Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Protozoaires pathogènes'
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Vinckier, Daniel. "Différentiation cellulaire chez les microsporidies : étude ultrastructurale du développement de Nosemoides vivieri V.D. et P. et Nosema apis Zander et mise en évidence de l'évolution des systèmes membranaires par la technique de cryofracture." Lille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL10050.
Full textSoete, Martine. "Étude expérimentale de l'interconversion tachyzoïte-bradyzoïte chez Toxoplasma gondii." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10069.
Full textRauscher, Béatrice. "Contribution à l'étude de la fonction et du trafic des protéines de granules denses, GRA5 et GRA6 de Toxoplasma gondii." Lille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIL10123.
Full textAu cours de la première partie de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence l'existence d'un polymorphisme de taille des protéines GRA5 et GRA6 chez différentes souches de toxoplasmes. Ce polymorphisme permet de répertorier les souches parasitaires dans les trois groupes génotypiques de Toxoplasma gondii. Dans un second temps, le développement de la manipulation génétique du toxoplasme, nous a permis d'aborder la fonction de la protéine GRA5 par l'invalidation de son gène. La mise en place d'un système de double sélection positive-négative a permis l'obtention d'un mutant nul GRA5 dans la souche RH. L'analyse du phénotype du mutant nul a mis en évidence que la protéine GRA5 est une protéine non essentielle pour les toxoplasmes de la souche RH. De plus, l'absence de son expression ne perturbe ni l'ultrastructure de la vacuole parasitophore, ni la virulence chez la souris, ni la multiplication intracellulaire du toxoplasme
Enfin, dans le cadre des études sur les mécanismes d'insertion membranaire post-sécrétoire des protéines GRA, la troisième partie de ce travail visait à appréhender l'étude du tropisme différentiel de GRA5 et GRA6 pour les membranes vacuolaires, par l'expression de protéines chimériques (GRA5-GRA6). Des lignées stables de toxoplasmes exprimant les protéines hybrides (échange des domaines N- et C- terminaux) fusionnées à leur extrémité C-terminale avec l'épitope du virus de l'influenza ont été obtenues. Les protéines chimériques N5T5C6-HA9, N6T5C5-HA9 et N6T5C6-HA9 se comportent comme des protéines membranaires dans la VP. L'analyse de leur trafic intravacuolaire, 10 minutes après l'invasion cellulaire, a révélé que seule, la protéine N6T5C6-HA9 se comporte comme GRA6 en transitant par la partie postérieure du parasite. Les protéines N5T5C6-HA9, N6T5C5-HA9 semblent se comporter comme la protéine RGA5. Ces résultats suggèrent l'intervention des domaines N-et C-terminaux de GRA6 lors de son accumulation postérieure dans la VP
Besnard-Cochennec, Nathalie. "Bonamia ostreae, parasite de l'huître plate, Ostrea edulis : sa position taxonomique parmi les parasites du groupe "microcell" : analyses des interactions hôte-parasite chez plusieurs populations d'huître plates." La Rochelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LAROS073.
Full textRousseau, Angélique. "Méthodes de caractérisation de la viabilité et l'infectiosité des protozoaires Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp et Giardia duodenalis et applications aux matrices alimentaires." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS038/document.
Full textIn the latest report from EFSA-ECDC (EFSA Journal 2014), parasites are ranked in the 8th position of the etiological agents involved in foodborne outbreaks reported in Europe in 2012. Moreover, in a recent report from the WHO and FAO (2014), Toxoplasma gondii is designated as the first protozoan parasite to be considered in the food domain, followed by Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. Oocysts of T. gondii and Cryptosporidium spp., and cysts of G. duodenalis are excreted in big quantity by infected hosts and are particularly resistant. Consequently they can be found in the environment during long period and contaminate food matrices (vegetables and molluscs) during primary production. For now, since there are no standard methods to detect these 3 parasites in food samples, only few occurrence data are available and foodborne outbreaks remain neglected. To fill this gap, an ISO standard which describes a method for the detection and quantification of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in green leafy vegetables and red berries fruit by fluorescence microscopy is being draft (ISO 18744). Molecular approaches which are more suitable for routine analyses were developed by ACTALIA and PROTAL to simultaneously detect the 3 parasites in vegetable matrices (Protofood, ANR-09-ALIA-009). Nevertheless, whatever the used detection method, it highlights alive and dead parasites. But solely a living parasite can be infectious and induce pathology. For the moment, animal models are the favorite method to quantitatively evaluate infectivity with accuracy and sensitivity. However they are costly, heavy to implement and display a long time-to-result (from days to weeks) which does not fit with the agro-industrial needs. The objective of the thesis is to develop molecular methods to characterize the viability of the three protozoa in food matrices in order to have a tool allowing risk assessment in food safety. These methods will be compared to infectivity measurement methods. Then they will be implemented to evaluate their potential to determine the efficiency of technological treatments to inactivate protozoa in food matrices
Gay, Andrieu Françoise. "Apport de la cytométrie en flux à l'étude des interactions hôtes-protozoaires." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO1T097.
