Relevant bibliographies by topics / Protracted conflicts (Military science)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Protracted conflicts (Military science)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Protracted conflicts (Military science)"

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Platon, Mircea Alexandru. "“PROTRACTED CONFLICT”." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12, no. 2 (2015): 407–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x15000119.

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AbstractRobert Strausz-Hupé (1903-2002) and Stefan Possony (1913-1995) were two scholars and policy makers who reached the peak of their careers as the tutelary spirits of the Foreign Policy Research Institute (FPRI), founded in 1955 at the University of Pennsylvania. Through the FPRI and its journal,Orbis, the influence of these two anti-”totalitarian” crusaders reached the high echelons of the United States military and U.S. policy makers. This article analyzes the way in which the intellectuals of the FPRI—“defense intellectuals”—tweaked concepts such as “human rights,” “freedom,” “democracy,” and “open society” in order to promote the interests of the United States’s military-industrial establishment, court racist lobbies, and accommodate problematic Cold War allies such as South Africa.
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Treverton, Gregory F., Ariel E. Levite, Bruce W. Jentleson, and Larry Berman. "Foreign Military Intervention: The Dynamics of Protracted Conflict." Foreign Affairs 71, no. 4 (1992): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045331.

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Bauman, Peter, Mengistu Ayalew, and Gazala Paul. "Beyond Disaster: A Comparative Analysis of Tsunami Interventions in Sri Lanka and Indonesia/Aceh." Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 3, no. 3 (September 2007): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2007.144966985627.

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This article investigates the impact of the tsunami and the tsunami interventions on the protracted conflicts in Sri Lanka and Indonesia/Aceh. Several variables helped to advance peace in one country and drove the escalation of violence in the other. Natural catastrophe alone did not lead to the mitigation of conflict: where neither side perceived an option for military victory, the tsunami itself, coupled with international support and pressure, offered a way out. However, lessons repeatedly learned during humanitarian interventions were not applied. The tsunami interventions were marked by major shortcomings, among them the failure to reach thousands of people displaced by conflict, a lack of effective coordination, conflict insensitivity, low levels of beneficiary participation, and the undermining of local capacities.
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O., Lopatina. "INFLUENCE OF RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN MILITARY (COMbat) ACTIONS ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF CITIZENS." Health, Physical Culture and Sports 29, no. 1 (2023): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/zosh(2023)1.17.

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Currently, there are more than two dozen protracted armed conflicts in the world in an active state. Military operations are an integral part of almost all wars and military conflicts. They can be carried out by various subjects of confrontation both in the course of wars and military conflicts, and as an independent type of military operations. One example of a prolonged armed conflict is the conflict in Ukraine. Participation in hostilities, including in local conflicts, often associated with the activities of radical organizations, remains an acute problem for mankind. Shelling, bombing, hostage-taking, forcible detention associated with a direct threat to the life and well-being of people are among the most significant psycho-traumatic factors of modern life. It is clear that in an extreme situation, each person can experience fear, anxiety, lack of a sense of security, nervousness, which will lead to an increase in the number of mental disorders and the emergence of protective, compensatory mechanisms. The military theorist and empirical psychologist K. Clausewitz repeatedly emphasized that the main element of war is danger (Clausewitz, 2002). Indeed, fear in combat is one of the most powerful emotions. “A person becomes dumb and in this stupefaction already ceases to control himself, cannot strain his attention to what is needed - he surrenders to the power of fear (Krasnov, 1998). In extreme situations that expose a person to stressful conditions, a public self-consciousness is formed, which begins to determine the individual feelings and behavior of people. The complex of experienced events creates the so-called single psychological space. The escalating social situation, namely terrorist attacks, as well as a number of military events, contributes to maintaining the relevance of the further development and improvement of psychology in the field of military activity in accordance with the characteristics and needs of the present time. People, seeing the processes taking place in other countries, do not understand why the past referendum, to which any representatives of the world community have the right, led to such horrific results. As a rule, such wars are preceded by a serious preparation of the mass consciousness. People who find themselves in a situation of military conflict are subjected to massive external influence, which leads to a change in the psycho-emotional state of each person in this situation.
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Darnton, Christopher. "Public Diplomacy and International Conflict Resolution: A Cautionary Case from Cold War South America." Foreign Policy Analysis 16, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orz003.

