Academic literature on the topic 'Protracted war'
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Journal articles on the topic "Protracted war"
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Platon, Mircea Alexandru. "“PROTRACTED CONFLICT”." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12, no. 2 (2015): 407–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x15000119.
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AbstractRobert Strausz-Hupé (1903-2002) and Stefan Possony (1913-1995) were two scholars and policy makers who reached the peak of their careers as the tutelary spirits of the Foreign Policy Research Institute (FPRI), founded in 1955 at the University of Pennsylvania. Through the FPRI and its journal,Orbis, the influence of these two anti-”totalitarian” crusaders reached the high echelons of the United States military and U.S. policy makers. This article analyzes the way in which the intellectuals of the FPRI—“defense intellectuals”—tweaked concepts such as “human rights,” “freedom,” “democracy,” and “open society” in order to promote the interests of the United States’s military-industrial establishment, court racist lobbies, and accommodate problematic Cold War allies such as South Africa.
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Clark, Kathleen. "PROTRACTED NUCLEAR WAR FIGHTING AND RURAL AMERICA." Peace & Change 14, no. 4 (1989): 404–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.1989.tb00135.x.
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Tamazashvili, M. "RUSSIA'S ON GOING HYBRID WAR IN GEORGIA'S AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PROTECTED CONFLICT." POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, no. 75 (June 18, 2024): 52–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12061690.
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The article will analyze a new generation war, Hybrid warfare, what is the powerful weapon of the Russian Federation.<strong> </strong>It Examines Russia’s Hybrid war tools, techniques and their impact on protracted conflict in Georgia.
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Joury, Easter, Imad Barngkgei, Ola B. Al-Batayneh, et al. "Impact of Protracted War Crisis on Dental Students: A Comparative Multicountry Cross-sectional Study." Education for Health 36, no. 3 (2023): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/efh.efh_127_23.
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ABSTRACT Background: The impact of conflict and war crisis on dental students is poorly understood. Given the prolonged conflicts and political instability in the Arabic-speaking countries, it is crucial to investigate the effect of these conditions on dental students. This study aimed to assess the impact of protracted war on dental students by comparing the personal, university, and wider context challenges they face across war-affected and unaffected countries. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including a convenience sample of dental students from 13 universities in 12 Arabic-speaking countries. Respondents were those at entry and exit points of their undergraduate dental training. A self-administered paper questionnaire collected anonymized data on sociodemographics, and personal, university, and wider context challenges that students were facing. Multivariable Poisson regression analyses were carried out. Results: The overall response rate was 64.8%. The mean age was 21.2 (standard deviation = 2.1) years, with 68% of participants being female. After adjusting for age and sex, dental students in Arabic-speaking countries affected by protracted war crisis were significantly more likely to report wider context challenges compared to their counterparts in unaffected countries (n = 2448; beta = 1.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.10–1.13; P < 0.001). Discussion: Dental students in Arabic-speaking countries affected by protracted war crisis were more likely to suffer from wider context challenges such as difficulties in attendance due to the deterioration of security and lack of flexibility of teaching time to accommodate the different circumstances induced by the war crisis. Supporting dental students in areas affected by protracted war crises is needed and may include developing online dental education programs.
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Policinski, Ellen, and Jovana Kuzmanovic. "Protracted Conflicts: The enduring legacy of endless war." International Review of the Red Cross 101, no. 912 (2019): 965–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383120000399.
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Cochran, Shawn T. "The Civil–Military Divide in Protracted Small War." Armed Forces & Society 40, no. 1 (2013): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x12465418.
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Nakir, M., Arief Prayitno, and Ridwan Gunawan. "Interoperabilitas antar matra dalam skema perang berlarut." JRTI (Jurnal Riset Tindakan Indonesia) 8, no. 1 (2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29210/30032505000.
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<span lang="EN-US">The discourse on the development of the military strategy nowdays is inseparable from the globalization. Defense experts are faced with an increasing trend of international system instability and it is increasingly difficult to predict. The presence of new technology also influences the characteristics of modern conflicts where future wars are becoming increasingly complex. In general, wars are planned by the aggressor for a short period of time in order to achieve victory quickly, however, the little ones force long-lasting wars as protracted wars. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive design. The purpose of this study is to analyze how far the interopability between the branches of the land arm in the protracted war scheme in Indonesia is. The research was carried out at the Army Headquarters and the Army Education and Training Command. The research data were analyzed in four steps, namely data reduction, presenting data, integrating data and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that it requires strengthening of interopability between dimensions in the protracted war scheme in Indonesia. The conclusion is that in modern warfare, interoperability is absolutely necessary in military operations. Suggestions for the need for further research on interoperability between branches in the Army Forces in a protracted war scheme are more specific in one large island defense area. </span>
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Ahn, Jae-Ik. "The Beginning of the Sino-Japanese War and International Politics in East Asia in the 1930s: Focusing on the Protracted Course of the War." Korean Association For Japanese History 61 (August 31, 2023): 157–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.24939/kjh.2023.8.61.157.
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When examining the outbreak and protracted course of the Sino-Japanese War, it is important to note the attitudes of neighboring countries such as the United States and the Soviet Union toward the Sino-Japanese issue, which arose as a result of Japan's aggressive continental policy, and how these attitudes influenced the outbreak of the war. Given that the Sino-Japanese War was a protracted eight-year war fought by the Chinese government with the support of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom, and that it was an international event that directly influenced the outbreak of the Asia-Pacific War, it is necessary to understand the diplomatic process surrounding the war, not just the decision to escalate the war within the Japanese leadership and the decision to wage a protracted global war.
