Journal articles: 'Protracted war'

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Platon, Mircea Alexandru. "“PROTRACTED CONFLICT”." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12, no. 2 (2015): 407–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x15000119.

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AbstractRobert Strausz-Hupé (1903-2002) and Stefan Possony (1913-1995) were two scholars and policy makers who reached the peak of their careers as the tutelary spirits of the Foreign Policy Research Institute (FPRI), founded in 1955 at the University of Pennsylvania. Through the FPRI and its journal,Orbis, the influence of these two anti-”totalitarian” crusaders reached the high echelons of the United States military and U.S. policy makers. This article analyzes the way in which the intellectuals of the FPRI—“defense intellectuals”—tweaked concepts such as “human rights,” “freedom,” “democracy,” and “open society” in order to promote the interests of the United States’s military-industrial establishment, court racist lobbies, and accommodate problematic Cold War allies such as South Africa.

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Clark, Kathleen. "PROTRACTED NUCLEAR WAR FIGHTING AND RURAL AMERICA." Peace & Change 14, no. 4 (1989): 404–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.1989.tb00135.x.

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Tamazashvili, M. "RUSSIA'S ON GOING HYBRID WAR IN GEORGIA'S AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PROTECTED CONFLICT." POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, no. 75 (June 18, 2024): 52–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12061690.

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The article will analyze a new generation war, Hybrid warfare, what is the powerful weapon of the Russian Federation.<strong> </strong>It Examines Russia’s Hybrid war tools, techniques and their impact on protracted conflict in Georgia.

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Joury, Easter, Imad Barngkgei, Ola B. Al-Batayneh, et al. "Impact of Protracted War Crisis on Dental Students: A Comparative Multicountry Cross-sectional Study." Education for Health 36, no. 3 (2023): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/efh.efh_127_23.

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ABSTRACT Background: The impact of conflict and war crisis on dental students is poorly understood. Given the prolonged conflicts and political instability in the Arabic-speaking countries, it is crucial to investigate the effect of these conditions on dental students. This study aimed to assess the impact of protracted war on dental students by comparing the personal, university, and wider context challenges they face across war-affected and unaffected countries. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including a convenience sample of dental students from 13 universities in 12 Arabic-speaking countries. Respondents were those at entry and exit points of their undergraduate dental training. A self-administered paper questionnaire collected anonymized data on sociodemographics, and personal, university, and wider context challenges that students were facing. Multivariable Poisson regression analyses were carried out. Results: The overall response rate was 64.8%. The mean age was 21.2 (standard deviation = 2.1) years, with 68% of participants being female. After adjusting for age and sex, dental students in Arabic-speaking countries affected by protracted war crisis were significantly more likely to report wider context challenges compared to their counterparts in unaffected countries (n = 2448; beta = 1.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.10–1.13; P < 0.001). Discussion: Dental students in Arabic-speaking countries affected by protracted war crisis were more likely to suffer from wider context challenges such as difficulties in attendance due to the deterioration of security and lack of flexibility of teaching time to accommodate the different circumstances induced by the war crisis. Supporting dental students in areas affected by protracted war crises is needed and may include developing online dental education programs.

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Policinski, Ellen, and Jovana Kuzmanovic. "Protracted Conflicts: The enduring legacy of endless war." International Review of the Red Cross 101, no. 912 (2019): 965–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383120000399.

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Cochran, Shawn T. "The Civil–Military Divide in Protracted Small War." Armed Forces & Society 40, no. 1 (2013): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x12465418.

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Nakir, M., Arief Prayitno, and Ridwan Gunawan. "Interoperabilitas antar matra dalam skema perang berlarut." JRTI (Jurnal Riset Tindakan Indonesia) 8, no. 1 (2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29210/30032505000.

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<span lang="EN-US">The discourse on the development of the military strategy nowdays is inseparable from the globalization. Defense experts are faced with an increasing trend of international system instability and it is increasingly difficult to predict. The presence of new technology also influences the characteristics of modern conflicts where future wars are becoming increasingly complex. In general, wars are planned by the aggressor for a short period of time in order to achieve victory quickly, however, the little ones force long-lasting wars as protracted wars. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive design. The purpose of this study is to analyze how far the interopability between the branches of the land arm in the protracted war scheme in Indonesia is. The research was carried out at the Army Headquarters and the Army Education and Training Command. The research data were analyzed in four steps, namely data reduction, presenting data, integrating data and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that it requires strengthening of interopability between dimensions in the protracted war scheme in Indonesia. The conclusion is that in modern warfare, interoperability is absolutely necessary in military operations. Suggestions for the need for further research on interoperability between branches in the Army Forces in a protracted war scheme are more specific in one large island defense area. </span>

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Ahn, Jae-Ik. "The Beginning of the Sino-Japanese War and International Politics in East Asia in the 1930s: Focusing on the Protracted Course of the War." Korean Association For Japanese History 61 (August 31, 2023): 157–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.24939/kjh.2023.8.61.157.