Full textLeriche, Marie-Anne. "Caractérisation du contenu protéique des rhoptries et des granulés denses du tachyzoi͏̈te de Toxoplasma gondii." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20207.
Full textRoques, Magali. "Caracterisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle de la jonction mobile contrôlant l'invasion de la cellule hôte par Toxoplasma gondii." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20250/document.
Full textMolecular and functional characterisation of the moving junction controlling host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondiiAbstract:Apicomplexa are eukaryotic parasites responsible for a variety of human and animal diseases, including malaria or toxoplasmosis. Most of them have an obligatory intracellular stage; thus, the invasive process is a crucial step in their developmental cycle. It implies the sequential secretion of two organelles: micronemes and rhoptries. During invasion, the parasite establishes a structure called the moving junction (MJ), which is a close apposition between the apical end and the plasma membrane of host cell. The MJ is an anchoring point for invasion that is initiated in Toxoplasma by the secretion of rhoptry neck proteins named TgRON2/RON4/RON5/RON8 (the RONs complex). These proteins are exported to the host cell cytoplasm and TgRON2 spans the host cell membrane. There, TgRON2 will function as a receptor to Apical Membrane antigen 1 (TgAMA1), which is a micronemal protein displayed on the surface of the parasite during the invasion process. The AMA1-RON2 interaction is conserved in Plasmodium but there is no interspecies cross-binding.We have determined the structure of a TgAMA1 recombinant protein in complex with a TgRON2 peptide, which allowed us to determine which residues are critical for the interaction between both proteins in vitro and for parasite invasion in vivo. Moreover, the co-structure explains at the structural level the evolutionary constraint of the AMA1-RON2 interaction. By generating an AMA1 null strain in T. gondii, we demonstrate that TgAMA1 is not an essential gene, as claimed before. We confirm the importance of AMA1 in invasion and its key role in MJ formation. AMA1 null parasites insert the RON complex into the host cell but are more frequently detached from it, causing abortive invasions. The residual invasion might involve proteins homologous to TgAMA1, TgRON2 and TgRON4, for which the molecular and functional characterization is undertaken.Keywords: Apicomplexes, Toxoplasma gondii, invasion, moving junction, micronemes, rhoptries
Michelin, Adeline. "Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle de la jonction mobile contrôlant l'invasion de la cellule hôte par Toxoplasma gondii." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20171.
Full textApicomplexan are obligatory intracellular eukaryotic parasites responsibles for human and animal infections, including malaria and toxoplasmosis. Their host cell (HC) entry is a crucial and conserved event. It involves sequential secretion of the content of two organelles: micronèmes and rhoptries. Micronemes proteins are involved in gliding motility and HC attachment, whereas rhoptries proteins contribute to the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) in which the parasite multiply. During invasion, a close apposition between the parasite and the HC membrane is formed, that is called moving junction (MJ). It is a ring-like structure which moves backward along the parasite during invasion and which ensures the anchoring of the mechanism. We have characterized for the first time in Toxoplasma gondii, a protein (RON4) secreted from the rhoptry neck, localized at the MJ, belonging to a protein complex
Bekhti-Erraziqi, Khadija. "Interactions entre les phagocytes murins et les sporozoi͏̈tes d'Eimeria falciformis var. Pragensis ; étude in vitro." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20180.
Full textSpalenka, Jérémy. "PROTOSCREEN - Screening et identification de molécules actives sur Toxoplasma gondii et autres protozoaires d’intérêt médical et vétérinaire." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMM204/document.
Full textToxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Plasmodium falciparum are mandatory intracellular protozoan parasites and are responsible for toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and malaria, respectively. The different treatments used are based on drug combination. However therapeutic failures and drug resistances have been described. Our work focused on the identification of active compounds isolated by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) from crude barks extracts from Anogeissus leiocarpus, a West African tree known for its antimalarial activity, and ten trees from the Champagne-Ardenne region. First we studied the activity of the fractions obtained from the crude bark extract from A. leiocarpus. Trachelosperogenin E and the global extract without tannin showed a good activity by inhibiting host cell invasion by T. gondii. The latter was able to preserve mice survival toward chronic toxoplasmosis. These extracts were also active on N. caninum and P. falciparum. In a second part 30 crude barks extracts from ten trees located in the Champagne-Ardenne region were screened on T. gondii and N. caninum. Compounds responsible for the antiparasitic activity found in Alnus glutinosa were especially betulin and its derivatives. In the last part of this study we focused on the antiparasitic activity of 400 synthetic molecules from the Pathogen Box. Eight out of them were significantly efficient against T. gondii, among which three showed an important selectivity. Further experiments must be completed in the case of N. caninum
Pichou, Florent. "Complications veineuses des abcès hépatiques amibiens, à propos d'un cas." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2M035.