 After the Manchurian Incident, Japan's East Asian policy included an aggressive expansion of its influence on the Chinese mainland, which was embodied in aggressive public policies such as the army-led campaign to separate Hwaseong from North Korea. In response to these Japanese public policies, the Chinese government actively sought internal and diplomatic means to resist, while the Soviet Union and the United States, both of which were paying attention to East Asian affairs, gradually shifted their policies toward supporting China in the Sino-Japanese conflict and deterring Japanese aggression. The fact that 1935 was the year when Japan's public policy became overtly aggressive, as symbolized by the separation of Hwaseong, and that Sino-Japanese relations began to trend in a friendly direction from this year shows that the attitude of neighboring countries toward the Sino-Japanese dispute had already shifted in a direction favorable to China before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War.
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Demir, Sertif, and Poyraz Gürson. "The Strategic Implications of the Protracted Russian-Ukrainian War." Gazi Akademik Bakış 18, no. 35 (2024): 181–98. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1600527.
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Long-standing disputes between Ukraine and Russia escalated into a heated conflict in February 2022, resulting in significant repercussions across international politics, European security, the NATO alliance, regional dynamics, and military strategy. This article aims to explore these effects in detail. Primarily, the article concludes that the Russia-Ukraine war has disrupted the post-1990s rules-based global order that had ensured peace among major global powers for over three decades. Furthermore, the forcible violation of an independent state’s borders by Russia, irrespective of international law, poses a grave threat to Europe’s security. In response to the visible threat posed by Russia, the NATO alliance rallied and strengthened under the leadership of the United States. European states began prioritizing defense capabilities to deter potential threats from Russia. Moreover, the conflict underscored the increased importance of artillery, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), air defense systems, and electronic target detection in military strategy.
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Okowa, P. N. "Congo's War: The Legal Dimension of a Protracted Conflict." British Yearbook of International Law 77, no. 1 (2007): 203–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bybil/77.1.203.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Protracted war"
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Osleson, Jason T. "Protracted people's war in the Philippines a persistent communist insurgency." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FOsleson.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Michael Malley. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-80). Also available in print.
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Lippold, Kirk S., and James G. Taylor. "U.S. and Soviet strategic command and control: implications for a protracted nuclear war." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26326.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.<br>Author(s) subject terms: Command and Control; C2; Command Control and Communications;C3; Command Control,- Communications and Intelligence, C3I; Nuclear War; Nuclear Conflict Protracted Nuclear War, C3 Modernization, C3 Survivability, C3 Vulnerability, Presidential Directive 59, PD-59, National Security Decision Directive 13, NSDD-13, Strategic Modernization Program
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Lamamra, Nisrine Amel. "Protracted conflict in Africa : the social construction of sovereignty and war in Western Sahara." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608018.
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Barklin, Cathrine. "'A Perfect Storm' A case study of how the Ebola response played into conflict dynamics in Sierra Leone." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22827.
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Between 2014 and 2016, West Africa was struck by the largest ever Ebola epidemic. In Sierra Leone, the outbreak occurred only about a decade after the end of an eleven-year long civil war, which left the country with little capacity to contain the virus. While many have investigated the crisis that the Ebola outbreak caused West African countries, few have turned their attention directly towards the response to it. Following that line of thought, this case study explores how the Ebola response carried out by local, national and international actors played into conflict dynamics in the aftermath of the Sierra Le-onean civil war. By applying the theoretical perspectives of ‘the fortified aid compound’ and ‘dependent agency’, I argue that the response embodied a militarised approach and that it was insensitive towards local customs, which showed in shifting acts of compliance and resistance by beneficiaries. Lastly, by applying the theory of ‘protracted social con-flict’, I argue that conflict dynamics from the civil war were amplified by the Ebola re-sponse to some extent. The study concludes that future responses to epidemics, particu-larly in conflict affected settings, should consider potential negative effects connected to response structures and measures to a greater extent.
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MALITO, DEBORA VALENTINA. "THE PERSISTENCE OF STATE DISINTEGRATION IN SOMALIA BETWEEN REGIONAL AND GLOBAL INTERVENTION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/219122.
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Since the state collapsed in 1991 Somalia has been embroiled in a permanent civil war, the central sovereignty hibernated in a protracted state of implosion, while the state’s integrity has been shattered by a process of territorial fragmentation. While most of the literature revolving around determinants and outcomes of disintegration has paid little attention to the role played by foreign actors, the contemporary stalemate in Somalia has become stagnant within constant, continuous and pervasive international interventions: the UN peace making and peace enforcement operations (1992-1995), the Ethiopian-Eritrean proxy war (1998-2000) and the glocal counter-terrorism (2001-2010).
Employing an integrated model of external intervention based on the theories of Ruth Iyob and George Modelski, this study makes use of process-tracing and structured, focused comparison to systematically explore similarities and differences within interventionist practices in Somalia. In focusing on causal mechanisms, this study identifies the conditions that affected the failure of the internationally-led peace-building efforts mustered in response to the state collapse.
This analysis highlights how both global and regional interventions have contributed to prolong disintegration, through the outsourcing of sovereignty’s functions and the internationalization of the internal conflict. The UNOSOM intervention mostly has corresponded with subversion outcomes occurring when intervention is oriented to isolate the insurgents. The regional intervention has complied with the expected outcomes of the regional conflict that move hegemonic and diasporic states to regionalize their rivalries. And lastly, the glocal anti-terrorism has followed an isolationist trend oriented to curb those revolts considered too dangerous for the survival of rules sustaining the international system. This analysis also demonstrates to what extent the militarization of the process of reconciliation and the penetration of foreign security interests into the structure of the internal conflict favoured a slide towards a modern version of trusteeship.
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Thomas, Charles Girard. "The aberration of Eritrean secession, 1961-1993." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3404.