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When examining the outbreak and protracted course of the Sino-Japanese War, it is important to note the attitudes of neighboring countries such as the United States and the Soviet Union toward the Sino-Japanese issue, which arose as a result of Japan's aggressive continental policy, and how these attitudes influenced the outbreak of the war. Given that the Sino-Japanese War was a protracted eight-year war fought by the Chinese government with the support of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom, and that it was an international event that directly influenced the outbreak of the Asia-Pacific War, it is necessary to understand the diplomatic process surrounding the war, not just the decision to escalate the war within the Japanese leadership and the decision to wage a protracted global war. After the Manchurian Incident, Japan's East Asian policy included an aggressive expansion of its influence on the Chinese mainland, which was embodied in aggressive public policies such as the army-led campaign to separate Hwaseong from North Korea. In response to these Japanese public policies, the Chinese government actively sought internal and diplomatic means to resist, while the Soviet Union and the United States, both of which were paying attention to East Asian affairs, gradually shifted their policies toward supporting China in the Sino-Japanese conflict and deterring Japanese aggression. The fact that 1935 was the year when Japan's public policy became overtly aggressive, as symbolized by the separation of Hwaseong, and that Sino-Japanese relations began to trend in a friendly direction from this year shows that the attitude of neighboring countries toward the Sino-Japanese dispute had already shifted in a direction favorable to China before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War.

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Demir, Sertif, and Poyraz Gürson. "The Strategic Implications of the Protracted Russian-Ukrainian War." Gazi Akademik Bakış 18, no. 35 (2024): 181–98. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.1600527.

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Long-standing disputes between Ukraine and Russia escalated into a heated conflict in February 2022, resulting in significant repercussions across international politics, European security, the NATO alliance, regional dynamics, and military strategy. This article aims to explore these effects in detail. Primarily, the article concludes that the Russia-Ukraine war has disrupted the post-1990s rules-based global order that had ensured peace among major global powers for over three decades. Furthermore, the forcible violation of an independent state’s borders by Russia, irrespective of international law, poses a grave threat to Europe’s security. In response to the visible threat posed by Russia, the NATO alliance rallied and strengthened under the leadership of the United States. European states began prioritizing defense capabilities to deter potential threats from Russia. Moreover, the conflict underscored the increased importance of artillery, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), air defense systems, and electronic target detection in military strategy.

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Okowa, P. N. "Congo's War: The Legal Dimension of a Protracted Conflict." British Yearbook of International Law 77, no. 1 (2007): 203–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bybil/77.1.203.

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Rehman, Iskander. "China, the US and protracted war: a comparative evaluation." Adelphi series 62, no. 496-497 (2022): 73–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19445571.2022.2274679.

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Osman, Marwan, Rayane Rafei, Mohamad Bachar Ismail, et al. "Antimicrobial resistance in the protracted Syrian conflict: halting a war in the war." Future Microbiology 16, no. 11 (2021): 825–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2021-0040.

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The Syrian conflict has damaged key infrastructure and indirectly affected almost all parts of the Middle East and Europe, with no end in sight. Exhausting conditions created by the Syrian crisis and related massive displacement promote the emergence of numerous public health problems that fuel antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development. Here, we explore the current situation of the Syrian displaced population, and AMR inside Syria and among refugees in host countries. We then suggest a roadmap of selected key interventions and strategies to address the threat of AMR in the context of the Syrian crisis. These recommendations are intended to urge health policy-makers in governments and international health organizations to optimize and push for implementing an effective policy taking into consideration the current obstacles.

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Abuelaish, Izzeldin, Susan J. Yousufzai, Marcos Sanchos, and Amalya Oliver. "Enduring Struggles and Protracted War: Hatred as a Multi-Faceted Construct." Journal of Human Psychology 2, no. 2 (2025): 01–19. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2644-1101.jhp-24-5355.

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This paper examines the concept of conflict- and war-related hatred as a multifaceted construct. Drawing upon various theoretical frameworks, we hypothesized that hatred in the context of conflict and war would encompass five distinct dimensions: Groupthink (Contagious Hatred), Destructiveness, Exposure, Chronicity, and Extreme-Severe Affect. To empirically validate this conceptual framework, we conducted a second-order factor analysis using data from 709 questionnaire responses collected from citizens in the Gaza Strip. The findings revealed that the optimal model comprises three primary constructs: Contagious Hatred, Chronicity, and Extreme- Severe Affect. Based on these results, we argue that collective existential threats in contexts of protracted conflict and war amplify groupthink, foster a sense of chronicity, and evoke intense negative affect. These findings underscore the complexity of hatred as a psychological and social phenomenon in conflict zones.

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Harste, Gorm. "Krigens finansieringssystemer - en formanalyse af krig og kredit i kølvandet på Clausewitz." Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie, no. 63 (March 9, 2018): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sl.v0i63.104084.