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AbstractCan public diplomacy help resolve protracted international conflicts? Both rationalist and constructivist traditions identify significant domestic obstacles to international peacemaking. However, Robert Putnam's concept of “reverberation” implies that diplomats can expand their adversaries’ win-sets for cooperation by engaging foreign publics. This paper analyzes a most-likely case, with archival evidence: Argentine Ambassador Oscar Camilión's unsuccessful quest for Argentine-Brazilian rapprochement in 1976–77. Although the two countries later overcame rivalry, public diplomacy contributed negligibly to this success: internal Argentine divisions created mixed messages toward Brazil, Brazilian leaders launched a competing public relations operation, and these two currents obstructed and nearly terminated Camilión's mission. This case illuminates the paradoxes of Argentine foreign policymaking under military rule and offers a cautionary tale for scholars and practitioners of public diplomacy and conflict resolution.
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Stearns, Jason. "Involution and symbiosis: the self-perpetuating conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo." International Affairs 98, no. 3 (May 2022): 873–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac062.

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Abstract Literature on conflict duration emphasizes the importance of material factors, commitment problems and information asymmetries. Using the case study of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and drawing on interviews with 138 sources involved in the conflict, this article advances a theory of conflict duration that highlights the role that interests, identities and the social anchorage of belligerents play. Together, they explain how the conflict in the Congo has become an end in itself for belligerents, carried forward by its own momentum. This article describes the key factors: a proliferation of actors, the rise of a military bourgeoisie, the involution of interests, and the symbiosis of belligerents. A similar argument can be applied to other protracted conflicts in large and weak states. This understanding of conflict has repercussions for policy, as it suggests that there is no inherent link between elite political settlements and stability. It pushes away from the technocratic approach to institution-building to centre the role of the state and political culture in debates over peacebuilding.
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Talhami, Michael, and Mark Zeitoun. "The impact of attacks on urban services II: Reverberating effects of damage to water and wastewater systems on infectious disease." International Review of the Red Cross 102, no. 915 (December 2020): 1293–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383121000667.

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AbstractThis article investigates the effects that attacks during armed conflict which damage water and wastewater services have on the outbreak and transmission of infectious disease. It employs a lens of uncertainty to assess the level of knowledge about the reverberations along this consequential chain and to discuss the relevance to military planning and targeting processes, and to the laws of armed conflict. It draws on data in policy reports and research from a wide variety of contexts, and evidence from protracted armed conflicts in Iraq, Yemen and Gaza. The review finds a strong base of evidence of the impact of attacks on water and wastewater services, and a high level of confidence in information about the transmission of infectious disease. One clear risk identified is when people are exposed to water supplies which are contaminated by untreated wastewater. Obtaining a similar level of confidence about the cause and effect along the full consequential chain is challenged by numerous compounding variables, though there are a number of patterns related to the duration of the armed conflict within which the attacks occur. As the conflict protracts, both the risk of the spread of infectious disease and the evidence base for gauging the reverberating effects becomes stronger, for example. The article concludes that the reverberating effects of damage from an attack can be foreseen in some contexts and can be expected to become more foreseeable over time. The analysis suggests that the most pragmatic path for military institutions and those involved in targeting operations to take this knowledge into account is through a “precautionary approach” which assumes the existence of the reverberating effects, and works them in to the standard information-gathering and planning processes.
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Yaouba, Habiba. "A Legal Comparison of Regional Powers' Involvements in African Conflicts: Case Studies of Libya and South Africa." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 07 (2022): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.6738.