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Despite its reputation for instability and weak states, the continent of Africa has seen very few attempts at secession. The 1960s saw the early attempts of Katanga and Biafra to split away from their host states, only for these attempts to be crushed in short order. Since then there have only been a handful of notable attempts at secession: the early attempts by the Southern Sudan to split from the North, the secessionist desires of Cabinda to separate from Angola, the Casamance separatists of Senegal, and finally the long and still unrecognized separation of Somaliland from the failed state of Somalia. What is notable is that none of these have borne permanent fruit despite the persistence of the separatist fronts (although the Southern Sudan may now finally be embarking on its own separate existence). In each case, from Katanga to Somaliland, the theoretical state has encountered resistance on the national, regional, and global scale to their existence and have never yet been recognized. However, despite these setbacks, there currently has been one successful secession in Africa: that of Eritrea.
Eritrea faced the same political and military difficulties that all other secession attempts have faced in Africa. Their host state of Ethiopia was perhaps the most revered on the continent and throughout the thirty year conflict had the international support of alternatively the United States and the USSR. The Organization of African Unity and its members remained unrelentingly in favor of territorial integrity for all African States. The Eritreans could not even gain regional recognition for their struggle. Despite all of this, they prevailed in their thirty-year struggle for independence. Critical to their success were four interwoven factors that allowed them to overcome those barriers that had stopped their secessionist predecessors: the anomalous history of Eritrea and Ethiopia, the Eritreans' practice of the theories of protracted war, the simultaneous social revolution the Eritreans carried out, and finally the Eritreans' pragmatic relations with their surrounding dissident groups. This work argues that these four central factors were the keys to Eritrea's aberrant and so far unique victory in their struggle for secession.<br>text
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Rice, Carol Leigh. "Comparative strategic culture and the use of force, space and time in international relations: Chinese foreign policy as protracted war." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/10935.
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The success of Chinese foreign policy since 1949 can be demonstrated empirically in terms of core national interests defined by the realist international relations perspective: state sovereignty, territorial integrity, and socioeconomic development. Influential realist writers, however, fail to consistently identify or explain the success of Chinese foreign policy, despite the work of area specialists who suggest that Chinese foreign policy displays consistent and effective, strategic patterns of force. Strategic thought arises from culturally differing ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions, as modified within specific historical conditions. Using the theoretical approach of comparative strategic culture, an abstract conceptual framework is developed for philosophical analysis of western and Chinese strategic culture. Classical and contemporary western realist-strategic paradigms coexist in theoretical and practical tension, resulting in a western strategic ethnocentrism which explains realist failure to recognize Chinese strategic patterns in foreign policy. Chinese philosophical assumptions, reinforced in linguistic structure, create a culturally paradigmatic approach to strategic thought, modified by the modern historical context of civil/national wars and state-building. The modern Chinese strategic paradigm of protracted war is characterized by the mutually constitutive relationship between the military and political dimensions of force, and by a cumulative, discontinuous pattern of foreign policy and state-building, in which force is created, stored, and applied over space and time.<br>Graduate
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Berick-Aharony, Omna. "Womanhood 'under terror': an investigation into the embodied experience of Jewish-Israeli women living in a protracted conflict zone." Thesis, 2009. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15803/.
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This thesis constructs femininity within secular Jewish-Israeli socio-culture and considers the influence of 'living under terror' on models of womanhood within this culture. It is my contention that as a Western affiliated culture, Jewish-Israeli mainstream culture tends to deploy its women to buffer the existential anxiety endured by the whole society. As in other preservations of complex power hierarchies this is done through perpetuating certain models of womanhood within mainstream discourse, endowing them with the aura of naturalness. In this thesis I further argue that the global discourse on terrorism has added a significant layer to these models within the last decade. Furthermore, by juxtaposing Terror Management theory and Objectification theory, I show how sexual objectification of women, perceived as a Western value, heightens the over-sexualisation of secular Jewish-Israeli women.
Books on the topic "Protracted war"
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Setear, John K. A political-military game of protracted conventional war in Europe. Rand, 1990.
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Jayatilleka, Dayan. Sri Lanka: The travails of a democracy, unfinished war, protracted crisis. International Centre for Ethnic Studies in association with Vikas Pub. House, 1995.
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Cubbison, Douglas. Uganda, the protracted people's war: Through the eyes of an insurgent. Combat Studies Institute Press, 2009.
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P, Magyar K., Danopoulos Constantine P, and Air University (U.S.). Press., eds. Prolonged wars: A post-nuclear challenge. Air University Press, 1994.
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Lippold, Kirk S. U.S. and Soviet strategic command and control: Implications for a protracted nuclear war. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.
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Cochran, Shawn T. War termination as a civil-military bargain: Soldiers, statesmen, and the politics of protracted armed conflict. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
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Holmberg, Björn. Passing the open windows: A quantitative and qualitative approach to immediate military balance and escalation of protracted conflicts. Uppsala University, Dept. of Peace and Conflict Research, 1998.
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Maybury, Rick. World War II: The rest of the story and how it affects you today, 1930 to September 11, 2001. Bluestocking Press, 2002.
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Maybury, Rick. World War II: The rest of the story and how it affects you today, 1930 to September 11, 2001. Bluestocking Press, 2003.
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Alexander, De Waal, ed. Who fights? who cares?: War and humanitarian action in Africa. Africa World Press, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Protracted war"
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Aharoni, Sarai B. "Studying gender in protracted conflicts." In Researching War. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315687490-11.
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Frechero, Germán E. "Formulating War Aims in Protracted Conflicts." In National Security under the Obama Administration. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137010476_12.
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Rehman, Iskander. "China, the US and protracted war: a comparative evaluation." In Planning for Protraction. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003464419-3.
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Sayed, Rola El, Zahi Abdul-Sater, and Deborah Mukherji. "Cancer Care During War and Conflict." In Cancer in the Arab World. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7945-2_29.
