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1
LI, XIAOQIANG, BINGZHONG REN, YUTING ZOU, JIAN ZHANG, and YINLIANG WANG. "The study of proventricular micromorphological characterization of ten Grylloidea species (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from China." Zootaxa 2906, no. 1 (2011): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2906.1.3.
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The present study compares the proventricular morphology, analyzed under optic microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), among ten Grylloidea species. The result showed that the size of proventriculus was of critical value. Internally, the main differences were the number of sclerotized appendix (sa), middle denticles (md) and lateral denticles (ld), and the structure of lateral teeth (lt). In addition, we analyzed the crickets’ feeding habits and note that the the proventriculus possesses highly sclerotized projections which act in the selection of victuals. The morphology of proventriculus is closely related to feeding habits. A clustering analysis of seven features of the proventriculus was constructed. It revealed that the proventriculus had significance for taxonomy and species relationships. Observations on morphological characterization of proventricular morphology will be useful in future studies of the feeding habits and phylogeny of crickets.
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Hellebuyck, T., L. Geerinckx, J. Simard, M. Verlinden, and A. Van Caelenberg. "An atypical case of proventricular dilatation in a Red-and-green Macaw (Ara chloropterus)." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 88, no. 6 (2019): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v88i6.15989.
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A Red-and-green Macaw (Ara chloropterus) was presented with regurgitation and passage of undigested seeds in the feces. Radiographic examination revealed dilatation of the proventriculus. Contrast radiography was performed and revealed that the proventricular dilatation and associated clinical signs resulted from circumferential thickening of the proventricular wall leading to severe narrowing of the lumen of the proventriculus. Testing for parrot bornavirus (PaBV) was negative. After the initiation of antimicrobial treatment because of suspected bacterial overgrowth, all clinical signs resolved two weeks after the start of the treatment, and radiographs taken four months after initial presentation revealed a normal appearance and size of the proventriculus. In the present case, bacterial proventriculitis associated with hyperplasia of the proventricular wall was put forward as a final but presumptive diagnosis highlighting the need to differentiate bacterial proventriculitis from other causes of proventricular dilatation in macaws.
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Ruiz-González, Mario X. "Abnormal Proventriculus in Bumble Bee Males." Diversity 14, no. 9 (2022): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14090775.
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Females social insects are widely investigated, while males are often neglected. Previous work on the morphology of the bumble bee male alimentary tract has described the presence of swollen proventriculi as a character with taxonomic value. New observations suggest that the abnormal proventriculus might be an abnormal condition. Here, I identify a potential health issue in bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) male alimentary tracts that consists of a swollen and strongly melanized proventriculus, thereby preventing the normal passage of food through the esophageal valve. Males from three bumble bee species exhibited the abnormal proventriculus with an overall prevalence of 31.1% across two years. This finding challenges previous research that suggested the swollen and melanized proventriculus of Bombus males as a taxonomic character.
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Sewoyo, Palagan Senopati, I. Putu Cahyadi Putra, and Willy Morris Nainggolan. "Pathology of proventricular tetrameriasis in a free-range chicken." ARSHI Veterinary Letters 8, no. 3 (2024): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/avl.8.3.47-48.
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This case report aimed to investigate the aetiology of proventricular lesions and associated clinical symptoms in local free-range chickens suspected of having proventricular tetrameriasis. Proventricular tetrameriasis is a poultry disease caused by the nematode Tetrameres sp. In this case, 15 local free-range chickens, approximately eight months old, from Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia, exhibited symptoms of anorexia and greenish diarrhoea, resulting in the death of three chickens. One of the deceased chickens underwent thorough examinations, including anatomical pathology (PA), histopathology (HP), hemagglutinin (HA), and hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) tests for Newcastle disease virus (NDV). PA examination revealed blackish and reddish nodules on the proventriculus surface, although both HA and HI tests for NDV returned negative results. HP examination of the proventriculus tissue revealed cross-sections of Tetrameres sp. nematodes with pseudo-coeloms filled with bright eosinophilic fluids. Additionally, ectasia of the proventricular glands, with compression atrophy and mild inflammation, was observed.
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Al- Kinany, Marwa Jamal. "Streptopelia senegalensis and White-breasted Kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 4, no. 2 (2014): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v4i2.589.
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The aim of the current work was to study the histological structures of glandular stomach, the proventriculus andcompare it in two types of Iraqi wild birds according to differences in diets. The birds are, Laughing dove, Streptopelia senegalensis which comprised the grainivorous bird and white breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis which comprised the carnivorous bird. The results exhibited that the wall of the stomach (proventriculus) of two birds consists of the four layers of typical tubular organ: tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. The tunica mucosa of two birds consisted of three layers, epithelium, lamina properia and muscularis , the free surface of two birds is covered with circular plicae modified from of the mucosa, The surface lining cells of this folds in both of birds is simple columnar with clear cytoplasm. The lamina propria is constituted by connective tissue with blood vessels and lymphocitary infiltration. As well as simple tubular glands. Notice that these glands are lining by simple columnar in white breasted kingfisher while simple cuboidal to columnar in laughing dove. Muscularis mucosa was a smooth muscle fibers, appears scattered along the lamina propria in laughing dove surrounds the apical part of deep proventricular glands, and extend inside the proventricular folds and entirely around the deep proventricular glands in white breasted kingfisher.Submucosa layer occupy most of the real area of the proventriculus wall containing numerous deep proventricular glands that occupy great part of submucosa. This layer is thicker in kingfisher as compared with laughing dove.
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Araujo, Jeann Leal de, Thierry Grima de Cristo, Raissa Moreira de Morais, et al. "Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) outbreak in blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna) in the State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 11 (2017): 1331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017001100022.
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ABSTRACT: Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a lethal and important disease of captive psittacine birds, and affects a wide range of species, including endangered ones, and lacks an effective treatment. This report describes PDD in three blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna) in southern Brazil. All three macaws originated from the same aviary and presented similar clinical signs including anorexia, apathy, emaciation and prostration. At necropsy, one of the macaws presented an enlarged proventriculus. Histologically, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates was observed in the ganglia and nerves of the esophagus, crop, proventriculus, ventriculus, heart, adrenal glands, and adrenal medulla of all three cases. Two macaws had meningoencephalomyelitis and one had myocarditis. Immunohistochemistry identified PaBV antigen in the brain, proventricular, ventricular ganglia, and epicardial ganglia, and cardiomyocytes of all three macaws.
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Narita, T., K. Saitoh, T. Kameda, et al. "BMPs are necessary for stomach gland formation in the chicken embryo: a study using virally induced BMP-2 and Noggin expression." Development 127, no. 5 (2000): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.5.981.
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Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are necessary for the normal development of various digestive organs. In chicken proventriculus (glandular stomach), morphogenesis and differentiation of the epithelium depend upon the inductive signals coming from underlying mesenchyme. However, the nature of such signals is still unclear despite extensive analyses carried out using experimental tissue recombinations. In this study we have examined the possible involvement of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the formation of stomach glands in the chicken embryo. Analysis of the expression patterns of BMP-2, −4 and −7 showed that these BMPs were present in the proventricular mesenchyme prior to the initiation of the proventricular gland formation. BMP-2 expression, in particular, was restricted to the proventriculus among anterior digestive organs. Virus-mediated BMP-2 overexpression resulted in an increase in the number of glands formed. Moreover, ectopic expression of Noggin, which antagonizes the effect of BMPs, in the proventricular mesenchyme or epithelium, led to the complete inhibition of gland formation, indicating that BMP signals are necessary for the proventricular gland formation. These findings suggest that BMPs are of prime importance as mesenchymal signals for inducing proventricular glands.
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Abdul-Mughni, Aref, Walaa Abdelwahab, Abdeghani Basha, Ahmed Abdellatif, and Hassan SA. "Gross, histological and histochemical investigation of the stomach of the Eurasian stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) and pied king fisher (Ceryle rudis)." Yemeni Journal of Agriculture & Veterinary Sciences 5, no. 2 (2024): 46–61. https://doi.org/10.70022/yjavs.v5i2.2244.