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The Republic of Chad, located in central Africa, is under attack by a series of military coups; despite its prosperity, the country has emerged from protracted conflicts since its independence. The violence was perpetrated and directed by rebel groups of various ethnicities. As the regional leader, Libya decided in 1991 to intervene in internal Chadian affairs by mediating between the regime and rebel groups on political and economic matters, despite being under international sanctions. The first “Coup d’État” since Ivory Coast’s independence occurred in December 1999, and more recent coups have also been successful; the violence in Ivory Coast appears to be a conflict that has targeted both the military and civilians. The last military coup in 2002 failed and turned into a small war within the country, attracting South Africa’s involvement in the bloodied country by violence, fear, and escalating instability, which worsened the human rights situation. The Ivory Coast’s struggle was more intensely influenced by economic factors, while the conflict in Chad was the political cause. Legally, the international community arrangement in Ivory Coast obligated South Africa, as a regional leader, to secure peace and stability. In contrast, Libya illegally meddles in the internal affairs of Chad with its influential “brother leader,” who has a new position as a regional peacemaker and is dominant in the Sub-Saharan region.
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VARTAVARIAN, MESROB. "Warriors and States: Military labour in southern India, circa 1750–1800." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 2 (August 24, 2018): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000038.

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AbstractThe consolidation of numerous regional polities in the aftermath of Mughal imperial decline presented favourable socioeconomic opportunities for South Asian service communities. Protracted armed conflicts in southern India allowed a variety of mercenaries, soldiers, and war bands to accumulate resources in exchange for mobilizing manpower on behalf of states with weak standing armies. This article focuses on British imperial efforts to obtain sufficient quantities of military labour during its struggle with the Mysore sultanate. As the sultanate assumed an increasingly hostile attitude towards independent warrior power, local strongmen sought more amenable arrangements with alternate entities. The British East India Company received crucial support from autonomous warrior groups during its southern wars of conquest. Warriors in turn utilized British resources to consolidate local sovereignties. Thus, the initial British intrusion into peninsular Indian society further fragmented the political landscape by patronizing petty military entrepreneurs.
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Orogun, Paul. "Plunder, Predation and Profiteering: The Political Economy of Armed Conflicts and Economic Violence in Modern Africa." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 2, no. 2 (2003): 283–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915003322763593.

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AbstractThis paper presents a comparative analytical study that is based on a political economy perspective concerning the effects of economic violence and the specter of predation-induced armed conflicts in modern African states. Although "blood diamonds," crude oil, "conflict timber," and illicit arms trafficking have engendered and exacerbated civil wars, cross-border raids, and protracted regional destabilization in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, my primary focus is on the ongoing military debacle in Liberia and the recently concluded mayhem in Sierra Leone. The "resource curse" hypothesis will be utilized to examine and to illuminate the impact of economic pillaging, illicit arms trade, and predatory warlordism on the political instability and humanitarian atrocities in these two West African countries. A review of the internal regime types and the regional security relations within the sub-region will help to contextualize the recurrent trends and discernable systemic patterns that have been associated with these pillaging wars in the post-cold war era of Africa's international relations. In short, armed conflicts have weakened state capabilities, strained the financial resources of nongovernmental organizations and even raised provocative questions about the political will and sustaining capacities of the international community and regional security organizations to keep the peace and create conditions that are conducive to long-term, sustainable and viable political stability and economic development in the conflict-ridden and war-ravaged Sub-Saharan African States.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Protracted conflicts (Military science)"