Full textPapayanni, Panayota. "Recherches sur les relations hôte-parasite entre Hexamita Nelsoni Schlicht et Mackin, 1968 (Flagellata, Diplomonadida) et les huîtres de l'étang de Thau." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20064.
Full textPeyran, Claire. "Etude génétique des populations de grandes nacres, Pinna nobilis, en Occitanie : identification de priorités de conservation dans un contexte de pandémie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03728197.
Full textIn marine systems, coastal environments are viewed as discontinuous and made up of a mosaic of diversified seascapes, leading to highly fragmented species distributions. Coastal marine species are thus structured in networks of populations that are connected to each other through larval dispersal. Understanding functioning and connectivity patterns between populations of a given species is essential to adapt conservation strategies. The fan mussel, Pinna nobilis, endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, is facing today a major crisis threatening its survival. Starting in October 2016, mass mortalities caused by the protozoan parasite Haplosporidium pinnae have been reported through the entire Mediterranean Sea. This is an unprecedented situation for which neither the mortality rates (around 100%) nor the speed of propagation have ever been recorded for a marine species, and it could lead to the potential extinction of P. nobilis. By focusing on the Occitan coast, this work provides knowledge on the biology and ecology of the species but also on the processes which allow the replenishment of its populations in order to suggest priorities for conservation. We highlighted the wide diversity of habitats colonized by the species and the importance of lagoons as they shelter 90 % of fan mussels recorded on the Occitan coast, and seem to provide natural refuge as only the lagoon populations remain unaffected by H. pinnae. Using newly developed microsatellite markers, we highlighted a very homogeneous genetic structure over the entire coast, which implies some connectivity and suggests that most of the genetic diversity of the species remains preserved in the lagoons. By focusing on the population of Peyrefite Bay, in the Marine Protected Area of Cerbère-Banyuls, through parentage analysis, we provided knowledge on the demographic dynamics and the repopulation processes of the species. Based on the present work, we defined recommendations that will help to design adapted conservation measures that will be essential for the survival of the species
Delespaux, Vincent F. P. "Improved diagnosis of trypanosome infections and drug resistant T.congolense in livestock." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211060.
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Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Jordan, lozano José. "Transmissions indirectes via l’environnement de pathogènes impliquées dans les gastroentérites aiguës de l’Homme à/autour de Bogotá (Colombie) Contamination of water, leafyvegetables and air by human enteric pathogens (GI and GII noroviruses, rotavirus type A, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Cryptosporidium spp.) in the suburb of Bogotá (Colombia) Mouse intestinal villi as a model system for studies of Norovirus infection." Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0359.
Full textAcute gastroenteritis affect between a quarter and a half of people in the World each year. They are responsible for significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Their direct or indirect transmissions via water, food, air or inert surfaces depend on their aetiology (viral, bacterial or parasitic) and the local context. Bogotá and its region have several specificities: wastewater are often discharged into rivers without or after primary treatment only, the deposit in landfill of toilet papers and diapers soiled by excrement, and the low consumption of fruits and vegetables largely restricted to a handful of relatively cheap products that may be irrigated by surface freshwaters heavily contaminated with faeces. Our PhD aimed to assess the fluxes of some human enteric pathogens in the region of Bogotá and to try to relate these fluxes to the population health. The PhD combined three contributions. First, a method for culturing the human norovirus has been developed using isolated mouse intestinal villi as a cell model exhibiting the full diversity of intestinal epithelial cells. Several concentrations of trypsin were tested to activate noroviruses; the method was applied to faecal and environmental samples. Second, contamination with E. coli and some human enteric pathogens was monitored in water (landfill leachate, runoff water, river, irrigation water, drinking water), leafy vegetables eaten raw (chards) and air (above a landfill, in rural areas, in urban areas) in the Bogotá region. Third, the impact of socioeconomic contexts and individual practices (food, hygiene and health) on cases of acute gastroenteritis was assessed from surveys carried out in one district of Bogotá and analysed by various tools (principal component analysis, modelling …). We have shown that mouse isolated intestinal villi allow the infection and replication of human norovirus. The virus has to be activated with trypsin and has an average replicative cycle of 10 h. Villi are efficient in obtaining abundant biological material and are ideal for studying the biological activity of norovirus or for generating antibodies. They made