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The structure of the stomach is correlated to the type of the food of the organism. This study investigated the gross, microscopic, histochemical and ultrastructure of the stomach of the stone curlew and pied king fisher. Six adult stone curlew and six adult pied kingfisher of both sexes were used. The results revealed that, the proventriculus was truncated cone- shaped organ in curlew; while, it is very short tube-like in kingfisher. The mucosal surface of the proventriculus has proventricular papillae over its entire surface. The ventriculus was biconvex lens in shape in curlew; while, in kingfisher it is sac-like organ. The thick muscular wall in curlew consisted of the Crassus caudodorsalis, C. cranioventralis muscles, tenuis craniodorsalis and caudoventralis; while, the wall is thin in kingfisher so this organization is unclear. The proventriculus and ventriculus in both studied birds have folds of the tunica mucosa lined by columnar epithelium. Simple tubular glands occupied the lamina propria. The ventricular glands were lined by simple columnar cells. The proventricular glands were situated between the inner and outer layers of the lamina muscularis mucosae. The tunica submucosa was very thin in the proventricular wall; while, in the ventriculus, it was not separated from the lamina propria due to the absence of any lamina muscularis mucosae. Musclosa of ventriculus in kingfisher consisted of three layers: an internal longitudinal layer, a middle circular layer and an external layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers; while, in curlew the outer longitudinal layer was absent. In conclusion, the study detected many variations in the stomach structures of birds subjected to study and these differences could be due to the differences in food habit. Further studies should be carried out for more understanding the physiological process of digestion and nutrient absorption in these birds.
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Yovchev, D. "HISTOLOGIC AND MICROMETRIC STUDY OF THE PROVENTRICULUS AND GIZZARD OF THE WILD BRONZE TURKEY (MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO)." Trakia Journal of Sciences 20, no. 2 (2022): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2022.02.003.
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the histologic and micrometric study of the proventriculus and gizzard of the wild bronze turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Thirty clinically healthy Bronze turkeys (15 females and 15 males) were used for the study. Twelve tissue samples (six from the proventriculus and six from gizzard) from the corresponding age group were used to prepare histological slides. The preparations were stained with hematoxylin (Erlich) - eosin and Masson’s trichrome. The wall of the proventriculus was composed of four layers. They were tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Mucosa had many grooves and plicae with simple columnar epithelium. The proventricular submucosa had compound tubuloalveolar glands which took the greatest part of the wall. The gizzard had tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Compound tubular glands were found in the mucosa. On the mucosal surface was observed a thick keratinized layer, which was produced by the glands. In lamina propria mucosae were found compound tubular glands which opened on the mucosal surface by a short neck. The glands in the grooves were more branched, compared to those localized in the folds. Lamina muscularis mucosae was not found.
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Bland, RG, and DCF Rentz. "Studies in Australian Gryllacrididae: the proventriculus as a taxonomic character." Invertebrate Systematics 5, no. 2 (1991): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9910443.
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The internal structure of the proventriculus of 17 species from 12 gryllacridid genera is described using light and scanning electron microscopy and is discussed in relation to its use as a taxonomic character. Structural differences were sufficient at 60 to 200 x to separate genera and species. Correlations between proventricular structure and food type are briefly discussed.
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Fukuda, K., Y. Ishii, H. Saiga, K. Shiokawa, and S. Yasugi. "Mesenchymal regulation of epithelial gene expression in developing avian stomach: 5′-flanking region of pepsinogen gene can mediate mesenchymal influence on its expression." Development 120, no. 12 (1994): 3487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.12.3487.
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The expression of a gene encoding an embryonic chick pepsinogen was investigated in developing avian gut. Expression is restricted to the epithelial layer of the embryonic proventriculus (glandular stomach). We can therefore regard this gene as a marker gene for proventricular epithelial differentiation. There is some considerable evidence in favour of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions being important during the development of the gastrointestinal system; for example, pepsinogen expression is induced in proventricular and gizzard (muscular stomach) epithelial by the proventricular mesenchyme but is suppressed by the gizzard mesenchyme. In the present paper, we studied how the mesenchymes influence this gene expression pattern. For this we produced constructs containing various portions of the 5′-flanking region of the embryonic chick pepsinogen gene, driving reporter sequences (beta-galactocidase or luciferase), and these constructs were transfected into dissociated epithelial cells either from the proventriculus or gizzard. We then recombined these cells with mesenchymal cells and cultured them as cell aggregates. In this way, we were able to dissect the timing and other requirements of the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions for expression of embryonic chick pepsinogen gene. We also report that 1.1 kb of 5′-flanking sequence is sufficient to drive correct expression of embryonic chick pepsinogen gene, although further enhancement was seen if the constructs contained 3.2 kb of upstream sequence.
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Bauer, Reinhard, Corinna Lehmann, Bernhard Fuss, Franka Eckardt, and Michael Hoch. "The Drosophila gap junction channel gene innexin 2controls foregut development in response to Wingless signalling." Journal of Cell Science 115, no. 9 (2002): 1859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.115.9.1859.
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In invertebrates, the direct communication of neighbouring cells is mediated by gap junctions, which are composed of oligomers of the innexin family of transmembrane proteins. Studies of the few known innexinmutants in Drosophila and C. elegans have shown that innexin proteins, which are structurally analogous to the connexins in vertebrates,play a major structural role as gap junctional core components in electric signal transmission. We show that Drosophila innexin 2 mutants display a feeding defect that originates from a failure of epithelial cells to migrate and invaginate during proventriculus organogenesis. The proventriculus is a valve-like organ that regulates food passage from the foregut into the midgut. Immunhistological studies indicate that innexin 2 is functionally required to establish a primordial structure of the proventriculus, the keyhole, during the regionalisation of the embryonic foregut tube, which is under the control of Wingless and Hedgehog signalling. Our genetic lack- and gain-of-function studies, and experiments in Dorsophila tissue culture cells provide strong evidence that innexin 2 is a target gene of Wingless signalling in the proventricular cells. This is the first evidence, to our knowledge, that an invertebrate gap junction gene controls epithelial tissue and organ morphogenesis in response to the conserved WNT signalling cascade.
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Mutlak, Baydaa Hussain, and Sadama Said Faraj. "MORPHO-HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PROVENTRICULUS OF EURASIAN MARSH HARRIER CIRCUS AERUGINOSUS (LINNAEUS, (1766 (AVES, ACCIPITRIFORMES, ACCIPITRIDAE)." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 18, no. 1 (2024): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2024.18.1.0139.
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The study aimed to describe the anatomical, histological, and histochemical structure of the proventriculuc of adult male Eurasian marsh harrier, Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Accipitriformes, Accipitridae). Six birds were used for this study. The histological sections of proventriculus were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff, and alcain blue. The proventriculus, representing the upper stomach, appeared as a conical structure with a thick wall connecting the caudal end of the thoracic esophagus to the gizzard. It had a light brown color. Microscopic examination revealed that the proventriculus wall consists of the outer tunica serosa, the tunica muscularis, tunica sub mucosa, and the inner tunica mucosa. The mucous layer exhibited folds, and the sulci represented many longitudinal folds with uniform lengths on its luminal surface. A single layer of columnar cells with oval-shaped nuclei made up the lining epithelium. The second layer was the laminal layer propria, composed of a relatively dense network of connective tissue. A thin, discontinuous layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers in the muscularis mucosa separates the lamina propria from the sub mucosa. The submucosa appears as a very thick layer of dense vascular connective tissue, sub-mucosal compound tubuloalveolar glands form the major bulk of this tunica. These glands are arranged in one to three series of lobules that appear in different shapes. Muscularis externa consists of smooth muscle fibers arranged in a thick inner circular layer and a thin discontinuous outer longitudinal layer. The tunica serosa was a well-developed layer constituted by loose connective tissue covered by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells of the mesothelium. The proventriculus has some similarities to other bird species as well as some variations to other species, which may be explained by its nourishing food and behavior.