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Sims, Bryan M. "Conflict in perpetuity? Examining Zimbabwe’s protracted social conflict through the lens of land reform." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96932.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation analyses the relationship between civil society and political leadership within the context of Zimbabwe’s protracted social conflict, particularly through the lens of land policy. Through the use of strategic informants, it yields important insights into the origins, form and impact of political leadership and civil society in a way that will expose the dynamics of elite and grassroots mobilisation and the political context in which land policy is either made or obstructed. Specifically, this dissertation examines two research questions. First, if political leadership is not representative of the citizenry, is land policy more likely to engender overt conflict? Second, if civil society has an autonomous role in the public sphere, is land policy more likely to benefit citizens? This dissertation also confronts an emerging empirical problem: the absence of descriptive data in regards to how civil society and political leadership have engaged in reforming land policy in Zimbabwe during the period of transition from 2008 to 2013. By measuring representation and autonomy – indicators of human needs satisfaction– this dissertation traced each phase of the protracted social conflict as it both helped to create the conditions for a liberation model of representation while simultaneously further exacerbating protracted social conflict within Zimbabwe.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ontleed die verhouding tussen die burgerlike samelewing en politieke leierskap veral deur die lens van grondbeleid, binne die konteks van Zimbabwe se uitgerekte sosiale konflik. Dit het ten doel om belangrike insigte op te lewer in die oorsprong, vorm en impak van politieke leierskap en die burgerlike samelewing. Die word blootgestel in 'n manier wat die dinamika van die elite en mobilisering op grondvlak in ag neem soweel as die politieke konteks waarin grondbeleid óf gemaak is of belemmer word. Hierdie tesis konfronteer ook 'n opkomende empiriese probleem: die afwesigheid van beskrywende data met betrekking tot die betrokkenheod van die burgerlike samelewing en politieke leierskap tydens die grondhervorming proses in Zimbabwe gedurende die tydperk van oorgang tussen 2008 en 2013. Deur die meting van verteenwoordiging en outonomie - aanwysers van menslike behoeftes bevrediging - word elke fase van die uitgerekte sosiale konflik ondersoek met betrekking tot hoe ‘n bevryding model van verteenwoordigheid beide gehelp het om die voorwaardes te skepvir die eindeiging van die PSC; maar terselfdertyd het dit ook die sosiale konflik in Zimbabwe verder uitgerek. !
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Khan, Abdur Rob. "Protracted international conflicts in South Asia : the route to intractability in the Kashmir conflict 1947-1990." Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357839.

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Almansour, Mansour. "The participant role of external powers in protracted social conflicts : the case of Lebanon 1973-1982." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262988.

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Roberts, Ruth. "The role of military companies in African conflicts." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2187.

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Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
Private military companies (PMCs)are increasing becoming involved in modern conflicts providing specialised skills such as combat services, planning, intelligence, training, support and technical assistance. They provide an alternative to weak state governments as Western governments have become increasingly reluctant to commit their troops to be involved in the civil conflicts of the developing world. Supporters of the employment of private forces see them as an effective solution to this combination of need from conflict-ridden weak states and reluctance of Western governments and international organisations to intervene in these conflicts ...
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Binney, Michael W. "Joint close air support in the low intensity conflict." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FBinney.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): James A. Russell, Gregory K. Mislick. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-69). Also available online.
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Bender, William J. Johnson Craig L. "How men rebel an organizational model for insurgency /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA306783.

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Stuewe, Ronald F. "One step back, two steps forward an analytical framework for airpower in small wars." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FStuewe.pdf.

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Bari, Gabor, and Imre Porkoláb. "Enhancing national security in Hungary through the development and employment of Special Forces." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2781.