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Clausewitz analysed wars in their material, social and temporal interchanges (Wechselwirkung). During a war the form of the conflict is transformed from a controllable and planned activity into a form where its gravitation centre is displaced. Over the last 500 years, logistics and financial supplies have become the repeated focus for protracted wars. The forms of taxation, inflation, war debts and credits have been decisive. In fact war strategies can have the financial attrition of the enemy as its culmination point and its gravitation centre. A vast army stationed far away and for a long time imposes enormous financial and human costs. The US in particular has been affected by the protracted wars in Vietnam, Afghanistan and Iraq. The recent wars and a number of complex financial mechanisms accelerated the US fall from unipolarity. This shows that wars contain risks that cannot be controlled by a political system. After the initial decision to go to war, control is only reasserted when the political system accepts to stop the ever increasing supplies.

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Cotter, Cédric. "From Operation Iraqi Freedom to the Battle of Mosul: Fifteen years of displacement in Iraq." International Review of the Red Cross 101, no. 912 (2019): 1031–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383120000296.

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AbstractThe displacement of civilians during a protracted war is a difficult issue that deserves our attention, and Iraq is unfortunately an emblematic example of this phenomenon. Based on the literature produced by humanitarian organizations and academia, this article aims at analyzing what triggers displacement in protracted conflict, highlighting the role of international humanitarian law (IHL) violations. It discusses how Iraq has been struggling with acts of violence, hostilities and IHL violations that have generated displacement and human suffering.

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Montiel, Cristina Jayme. "Citizen-based peacemaking in a protracted war: Two Philippine cases." Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 3, no. 2 (1997): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac0302_1.

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Uyangoda, Jayadeva. "Sri Lanka in 2009: From Civil War to Political Uncertainties." Asian Survey 50, no. 1 (2010): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2010.50.1.104.

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Political developments in Sri Lanka in 2009 centered primarily around the end of the protracted civil war between the state and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), with the total military defeat of the LTTE. Sri Lanka subsequently entered an uncertain phase of post-civil war political reconstruction. The announcement to hold early presidential elections in January 2010 added to uncertainties to Sri Lanka's post-civil war political process. Sri Lanka also moved away from the West toward other Asian and Middle Eastern powers.

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Lambino, Antonio II. "The War Extension and Rhetoric: An Analogic Criticism of US Presidential Rhetoric During the Iraq and Philippine-American Wars." Plaridel 8, no. 1 (2010): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52518/2011.8.1-02lmbn.

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Studies on U.S. presidential war rhetoric tend to ignore the dimension of time, i.e., most focus analysis on the inception of war. In reality, however, many wars are protracted and may last beyond initial public expectations. War messages are therefore employed not only to seek congressional and public support for the inception, but also for the extension of armed conflict abroad. Using the methodology of analogic criticism, this study provides seminal ideas for what it calls the “war rhetoric of extension.” By comparing Bush’s speeches during the current Iraq War and McKinley/Roosevelt’s annual messages during the Philippine-American War, this paper argues that the war rhetoric of extension has the following characteristics: similar patterns of argumentation, epideictic statements that elevate American prestige, and paternalistic language.

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Anderson, Noel. "Competitive Intervention, Protracted Conflict, and the Global Prevalence of Civil War." International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 3 (2019): 692–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz037.

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Abstract This article develops a theory of competitive intervention in civil war to explain variation in the global prevalence of intrastate conflict. I describe the distortionary effects competitive interventions have on domestic bargaining processes and explain the unique strategic dilemmas they entail for third-party interveners. The theory uncovers the conditional nature of intervention under the shadow of inadvertent escalation and moves beyond popular anecdotes about “proxy wars” by deriving theoretically grounded propositions about the strategic logics motivating intervener behaviors. I then link temporal variation in patterns of competitive intervention to recent decreases in the prevalence and average duration of internal conflicts. The theory is tested with a quantitative analysis of all civil wars fought between 1975 and 2009 and a qualitative case study of the Angolan civil war (1975–1991). My results underscore the importance of a generalizable account of competitive intervention that not only explains past conflicts, but also informs contemporary policy.

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Rivera, Temario C. "Armed Challenges to the Philippine Government: Protracted War or Political Settlement?" Southeast Asian Affairs 1994 1994, no. 1 (1994): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/seaa94o.

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Rovner, Joshua. "Two kinds of catastrophe: nuclear escalation and protracted war in Asia." Journal of Strategic Studies 40, no. 5 (2017): 696–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2017.1293532.

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Putri, Nur Aini. "RANCANG BANGUN ENERGI TERBARUKAN BAGI INDUSTRI PERTAHANAN GUNA MENDUKUNG PELAKSANAAN PERANG BERLARUT." Citizen : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia 2, no. 1 (2022): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53866/jimi.v2i1.53.

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The defense industry is important in national defense, therefore energy security is needed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the threat of energy security in the event of a protracted war and the potential for solar energy. The method used in this research is to use PSVsyst in the design of PLTS. The results of energy security at PT Pindad only come from PLN 5,540 kVA and 3,465 kVA, Then for emergencies, PT Pindad has 2 Genset Units with a maximum capacity of 1.8 MW. With this situation, there is a threat of energy security in the event of a protracted war, namely the decision to supply electricity from PLN. Therefore, energy security is needed with the construction of PLTS in the PT Pindad area. From the data, PT Pindad's one hour electricity demand is 6,591 kWh/m2 and the building area that can be used for solar cell roof area is 33,775 m2 at PT Pindad.