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Dr., Yetunde.O.Ogunkoya. "Clusters of endocrine-like cells in the Proventriculus of three small passerines." International Multispeciality Journal of Health 4, no. 9 (2018): 279–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1472179.
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<strong><em>Abstract—</em></strong> <em>The proventriculi of three small passerines have been studied by electron microscopy. Based on morphology, location of cells and size of granules, ten different types of gastric endocrine-like cells GELCs in the proventriculus were identified. GELCs were observed singly and in clusters in the glandular tubules of the proventriculi. Clustered GELCs in connective tissue, with a blood and nerve supply, is reported for the first time in the avian proventriculus. All GELCs were closely associated with capillaries and many had unmyelinated axons in close proximity. There was a considerable range in the size, electron density and distribution of the granular vesicles within the GELCs suggestive of colocalization and storage of differennt hormones in the same cell. Although most types of GELCs were round to oval, some had elongated cytoplasmic processes that contained numerous vesicles. The GELCs also varied in that some had specific membrane associations with adjacent cells while others did not. The identification of several types of cell suggests that there is considerable local hormonal control of activity within these regions of the avian digestive system. The study attempts to provide a baseline for future ultrastructural, immunocytochemical studies on the content of the granules in these cells.</em>
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Tizard, Ian, H. L. Shivaprasad, Jianhua Guo, Samer Hameed, Judith Ball, and Susan Payne. "The pathogenesis of proventricular dilatation disease." Animal Health Research Reviews 17, no. 2 (2016): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252316000189.
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AbstractBornaviruses cause neurologic diseases in several species of birds, especially parrots, waterfowl and finches. The characteristic lesions observed in these birds include encephalitis and gross dilatation of the anterior stomach — the proventriculus. The disease is thus known as proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is characterized by extreme proventricular dilatation, blockage of the passage of digesta and consequent death by starvation. There are few clinical resemblances between this and the bornaviral encephalitides observed in mammals. Nevertheless, there are common virus-induced pathogenic pathways shared across this disease spectrum that are explored in this review. Additionally, a review of the literature relating to gastroparesis in humans and the control of gastric mobility in mammals and birds points to several plausible mechanisms by which bornaviral infection may result in extreme proventricular dilatation.
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Farhana, Nazmun Nusrat, and Rashida Khaton. "Clinicopathological investigation of Newcastle disease in commercial poultry farms at Bogura district of Bangladesh." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 9, no. 3 (2024): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v9i3.76946.
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Newcastle disease (ND) now seems endemic in commercial poultry industry of Bangladesh with continuous significant high prevalence and regular outbreaks. High morbidity, up to 100% mortality rate and high economic loss of ND makes it major constraints of poultry industries. We find out the prevalence of ND in dead, sick and apparently healthy poultry at Bogura district of Bangladesh. From July 2020 to June 2021, we observed a total of 500 birds including 31 sick and dead birds randomly from 10 commercial poultry farms of Bogura district. The prevalence was assessed through clinical observations and the documented history of individual birds. For pathological analysis, 31 samples from sick and deceased birds were collected, and detailed examinations of gross lesions and histopathological changes in the cecal tonsils and proventriculus were conducted. Wide ranges of clinical signs are observed in affected birds and it can be diagnosed based on clinical signs and pathological studies. The prevalence of Newcastle disease was 14.20% in apparently healthy birds and 26.6% in sick and dead birds. ND prevalence increased in summer (56%) and decreased in rainy season (11.5%) and highest at the age group of (5-36) weeks of age. Grossly, numerous infected birds had lesions such as pin-point hemorrhage on proventriculur gland, hemorrhage in the trachea, congested and consolidated lungs, button-like ulcers in the caeca, and hemorrhagic caecal tonsils. Microscopically, there was hemorrhage in the lamina propria associated with lymphatic nodules of the caecal tonsil, sloughing of glandular epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lumen of the proventriculur gland, congestion around the lobule of the proventriculus, and hyperemia on glandular epithelial cells of the proventriculur gland. This research revealed Newcastle disease remains endemic in Bangladesh's poultry industry, causing high prevalence, seasonal outbreaks, and severe economic losses. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2024, 9(3), 45-55
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Rickard, Lora G. "Proventricular lesions associated with natural and experimental infections of Dispharynx nasuta (Nematoda: Acuariidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 11 (1985): 2663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-398.
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Dispharynx nasuta (Rudolphi, 1819) was found in the proventriculus of 7 of 11 species of birds examined from Florida. Raised lesions with multifocal petechial hemorrhages, excess mucus, mononuclear infiltrate, and epithelial desquamation were consistently seen in these birds. Nematode larvae originating from eggs obtained from a northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis (L.), were fed to an adult brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater (Boddaert), and mature adults established within the proventriculus. The lesion produced was similar to those found in the naturally infected birds. Nematode larvae originating from eggs obtained from a blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata (L.)), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm), boat-tailed grackle (Quiscalus major Vieillot), northern cardinal, and wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo (L.)) were fed to young broad-breasted white domestic turkey poults. Larvae originating from northern cardinal and wild turkey established in the domestic turkeys; however, mature adults were found in only one bird after 12 weeks. Proventriculi from the domestic turkeys had a mixed mononuclear and granulocytic infiltrate, villar necrosis, and abscesses in the submucosa.
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Ibrahim, Mohamed, and S. M. Al-Kafagy. "Morphological Comparative Study of Proventriculus and Gizzard Between Bronze Fallow Cockatiel and White Eared Bulbul." SAR Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 6, no. 02 (2025): 75–79. https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjap.2025.v06i03.005.
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The current result aimed to investigate the comparative morphological note of gizzard and proventriculus between two bird (white eared bulbul and bronze fallow cockatiel) according to their food type. In this study used (10 sample) from each bird. The proventriculus of bulbul was spindle tubular in shape- pink in color, the internal surface have shallow longitudinal fold. While in cockatiel the proventriculus was red in color with the spindle shape, the internal surface there was conical projection. The weight of proventriculus of bulbul was more the than that in cockatiel while the length of proventriculus in cockatiel more than that in bulbul. The gizzard of bulbul appear ben elongated in shape surrounding with fatty tissue that appear brown in color, the inner surface have longitudinal fold. While in cockatiel the gizzard was round muscular in shape pink in color and the inner surface was clear without any longitudinal fold.
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Leal de Araújo, Jeann, and Raquel Rubia Rech. "Seeing beyond a Dilated Proventriculus: Diagnostic Tools for Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Psittacine Birds." Animals 11, no. 12 (2021): 3558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123558.
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Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a life-threatening neurological disease caused by parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) that affects several species worldwide. PDD can be clinically manifested as either a central nervous system condition or a gastrointestinal condition if the nerves and ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract are compromised. We intend to provide a concise review for veterinary clinicians and diagnosticians with focus on the main tools available for PDD diagnosis, including gross and histopathology, immunohistochemistry, molecular techniques and serology. We suggest that a combination of different strategies can increase the success of diagnostic outcomes, as tools such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be implemented for identification of bornaviral infections in live patients, and gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR can provide reliable results for postmortem diagnosis of PDD.
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Hayashi, K., S. Yasugi, and T. Mizuno. "Pepsinogen gene transcription induced in heterologous epithelial-mesenchymal recombinations of chicken endoderms and glandular stomach mesenchyme." Development 103, no. 4 (1988): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.103.4.725.