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This thesis establishes an analytical framework for identifying and discussing strategic factors considered when developing the Hungarian Special Forces (HUNSF) as a new "niche" capability of the Hungarian Defense Forces (HDF). Although the findings have broad application, focus is on the Hungarian Special Forces unit. Key questions are how will factors such as the strategic environment, changes in the nature of war and characteristics of potential adversaries affect the development of a conceptual framework for the Hungarian Special Forces? Should unconventional warfare (which is a capability gap in the HDF at present) be an official task for the future Hungarian military forces and specifically a primary task for the HUNSF? Central to this study are factors found in the strategic environment, such as Hungary's affiliation with NATO and the EU. The thesis concentrates on defining the tasks for HUNSF, and based on these tasks, develops an organizational framework for the HUNSF capability. This framework includes training and command and control. The constantly changing security environment will also call for adjustments to the concept of HUNSF in the future; therefore, a vision for the HUNSF is incorporated into the thesis to provide flexibility and guidance for capability development in the future. A key finding of the thesis is that HUNSF has the potential to contribute to the fight against the many new security challenges and achieve many of the objectives posited in existing military transformation strategies, most importantly an unconventional warfare capability.
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Kazmi, Naveed. "How do middle class Pakistani young people construct contemporary international conflicts?" Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2014. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/704/.

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This thesis examines how middle class Pakistani young people construct contemporary international conflicts. Little previous research has been conducted in this area, and none in Pakistan. This investigation is of interest because young people like the ones who participated in my research may become future leaders. Therefore, their perceptions and understanding of these issues may influence the way these are addressed in the future. This thesis draws on literature about the just war tradition – what are the just causes of war or jus ad bellum and how ethical warfare must be conducted or jus in bello. The theoretical framework used is that of social constructionism, especially drawing on the ideas of Jonathan Potter, Margaret Wetherell, Kenneth Gergen and Michel Foucault. The research involved six focus groups with Pakistani young people aged 17-18 years. The study found that the participants talked enthusiastically about issues related to international conflicts. They drew on a range of discourses and evidence to construct their arguments, some of which were grounded in not very reliable evidence. They argued that terrorism, whether perpetrated by state or non-state actors, was wrong, and they were highly critical of US policies and actions in the wider world. These findings are important because Pakistani society faces a serious challenge from militancy and terrorism. The thesis suggests that changes to the content and delivery of school curricula can help young people to develop a more informed and morally active sense of citizenship and world affairs.
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Soltis, Kelly C. "Choosing Intervention: The Domestic Determinants of Entering Ethno-National Conflicts." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1966.

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Thesis advisor: Hiroshi Nakazato
Ethnic conflicts that lead to civil wars or other forms of internal turmoil elicit myriad forms of military intervention from the global community. Sometimes the United Nations decides to deploy peacekeeping troops to a region or authorize individual states to use their military resources to quell a conflict. Usually, a state will unilaterally decide to launch an intervention before the United Nations makes a decision, a situation that generally occurs when the state has a direct interest in the conflict. Although many external factors play into these decisions regarding intervention, four internal factors have been identified as having a strong influence on these decisions: the failed state status of the region in conflict, the duration of the conflict, a request for external help, and whether a major world power is already involved. The United Nations is more likely to intervene in a critically failed state whose ethnic conflict has been enduring for years, where a state will send its military in unilaterally if the conflict is new (months old) and a request for military help is made from one of the parties already involved
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: International Studies Honors Program
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: International Studies
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Books on the topic "Protracted conflicts (Military science)"

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Setear, John K. A political-military game of protracted conventional war in Europe. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1990.

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P, Magyar K., Danopoulos Constantine P, and Air University (U.S.). Press., eds. Prolonged wars: A post-nuclear challenge. [Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.?: Air University Press, 1994.

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Utkin, A. I. (Anatoliĭ Ivanovich), doktor istoricheskikh nauk, ed. "Paradoksy globalʹnykh voĭn minuvshego stoletii︠a︡": Monografii︠a︡. Orekhovo-Zuevo: GGTU, 2016.

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Holmberg, Björn. Passing the open windows: A quantitative and qualitative approach to immediate military balance and escalation of protracted conflicts. Uppsala: Uppsala University, Dept. of Peace and Conflict Research, 1998.

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(Organization), Progressive Voice. There is no one who does not miss home: A report on protracted displacement due to armed conflict in Burma/Myanmar. Rangoon, Burma]: Progressive Voice, 2019.