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Al-Dubaiee, Riham, Mutaher AL Qassimi, Ahmed Al-Dar, Abdulwahed Al Serouri, and Yousef Khader. "Impact of the Protracted War in Yemen on the Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance System: Retrospective Descriptive Analysis." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 5 (2021): e27638. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27638.

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Background Highly sensitive acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, which includes immediate case investigation and specimen collection, is critical for achieving global polio eradication. In Yemen, the Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance System (AFPSS) was launched in 1998 to achieve the polio eradication target. Although Yemen was certified as a polio-free country in 2009, the protracted war since 2015 has placed the country at risk for polio reemergence. Objective The objectives of this analysis were to evaluate the performance of the Yemen AFPSS at both the national and governorate levels, and to assess the impact of the ongoing war on the performance. Methods Retrospective descriptive analysis was performed on Yemen secondary AFP surveillance data for the years 2014 (before the war) and 2015-2017 (during the war). Data comprising all children <15 years old reported as having AFP were included in the analysis. AFP surveillance performance was evaluated using World Health Organization–specified AFP surveillance indicators. Results At the national level, all indicators were met before and after the war except for “lab results received within ≤28 days,” which was unmet since the war erupted. Furthermore, the indicator “stool specimens arriving at a central level within ≤3 days” was unmet after the war but only in 2017. At the governorate level, although the indicators “adequacy” and “stool specimens arriving at the laboratory in good condition” were met before the war in all governorates, the former indicator was unmet in 9 (41%) governorates since the war erupted and the latter indicator was also unmet in 9 governorates (41%) but only in 2017. Conclusions The findings show that some AFP surveillance indicators were negatively impacted by eruption of the war in Yemen due to closure of the Sana’a capital airport and postponement of sample shipment to the reference laboratory, which remained under long-term poor storage conditions. To ensure rapid detection of polio cases, improving specimen collection, storage, and transportation, together with proper and timely shipment of specimens to the reference laboratory should be considered.

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Richani, Nazih. "Multinational Corporations, Rentier Capitalism, and the War System in Colombia." Latin American Politics and Society 47, no. 3 (2005): 113–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2005.tb00321.x.

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This article focuses on the role of multinational corporations in the Colombian conflict, particularly how they contributed to the escalation of land conflicts and to the violent transformation of the rural economy into one based on rentier capital. It also explores how these companies helped in fomenting and financing the war system, an element that could partly explain the protracted persistence of the Colombian conflict.

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Mozghovyi, A. A. "Geoconflictological Approach in Research of Russian-Rkrainian War." Ukrainian geographical journal 2023, no. 3 (2023): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2023.03.012.

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The article is devoted to possibilities of applying geographical approaches in the study of protracted multilevel conflicts. In particular, the research potential of such a new interdisciplinary field of science as geoconflictology was assessed. The purpose of this study is to show spatio-temporal parameterization of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and determination of the influence of geographical factors on its structure and dynamics. The main results of the research: the object and subject of the conflict are defined, its spatial and temporal boundaries are outlined, the evolution of the morphology of the participants in the conflict, possible points of maximum escalation and de-escalation are traced. The influence of geographical factors on the conflict was determined and analyzed. In particular, the influence of the geographical remoteness of metropolises and colonies on the subsequent frequency of conflicts and the risk of conflicts between them. The article emphasizes the determinism and inevitability of the emergence of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. In particular, it is determined by the patterns of development and interaction of territorial systems. An attempt to extrapolate the duration and stages of previous protracted conflicts in Europe to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict was made. The possible influence of the potential of the geographical location on the course and resolution of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict is also determined. The article is one of the first attempts to interpret the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in a geographical dimension.

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Sowers, Jeannie, and Erika Weinthal. "Health and Environmental Tolls of Protracted Conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa." Current History 120, no. 830 (2021): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.830.339.

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The effects of conflict on public health and ecosystem well-being are understudied and rarely figure in public debates about war-making. Protracted conflicts are particularly damaging to people and environments in ways that are inadequately documented. In recent wars in the Middle East and North Africa, parties to the conflicts have induced hunger and displacement and undermined public health through the use of violence and economic policies that deprive civilians of access to food, water, fuel, and livelihoods. Environmental pollution is widespread, particularly in cities that became war zones, while the COVID-19 pandemic has deepened conflict-induced poverty and food insecurity.

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Deery, Phillip. "Malaya, 1948: Britain's Asian Cold War?" Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 1 (2007): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2007.9.1.29.

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In 1948, at a time of severe economic austerity, the British Labour government committed itself to a costly and protracted campaign against a Communist foe in the Far East, despite not having any U.S. support for the endeavor. Clement Attlee's government in Britain argued that the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) was necessary to counter Soviet attempts to use the local Communist party in support of Moscow's expansionist designs. Subsequently, many commentators and historians accepted this judgment, at least to some degree. In reality, the rebellion, far from being carefully coordinated or meticulously organized, was inadequately planned and poorly executed. The 1948 insurrection cannot be understood without recognizing the influence of indigenous pressures and internal developments, which were more crucial than the external Cold War dimension.