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Proventricular (glandular stomach) mesenchyme of chicken embryos can induce endoderms of some parts of embryonic digestive tract to produce embryonic chicken pepsinogen (ECPg), a marker protein for the differentiation of embryonic proventricular epithelium. In the present study, we investigated the production of ECPg mRNA in the course of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between endoderms of digestive tract and proventricular mesenchyme. ECPg mRNA was detected by Northern hybridization with ECPg cDNA as a probe. In normal development of the proventriculus, ECPg mRNA was first detected at day 7 of incubation, and it ceased to be produced by day 21. Embryonic esophagus, gizzard and small intestine did not contain ECPg mRNA. When 6-day esophagus, gizzard or proventricular endoderm was associated and cultured with 6-day proventricular mesenchyme, the recombinates formed proventricular-gland-like complex glands and produced ECPg mRNA in almost equal quantity. However, 6-day small intestinal or 3.5-day allantoic endoderm did not produce pepsinogen mRNA under the same conditions, though the recombinates formed complex glands. These results indicate that the proventricular mesenchyme can induce de novo transcription of ECPg gene in esophagus, proventricular and gizzard endoderms, and that ECPg gene in small intestinal and allantoic endoderms fails to react to the inducing signal.
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Weissenböck, Herbert, Karin Sekulin, Tamás Bakonyi, Sandra Högler, and Norbert Nowotny. "Novel Avian Bornavirus in a Nonpsittacine Species (Canary; Serinus canaria) with Enteric Ganglioneuritis and Encephalitis." Journal of Virology 83, no. 21 (2009): 11367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01343-09.
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ABSTRACT A canary bird (Serinus canaria) died with nonsuppurative ganglioneuritis of the proventriculus and gizzard and encephalitis, lesions comparable to proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) of psittacine birds. Recently, several genotypes of a novel avian bornavirus have been linked to PDD. In the canary, bornaviral antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in both neural and extraneural tissues. The widespread viral dissemination was confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR. Sequence analysis revealed a unique genotype of avian bornavirus. This observation suggests that bornaviruses are natural pathogens of several avian species and that the family Bornaviridae comprises more viral genotypes (or viral species) than previously assumed.
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Dael, Michaela Marisa, Inggrid T. Maha, Filphin A. Amalo, and Heny Nitbani. "Anatomical and Histological Morphology of The Esophagus and Proventriculus in Green Jungle Fowl (Gallus varius) from Alor Island." JURNAL ILMIAH PETERNAKAN TERPADU 9, no. 3 (2021): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jipt.v9i3.p291-310.
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Green jungle fowl (Gallus varius) is a species of jungle fowl endemic Indonesia. This study aims to find out the anatomical and histomorphologIcal of esophagus and proventriculus of green jungle fowl from Alor island. Samples of esophagus and proventriculus were taken from 3 green jungle fowl collected in Alor Regency. Macroscopic study observations include size, location, shape, color and consistency, then sample is fixated in a 10% formalin and made histology preparations as well as haemotoxilin-eosin staining. The results showed that the cervical and thoracic esophagus length is 9.8 ± 0.43 cm and 5.5 ± 0.24 cm, and diameters are 0.55 ± 0.11 cm and 0.6 ± 0.22 cm. The green jungle fowl esophagus is pale red, soft constency,and has a smooth outer surface. Histologically, the walls of esophagus are consist of tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis ekterna, and tunica adventisia. Proventriculus green jungle fowl length is 3.23 ± 0.21 cm, diameter 1.83 ± 0.24 cm, and weight 2 ± 0 g. The proventriculus is fusiform, pale red in color, and has denser consistency than esophagus. Proventriculus walls are composed of tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis ekterna and tunica serosa.
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Monisha, Nure Jannat, Akash Saha John, Shakhawat Hossain Sojol, ,. Rafiqul Islam, Nasrin Sultana, and Mohammad Rafiqul Islam. "Histomorphometry of the gastrointestinal tract of the broiler." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 22, no. 2 (2025): 33–42. https://doi.org/10.33109/bjvmjd2024am1.
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Background: The digestive system of birds is crucial for providing their bodies with the nutrition they require for upkeep, development, and reproduction. The study was conducted to investigate the histological variation of the mucosa of the digestive tract and the distribution pattern of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in broiler and cock. Methods: A total of 20 (6-7 weeks old) broiler and cock were divided into two equal groups (n=10). After cervical subluxation, different segments of gastrointestinal tract were collected and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Results: The histomorphological study revealed that the proventriculus lamina epithelium was higher in broiler, whereas the esophageal lamina epithelium and tunica mucosa were thicker in cock. The cock had the highest level of proventriculus’s mucosal thickness, villi height and width of jejunum and ileum and small intestine crypt depth. The lymphocyte population in the upper part of the proventriculus and Meckel's diverticulum were highest in the broiler. The highest length, breadth of lymphatic nodules, and crypt depth of Meckel's diverticulum were found in cock. The mucosal thickness and depth of the broiler's caecum and cecal tonsil crypts were the highest. The lymphocyte population of the cecal tonsil and thickness of tunica mucosa, and depth of the crypts of Lieberkuhn’s of colo-rectum were highest in broiler than cock. The lamina propria, lamina epithelium, core of the esophageal villi, the upper part of proventriculus, from duodenum to ileum, Meckel's diverticulum, caecum, cecal tonsil and colo-rectum of the broiler and cock all had high lymphocyte population frequencies. Conclusion: The study's results indicate significant histological variations in the gastrointestinal tracts and GALT between broiler and cock, potentially impacting their general well-being and productivity.
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Shugart, Gary W., and Tessa G. Nania. "Demographic Differences in the Quantity, Mass, and Anatomical Location of Ingested Plastic in Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis): A Review and Reconsideration of NE Pacific Ocean Samples." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 02, no. 03 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2103023.
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On the Washington and Oregon coast of the NE Pacific Ocean from 2008-2015, we found that juveniles represented 83% of Northern Fulmars that were beached. In comparison to older birds, juveniles averaged more mass and pieces of plastic in stomachs. This reflected relatively larger plastic loads in the cranial stomach section, the proventriculus, which we found was associated with relatively large accumulations in the caudal stomach section, the ventriculus. We estimate that the proventriculus could retain almost 10 times as much plastic as the ventriculus and that retention of proventricular plastic largely accounted for the difference in juveniles versus older birds. Our findings contrast with published Atlantic Ocean reports where the proportion of immatures was lower and plastic was retained mostly in ventriculi. The differences in demography and gastric distribution between NE Pacific and Atlantic fulmars may reflect the different sizes of plastic particles that were available. The preponderance of juveniles in NE Pacific Ocean samples and associated relatively large plastic loads overestimate the load for the species. Without accounting for age and gastric distribution, comparison to other regions is ill-advised. An unrecognized complication in stomach-based sampling is that differences in size of plastic at spatiotemporal scales could affect the utility of stomach samples as bioindicators of oceanic plastic pollution.
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El-Ghany, Wafaa Abd. "Avian macrorhabdosis (Macrorhabdus ornithogaster) causing proventriculitis: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and control." Veterinary Integrative Sciences 22, no. 3 (2023): 921–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2024.063.
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Macrorhabdosis is a chronic gastric debilitating disease causing loses in most bird’s species. Therefore, this article was designed to outline avian macrorhabdosis disease regarding the incidence, susceptibility, transmission, clinical picture, diagnosis, and control. Macrorhabdosis “formerly megabacteriosis” is a general designation for an important clinically or sub-clinically infectious disease of wild and in-captive companion, psittacin, and passerine birds world wild. Macrorhabdosis is caused by Macrorhabdus ornithogaster (M. ornithogaster) which mainly colonizes the proventriculus close to the proventiculargizzard isthmus. This organism was previously categorized as bacteria, but later it classified as fungus. Infection occurs through ingestion of contaminated feed and water by the droppings or the regurgitation of acute infected or chronic carrier birds. Infected birds M. ornithogaster may appear asymptomatic without signs or show anorexia, depletion, vomiting, diarrhea, and finally death. The lesions mostly constricted to the proventriculus or proventricular/ventricular ismuth as a form of enlargement and thickening with loose koilin layer. Diagnosis of infection is mainly based on microscopic and histopthological examinations and rapid detection of M. ornithogaster using molecular techniques. Application of sanitary and quarantine measures is the must for prevention of infection. Treatment of macrorhabdosis is difficult, however, antifungal and protozoa drugs were satisfactory in certain cases.