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AbstractThe Arab World has sadly witnessed protracted conflict affecting several of its regions in recent years. Conflict-affected populations have been significantly impacted by chronic deficiencies in medical care including unprecedented numbers of refugees and migrants requiring ongoing support in neighbouring countries. Humanitarian response to crisis has historically focused on the supply of nutrition, water, and emergent trauma relief, followed by control and prevention of infections. Prevention and management of non-communicable diseases, specifically cancer, have been relatively neglected; however, with regional conflicts lasting for many years, cancer care has become an increasingly urgent issue to be addressed. The humanitarian community has stressed the need for situational assessment regarding disease prevalence and available resources, with identification of specific regional challenges. Lack of infrastructure, important diagnostic and treatment modalities, clinical experts and regulatory bodies are the main obstacles to cancer care at all stages from screening and prevention to therapeutics and palliation. The initial step to improving cancer care provision should be implementing needs-based priority assessment and policies within the context of governing bodies that control and monitor performance. Collaboration and coordination among national and international organizations and stakeholders are essential to improve data collection on which to base resource allocation and address growing disparities in cancer outcomes.
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Li, Jia, Takahiro Ito, Ramila Usoof-Thowfeek, and Koji Yamazaki. "The Scars of the Eelam War: Eroded Trust in North-Eastern Sri Lanka." In Countries and Regions. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2835-0_9.
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AbstractThis study explores the legacies of the protracted 1983–2009 Sri Lankan civil conflict using original household survey data. By differentiating individual- and household-level war exposure, voluntary and involuntary military service experience, and loss of family members of soldiers and civilians, we evaluated the influence of a wide array of war-time experiences on the trust level of people in war-torn regions. We found that civil conflict undermined political trust, and heightened inter as well as intra-ethnic divisions among the Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka. Thus, the Sri Lankan government needs to take action not only to restore political trust but also to promote reconciliation between the Sinhala and Tamil communities as well as within the Tamil community in war-torn regions.
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Palmiano Federer, Julia. "Conclusion: Should NGO Mediators Promote Norms?" In Twenty-first Century Perspectives on War, Peace, and Human Conflict. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42174-7_8.
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AbstractThis concluding chapter synthesizes the main findings of the book and suggests some probing questions for future research agendas and larger soul-searching questions for both scholars and practitioners of peace mediation. While the book illustrates how NGO mediators do possess the agency to act as norm entrepreneurs of inclusion in mediation processes, given the unintended negative outcomes of the localization of inclusivity, it suggests that the assumption that mediators should promote liberal (and Western-centric) norms at all should be re-examined in a critical light. Yet the growth of the normative framework shows no signs of abating, with clauses in a growing number of ceasefire and peace agreements (for instance in South Sudan or Colombia) explicitly mentioning international norms such as gender equality and inclusivity. While widespread debate exists between mediation practitioners, the voices of national actors themselves often fall to the wayside. As armed conflicts become more violent and protracted and peace processes become more complex, the need to understand the role norms play in mediation processes remains imperative.
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Fergany, Nader. "The Worst Case Scenario, Protracted Regional War Likely to Escalate and a Fragmented New Map of the Region." In Arab Revolution in the 21st Century? Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-59094-7_6.
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Ricarte, Joana. "The Twenty-First Century ‘No War, No Peace’: From the Second Intifada to the Stalemate of the Protracted Peace Process." In Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16567-2_7.
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AbstractThis chapter examines the period from the Second Intifada (2001) to nowadays, following the failure of the implementation of the Oslo Accords. It suggests that a politics of ‘no war, no peace’ has been established and normalized, while cultural violence has deepened despite the efforts of the longest peace process in contemporary history. It examines the effects at the observable level of the stalemate of the protracted peace process and the institutionalization of dehumanization as a radical political agenda. One of the main effects of the now stalled peace process, it explores how peace has been subcontracted by the very actors of the dying peace process that act as donors and sponsors of an increasing number of civil society organizations (CSOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that have been involved in the peacebuilding process by bridging reconciliation in the societal level. The argument developed is that the dual and simultaneous processes of dehumanization and peace-less reconciliation that work in parallel in this conflict suggests that in the almost absence of the peace process there have emerged and intensified several activities that seek to counteract the already verified tendency of dehumanization in the societal level, pointing to alternative routes and their potential for peacemaking.
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Jok, Jok Madut. "Lessons in Failure: Peacebuilding in Sudan/South Sudan." In The State of Peacebuilding in Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_20.
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Abstract Common to most protracted conflicts that relapse into war is a disconnect between elites and local communities, which typically suffer the most when the former undermine peace agreements to further their own narrow interests. The central argument in this chapter, drawing heavily on the recent history of Sudan/South Sudan and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), is that African conflict resolution and peacebuilding relies too heavily on political agreements between politico-military elites. These deals focus largely on elite power and resource-sharing arrangements. Mostly ignored are the communal and societal dynamics that initially fed the violence. Sudan/South Sudan’s persistent conflict and instability is a prime example of what happens when peace agreements are signed without due regard for the true nature and genesis of the conflict.
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Patterson, Deirdre. "Education as a Means of Facilitating Onward Migration and Transnational Participation for South Sudanese Refugee Communities." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12503-4_10.
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AbstractIn Kakuma refugee camp in north-west Kenya, education is perceived by its South Sudanese population to be a key tool needed to escape the social and economic marginalisation experienced within the humanitarian aid system as victims of conflict. This chapter explores the ways in which members of the South Sudanese diaspora have utilised transnational social and financial networks to pursue education throughout East Africa and the Global North, thus facilitating cross-generational onward migration practices. With Kakuma at the epicentre of this population, displaced for decades by civil war, family and community transnational networks utilise financial remittances to help the next generation of their families to access education and facilitate onward migration patterns between East African and Western nations. From the perspective of the refugees of this diaspora and their transnational families who support them, this chapter argues that the pursuit of education was perceived to be the solution to their displacement by offering unique opportunities to migrate beyond the refugee camp as well as to invest in their capacity to develop their livelihoods independent of their protracted vulnerable status.
Conference papers on the topic "Protracted war"
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Lu, GuiLin, ZhouZuo Wan, and YuePing Cao. "Demonstration position and strategic significance that Mao Zedong on protracted war in the ideological and moral education and culture." In 3rd International Conference on Science and Social Research (ICSSR 2014). Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icssr-14.2014.138.