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Shore, Zachary. "Provoking America: Le Duan and the Origins of the Vietnam War." Journal of Cold War Studies 17, no. 4 (2015): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00598.

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This article concentrates on the North Vietnamese official who became the driving force within the Vietnamese Workers’ Party (VWP) and was crucial in shaping the Vietnamese Communists’ protracted war strategy. A great deal has been written about the personality and policies of Ho Chi Minh, but Le Duan's powerful influence on strategy has been largely overlooked. The article covers Le Duan's background and rise to power as the VWP First Secretary, as well as his strategic thinking about the United States from the 1950s through the deployment of U.S. ground troops in 1965. Although other VWP leaders influenced wartime strategy, Le Duan as First Secretary carried the greatest weight within the Politburo and exerted the strongest influence over the southern Communists, who were pivotal in fighting both U.S. and South Vietnamese forces. In his role as head of the southern Communists Le Duan developed strategies for defeating the United States and then implemented them as his power grew. The article spotlights several recurrent themes in his thinking: the nature of a protracted war, the role of casualties, and U.S. global standing. Each of these subjects influenced how the North Vietnamese intended to defeat the United States over the long term and offers insights into how Hanoi understood its enemy.

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Tayyab, Muhammad, Shahid Ahmad Afridi, and Maria Hamid. "Sectarian Divide as a Cause of Protracted Conflict: A Case of Syria (2011-18)." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 4, no. 2 (2020): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.2.23.

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Since the people’s uprising in 2011 against the authoritarian regime of Bashar Al Assad and its oppressive policies, Syria is entangled in a long spiral of violent conflict. Though a number of factors explain the violent nature of war and its longevity, however sectarianism proved to be the most significant and the most dominant factors of all. The dominancy of minority Alawite community in the country led to the discrimination against other sects especially the Sunni majority, comprising 74 percent of the total population. Such prejudices against Sunnis and other sects have pitched Syrian people against the regime which evolved into a long and sectarian civil war that dominates the Syrian society till date. Applying Protracted Social Conflict Model, this paper tries to answer the question that how sectarianism played a role in the perpetuation of the Syrian civil war during 2011-2018. Using qualitative methods of analysis, the paper endeavours to dig out the roots of the current violent conflict in the country. For data collection and analysis, secondary sources in the form of books, research articles and other internet sources have been consulted in an attempt to analyse what is unknown on the basis of what is known.

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Vonnák, Diána. "'This Happened to Us for the Second Time': War-preparedness, Risk, Responsibility and the Evacuation of Donbas Museums in 2022." Museum and Society 21, no. 2 (2023): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/mas.v21i2.4305.

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Museums in Ukraine’s Donbas region have endured a protracted war since 2014: many were occupied, looted, and re-established in Ukrainian government-controlled territory, leaving behind collections. Against the backdrop of the events of 2014, this paper offers a brief analysis of how museums attempted to safeguard and evacuate their collections when Russia launched the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Identifying key factors behind the widespread lack of successful evacuations, the paper touches on the social and financial cost of contingency planning, the distribution of responsibilities and resources, institutional bottlenecks, and altered perceptions of risk in war-affected areas.

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Ben-Tov, Asaph. "The Great Turkish War and the Study of the Qur’an: the case of Matthias Friedrich Beck (1649–1701)." Erudition and the Republic of Letters 9, no. 3 (2024): 336–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055069-09030004.

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Abstract The Great Turkish War, which began with the Ottoman Siege of Vienna in 1683, ended sixteenth years later with substantial territorial gains for the Habsburgs and their allies, greatly diminishing the European domains of the Ottoman Empire. This protracted struggle also occasioned an influx into Europe of Türkenbeute, Ottoman manuscripts and artefacts with considerable consequences for European scholarship. This article concentrates on the case of the Augsburg orientalist and Lutheran preacher Matthias Friedrich Beck, tracing how the War in the East inspired his interest in the Qur’an and enabled his Specimen arabicum (1688). This case study also illustrates the scholarly and broader public interest in the war and in the looted objects making their way to European collections and the studies of seventeenth-century scholars.

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Jeon, Dong-Han. "Predictability in the US-China Trade War: A Multidimensional Complex Game Theory Perspective." Korean Academy Of International Commerce 39, no. 1 (2024): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18104/kalc.2024.39.1.59.

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Purpose: This research is on the predictability of the prolonged US-China trade war that started in 2018, studying negotiation and settlement in this protracted trade war. Research design, data, and methodology: The paper uses the prisoner’s dilemma and the game called chicken, which are representative non-cooperative games in game theory, along with two-level game theory. Results: Both the U.S. and China are expected to have a negative economic impact on the world, but China is expected to suffer greater damage. The essence of the trade war is China’s all-out challenge to the United States, which prides itself on being a worldwide hegemony. Conclusions: When looking at the US-China trade war from a long-term perspective, China’s damage is expected to increase, and it is highly likely that the US will ultimately win.