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Igwe, A. O. "Sequential histopathological changes of the lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts in chickens infected with velogenic Newcastle disease virus." Nigerian Veterinary Journal 44, no. 2 (2024): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v44i2.3.
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Velogenic Newcastle disease is a highly contagious and fatal disease that affects domestic poultry, and is clinically manifested by haemorrhagic gastroenteritis and respiratory distress. This study investigated the sequential histopathogic changes in the lungs, proventriculus, and intestines of broiler chickens infected with velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV). Fifty broiler chickens (6-weeks-old) were randomly assigned into two groups of 25 each: UC – unvaccinated with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines and intranasallly inoculated with vNDV, UU – unvaccinated uninfected. At 4, 5 and 6 days post-infection (d.p.i) tissue samples were collected from birds in each group for histopathology. The lungs showed hyperaemia, haemorrhages, inflammatory oedema and cellular infiltrations in the secondary bronchi, parabronchi (atria, infundibular, air and blood capillaries of the exchange tissue), depletion of bronchial-asociated lymphoid tissues, loss of cilia and hyperplasia of surface epithelium of bronchi and parabronchi at 4 d.p.i. The lesions progressed to collapsed air capillaries with fibroplasia and fibrosis of the area at 6 d.p.i. Similar inflammatory changes were observed in the proventriculus, but accompanied by degeneration and attenuation of surface epithelium of proventiculus and proventricular glands at 4 d.p.i., and severe necrosis and disintegration of the proventricular glands at 6 d.p.i. The intestine showed severe inflammatory changes in the mucosa, submucosa and serosa and depletion of gut-associated lymphoid tissues at 4 d.p.i., and ulcerative enteritis at 5 d.p.i. The lumen was filled with necrotic debris at 6 d.p.i. This study reinforces the concept making pathologic animal experiments important tools for a complete characterization of strains in susceptible animals, as this information will be helpful in the accurate diagnosis of velogenic Newcastle disease in chickens.
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Al-Saffar, F. J. Al-Saffar, and Eyhab, R. M. Al-Samawy. "Microscopic and morphometric study of the proventriculus and ventriculus of the Striated Scope Owl (Otus Scors brucei) in Iraq." Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences 5, no. 2 (2014): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36326/kjvs/2014/v5i24206.
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The stomach of the Striated Scope Owl (OtusScorsbrucei) consist of two externally distinguishable chambers: that are the proventriculus (glandular part which secretes the gastric juices) and the gizzard (ventriculus) which has a mechanical function. The proventriculus of longitudinal shape is cranially continuous with the esophagus. The gizzard was rounded shape with a thin wall is extended caudally to the proventriculus. The proventriculus was thick-walled and short (the mean length was 11.4mm , 7.1mm in diameter and 1mm3 in volume). The wall was constructed of the four typical layers of the tubular organ, that are tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularisand tunica serosa. The average thickness of each tunicawas 3240 mm, 14280 mm, 960 µm and 120 µm, respectively. The Gizzard was rounded sac surrounded by fatty tissue. Noticeably, it lack the smooth muscles fibers which are usually found in the developing gizzard and absence of the keratinoid lining of the mucosal surface. The mean length was 24.34 mm, 12.7 mm in diameter and 3 mm3 in volume.Similarly to the proventriculus, the gizzard’s wall was constructed of the same four tunics that are tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularisand tunica serosa. The average thicknesses of these tunicae are 1560 mm, 1680 mm, 3240 µm and 120 µm, respectively.
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Al-Saffar, F. J. Al-Saffar, and Eyhab, R. M. Al-Samawy. "Microscopic and morphometric study of the proventriculus and ventriculus of the Striated Scope Owl (Otus Scors brucei) in Iraq." Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences 5, no. 2 (2014): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36326/kjvs/2014/v5i24206.
Full textAbstract:
The stomach of the Striated Scope Owl (OtusScorsbrucei) consist of two externally distinguishable chambers: that are the proventriculus (glandular part which secretes the gastric juices) and the gizzard (ventriculus) which has a mechanical function. The proventriculus of longitudinal shape is cranially continuous with the esophagus. The gizzard was rounded shape with a thin wall is extended caudally to the proventriculus. The proventriculus was thick-walled and short (the mean length was 11.4mm , 7.1mm in diameter and 1mm3 in volume). The wall was constructed of the four typical layers of the tubular organ, that are tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularisand tunica serosa. The average thickness of each tunicawas 3240 mm, 14280 mm, 960 µm and 120 µm, respectively. The Gizzard was rounded sac surrounded by fatty tissue. Noticeably, it lack the smooth muscles fibers which are usually found in the developing gizzard and absence of the keratinoid lining of the mucosal surface. The mean length was 24.34 mm, 12.7 mm in diameter and 3 mm3 in volume.Similarly to the proventriculus, the gizzard’s wall was constructed of the same four tunics that are tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularisand tunica serosa. The average thicknesses of these tunicae are 1560 mm, 1680 mm, 3240 µm and 120 µm, respectively.
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Ciechanska, Ewa, David A. Dansereau, Pia C. Svendsen, Tim R. Heslip, and William J. Brook. "dAP-2 and defective proventriculus regulate Serrate and Delta expression in the tarsus of Drosophila melanogaster." Genome 50, no. 8 (2007): 693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g07-043.
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The segmentation of the proximal–distal axis of the Drosophila melanogaster leg depends on the localized activation of the Notch receptor. The expression of the Notch ligand genes Serrate and Delta in concentric, segmental rings results in the localized activation of Notch, which induces joint formation and is required for the growth of leg segments. We report here that the expression of Serrate and Delta in the leg is regulated by the transcription factor genes dAP-2 and defective proventriculus. Previous studies have shown that Notch activation induces dAP-2 in cells distal and adjacent to the Serrate/Delta domain of expression. We find that Serrate and Delta are ectopically expressed in dAP-2 mutant legs and that Serrate and Delta are repressed by ectopic expression of dAP-2. Furthermore, Serrate is induced cell-autonomously in dAP-2 mutant clones in many regions of the leg. We also find that the expression of a defective proventriculus reporter overlaps with dAP-2 expression and is complementary to Serrate expression in the tarsal segments. Ectopic expression of defective proventriculus is sufficient to block joint formation and Serrate and Delta expression. Loss of defective proventriculus results in localized, ectopic Serrate expression and the formation of ectopic joints with reversed polarity. Thus, in tarsal segments, dAP-2 and defective proventriculus are necessary for the correct proximal and distal boundaries of Serrate expression and repression of Serrate by defective proventriculus contributes to tarsal segment asymmetry. The repression of the Notch ligand genes Serrate and Delta by the Notch target gene dAP-2 may be a pattern-refining mechanism similar to those acting in embryonic segmentation and compartment boundary formation.
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Fenita, Yosi, Warnoto Warnoto, Urip Santoso, Nurmeiliasari Nurmeiliasari, Hindrianti Hindrianti, and Teguh Rafian. "Effect of Using Fermented Moringa Leaf Flour (Moringa oleifera) in Diets on Broiler Fat Deposition." Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia 18, no. 4 (2023): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jspi.id.18.4.228-234.