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Bondar, Volodymyr. "Sustainable development of the system of public administration in Ukraine through resilience of its managerial staff." In VI International Conference on European Dimensions of Sustainablе Development. National University of Food Technologies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24263/edsd-2024-6-23.
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The article reflects the issue of resilience, the phenomenon which draws attention by world leading democracies once full-scale invasion of Ukraine had begun. Protracted war, with its hybrid component, continues to strain national and domestic public arena and weaken its resilience posture. All these underlines the major challenge, to ensure sustainable development by joined efforts in every aspects of public life. In the paper, to reach the purpose, the phenomenon resilience is interpreted due to interdisciplinary approach. The importance to develop resilience in the system of public administration in a context of personality traits the managerial staff, is underlined. The major scientific hypothesis, that resilience of public managerial staff is sufficient, and inevitable preposition in sustainable development of the whole system. The scientific novelty of the article, that on the example of applying the systematic approach, and the methodology of public administration, and the systematic methodology, as well as other scientific tools, the phenomenon resilience is treated as the system-forming factor of the system of public administration. This means, through resilience of its managerial personnel, resilience of the system of public administration is ensured. The paper’s results indicate, that State policy, on practice, must contribute to strategies on defeating the threats of informational and psychological impact on public area, introduce special training programs targeted on the managerial staff. The type of the manuscript is a review article.
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Lasmane, Skaidrīte. "Including the Emotional Potential of Literature in Post-crisis Education." In 80th International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2022.73.
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Contemporary situational circumstances, with the global Covid-19 pandemic crisis and the ongoing war that has resulted from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, have brought about social, cultural, and psychological transformations that are, as of yet, little understood but already affecting different aspects of the contemporary school learning processes. Rational, analytical, cognitive, reflexive, and emotional experience are needed to ensure that difficulties within the crisis ecosystem do not cause a lessening of the human emotional experience in difficult times. Diverse emotional experiences are especially needed, the supply of which is reduced by both the limitations of interactivity imposed by the specifics of the media information space, which mostly reflects the realities of the crisis and are predominantly negative. In the face of this protracted crisis and the implications of new communication technologies, the article explores some ways to manage emotional experiences, so as not to lose sight of the diversity of human relations. It looks to address how we can compensate for the minimization of diverse emotional experience in teaching and learning in situations of social crises. The article pays attention to the potential role of literature as a way to build sustainable post-crisis social relationships. It proposes to reevaluate the role of literature in education and explore its use not only as a cognitive source for rational and critical thinking but its potential for cultivating moral emotions that enhance social solidarity and civility. The case studies it presents evaluate the interpretation and misinterpretation of some classical works of Latvian literature in schools and beyond, in the media and society.
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Tiribuzi, Stefano. "CFD Simulation of Noise in Gas Turbine Combustors by Means of Turbulence Refluctuation Method." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50241.
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The paper describes a numerical simulation methodology based on CFD for deriving and analyzing the spectral and spatial characteristics of combustion noise in industrial gas turbine combustors. ENEL is testing the combustion section of a medium size pure hydrogen-fed gas turbine, during which pressure fluctuation levels are also measured to asses the combustion stability. Pressure probes are located in colder zones only, but information on the fluctuations levels throughout the whole component are also desired. For this purpose, a simple empirical and, to the knowledge of the author, original method, based solely on CFD modelling, was developed for reproducing in a realistic way the spatial and transient characteristics of the acoustic flow field inside the combustor volumes. The method employs a sparse and persistent excitation on a wide frequency spectrum, by imposing a stochastic fluctuating component to the velocity computed on each grid node throughout the entire computational domain. The intensity of this additional component is proportional to the local level of the modelled turbulent velocity, so the method will be shortly designated as PRMT (Partial Refluctuation of Modelled Turbulence). This method requires that all the acoustically connected volumes be included in the computational domain and that transients be protracted for a time sufficient to provide meaningful spectral information. KIEN, an in-house low diffusive URANS code capable of simulating 3D reactive flows, was used. The adopted Very Rough Grid approach made it possible to protract the simulated transient for a long time, with an affordable computing time. Comparison with in-plant measured data shows that the refluctuation method provides a realistic qualitative description of the noise spectrum. The spatial distribution of computed acoustic field is also derived and analyzed.
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Crismaru, Mariana. "Tranziţia tinerilor la viaţa de adult în condiţiile crizelor prelungite." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cdr.v.2023.17.32.
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The article presents the contextual and survey data analysis of youth transition in protracted crises that hit the country in the last decades. These crises have had a crucial impact on the life-course pathways of young people, both by delaying and accelerating them. It is mainly due to economic trends and social development, demographic processes, family well-being, access to resources, functioning of state institutions, and public policies. This paper conceptualizes youth transitions to adulthood for young people in the situation of protracted crisis, suggesting that major challenges at regional and local levels can not only modify, disrupt, or delay certain life events but can also have a detrimental effect on young people's wellbeing and aspirations for their future. The article analyzes the main social, economic, and demographic indicators that have an impact on youth transition to adulthood. As well, the article draws upon the results of a national-representative survey of 600 young people aged 15-35 years, selected from 21 urban and rural localities. Data analysis highlights that the unstable socio-economic situation of the country, exacerbated by the regional crises and challenges, has led to the worsening of young people’s material conditions and resulted in increasing uncertainty about their future. In order to cope with the multiple and interconnected problems many young people have expressed their intentions to emigrate abroad. The migration intentions are significantly higher among younger population groups and those that are more pessimistic about the country’s future. This can have multiple socioeconomic, political, and cultural consequences, undermining the opportunities for sustainable development of the country. The article was elaborated within the State Program Project (2020-2023) 20.80009.0807.21 „Migration, demographic changes, and situation stabilization policies”.