it possible to see infectious noroviruses not detected by molecular method in several faeces and environmental samples; almost all samples positive by molecular method or immunodot-blot contain infectious noroviruses. At the regional level, the discharges of wastewater in the Bogotá and Balsillas rivers and in Tres Esquinas march contaminate the irrigation network of La Ramada area in the northwest of Bogotá with E. coli and potentially human enteric pathogens. Chards harvested in this area were heavily contaminated, in contrast to other growing areas. Their contamination evolved from their production to their purchase in nearby stores, washings increasing or decreasing their contamination, and handling on the merchant's stalls increasing contamination. The air was often contaminated with E. coli and Shigella spp.; it was not possible to detect a particular contribution of the Doña Juana landfill in pathogen aerosolization. The presence of Shigella spp. was observed in parallel in more than half of the stools of people with diarrhoea. Surveys have shown that the annual frequency of acute gastroenteritis decreases with increasing age; it seemed less common in households with elderly people, possibly due to stricter food hygiene practices. A transmission model of acute gastroenteritis distinguishing contamination from outside the households and contaminations between people in the same households did not show significant differences between neighbourhoods. Used to simulate numerical experiments, it suggests working on much higher numbers of surveys
La gastroenteritis aguda afecta entre una cuarta parte y la mitad de las personas en el mundo cada año. Son responsables de importantes costos de morbilidad, mortalidad y asistencia sanitaria. Sus transmisiones directas o indirectas a través del agua, alimentos, aire o superficies inertes dependen de su etiología (viral, bacteriana o parasitaria) y del contexto local. Bogotá y su región aledaña tienen varias especificidades: las aguas residuales a menudo se vierten a los ríos sin o solo después de un tratamiento primario, el depósito de papel higiénico y pañales sucios con excrementos son dispuestos generalmente en un relleno sanitario, y el bajo consumo de frutas y verduras restringido en gran medida a un puñado de productos relativamente baratos pueden ser irrigados por aguas dulces superficiales muy contaminadas con excrementos. Nuestra tesis doctoral tuvo como objetivo evaluar los flujos de algunos patógenos entéricos humanos en la región de Bogotá y tratar de relacionar estos flujos con la salud de la población. El doctorado combinó tres contribuciones. En primer lugar, se desarrolló un método para cultivar el norovirus humano utilizando vellosidades intestinales aisladas de ratón como modelo celular que exhibe la diversidad completa de células epiteliales intestinales. Se probaron varias concentraciones de tripsina para activar norovirus; el método se aplicó a muestras fecales y ambientales. En segundo lugar, se evidenció la contaminación de E. coli y patógenos entéricos humanos en el agua (lixiviados de vertedero, agua de escorrentía, río, agua de riego, agua potable), vegetales de hoja que se comen crudos (acelgas) y aire (sobre un vertedero sanitario, así como en áreas rurales y urbanas) en la región de Bogotá. En tercer lugar, se evaluó el impacto de los contextos socioeconómicos y las prácticas individuales (alimentación, higiene y salud) frente a los casos de gastroenteritis aguda a partir de encuestas realizadas en una localidad de Bogotá y analizadas mediante diversas herramientas (análisis de componentes principales, modelización…). Con este doctorado, hemos demostrado que las vellosidades intestinales aisladas de ratón permiten la infección y la replicación del norovirus humano. El virus debe activarse con tripsina y tiene un ciclo replicativo promedio de 10 h. Las vellosidades son eficaces para obtener abundante material biológico y son ideales para estudiar la actividad biológica de los norovirus o para generar anticuerpos. Ellas permitieron ver norovirus infecciosos no detectados por método molecular en varias heces y muestras ambientales; casi todas las muestras positivas por método molecular o inmunodot-blot contienían norovirus infecciosos. A nivel regional, los vertidos de aguas residuales en los ríos Bogotá y Balsillas y en el humedal Tres Esquinas contaminan la red de riego La Ramada en el noroeste de Bogotá con E. coli y potencialmete con patógenos entéricos humanos. Las acelgas recolectadas en esta área resultaron muy contaminadas, a diferencia de otras áreas de cultivo. Su contaminación evolucionó desde la producción hasta su compra en las tiendas cercanas, los lavados aumentaron o disminuyeron su contaminación y la manipulación en los puestos de comercio aumentaron la contaminación. El aire a menudo estaba contaminado con E. coli y Shigella spp., sin poder atribuir al relleno sanitario Doña Juana un rol particular. A su vez la presencia de Shigella spp. se observó en paralelo en más de la mitad de las deposiciones de personas con diarrea. Las encuestas demostraron que la frecuencia anual de gastroenteritis aguda disminuye respecto al aumento en edad; parecía menos común en hogares con personas mayores, posiblemente debido a prácticas de higiene alimentaria más estrictas. Un modelo de transmisión de gastroenteritis aguda que distinguió la contaminación fuera de los hogares y las contaminaciones entre personas dentro de los mismos hogares no mostró diferencias significativas entre vecindarios