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Croke, Brian. "Procopius and Thucydides." Classica Cracoviensia 26 (December 29, 2023): 7–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cc.26.2023.26.01.

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Modern understanding of the emperor Justinian’s protracted war against the Gothic regime in Italy and Sicily is based almost entirely on the account of Procopius of Caesarea from 535 to 552. The chronology of the war therefore depends on the interpretation of Procopius’s narrative in the fundamental books by J.B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire (1923) and E. Stein, Histoire du Bas-Empire (1949), which underpin all modern accounts. Both Bury and Stein presumed that Procopius’ Gothic war year ran uniformly from the end of June of one year to the end of June of the next. This paper aims to demonstrate that the Procopian Gothic war year did not run at a fixed time from June to June each year, but from the beginning of the annual campaign season (normally March) to the end of the following winter, in clear imitation of his model Thucydides. Also explored are the implications for redating key episodes of the Gothic War

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Ponton, David. "A protracted war for order: Police violence in the twentieth century United States." History Compass 16, no. 6 (2018): e12453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12453.

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Masuzgo, Chikanje HARAWA. "Protracted war amid Southern African Development Community (SADC) intervention in the Mozambique insurgency." African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 18, no. 2 (2024): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajpsir2023.1461.

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Butler, Michael J. "Adaptive Peacemaking in Protracted Conflicts: IGAD Mediation in the Second Sudanese Civil War." Global Policy 10, S2 (2019): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12697.

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Ramsbotham, Oliver. "The analysis of protracted social conflict: a tribute to Edward Azar." Review of International Studies 31, no. 1 (2005): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210505006327.

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The aim of this article is to draw attention to the work of a conflict analyst whose theory of ‘protracted social conflict’ – developed in a sustained series of publications over a twenty-year period from the early-1970s – has been neglected in mainstream international relations, strategic studies and security studies circles. The first section offers a conceptual context for assessing the originality and significance of Azar's approach. The second section outlines his theory of protracted social conflict. The third section evaluates his theory in the light of developments in conflict analysis in the 13 years since his death. The conclusion is that Azar's work does not merit such neglect and that it still offers useful pointers for an understanding of the sources of major armed conflict in the turbulent and contested arena of post-Cold War politics.

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SHEBALDINA, Galina. "THE RELEASE OF PRISONERS: BASED ON MATERIALS FROM PEACE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND SWEDEN IN THE 16TH–18TH CENTURIES." Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no. 4 (27) (2021): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2021-4-82-90.

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Establishing legal norms regulating the status and position of prisoners of war was a protracted process. It started out as traditions, customs, and practical experiences accumulated during military conflicts. As time went by, the development of humane outlooks, in Europe strongly influenced by Christian morals and ethics, resulted in changes to the status and situation of prisoners. The article traces this process in detail, considering the relevant treaties concluded by Russia and Sweden in the 16th-18th centuries following the end of military conflicts between the two states. This research helps discover prerequisites for shaping a unified international law on prisoners-of-war in the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

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Arai-Takahashi, Yutaka. "Unearthing the Problematic Terrain of Prolonged Occupation." Israel Law Review 52, no. 2 (2019): 125–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223719000037.

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This article will explore the travaux préparatoires of the key legal instruments on the laws of war and international humanitarian law (IHL) with a view to obtaining crucial insight into the ‘original’ understandings of their drafters as to the provisional nature and the temporal length of occupation. The findings of the travaux show the general premise of the framers of the ‘classic’ instruments on the laws of war that the legal regime of occupation should be provisional. In the concurrent doctrinal discourses this premise was endorsed by most scholars. Examination of the records of the negotiations on the drafting of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 reveals that even the proponents of ‘transformative occupation’ did not seem to envisage occupation that would endure for decades. Nevertheless, by the time the 1977 Additional Protocol I was drafted, several instances of protracted occupation already existed, which seems to have led to a decisive shift in the argumentative structure. There is no disputing the applicability of IHL to any occupied territory, irrespective of the length of the occupation. Yet the suggestion that nothing under IHL would forestall an occupying power from engaging in protracted occupation departs from the traditional premise that occupation ought to be provisional. This also seems to be paradoxical in historical perspectives.

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Viblyi, Petro, and Mariia Popadynets. "Investment attractiveness of Ukraine in conditions of prolonged war." Galician economic journal 89, no. 4 (2024): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2024.04.082.