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Maybury, Rick. World War II: The rest of the story and how it affects you today, 1930 to September 11, 2001. Placerville, CA: Bluestocking Press, 2002.

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Maybury, Rick. World War II: The rest of the story and how it affects you today, 1930 to September 11, 2001. Placerville, CA: Bluestocking Press, 2003.

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Alexander, De Waal, ed. Who fights? who cares?: War and humanitarian action in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2000.

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1957-, McGarry John, and O'Leary Brendan, eds. The Politics of ethnic conflict regulation: Case studies of protracted ethnic conflicts. London: Routledge, 1993.

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Katamidze, Vi͡acheslav. Regional conflicts--universal danger: Soviet viewpoint. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Pub. House, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Protracted conflicts (Military science)"

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Jok, Jok Madut. "Lessons in Failure: Peacebuilding in Sudan/South Sudan." In The State of Peacebuilding in Africa, 363–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_20.

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Abstract Common to most protracted conflicts that relapse into war is a disconnect between elites and local communities, which typically suffer the most when the former undermine peace agreements to further their own narrow interests. The central argument in this chapter, drawing heavily on the recent history of Sudan/South Sudan and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), is that African conflict resolution and peacebuilding relies too heavily on political agreements between politico-military elites. These deals focus largely on elite power and resource-sharing arrangements. Mostly ignored are the communal and societal dynamics that initially fed the violence. Sudan/South Sudan’s persistent conflict and instability is a prime example of what happens when peace agreements are signed without due regard for the true nature and genesis of the conflict.
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Rees, Wyn. "Insurgency and Low Intensity Conflict." In The Anglo-American Military Relationship, 81–100. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198884620.003.0006.

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Abstract Interstate conflict in Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003 morphed into counter-insurgency campaigns for British and American forces. These conflicts proved to be unexpectedly protracted, bloody and difficult. The fighting exposed the inadequacy of the doctrine for low intensity warfare. The insurgencies contributed to tensions between the British and American militaries. The US felt let down by the level of effort of the British as well as their decision to extricate themselves from the Iraqi and Afghan theatres. The British were stung by the criticisms of their ally and experienced disillusionment that their sacrifice had been insufficiently recognised.
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Jakob, Kellenberger. "Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, International Security, Ch.14 Armed Conflicts, International Law, and Global Security." In The Oxford Handbook of the International Law of Global Security. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198827276.003.0015.

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This chapter addresses the relationship between armed conflicts, international law, and global security. While today protracted non-international armed conflicts are the prevalent type of armed conflict, international armed conflicts seem likely to again become a major threat to global security in the future. This hypothesis is based, amongst other factors, on recent military confrontations involving a number of States in Syria, the Russian involvement in Crimea, US tensions with Iran and North Korea, and broader regional tensions in the South China Sea. The chapter provides an overview of the interrelation between armed conflicts and other threats to global security before looking at armed conflicts currently raging in various geographical regions of the world. It then considers the adequacy and effectiveness of the existing international regulatory framework governing armed conflicts in light of the broader challenges facing the contemporary world order.
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Lockwood, Jeffrey A. "Japan’s Fleas and Flies." In Six-Legged Soldiers, 108–16. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195333053.003.0011.

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Abstract The scale of 20th-century conflicts led to civilians becoming strategic targets. The morale of a populace, the industrial output of a city, and the agricultural production of a farming district were all vital to protracted, large-scale warfare. The horrific toll on noncombatants from the German Blitzkrieg, Allied bombing, and V-1 rocket attacks in the European theater was not lost on the Japanese, who needed no excuse to attack the Chinese populace, but welcomed the implicit acceptance of such tactics by the international community and the opportunity to further test the moral waters. The Japanese began using poison gas against the Chinese in 1937 as a military tactic that also served as a probe of political sensitivities.1 When compelling evidence of chemical warfare was brought to the League of Nations in 1939, nothing was done.
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Kopec, Rafal. "Information-Based Revolution in Military Affairs." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 7302–11. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch635.