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Patil, Sunil, Judy Cooper, Stefano Orsino, Joseph Meadows, Richard Valdes, and Walter R. Laster. "Investigation of Single Jet Combustor Using Flamelet Generated Manifold Combustion Model and Detailed Chemistry." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57986.
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Numerical simulation results of a single jet premixed combustion system at atmospheric pressure are compared against comprehensive particle image velocimetry (PIV) flow measurements and Raman scattering temperature measurements for natural gas and hydrogen fuels. The simulations were performed on hexahedral meshes with 1–5 million elements. RANS calculations were carried with the k-ε realizable turbulence model. Combustion was modeled using the Flamelet Generated Manifold model (FGM) and detailed chemistry. Both the flame position and flame liftoff predicted by the FGM were in reasonable agreement with experiments for both fuels and showed little sensitivity to heat transfer or radiation modeling. The detailed chemistry calculation predicts the temperature gradients along the jet centerline accurately and compares very closely with the Raman scattering measurements. The much closer agreement of the jet axial velocity and temperature profiles with experimental values, coupled with the significantly protracted presence of intermediates in the detailed chemistry predictions, indicates that the impact of nonequilibrium intermediates on very lean natural gas flames is significant.
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Lynaugh, K. M. "Discussion of the Origins of the Frigate and the Sloop Constellation." In SNAME 23rd American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-1992-038.
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Alleged to have been built in Baltimore, Maryland in 1797, the USS CONSTELLATION was transferred in 1955 to a group of Baltimore citizens for preservation and display. Initiating a protracted, vitriolic and public dispute, some maritime historians have claimed since 1947 that the ship presently exhibited is another warship with the same name built near Norfolk, Virginia in 1855. Has the ship had a continuous identity since 1797 or are those claims a mistake or a hoax? In March 1989 the U.S. Navy's Curator of Ship Models, situated at the David Taylor Research Center, located and identified in the Navy's vast collection, the 1853 designer's half hull model representing the design for a new CONSTELLATION. Further investigation by the Curator's office indicated that essentially all of the historical records cited, clearly substantiating the 1797 origin of the present ship, had probably been forged by a CONSTELLATION employee between 1956 and 1965. 1 (for a copy of the complete report "FOULED ANCHORS").
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Ivanchenko, Igor S., Svetlana S. Galazova, Julia S. Zharkova, and Denis A. Zhukovsky. "Role of gold in Russia's modern monetary system." In Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.zgpr8796.
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The paper analyzes the reasons for the accelerated accumulation of gold in the structure of Russia's international reserves and the impact of this process on our country's monetary system. The purpose of the paper is to identify the prospects for increasing the role of gold as a collateral asset in the ruble money supply emission. The correlation and regression analysis of the most important macroeconomic variables of the money market, which should be influenced by gold quotations, was chosen as a method of research. The novelty of the paper is the justification of the pattern of accelerated gold accumulation in Russian international reserves. The review of foreign scientific literature has led to the conclusion that the increased role of gold in the international financial market is associated with an uncontrolled emission of currencies by the G7 countries in their pursuit of soft monetary policy. The paper presents the results of the calculation of the intrinsic value of gold and the impact of its stock in the Russian Central Bank vaults on the money supply in the country and the ruble exchange rate against the U.S. dollar. The authors conclude that the way out of the protracted global financial crisis may be a return of one or more major economies (not excluded, the U.S.) to the gold standard system.
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Chohan, I. S. "IMMUNE AND COAGULATION RESPONSES IN CHRONIC MOUNTAIN SICKNESS AT HIGH ALTITUDE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644889.
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Chronic mountain sickness (CMS), syndrome with manifestations of hypoventilation, hypoxemia, hyperviscosity, polycythemia, pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular hypertrophy, is a recent history inthe western Himalyas (42675888 m asl). Six well defined subjects studied revealed: significant increasein fibrinogen (400±37 vs normal 275 ± 33 mg/dl), Hct(74.3±3.1 vs 45.2±3.2%) and Hb (23.1±2.6 vs 17.9±0.8g/dl); significant decrease in APTT (27.1±5.2 vs 54.6±7.9 sec), platelets (177.8±10.9 vs 197.4±19.3 thous/cmm), ELT (165±75 vs 399±48 min) and ESR (3.5±2.5 vs 6.0±3.5 mm/1 hr); and absolute eosinophil counts (465±69 vs 384±106). An accelerated Cell mediated immunity (CMI), in them, was evident by 'Spontaneous Flare', 4 + DNCB (di-nitro-chloroben- zene)-phenomenon and profuse lymphocyte recruitment in dermis.Theseresults indicate a state of hypercoagulability inCMS. Muscularisation and thrombosis of pulmonary arteris do occur in CMS. Accelerated CMI and augmented fibrinolytic activity in CMS account for its protracted course (8-25 months) to develop. Yogic breathing, acetazolamide, aspirin and evacuation to low heightshave a salutary effect. Steroids, medroxyprogesterone and phlebotomy bring reflief to these subjuects. Oxygen therapy, in CMS, has no role.
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Sikligar, Drashti, Linda Nguessan, Diana Pham, et al. "Design of a Textile Sensor Embedded Shirt for Posture Monitoring." In 2022 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2022-1063.
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Abstract Poor posture leading to neck and back pain can be caused by long hours sitting in front of computer screens in ergonomically inadequate office furniture or in makeshift home offices. For most individuals, recognizing and correcting for poor posture is an uncommon practice. Poor seated posture is characterized by protracted scapulae, increased kyphosis, and a flexed lumbar spine. Toward a wearable system that performs continuous monitoring, we developed a textile sensor embedded garment. Using textile sensors sewn into a shirt, we test the capability of our design to read curvatures related to seated posture. First, textile sensors were evaluated for fabrication and data collection ease. Next, sensors embedded in shirt designs were evaluated for their ability to produce data that can be recognized as good or poor posture across a user’s back. Designs leveraging e-textiles and snap circuitry enable textile sensor posture readings in a wearable device that is soft and durable. Results from this proof-of-concept prototype show that such customizable garments may enable the study of specific muscle groups related to various postures in the future. Sensor technology embedded in everyday wear garments holds promise for integrating continuous postural monitoring to commercially available clothing.