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The article indicates the impact of investments on the economy of Ukraine and investigates the investment potential in the conditions of a protracted war and the investment attractiveness of Ukraine in the conditions of a prolonged war. The important mechanism for stimulating investment activity, namely state support of the authorities in the form of compensation of a part of the interest rate and provision of state guarantees for loans is considered. Negative factors that significantly affected the process of attracting investments in the development of the economy, namely the development of the country and its economy in the conditions of war, are also presented; lack of protection and state guarantee mechanisms for foreign investments. Nevertheless, the main problems that concern investors when investing in the military economy have been revealed. The article describes why Ukraine remains attractive for investment in the face of a full-scale invasion and its potential in the face of a protracted war. It indicates how to ensure the stable development of investment attractiveness. The platform for potential foreign investors is mentioned, which collects more than 500 investment projects and opportunities in 10 sectors of the economy that have significant investment potential, namely: the defense industry, metallurgy and metal processing, energy, natural resources, agricultural sector, transport infrastructure, manufacturing, woodworking and furniture manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, advanced technologies. It also indicates which sector suffered the least losses from the war and retained 95% of contract volumes. This paper describes what is necessary to ensure the stable development of investment attractiveness. It is stated that Ukraine should reform its economy and improve the business environment by improving the legal system, fighting corruption, ensuring intellectual property rights and promoting entrepreneurship and innovation. Possible ways to attract investments in the conditions of a long-term war are indicated. It analyzes how Ukrainians invest during the war and which investment strategy they choose. It is noted that the agreement with the G7 and the EU on investment guarantees provides for the receipt of long-term and economically beneficial loans from international financial organizations, such as the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the European Investment Bank.

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Kangaspuro, Markku. "Finland and Russia in the protracted war? Transient and immutable in the image Soviet Russia since the Winter war." Петербургский исторический журнал, no. 4 (2017): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51255/2311-603x-2017-00077.

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Nuri, Najafov Zafar. "Conceptual Bases of the İmpact of Ethnic Conflicts on Regional and İnternational Security." Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics 1, no. 2 (2021): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/polit.v1i2.447.

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The article examines the impact of ethnic conflicts on regional and international security. It is noted that during the Cold War, it was impossible to conduct serious research in this area. Because ethnic conflicts were seen as an internal affair of states. However, with the end of the Cold War, the collapse of absolute sovereignty intensified the interaction between the domestic life of the country and the international community. Such a development in the context of globalization has turned ethnic conflicts into a problem of international politics, taking them out of the context of the internal affairs of states. The globalization of ethnic conflicts has strengthened its impact on regional and international security and laid the groundwork for the "ethnicization of international relations". The impact of ethnic conflicts on regional and international security can be studied in the context of instrumentalism, neomondialism, the Brubaker’s Triangle, ethno-political movements, and theories of protracted conflict. In the theory of instrumentalism, ethnic conflict is seen as a means of struggle by elites. Even this struggle serves the interests of the ruling forces not only within the country, but also abroad. In the theory of protracted social conflicts, the main processes revolve around internal conflicts and identities. The Brubaker’s Triangle and theories of the ethnopolitical movement play an important role in the study of the external resources of separatism and its transformation into an interstate war. In the context of neomondialism, S. Huntington's theory of "clash of civilizations" tried to justify the fact that future conflicts will occur between religious and civilizational systems stemming from cultural factors.

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Gohrisch, Jana. "World War I and its aftermath: Reaching for the past and across the Atlantic." Journal of European Studies 51, no. 3-4 (2021): 304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00472441211033410.

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This article focuses on the British West Indies beginning with the involvement of African Caribbean soldiers in the Great War. It challenges the enduring myth of the First World War as a predominantly white European conflict. The main part focuses on C. L. R. James, the Trinidadian historian and playwright, following his paradigmatic trajectory from the colony to the ‘mother country’ and his involvement in the protracted transnational process of decolonization after the First Word War. It concentrates on one of his political pamphlets and on his play Toussaint Louverture. The work of the British writer and left-wing political activist Nancy Cunard is also presented as another ‘outsider’ text which can further an ongoing methodological project: the re-integration and cross-fertilization of received knowledge about the war with seemingly outlying knowledge, unorthodox political commitment and challenging aesthetics to produce a richer understanding of this formative period across the Atlantic divide.

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Grey, Sam. "Decolonisation as Peacemaking." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 4, no. 1 (2011): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v4i1.68.

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For decades now, Canada has been seen as a global exemplar of peacemaking and peacekeeping, yet the troubled relationship between its state and the Indigenous peoples within its borders doeslittle to support this image. There is, in fact, a strong case to be made that the ongoing crisis of Indigenous–settler state relations in Canada is best understood as a protracted war; or more succinctly, as a failure to achieve peace following the initial violence of conquest and colonisation. Accordingly, it makes sense to apply just war theory - a doctrine of military ethics - to the issue. Grounded in familiar moral and legal principles, the just war tradition is fully legible to the state, yetits principles also resonate with the Indigenous philosophy of 'decolonisation'. Because it articulatespowerful theories of justice while mapping a theoretical common ground between Indigenouspeoples and the settler state, just war theory emerges as a promising, and thus far neglected, framework for evolving a just peace in the wake of colonial conquest in Canada.

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DALE, ROBERT. "Divided we Stand: Cities, Social Unity and Post-War Reconstruction in Soviet Russia, 1945–1953." Contemporary European History 24, no. 4 (2015): 493–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777315000302.