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The subject of the article is the Information-Based Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). The concept of RMA is identified as a way to increase combat capabilities based on a synergy between three spheres: information acquisition, information processing and transfer, and making use of information in order to enhance firepower. RMA includes following key elements, that is, technological change, doctrinal, strategic, operational and tactical change, and transformation of military organizational structure. Paradoxically, military transformation takes place while the pace of military technology development decreases, which poses a significant inhibitor. Consequently, only the first RMA stage – computerization – might be recognized as a relatively advanced one, whereas its second stage – networking – is far from this level. The paper's aim is to present the RMA concept and its practical application in transformation of military forces. The paper examines also to what extent expectations emerging from RMA have been fulfilled in armed conflicts over the last two decades.
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Billon, Philippe Le. "The Geography of “Resource Wars”." In The Geography of War and Peace. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162080.003.0017.

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Competition over natural resources has figured prominently among explanations of armed conflicts, from Malthusian fears of population growth and land scarcity to national security interests over resources defined as “strategic” because of their industrial or military use, such as oil and uranium. Access to natural resources and the transformation of nature into tradable commodities are deeply political processes, in which military force can play a role of domination or resistance. Armed separatism within Indonesia and Nigeria, annexation attempts on Kuwait and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, protracted civil wars in Angola and the Philippines, and coups d’état in Iran and Venezuela have all incorporated important resource dimensions. Arguably, the radical Islamic terrorism that has affected the United States since the early 1990s is to some extent an oil-related “blowback”: U.S. military deployment in Saudi Arabia, criticisms against the corruption of the Gulf regimes, and ironically, part of the funding made available to terrorist groups. This chapter examines relations between resources and armed conflicts, with a focus on commodities legally traded on international markets (thereby excluding drugs, as well as water and land involved, for example, in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict) and on extracted resources such as oil, minerals, and timber, in particular. Beyond a simple reading of so-called resource wars as violent modes of competitive behavior, this chapter argues that resource exploitation and the resource dependence of many producing countries play a role in shaping incentives and opportunities of uneven development, misgovernance, coercive rule, insurrection, and foreign interference. This relationship, however, is not systematic: history, political culture, institutions, and regional neighborhoods, as well as a country’s place in the international economy, all play a part these relations. The incorporation of resources into an armed conflict has also specific implications upon its course through their influence on the motivations, strategies, and capabilities of belligerents. Military targets often consist of commercial business opportunities rather than political targets, while the cost of engaging adversaries may be calculated in terms of financial reward.
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Sutherland, Suzanne. "The Order of War." In The Rise of the Military Entrepreneur, 20–36. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751004.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses how Italian military entrepreneurs created identities as experts, governors, and advisors to princes who promised to bring order to war. The decades in which officer-scholars wrote occurred during a rich moment of intersection between the legacies of Renaissance learning and the emergence of the mathematical and empirical sciences. Military entrepreneurs, who belonged to a longer tradition of learned warriors, became scientific practitioners. Indeed, the military entrepreneurs who fought in the Thirty Years' War, Raimondo Montecuccoli included, absorbed and enriched the writings and conversations of the soldier-scholars of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The knowledge they produced emerged from geographically wide-ranging careers that involved service to multiple rulers on battlefields across Europe. The military science treatises themselves reflect a kaleidoscope of possibility. As they led troops in conflicts across Europe, Italian noblemen invested their own families' wealth and credit and risked their reputations, health, and safety.
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"Introduction." In The Ends of Research, 1–34. Duke University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478027669-001.