Reports on the topic "Protracted war"
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Carter, Becky, and Hassan-Alattar Satti. Supporting Mutual Aid in Sudan: Conflict-Sensitive Approaches to Risk and Accountability. Institute of Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.19088/basic.2025.009.
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Mutual aid has been a lifeline for many in Sudan’s conflict. This study explores how mechanisms of social solidarity have been shaped by the war as well as by their interaction with external funders. It adds to the evidence base on community-led response during protracted crises and on conflict sensitivity, and considers how international actors could strengthen the quality of their partnership with grass-roots bodies by reconsidering approaches to risk and accountability.
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Carter, Becky, Abeer Al-Absi, and Paul Harvey. Sustaining Yemeni Capacities for Social Assistance: Lessons From a Decade of War. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2024.006.
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Yemen has sometimes been held up as an impressive example of how existing social protection systems and capacities can be maintained and supported even during a prolonged war. While providing support to meet immediate life-saving needs is the humanitarian priority in Yemen, aid organisations also want to ensure that recurrent emergency operations are delivered in a way that will support, and not undermine, national reconstruction and rehabilitation for a post-conflict Yemen. Through a literature review and interviews with Yemeni and international stakeholders conducted in 2022 and 2023, this study has interrogated that narrative, examining the evidence on what capacities are being supported, and what that means for the effective provision of assistance through a protracted crisis. It is important to acknowledge the enormous challenges all actors in Yemen must confront in trying to find ways to help people survive in the face of conflict and other shocks. Widespread conflict, insecurity, and contested governance have made providing assistance extremely hard. The huge scale of need has also necessitated one of the biggest aid operations in the world, creating incentives for control and diversion. In the face of these challenges, focusing on the two main social assistance operations in Yemen – the World Food Programme’s General Food Assistance Programme and the World Bank’s Unconditional Cash Transfer Programme (implemented by the United Nations Children’s Fund and the Social Fund for Development, with the Social Welfare Fund) – this study has found impressive achievements in getting assistance to people, and in maintaining and strengthening Yemeni organisational and individual capacities. However, while some capacities have been maintained and built, others have been relatively neglected (in particular, valuable capacities for community engagement and accountability, which are vital for achieving more inclusive and conflict-sensitive approaches), whereas others (around the highly politicised issues of targeting and transfer value) have been difficult to tackle. The study found that partnerships with Yemeni non-governmental organisations are narrowly subcontractual and limited to managing distribution, with only a small proportion of funding directly reaching national organisations. Overall, the process of providing external support for ‘capacity strengthening’ of national actors is somewhat opaque. More coordinated strategic efforts to support local capacities, informed by shared analysis and learning from past endeavours, could help improve future social assistance interventions.
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Avis, William. Armed Group Transition from Rebel to Government. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.125.
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Governments and political parties with an armed history are not unusual, yet how these groups function during and after the transition from conflict has largely been ignored by the existing literature. Many former armed groups have assumed power in a variety of contexts. Whilst this process is often associated with brokered peace agreements that encourage former combatants to transform into political parties, mobilise voters, and ultimately stand for elections, this is not always the case. What is less clearly understood is how war termination by insurgent victory shapes patterns of post-war politics. This rapid literature review collates available evidence of transitions made by armed groups to government. The literature collated presents a mixed picture, with transitions mediated by an array of contextual factors that are location and group specific. Case studies are drawn from a range of contexts where armed groups have assumed some influence over government (these include those via negotiated settlement, victory and in contexts of ongoing protracted conflict). The review provides a series of readings and case studies that are of use in understanding how armed groups may transition in “post-conflict” settings.
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Merttens, Fred, Louis Hodey, and Alexandra Doyle. Targeting in Protracted Crises: Niger Case Study. Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2023.004.
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Targeting social assistance in situations of protracted conflict, displacement or recurrent climate shocks so that it reaches those most in need in a timely and effective manner, and without doing further harm, is a complex technical and political challenge for development and humanitarian actors across government and non-government sectors. Trade-offs involving costs beyond the economic – such as risk of exclusion, and concerns over protection and social cohesion – raise key questions about who to target, how to target or whether to target at all (i.e. through universal coverage or lotteries). While targeting effectiveness is fairly well researched in stable development contexts, there is much less understanding and evidence about what works best in protracted crisis settings. This paper is one of three country case studies covering Ethiopia, Niger, and Nigeria. Each case study focuses on a specific time period to demonstrate how the challenge of targeting might be approached in situations of protracted crises based on actual historical examples. The objective of this approach is to generate insights on the topic of targeting in a comparative way and by considering vulnerability as a dynamic condition. The case studies will be used to produce a synthesis paper that will bring findings together to draw out general lessons for targeting social assistance in crisis contexts. This case study focuses on the 2012 Sahel drought, which produced a food security emergency in Niger. Using two years of panel data (2011 and 2014) from either side of the 2012 drought crisis in the Sahel, we analyse who was affected by the shock and how they were impacted. We use the data to model the notional performance of different potential targeting approaches – had they been used at the time – to indicate the types of choices and trade-offs that may be necessary when selecting appropriate targeting criteria for responses to similar crises in the future. Finally, we also consider the status of enabling conditions (such as mobile phone network and electricity coverage) for implementing different targeting approaches in shock-responsive social assistance.
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Idris, Iffat. Service Delivery Modalities in Protracted FCV Settings. Institute of Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2025.003.