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AbstractThis article explores the divisions created by the Great Patriotic War, its aftermath and the reconstruction of Russian cities in the late 1940s and early 1950s. It examines the conflicts created by rebuilding housing, infrastructure, restoring communities and allocating resources in cities where war's painful legacy continued to be felt. The war's impact varied enormously between cities on the frontlines and in the rear. Contrary to official propaganda rebuilding was a protracted process, which created divisions rather than unity.

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Alliez, Éric, and Maurizio Lazzarato. "Clausewitz and la pensée 681*." Critical Times 1, no. 1 (2018): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-1.1.49.

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Abstract In the aftermath of the Second World War, revolutionary movements remained dependent on Leninist theories and practices in their attempts to grasp the new relationship between war and capital. Yet these theories and practices failed to address the global “cold civil war” represented by the events of 1968. This article will show that in the 1970s this task was not undertaken by “professional revolutionaries” or in their Maoist discourse of “protracted war” and its “generalized Clauzewitzian strategy.” Rather, the problem was addressed by Michel Foucault, on the one hand, and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, on the other. Each produced a radical break in the conception of war and of its constitutive relationship with capitalism, taking up the confrontation with Clausewitz to reverse the famous formula such that war was not to be understood as the continuation of politics (which determines its ends). Politics was, on the contrary, to be understood as an element and strategic modality of the whole constituted by war. The ambition of la pensée 68, as represented by Foucault and Deleuze and Guattari, was not to make this reversal into a simple permutation of the formula's terms, but rather to develop a radical critique of the concepts of “war” and “politics” presupposed by Clausewitz's formula.

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Casas-Casas, Andrés, Nathalie Mendez, and Juan Federico Pino. "Trust and Prospective Reconciliation: Evidence From a Protracted Armed Conflict." Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 15, no. 3 (2020): 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1542316620945968.

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Traditional approaches to international aid deal with post-conflict risks focusing on external safeguards for peacebuilding, leaving local social enhancers playing a subsidiary role. Trust has long been highlighted as a key factor that can positively affect sustainable peace efforts by reducing intergroup hostility. Surprisingly, most post-conflict studies deal with trust as a dependent variable. Using a cross-sectional multi-method field study in Colombia, we assess the impact of trust on prospective reconciliation in the midst of an ongoing peace process. We find that trust in ex-combatants and in government increases the likelihood of having positive attitudes towards future reconciliation and willingness to support not only the peace process but reconciliation activities after war. We offer evidence supporting the idea that rather than drawing exclusively on economic and military capabilities, investing in local governance infrastructures that promote prosocial behaviour and positive belief management in the pre-reconciliation face offers a complementary alternative to help societies exit civil wars while tackling barriers to peacebuilding efforts in the initial stages of a post-conflict.

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Withanawasam, Athula. "Agreement and Consensus Between Government and Rebellion Groups During War Politics in Ampara District of Sri Lanka." International Journal of Social Science Research 9, no. 1 (2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v9i1.18470.

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This article is about the agreement and consensus between government and rebellion groups during war politics with special reference to Ampara district in Sri Lanka. The article argues that war causes transforming normal pattern of politics if we perceive of war as power struggle. The article further argues that to understand politics and power struggle during war requires conceptualization of war politics. Therefore, this article has attempted to conceptualize war politics and applied it to understand the nature and content of war politics in Sri Lanka in general and in Ampara district in particular during the period of protracted civil war. The data for the study were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were extracted from the extensive field works while secondary data were collected from desk analysis. The above data were descriptively analyzed and presented in this paper as summaries of arguments and author’s interpretation. This study has found that war causes dual power making civilians and officers becoming clueless on whose orders were to be obeyed because war resulted in crisis of the state. The study has also found that war politics results in syndromes of incapacitated, establishment of dual power and existence of reciprocal understanding between government and rebellion groups during war. The study concludes that there is a probability of an emerging agreement and consensus between actors of governmental politics and war politics during wars to achieve their strategic objectives.

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Malaquias, Assis. "Making war & lots of money: the political economy of protracted conflict in Angola." Review of African Political Economy 28, no. 90 (2001): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240108704563.

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Michaels, Jeffrey H. "Waging “Protracted Conflict” Behind the Scenes: The Cold War Activism of Frank R. Barnett." Journal of Cold War Studies 19, no. 1 (2017): 70–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00718.

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From the end of World War II to the collapse of the Soviet Union, Frank R. Barnett, a private U.S. citizen, became a central player among the West's ‘Cold Warriors’ by developing and applying a unique methodology for organizing anti-Communist “political warfare” both in the United States and around the world. Recognizing the limits of government-sponsored activities in prosecuting a more aggressive strategy to counter the Soviet Union, Barnett sidestepped U.S. officialdom and created a parallel and less-constrained private network to engage in “protracted conflict” for the purpose of “rolling back the Soviet empire.” A key aspect of his activism involved developing educational gatherings for policymakers, lawmakers, industrialists, military reserve officers, and scholars. Arguably the most notable achievement of this network was that it kept the ideology of hardline anti-Communism on the “back burner” during a period when the mainstream discourse of “peaceful coexistence” and détente prevailed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Protracted war'

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