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Landscapes surrounding protracted resource conflicts have played host to a wide range of experiments in science-based governance designed with many different goals in mind. Organizers have sought to mollify resistance to extractive projects by inviting skeptical residents into participatory forums, or by attempting to depoliticize the ecological effects of these projects through technical media. Researchers have leveraged government and corporate funds for “conflict resolution” to generate new tools for land-based activism. However, many of these experiments have found prolonged and unruly afterlives amid government downsizing. In rural northwest British Columbia, many White and Indigenous researchers involved in these initiatives have seen their own roles as neighbors, experts, and kin change. Yet together, these people and projects have persisted. Exploring how research and researchers have remade one another after the War in the Woods, this book raises new questions about the entangled afterlives of conflict and science-based governance.
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Grevi, Giovanni. "Scenario One: ‘Stable’ States." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - E: Human and Societal Dynamics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nhsdp220016.

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The geopolitical evolution of the MENA region has created a favourable environment for relative stability and sustainable growth, characterised by a moderately stable balance of power. The Covid-19 pandemic triggered a series of reforms: regional powers opt for self-restraint to reduce conflict risks, the MENA region reduces its dependence on fossil fuels, new growth models based on scientific innovation emerge and the Maghreb is united through the creation of a single market. However, stability in the region is still a dilemma for NATO. The economic boom has provided the governments of the region with the means to increase their military arsenals and offered extra-regional powers such as China and Russia the opportunity to acquire a stronger role in terms of arms sales and FDI. This development may pose a threat to the security of the southern allies due to increased military capabilities and the risk of inter-state conflicts. For other countries bordering the Mediterranean, the modernisation and development of naval capabilities could be seen as a threat to NATO’s southern neighbourhood, but ultimately NATO should welcome the strengthening of its partners’ military and security capabilities, with the aim of turning partners into security providers rather than security consumers.
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Foster, David, and Christopher Mayfield. "Geospatial Resource Integration in Support of Homeland Defense and Security." In Geospatial Intelligence, 342–52. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8054-6.ch016.

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The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has faced numerous challenges within the realm of Geospatial Information Systems and Science in fostering a Common Operational Picture suitable to homeland defense and security. This paper details the challenges and successes since September 11th, 2001 to build common ground for all federal, state, local governments, and non-government organizations that depend on geospatial data to provide for the safety and security of the Nation. An analysis of the protracted integration of commercial GIS technologies within the DoD and the speed, openness, and scale this expertise can bring is discussed as an issue for the Federal response to disasters. Finally, distinct successes of collaboration and integration of common standards and data currently in use at military commands is discussed as a robust path to improve future geospatial efforts.
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Conference papers on the topic "Protracted conflicts (Military science)"

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Brechka, Mikhailo, and Andriy Bologov. "FEATURES OF THE USE OF THE DEFENSE FORCES IN THE CONDITIONS OF MILITARY CONFLICTS, IN THE CONTEXT OF COVERING OBJECTS FROM AIR ATTACK MEANS." In Science in the Context of Modern Challenges: Problems and Development Priorities. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-318-7-1.

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Turaeva, Shakhnoza. "PECULARITIES OF TRANSLATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS FROM ENGLISH INTO UZBEK." In Modern approaches and new trends in teaching foreign languages. Alisher Navo'i Tashkent state university of Uzbek language and literature, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.conf.teach.foreign.lang.2024.8.5/tvbk2123.

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This article discusses themain ways and means of translating phraseological combinations into English and Uzbek languages. Phraseologies cannot be considered only as a separate part of linguistic science, which can or may not be used, because they constitute an important part of the general vocabulary of the languages. Currently, it is very important to monitor the replenishment of the phraseological fund of the Uzbek and English languages, since idioms appear very quickly, which is associated with the development of branches of science, the introduction of new technologies, political games and military conflicts, the influence of which is also significant for both peoples. It should be noted that phraseological units are common. Phraseological units in the source text and the ability to find the appropriate equivalent in the translation process are the most tangible steps for a translator. However, the translator must use phrasebooks for adequate oral and written translation of phraseological units and, in addition, context plays animportant role in the translation process.
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