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This study aims to evaluate the effect of using fermented Moringa oleifera leaf flour in the diet on broiler fat deposition (percentage of neck fat, heart fat, proventriculus fat, gizzard fat, abdominal fat, and sartorial fat). The research was conducted from 20 August to 25 September 2021 at the Commercial Zone and Animal Laboratory (CZAL) of the Animal Husbandry Department and the Animal Husbandry Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments, five replications, and each replication consisting of 8 chickens. The variables observed were the percentage of abdominal fat, sartorial fat, gizzard fat, heart fat, proventriculus fat, and neck fat. The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on gizzard fat, heart fat, and neck fat but had a significant effect (P<0.05) on abdominal fat, sartorial fat, and proventriculus fat. The percentage of gizzard fat ranges from 0.263% - 0.320%, heart fat ranges from 0.026% - 0.036%, neck fat ranges from 0.020% - 0.031%, abdominal fat ranges from 0.334% - 0.441%, sartorial fat ranges from 0.163% - 0.217%, and proventriculus fat ranges from 0.024%. % - 0.038%. It was concluded that using fermented Moringa oleifera leaf flour up to a level of 15% could not reduce gizzard fat, heart fat, and neck fat in broilers. Still, it improved abdominal fat, sartorial fat, and proventriculus fat.
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Utama, Cahya Setya, Bambang Sulistiyanto, and T. A. Wicaksono. "PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BERBAGAI POLLARD TEROLAH TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN ORGAN PENCERNAAN AYAM BROILER UMUR 7 MINGGU." Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah 17, no. 1 (2019): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36762/litbangjateng.v17i1.772.
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The study aimed to examine the effect of using pollard in rations on the growth of proventricular, ventricular, duodenal, jejunal and ileal organs in 7-week-old broiler chickens. The research material used 200 broiler chickens aged 7 weeks with an average weight of 859 ± 59 g with each experimental unit consisting of 8 - 9 tails. The design used was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment is given (T0 = Comersial feeds, T1 = Feed with pollard without processing, T2 = Feed with pollard treated physically, T3 = Feed with pollard treated physically and biologically, and T4 = Feed with pollard treated physically and biology 60%) and 3 replications. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the administration of pollard treated physically and biologically has not been able to increase all the relative weights of the digestive organs of broiler chickens aged 7 weeks. In the proventriculus organ, the treatment can increase the relative weight of broiler digestive organs, but the relative weight of the proventriculus produced is still relatively normal. Measurement of broiler chicken organ weight needs to be done per week to determine the rate of increase in the relative weight of the optimal digestive organs, so that the maximum data on the growth of broiler organs are obtained optimally
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Salindeho, Indra Raymond, and Danielle Jane Johnston. "Functional morphology of the mouthparts and proventriculus of the rock crab Nectocarcinus tuberculosus (Decapoda: Portunidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 4 (2003): 821–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403007859h.
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Mouthpart and proventriculus structure of the brachyuran crab Nectocarcinus tuberculosus was described by scanning electron microscopy and histology and characteristics indicative of dietary preferences were identified. A qualitative stomach content analysis was conducted to verify structural interpretations with respect to diet. The mouthparts and proventriculus of N. tuberculosus have features that are typical of macrophagous crabs and are consistent with a carnivorous diet of hard items. However, the mandibular arrangement indicates that N. tuberculosus is also adapted to ingest soft plant material and fleshy items, revealing that this crab is omnivorous which is consistent with its habitat of rocky shores and sea grass beds. Carnivorous features of the feeding apparatus include large crista dentata on the third maxillipeds that grip food items during ingestion and cuspidate setae on the second maxillipeds and first maxillae. Nectocarcinus tuberculosus has a complex arrangement of proventricular ossicles, 5-denticulated accessory teeth, and a spiny cardio-pyloric valve with rough, calcified protuberances. It has a robust, strongly calcified gastric mill with a prominent anterior cusp and 11 roughly surfaced vertical ridges on each lateral tooth specialized for crushing and grinding. In contrast to true carnivorous crabs, the mandibles in this species are symmetrically arranged, with two sharp cutting edges and no teeth, an arrangement adapted to cut softer plant-like materials and flesh. Structural interpretations with respect to diet were confirmed by stomach content analysis where items identified included gastropods, bivalves and the sea grass Posidonia australis. Functionally, the filtering system in the proventriculus of N. tuberculosus is complex. The cardiac stomach has a well developed ventral filtration system or ‘cardiac filter’ which comprises coarse and fine filters. Different modifications of setation between the distal and proximal regions of the inner valve of the pyloric filter are unique to this crab species, with an intersetule width 600 nm in the distal region and 80–100 nm in the proximal region. This suggests that some differentiation in filtration occurs between regions within the pyloric filter.
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Liu, Hongmei, Kui Ma, Miaomiao Liu, et al. "Histologic findings and viral antigen distribution in natural coinfection of layer hens with subgroup J avian leukosis virus, Marek’s disease virus, and reticuloendotheliosis virus." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 31, no. 5 (2019): 761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719868274.
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We investigated the histologic findings and viral antigen distribution in 3 cases of natural coinfection of layer hens with subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J), Marek’s disease virus (MDV), and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in hens. At autopsy, diseased hens were found to have hepatosplenomegaly and thickened proventriculi, with white tumor nodules in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and ovary. Microscopically, most tissues had been infiltrated by neoplastic lymphocytes; the spleen, lung, proventriculus, heart, and liver had been infiltrated by both neoplastic lymphocytes and myeloblastic cells and/or primitive reticular cells. Fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemistry staining revealed ALV-J, MDV, and REV antigens co-expressed in the same tissue, even the same cell.
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Zainab Abd-Ali Mohammad and Abdul-Hussein Habash Awad. "Pathogenicity of Two Nematodes Tetramerese sp. and Microtetramerese Spiralis in Proventriculus of Some Aquatic Birds from Al-Sanaf Marshes in Thi-Qar Province, South of Iraq." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 7, no. 2 (2020): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v7i2.713.
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The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and mean of intensity of two nematodes Tetramerese sp. and Microtetrameresespiralis isolated from some of aquatic birds collected from Al-Sanaf marshes, Thi-Qar province.The pathological effects of these parasites on the tissues of the infected aquatic birds were recorded.TheTetramerese sp. females were embedded in glands of proventriculus of the some aquatic birds including: Ardea ralloides, Egretta garazeta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Himantopus himantopus, Larus genei, Bubulicus ibis, Aredea purpurea and Anas clypeata with prevalence 12.57% and mean of intensity 3.00, while the Microtetrameresespiralis embedded in gastric glands of proventriculus of Bubulicusibis with prevalence 10% and mean of intensity 25.00.Histopathological examination of infected tissues showed dilation of the proventericular gland lumen, atrophy, necrosis and degeneration of the glandular cells of proventriculus
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DENNISON, SOPHIE E., WILLIAM M. ADAMS, PHILIPPA J. JOHNSON, BRIAN S. YANDELL, and JOANNE R. PAUL-MURPHY. "PROGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF THE PROVENTRICULUS: KEEL RATIO FOR SHORT-TERM SURVIVAL IN PSITTACINES WITH PROVENTRICULAR DISEASE." Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 50, no. 5 (2009): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01582.x.
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Gibbs, D. G. "The proventriculus of some trichopterous larvae." Journal of Zoology 152, no. 2 (2009): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb01889.x.
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IKEZAWA, Mitsutaka, Masanobu GORYO, Jun SASAKI, and Kosuke OKADA. "Intussusception of the Proventriculus in Chicks." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 61, no. 4 (2008): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.61.299.
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Khomych, Volodymyr, Svitlana Usenko, Nadiya Dyshliuk, Tetiana Mazurkevych, and Zhanna Stehnei. "Morphofunctional Features of Limphoid Tissue of the Stomach in Some Wild Bird Species." Scientific Horizons 24, no. 4 (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.24(4).2021.9-16.