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This review looks at modalities to deliver services in five sectors in fragile, conflict-affected and vulnerable (FCV) settings. The common challenge is how to bring about rapid delivery to meet pressing needs, without (further) undermining state systems. Modalities used were found to vary somewhat across the five sectors, e.g. some relying more on community participation, others on the private sector. However, in all five sectors a common focus in interventions considered to be effective was on: engaging local communities; working with community-based organizations; using public-private partnerships; keeping local/higher governments on board; and/or taking a systems approach. Ultimately, the challenges posed by each situation will be different, so the modality used will be context-specific.
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Idris, Iffat. Role of Donors in the Delivery of Services in Protracted FCV Settings. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2025.002.
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Service delivery in fragile, conflict-affected and vulnerable (FCV) settings is extremely challenging for multiple reasons. At the same time, failure to deliver services exacerbates fragility. Donors are finding ways to address these challenges and continue engaging in FCV situations but approaches and effectiveness are very context dependent. This review looks at the role of donors in supporting this. It assesses both current practice, and recommendations for how this can be strengthened/be effective. The review draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, the latter largely consists of reports by international development organizations. The available literature was found to include gender aspects to some extent but made few references to persons with disabilities.
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Baur, Daniela. Social Protection in Nigeria: Analysing Capacities. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2024.005.
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This report describes findings of an analysis of capacities to deliver social protection in Nigeria. It focuses specifically on generating findings that will be useful to situations of protracted crisis, such as displacement due to conflict or climate shocks. The report draws on a three-dimensional Capacity Cube that differentiates between levels of capacity (individual, organisational, institutional), phases of capacity strengthening (building, applying, maintaining) and types of capacity (competency, capability, performance). Analysis of government and international actors’ statements about social protection and capacity strengthening suggest that the majority of investments in capacity are focused on building individual and organisational competencies. Other elements, such as maintaining capabilities and performance, are given far less attention. This leads to an imbalanced social protection system in which activities for building technical capacities are projectised while whole-of-government, cross-sectoral functional capabilities are neglected. Overall, the paper demonstrates that using the Capacity Cube renders visible the imbalances and the gaps in investments in social protection in Nigeria. The analysis is only a first step towards changing the way that we think about capacity in situations of protracted crisis. Investigating these gaps and missing elements will require more detailed research into actual implementation that goes beyond looking at project documents. It will be important, going forward, to understand more about how these capacities shift and change – as conflicts bubble up and become protracted, and create new challenges for the staff who deliver social assistance. Understanding which capacities become increasingly important in situations of protracted crisis, and how these can be protected, could provide pathways to a more effective and efficient social protection system in Nigeria, and beyond.
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Faith, Becky. Intersecting Exclusion in Digital Cash and Voucher Assistance in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.19088/basic.2024.021.
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BASIC Research focuses on the intersection between social protection and humanitarian approaches in providing assistance in protracted crises. Digital systems can offer benefits in these contexts, but can also increase vulnerabilities. Delivering cash and voucher assistance (CVA) at scale using digital tools in challenging contexts is complex. A lack of digital and financial infrastructure, and the digital exclusion experienced by intended beneficiaries from marginalised communities, are critical issues. This Policy Briefing looks at the different drivers of digitisation from the perspectives of aid recipients, humanitarian, and government actors in North East Nigeria. It explores the obstacles these actors face in delivering programmes in an inclusive and accountable way.
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Pehrsson, S. J. New crustal subdivision and architecture of the south Rae Craton, Northwest Territories: a synthesis. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332500.
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South Rae Craton has historically been the most poorly known part of the Canadian Shield. Last mapped in the early 1950s it was thought to comprise old high-grade granitic gneiss and Archean metasedimentary belts and felsic plutons that had not been affected significantly by the Snowbird or Trans-Hudson orogenies. A new, two-year mapping transect across south Rae Craton was undertaken by the Geological Survey of Canada and Northwest Territories Geological Survey in 2015-2017. Results are sumarized in four new 1:250 000 scale maps and presented in reports, Open Files, and external journal publications available through GEOSCAN showing that south Rae Craton comprises nine distinct crustal domains bounded by newly recognized crustal-scale shear zones with a protracted history of deformation and reactivation between 2.5 Ga to ca. 1.7 Ga.
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Faith, Becky, Tony Roberts, and 'Gbenga Sesan. ‘Those with big phones have the upper hand’: Political, Gender and Digital Exclusions in Cash and Voucher Assistance in North East Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2024.007.
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The most vulnerable people living in contexts of protracted crises risk experiencing political, gender and digital exclusion which can result in them not receiving social assistance. Throughout this paper our aim is to show the complex issues faced in delivering cash and voucher assistance (CVA) at scale using digital tools in challenging contexts, the different drivers of digitisation from the perspective of humanitarian and government actors, and the obstacles these actors face in delivering programmes in an inclusive and accountable way. Through interviews and focus group discussions with aid recipients in North East Nigeria and key informant interviews with professionals working in humanitarian and government cash assistance, this working paper aims to answer the research question: how does digitisation affect recipients’ experiences of inclusion and exclusion in social assistance systems? Our research found a range of benefits to digitisation for governments, development agencies and recipients for whom digital systems were experienced as a convenient means to obtain information about entitlements as well as an improved platform on which to receive them. However, our data showed that intersecting political, gender and digital exclusions may result in the most marginalised people not receiving aid, and being excluded from accessing information about entitlements. Drawing on existing literature and our findings, we present a framework of intersecting – and compounding – political, gender and digital exclusions. Although previous literature on the digitisation of social assistance has drawn attention to the risks of digital exclusion, this framework offers a new perspective to show how each axis of exclusion risks compounding the other. The aim of this report is to improve understanding of the risks and benefits of the use of digital technologies to support programming from the perspective of recipients. Furthermore it highlights how the risks and benefits are very different for recipients, for governments and for humanitarian agencies. While the findings from the interviews are specifically of interest to those working in contexts of protracted crises, the broader issue of compounding exclusions in digital delivery will be of interest to the wider social protection community.