gwen Eva. "Northern Mansi possessive suffixes in non-possessive function." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 6, no. 2 (December 18, 2015): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2015.6.2.10.
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Research on possessive suffixes in Ob-Ugric languages, as in most Uralic languages, has primarily viewed them in the light of their terminological denomination – i.e., as markers of possessive relations, traditionally referred to as their prototypic use. Whenever this onomasiology-based approach fails, the usage of possessive suffixes is considered non-prototypical; a secondary or determinative function of possessive suffixes is cited. In my paper, I will claim that the original function of possessive suffixes in Ob-Ugric languages is not to denote a possessive relation and, in consequence, there is no concept of non-prototypical use. Instead, possessive suffixes denote a relation between two entities, whose default interpretation is a possessive one. I will claim that both, the prototypic and the non-prototypic use is an outcome of the very same property of possessive suffixes, which is to establish reference. In consequence, possessive suffixes play an important role in information structure.
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Khasanah, Yunita Uswatun. "A Pragmatic Analysis of Efl Learners’ Social Media Interaction." JETLe (Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning) 1, no. 1 (October 31, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jetle.v1i1.7751.
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<p class="Default">As a new and emerging venue of interaction, social media provide an ample opportunity for EFL learners to practice their English mastery and to enhance their socio-pragmatic awareness. However, even though some social media attempt to accommodate and mimic offline communications through their features, there are still technological and platform affordance and constraints that limit what users can do to get their message across. This situation makes a pragmatic analysis of online communication using offline measure a naïve endeavor. To confirm this notion, this paper borrows concepts from relevance theory pertaining to L1 and L2 pragmatics to reveal the patterns of online communication of 43 EFL learners in their social media interaction. The results show that there is a different pattern between online and offline interaction where they share a non-prototypical model of communication, the process of context and meaning construction, as well as their attempt to compensate for what the platform is lacking in accommodating their communication need.</p>
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BOYLAND, PHILIP L., HASSAN AREF, and MARK A. STREMLER. "Topological fluid mechanics of stirring." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 403 (January 25, 2000): 277–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099007107.
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A new approach to regular and chaotic fluid advection is presented that utilizes the Thurston–Nielsen classification theorem. The prototypical two-dimensional problem of stirring by a finite number of stirrers confined to a disk of fluid is considered. The theory shows that for particular ‘stirring protocols’ a significant increase in complexity of the stirred motion – known as topological chaos – occurs when three or more stirrers are present and are moved about in certain ways. In this sense prior studies of chaotic advection with at most two stirrers, that were, furthermore, usually fixed in place and simply rotated about their axes, have been ‘too simple’. We set out the basic theory without proofs and demonstrate the applicability of several topological concepts to fluid stirring. A key role is played by the representation of a given stirring protocol as a braid in a (2+1)-dimensional space–time made up of the flow plane and a time axis perpendicular to it. A simple experiment in which a viscous liquid is stirred by three stirrers has been conducted and is used to illustrate the theory.
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Baas, Renzo. "Fictional Dreams and Harsh Realities." Matatu 50, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 407–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-05002008.
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Abstract This paper looks at the novels by Joseph Diescho (Born of the Sun, 1988), Kaleni Hiyalwa (Meekulu’s Children, 2000), and Neshani Andreas (The Purple Violet of Oshaantu, 2001) with a special focus on the access to education and land, but also problems such as Gender Based Violence and poverty. By comparing how an independent Namibia is imagined during South African apartheid rule, during the Liberation Struggle, and post-independence, the novels open up perspectives that empirical studies may overlook or decide not to emphasise. Furthermore, this comparison also allows for a linear, yet non-chronological, view on how the literary visions evolve with concepts such as nation and liberation, but also modernity and nationalism as they ‘enter’ into the characters’ every day. With the protagonists deeply involved in the make-up of their respective villages, they can also be considered prototypical Namibians in their value systems and networks. Through their eyes, it is possible to trace how political promises that were envisioned and imagined prior to 1990 are either realised or disappointed.
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Cantarini, Sibilla, and Chiara de Bastiani. "Eine semantische Klassifizierung von Weil-Sätzen." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 66, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 297–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2021.1.21.
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"A Semantic Classification of Weil-clauses. In the present study, we will elaborate a classification of clauses introduced by weil ‘because’; this classification combines different views on the concepts of cause and motive and their respective linguistic realization. In this paper, the three-dimensional model proposed by Sweetser (1990) will be combined with the distinction between cause and motive made in Prandi/De Santis (2011) and Prandi (2013), with the purpose of formulating a taxonomy of linguistic causality. Corpus research aimed at testing the afore-mentioned classification shows that the subordinating conjunction weil, which is usually defined as the prototypical causal subordinator in traditional grammars, introduces different conceptual relations, which would be difficult to identify without a comprehensive classification of the semantic relations introduced by this subordinator. Finally, further applications of the proposed classification involving the opposition between clauses headed by weil with verb-end and verb-second syntax will be proposed. It will be argued that the verb-second syntax serves a particular function in the encoding of semantic relations. Keywords: cause, motive, traditional grammars, semantic relations, verb-end, verb-second "
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Engel, Juri, and Jürgen Döllner. "Immersive Visualization of Virtual 3D City Models and its Applications in E-Planning." International Journal of E-Planning Research 1, no. 4 (October 2012): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.2012100102.
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Immersive visualization offers an intuitive access to and an effective way of realizing, exploring, and analyzing virtual 3D city models, which are essential tools for effective communication and management of complex urban spatial information in e-planning. In particular, immersive visualization allows for simulating planning scenarios and to receive a close-to-reality impression by both non-expert and expert stakeholders. This contribution is concerned with the main requirements and technical concepts of a system for visualizing virtual 3D city models in large-scale, fully immersive environments. It allows stakeholders ranging from citizens to decision-makers to explore and examine the virtual 3D city model and embedded planning models “in situ.” Fully immersive environments involve a number of specific requirements for both hardware and 3D rendering including enhanced 3D rendering techniques, an immersion-aware, autonomous, and assistive 3D camera system, and a synthetic, immersion-supporting soundscape. Based on these requirements, the authors have implemented a prototypical visualization system that the authors present in this article. The characteristics of fully immersive visualization enable a number of new applications within e-planning workflows and processes, in particular, with respect to public participation, decision support, and location marketing.