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The article presents the results of histological studies of topography, microstructure and functional features of the stomach lymphoid tissue in birds. The research was carried out on 12 species of wild birds belonging to 6 orders. Classical methods of histological specimens staining with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Weigert, Van Gieson, and argentum nitrate impregnation according to Kelemen were used when performing the work. It has been confirmed that the birds' stomach has glandular (proventriculus), muscular (ventriculus, gizzard) and pyloric parts, which are not equally expressed in separate species. In all parts of the stomach, lymphoid tissue is represented by local clusters, which in birds of the orders Galliiformes (P. colchicus, B. bonasia, P. crictatus); Anseriformes (B. canadensis); Passeriformes (P. pica, C. cornix); Gruiformes (G. chloropus, F. atra); Ciconiiformes (C. ciconia) and Columbiiformes (C. livia) are located in the tunica mucosa and submucosa, and in B. canadensis, F. atra, G. chloropus also in the tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. In L. lagopus and G. glandarius, lymphoid tissue has been found only in the proventriculus and its intermediate zone. Structural levels of lymphoid tissue (diffuse form, prenodules, primary and secondary lymphoid nodules) are unequally expressed in the birds' stomach. In B. bonasia, B. canadensis, P. pica, C. cornix, C. ciconia, C. livia, only a diffuse form appears in all its parts. This form of lymphoid tissue is registered in the ventriculus of other birds species and proventriculus in L. lagopus and G. glandarius. All levels of the lymphoid tissue structural organization are detected in the proventriculus in P. crictatus, G. chloropus and in the proventriculus and pyloric part of the stomach in P. colchicus and F. atra. The content of lymphoid tissue is different in parts of the birds' stomach. Most of all it is contained in the intermediate zone of the proventriculus and the pyloric part of the stomach. Diffuse form is the most common among the levels of lymphoid tissue structural organization. The research results make it possible to more fully assess the morphofunctional status of wild birds and, accordingly, to find out the state of their immune system
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Akter, K., M. T. Mussa, M. A. Sayeed, M. A. Hai, and M. M. Uddin. "STUDY ON POSTNATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CROP AND PROVENTRICULUS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT OF BROILER." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 16, no. 1 (2018): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v16i1.37367.
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The experiment was carried out to investigate postnatal growth and development of crop and proventriculus of digestive tract of broiler. Total 45 (“Cobb-500”) chickens of three age groups like day 1(D1), day14 (D14), day 28 (D28) were used each group containing fifteen chickens. All birds were slaughtered after respective days then crop and proventriculus were collected. Total length, diameter and weight were determined by “slide calipers” and electronic balance. Then the samples were processed and stained with H and E stain for histological study. The length (cm), diameter (cm) and weight (gm) of crop and proventriculus were increased gradually with the age where highest at 28 and lowest at day 1. Number of mucosal folds of crop was highest at 1 and lowest at day 28. The keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of crop was thickest at day 28. Submucosa contains thin loose connective tissue. Tunica muscularis contains thick inner circular and thinner outer longitudinal smooth muscle and externally covered by adventitia. The mucosa of the proventriculus has macroscopic papillae with numerous folds and lined by simple columnar epithelium. Submucosal glands are lined by simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium. Lamina propria contains loose connective tissue and muscularis contains scattered bundles of smooth muscle. Tunica muscularis consists of smooth muscle and externally covered by serosa.
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Campbell, B., A. Garner, R. Dimaline, and G. J. Dockray. "Hormonal control of avian pancreas by gastrin-releasing peptide from the proventriculus." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 261, no. 1 (1991): G16—G21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1991.261.1.g16.
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Endocrine cells in the acid-secreting part of the avian stomach, the proventriculus, contain two forms of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) of 27 and 6 residues, respectively. We have examined the actions of exogenous GRP-27 and GRP-6 and endogenously released GRP in the control of pancreatic secretion in urethan-anesthetized turkeys. Chicken GRP-27 and the structurally related amphibian peptide bombesin were potent stimulants of fluid and protein output from the pancreas (at 6-100 pmol/kg, iv). GRP-6 had no significant effect at doses up to 1,000 times higher. A bombesin antagonist, (CH3)2-CHCO-[D-Ala24]GRP-20--26-NHCH3, inhibited the action of exogenous chicken GRP-27 but did not inhibit intravenous cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8). Distension of the proventriculus with a solution of peptone produced an increase in the flow of pancreatic juice and an increase in protein output, which was not reduced by atropine. The bombesin antagonist produced a reversible inhibition of this response. A CCK-gastrin antagonist, BOC-beta-Ala-Trp-Leu-Asp-O(CH2)2- phenyl(4F), which inhibited the action of exogenous CCK, had no effect on the pancreatic response to exogenous GRP-27 or to distension of the proventriculus with peptone. We suggest that protein-rich solutions in the proventriculus release GRP, which in turn acts directly on the pancreas to stimulate enzyme secretion.
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Fomenko, Ludmila, and Daria Prasolova. "Specific features of the structure of eosephagus,proventriculus and ventriculus in "Hisex Brown" chicken and Pekin duck." Agricultural Technologies 1, no. 2 (2019): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35599/agritech/01.02.04.
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The structural features of the esophagus, proventriculus and ventriculus of 4 chicken and duck carcasses were studied using the common anatomical dissection method. It is noted that the esophagus is a thin-walled, easily expandable tube, linking the pharynx to the proventriculus. It is subdivided into the cervical and thoracic regions. The length of the esophagus depends on the length of the neck. In a duck, it is 28.29 cm, in a chicken – 25.3 cm. In a hen that has a crop, there is a pre-and post-crop part. The feed swells and moistens in the crop. Ducks has a spindle-shaped crop, which is weakly developed. There is an esophagus opening in the proventriculus; the body, the top, the bottom and the intermediate zone of proventriculus are distinguished. The mucous membrane is formed in cellular folds, which are longitudinal, shriveled, with clearly visible papillae in the chicken, and in the duck they are flat. In the submucosal layer there are digestive glands that secrete mucus, enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The ventriculus consists of the body, the greater and lesser curvatures, the cranial and caudal grooves. It performs grinding of feed, and it is the largest organ of the digestive system due to the thick muscular wall. The inner surface of the ventriculus is covered with cuticle – a coarse, thick, non-tensile membrane that protects the mucosa from damage by solid food particles and from the effects of digestive juice.
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Kramer, B., A. Andrew, B. B. Rawdon, and P. Becker. "The effect of pancreatic mesenchyme on the differentiation of endocrine cells from gastric endoderm." Development 100, no. 4 (1987): 661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.100.4.661.
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To determine whether mesenchyme plays a part in the differentiation of gut endocrine cells, proventricular endoderm from 4- to 5-day chick or quail embryos was associated with mesenchyme from the dorsal pancreatic bud of chick embryos of the same age. The combinations were grown on the chorioallantoic membranes of host chick embryos until they reached a total incubation age of 21 days. Proventricular or pancreatic endoderm of the appropriate age and species reassociated with its own mesenchyme provided the controls. Morphogenesis in the experimental grafts corresponded closely to that in proventricular controls, i.e. the pancreatic mesenchyme supported the development of proventricular glands from proventricular endoderm. Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin cells and cells with pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity differentiated in the pancreatic controls. The latter three endocrine cell types, together with neurotensin and bombesin/gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP) cells, developed in proventricular controls and experimental grafts. The proportions of the major types common to proventriculus and pancreas (somatostatin and glucagon cells) were in general similar when experimental grafts were compared with proventricular controls but different when experimental and pancreatic control grafts were compared. Hence pancreatic mesenchyme did not materially affect the proportions of these three cell types in experimental grafts, induced no specific pancreatic (insulin) cell type and allowed the differentiation of the characteristic proventricular endocrine cell types, neurotensin and bombesin/GRP cells. However, an important finding was a significant reduction in the proportion of bombesin/GRP cells, attributable in part to a decrease in their number and in part to an increase in the numbers of endocrine cells of the other types. This indicates that mesenchyme may well play a part in determining the regional specificity of populations of gut endocrine cells.
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Berg, Kyra J., David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, Joanne Paul-Murphy, Michelle G. Hawkins, and Barbara A. Byrne. "Diagnosis and treatment of Candida glabrata proventriculitis in an eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 260, no. 4 (2022): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.20.12.0670.
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Abstract CASE DESCRIPTION An 8-year-old sexually intact female eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) with a 4-day history of hyporexia and lethargy and a 1-day history of tenesmus was examined. CLINICAL FINDINGS Severe leukocytosis characterized by severe heterophilia and moderate monocytosis was present. Marked dilation of the proventriculus and ventriculus and ascites were identified by means of radiography, coelomic ultrasonography, and contrast-enhanced CT, with no clinically relevant motility noted on ultrasonography. Results of coelomic fluid analysis were consistent with pyogranulomatous effusion. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract following proventricular and ventricular lavage showed a thick caseous plaque occupying 30% of the caudal proventricular mucosa. Abundant yeast organisms were evident during cytologic examination of a proventricular and ventricular wash sample, and fecal culture yielded Candida glabrata. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The bird was treated with SC fluids, assisted feedings, nystatin, fluconazole, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, gastroprotectants, maropitant, and analgesics and slowly improved during hospitalization. A marked decrease in proventricular dilation was evident on serial radiographs obtained over a 12-month period. One year after diagnosis, the bird was presented with a 1-week history of hyporexia and lethargy, and fecal culture grew C glabrata. Antifungal treatment was resumed for 3 months. The bird had no clinical signs of infection 16 months after this recurrence, and subsequent fecal cultures were negative for fungal growth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings illustrate the importance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in diagnosing proventricular and ventricular dilation in birds and emphasize the need for long-term antifungal treatment and monitoring in birds with fungal infections.
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Shbailat, Seba Jamal, and Ibtisam Omar Aslan. "The Expression of Proteases and the Oligopeptide Transporter PepT1 in the Yolk Sac Membrane, Proventriculus, and Small Intestine During the Development of Anas platyrhynchos domestica Embryo." Biology 13, no. 12 (2024): 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13120989.
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The role of the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and digestive tract in the processing of egg yolk proteins during embryogenesis is unexplored in the duck Anas platyrhynchos domestica. Here, we investigated in the duck embryo the function of the YSM, proventriculus, and small intestine in protein digestion and uptake. We tested the expression of aminopeptidase N (APN) and the oligopeptide transporter PepT1 as well as the expression of cathepsin B (CTSB) and cathepsin D (CTSD) lysosomal genes in the YSM during incubation days 12, 14, 16–18, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28 (the day of hatch). Also, we examined embryonic duck pepsinogen (EDPg) expression in the proventriculus and APN and PepT1 expression in the small intestine. In the YSM, CTSD expression was weak compared to that of CTSB, and the expression of CTSB, APN, and PepT1 reached its maximum on day 24 and decreased afterwards. In the proventriculus, EDPg expression peaked on days 17 to 20 and decreased thereafter. The APN and PepT1 expression levels were highest in the jejunum and ileum and reached their maximum on day 28. Our results suggest that the YSM plays a role in the degradation and uptake of the peptides that are digested by the activated yolk proteases, and it also functions in the lysosomal digestion of yolk lipoproteins. Furthermore, the proventriculus is possibly involved in the digestion of yolk proteins. Finally, the jejunum and ileum appear to be the primary sites for peptide digestion and absorption at the end of the incubation.
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Li, Yanyan, Qianqian Xu, Tingting Zhang, et al. "Host Avian Beta-Defensin and Toll-Like Receptor Responses of Pigeons following Infection with Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 18 (2015): 6415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01413-15.
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ABSTRACTThe high morbidity and mortality in pigeons caused by pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) highlights the need for new insights into the host immune response and novel treatment approaches. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are key components of the innate immune system. In this study, three novel avian β-defensins (AvBDs 2, 7, and 10) were characterized in pigeons and shown to possess direct antiviral activity against PPMV-1in vitro. In addition, we evaluated the mRNA expression of these AvBDs and other immune-related genes in tissues of 2-month-old infected pigeons at 3 and 7 days postinfection. We observed that the expression of AvBD2 in the cecal tonsil, lungs, and proventriculus, as well as the expression of AvBD10 in the spleen, lungs, proventriculus, and kidneys, was upregulated in infected pigeons. Similarly, the expression of both Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7 was increased in the spleen, trachea, and proventriculus, while TLR15 expression was increased only in the lungs of infected pigeons. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was upregulated in the spleen, the bursa of Fabricius, the trachea, and the proventriculus of infected pigeons. Furthermore, we observed a high correlation between the expression of AvBD2 and the expression of either TLR7 or TLR15, as well as between AvBD10 expression and either TLR3 or TLR7 expression in respective tissues. The results suggest that PPMV-1 infection can induce innate host responses characterized by the activation of TLRs, particularly TLR3 and TLR7, AvBDs (2 and 10), and iNOS in pigeons.
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Yetunde, Olufunmilayo Ogunkoya. "Lectin characterization of the gastrointestinal tract of three Nigerian passerine birds." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 7, no. 2 (2020): 320–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4317291.
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The avian gastrointestinal tract was characterized using lectin cytochemistry <em>Concanavalia agglutinin </em>(Con A) and <em>Arachis hypogea agglutinin</em>, Peanut agglutinin (PNA). The apical cell boundaries of surface epithelial cells of both the proventriculus and ventriculus, the duct and glandular neck cells of the proventriculus, the intestinal brush borders, the surface epithelial cells of the sheep abomasum and the chief cells of the sheep abomasum were stained by Con A and PNA. The intracytoplasmic granules of the duct and glandular neck cells of the proventriculus, those of the chief or principal cells of the ventriculus, those of the goblet cells of the ileum, colon and cloaca and those of the chief and surface epithelial cells of the sheep abomasum were stained by PNA. Gastro-intestinal endocrine cells and the parietal cells of both the avian gut and the sheep abomasum were not stained by either lectins. The cytochemical results indicated that those cells stained by the two lectins have both a-D- mannose or a-D-glucose and b-galactose- (1,3)-N-acetyl-galactosamine residues in their membranes. Those stained by either of the two lectins had either of the two sugars as components of their cell membrane and their granules. Goblet cells were heterologous. The duct and glandular neck cells of the proventriculus, the chief cells of the ventriculus, the goblet cells of the ileum, colon, cloaca, and the chief and surface epithelial cells of the sheep abomasum had similar intracytoplasmic granules.
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Sinha, Rupam, Meena Mrigesh, Niddhi Arora, and S. Tamilselvan. "Ultrastructural Studies on Proventriculus of Uttara Fowl." International Journal of Livestock Research 8, no. 5 (2018): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20171108085332.
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PENG, YING-SHIN, and JERRY M. MARSTON. "Filtering mechanism of the honey bee proventriculus." Physiological Entomology 11, no. 4 (1986): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1986.tb00434.x.
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Temiz, Hasan, Emin Okumus, Umut Aykut, Muhammet Dervisoğlu, and Fehmi Yazici. "Partial purification of pepsin from turkey proventriculus." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 24, no. 9 (2008): 1851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-008-9678-6.
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Wardani, Wina, and Diding Latipudin. "PROFIL PROTEIN TOTAL DAN TRIGLISERIDA DARAH AYAM PETELUR FASE LAYER PADA TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY INDEX YANG BERBEDA." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Industri Peternakan 2, no. 1 (2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55678/jstip.v2i1.599.
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Enam puluh ekor itik cihateup fase grower telah digunakan dalam peelitian ini utnuk mengkaji pengaruh penambahan kitosan iradiasi terhadap morfometrik proventriculus, ventriculus, usus, liver dan jantung. Itik sampel dikempokk menjadi dua kelompk, masing-masing dengan perlakuan pemberian kitosan sebanyak 150 ppm dalam air minum dan tanpa pemberian kitosan. Data hasil penelitian telah dianalisis menggunakan uji T-Student tidak berpasangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan kitosan hasil iradiasi, secara keseluruhan menurunkan morfometrik saluran pencernaan (proventriculus, ventriculus, usus), juga terhadap liver dan jantung. Hasil ini menunjukkan peran kitosan sebagai inhibitor lipogenesis sehingga menghambat pertumbuhan dengan pemberian secara terus menerus.